ZAMRI BUJANG

Room No. 9, Wing B, Level 2

Ext. No: 3267

QUESTION???
What is Road?

How we decide the road location??

Normal process to select routes??

What is Cut and Fill?? Why are this component

crucial??

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 ELEMENT FOR ROUTE SELECTION MUST
PRODUCED SYSTEM THAT:
Provide easy flow of traffic
Meeting safety standard and design criteria (JKR
spec)
Minimal disruption (minimal damage) to historical
and archeological sites/community
Environment Impact ( Required EIA STUDIES)

Topography (hilly, swampy area)

Soil characteristic (clay, peat soil)
Environmental factors such as noise and air
pollution (residential area, flood, wildlife sanctuary)
Economic factors (government planning, consumer,
development)

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Techniques for Highway Surveys

Ground Surveys
The total station is used for measuring angles in both
vertical and horizontal planes, the level for measuring
changes in elevation, and the tape for measuring
horizontal distances.

Automatic level

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Remote Sensing
Remote sensing is the measurement of distance and
elevations by using device located above earth, such as
airplanes or orbiting satellites using GPS (Global
Positioning System).

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 Highway Locating Process??? What are the process
of selecting routes??

Office Study of Reconnaissance Preliminary Final Location

Existing Info. Survey Location Survey Survey

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 The first phase is the examination of all available
data of the area in which the road is to be
constructed.
This phase usually carried out in the office prior to
any field or photograph investigation.
All the available data are collected and examined.
The type and amount of data collected and
examined depend on the type of highway being
considered.

To identify several feasible routes, each within a

band of a limited width of a few hundred meter.
When rural roads are being considered, there is
often little information available on map or
photograph and therefore aerial photography is
widely used to obtain the required information.
Feasible routes are identified by a stereoscopic
examination of the aerial photographs and then
plotted on photographic base maps.

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 Aerial Photograph

During this phase of study, the position of the

feasible routes are set closely as possible by
establishing all the control points and determining
preliminary vertical and horizontal alignments for
each.
Preliminary alignment are used to evaluate the
economic and environmental feasibility of the
alternative routes.
A preliminary survey is a more detailed study of
one or more(2 to 3) routes tentatively selected on
the basis of a reconnaissance survey report.

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 The final location survey is a detailed layout of the
selected route.
The final horizontal and vertical alignment are
determined, and the final position of structure and
drainage are located.
The final location survey, usually called the
location, constitutes a continuous operation; from
start till the end of construction.
The location survey consists of establishing the
approved layout in the field, such as providing the
alignment, grades, and locations that will guide
the contractor.

Plotting the plan view

Plotting the profile
Plotting the alignment
Designing the gradients
Plotting the cross sections
Determining end areas
Computing the volumes of cut and fills

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 But the construction of roads heavily depend on
these factors:
Politics issue, needs of the community, available
funds.etc

One important aspect of roadway design is to

determine the amount of earthwork necessary on a
project.
Earthwork includes the excavation of existing earth
material and any placement of fill material required
for constructing the embankment.
The method involves three steps:
cross sections of the proposed highway are placed on
the original ground cross sections,
the areas in cut and the areas in fill are calculated,
the volumes between the sections are computed
Should follow all standard that required by local
agencies(JKR, LLM)

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 Mass diagrams (or mass-haul diagrams) are plots
of the cumulative volumes of cut and fill along an
alignment.

The rising curve on the mass diagram indicates

excavation & a descending curve indicates embankment.
If a horizontal line is drawn to intersect the diagram at
two points, excavation and embankment will be equal
between the two stations represented by the points of
intersection. Such a horizontal line is called a balance
line, because the excavation balances the embankment
between the two points at its ends.

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 This is done by taking soil (cut) from high areas
and placing it (fill) in the low areas
Try to balance cuts and fills to minimize the need
for extra material and to maximize roadbed
stability

Cut slopes are rarely steeper than 1:2 (1 unit

vertical to 2 units horizontal or about 27 degrees
from horizontal)
Except in very competent materials such as solid
rock
The American Association of State Highway and
Transportation Officials (AASHTO) recommends
that cut slopes steeper than 1:3 be evaluated with
regard to soil stability and traffic safety.

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 The height of the fill section to 30 feet or less, with
20 feet being a preferred maximum.
With fill heights greater than 20 feet, it may be
more economical to build a bridge, depending on
the topography.

Highway engineers strive to balance the amount of

cut and fill during a highway construction project
to avoid costly hauling of materials.
In order to minimize material waste or borrow, it is
necessary to produce Mass Haul diagram.

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