4.

Critical Junctures: The weight of History As a consequence: economic institution started to

1. Black Death be more inclusive

(2) The Black Death in England i) Enforcement of property rights, including

: Black death killed half of the people -> Scarcity of labor. patents.

Peasants became precious ii) Arbitrary taxation ceased

1) Peasants demanded things change. iii) Anti-monopoly policies.

2) But State wanted to keep the order Paying the way for the industrial revolution.

3) To keep the order, 1381 peasants revolt *refer to: textbooks 104p James Watsons

Inclusive labor market + wage improved

What made English differ from other Western

(3) The Black Death in other places European countries?

1. Western Europe: Similar i) Glorious Revolution in 1688 in England

2. Eastern Europe: Powerful contradictory ii) 1588, similarities among other WE countries

->Scarcity of labor iii) England was under Elizabeth I vs. Parliament

->Greater incentives to keep the labor market extractive and iv) Spain was under Phillip II vs. Cortes

peasants servile in the land. v) France was under Henry III vs. Estates
[King/Queen and the Royalists] [Assembly of citizens]
=> Second serfdom: more intensive order

3) Small Differences in the 16th century: Power over taxation

(4) Eastern Europe and Western Europe divergence.
Power over taxation Monopolies
: Small differences + Critical juncture
France King King
Sharp divergence.
Spain Assembly King
Ex_(Institution at time Institution at time+1,2,3)
England Assembly Queen
Critical juncture institution divergence
1) Small difference between WE and EE in 1300s 4) Critical Juncture at the onset of the 17 century
*East: Lords were a little better organized and Peasants were Huge expansion of trade in the Atlantic due to the
less organized. European colonization of the Americas
*West: Lords were not organized and Peasants were more (1) England: a large group of wealthy traders appeared
organized. (2) Spain/France: Trade monopolized by the Kings
2) After the Black Death and by 1600 (3) Rebellions from the bottom in all 3 countries.
*East: Second serfdom Ex) English civil war, the Glorious Revolution, the France
*West: Labor market Rebellion between 1648-1652 in France
English rebels were far more wealthy
2.The Making of Inclusive Institutions Successful Revolution
: Lessons from England The small differences + Critical juncture = Sharp
(1) England, world first individual political inst. divergence
1) Intense conflicts for power among different groups. (4) EE: Even more extractive political institution created of
English civil war between 1642-1651: Charles I,II and the the Black death.
royalists VS. Parliamentary England > Other WE >> EE: In terms of inclusiveness of
: The Glorious Revolution of 1688 institution
; Result of the small difference + two critical junctures
2) The glorious revolution() : The black death, the expansion of the Atlantic Trade
World first inclusive political institution
i) Limited power of the king and the executives
ii) Acceleration of political centralization
3.The contingent part of history
(1) Small difference + critical juncture = sharp divergence
Outcome is historically predetermined
(2) Art critical junctures.
i) some countries introduced incl. inst.
ii) other countries introduced extra. Inst.
The outcome depends on who win the conflicts
over institutions
Ex) at the end of the European colonialism in Africa
: Most countries other African despotism
: Botswana Inclusive political institutions

4.Understanding the lay of the land

(1) England, 1st settler colonies and WE
As opposed to extractive colonies
(2) US war of independence and the US constitution
(3) France: Industrial Revolution in England -> New
challenges to Western Europe French Revolution
Western European convergence to English institution
WE vs. EE divergence
(4) Rest of the world; extractive
1) LA
: Spanish colonial extraction
: Argentina and Chile formed better than other LA
countries
Now, Argentinas poorest region = Northwestern part of the
Spanish colonial economy Legacies of extra. Inst.

2) Africa
: Most sub-saharan countries= uncentralized and
highly absolutist ; colonial gov post-
independence absolutist govt
3) Bostwana
: remarkably democratic structure of the
governance even before the colonial period