The predicate makes a statement about the subject.

Wrong: Many different invaders have settled Spain over years the
Romans were only one group to conquer Spain. The subject names the person, place, thing, or idea that the
sentence discusses.
is the main verb in the sentence
Simple Predicate Right: Many different invaders have settled Spain over the years. The
is the main noun or pronoun in a sentence.
Romans were only one group to conquer Spain
Simple Subject
My cousin has traveled in Spain three times.
The Babylonians captured Shadrach, Meshach, and Abednego.
Active verbs includes the simple predicate and its modifiers, objects, or other Fused Sentences consists of two sentences incorrectly joined without any The largest coastal city in Spain is Barcelona.
show the subject doing something or being something. completers . punctuation.
Active and Passive Predicate
Complete Predicate
includes the simple subject and its modifiers.
show the subject receiving the action. The verb form also Subjects Complete Subject
My cousin has traveled in Spain three times. occurs when the subject comes after the predicate or between
changes to include some form of the auxiliary be. Passive verbs
is two or more verbs joined by a conjunction. Inverted Order two parts of the predicate.
Shadrach, Meshach, and Abednego were captured by the
Babylonians. The largest coastal city in Spain is Barcelona.
Compound Predicate
There were 130 ships in the fleet.
tell about actions that are "perfected" or completed. Spanish sailors explored and settled many other countries too.
Fragments A fragment is a group of words wrongly capitalized and is two or more nouns or pronouns joined by a conjunction.
to express action completed during the present time period, often Present Perfect Tense punctuated as though it were a sentence. Unlike a sentence, a
up to the present moment. fragment fails to express a complete thought.
Past Perfect Tense Compound Subject
to express action completed before some past time event The three principal parts of the verb are the present, past, and Mexico and Panama are two countries influenced by Spain.
past participle. After Henry IV's death in 1474.
to express action that will be completed before a future time or Future Perfect Tense
event. Present Wrong:
bring The Romans built many roads and bridges in Spain, their most asks a question
The progressive form of the verb shows that something happens Progressive Verbs impressive structures may be the aqueducts. Interrogative
over a period of time. The progressive form is made up of a form Perfect Tenses ends with a question mark
Past
of be as an auxiliary plus the ing form of the verb. brought
Right: Where is your ticket?
Past Participle The Romans built many roads and bridges in Spain, but their
He is reading his Bible. is the form that is used after some form of auxiliary have Comma Splices
Present Progressive most impressive structures may be the aqueducts.
SENTENCES expresses strong emotion
(have) brought Exclamatory
He was reading his Bible. I can't wait to arrive in Madrid!
Past Progressive Be, have, and do are verbs that can be either auxiliaries or main
verbs. consists of two sentences incorrectly joined by a comma. ends with an exclamation point
Principal Parts of Verbs Four Types of Sentences
We will be reading our Bibles. The auxiliary and the main verb combine to form the complete A sentence begins with a capital letter. makes a statement, usually a fact. gives a command or makes a request
Future Progressive verb.
are added to the main verb in the sentence to give special Auxiliaries It ends with a period, question mark, or exclamation ends with a period ends with a period or an exclamatory point
meaning or emphasis or to express time. point. Declarative
Our visit to Spain will last five days. Imperative Please help me with this luggage.
Linking verb
It includes both a subjects and a predicate.
links the subject of a sentence to a word that renames or
Don't drop that suitcase!
describes the subject. Linking Verbs and Predicate Nouns and Predicate It expresses a complete thought.
is a noun in the complete predicate that follows a linking verb and Predicate Nouns Adjectives Singular The North American prairie stretches from Texas to southern
renames the subject. Canada.
is an adjective in the complete predicate that follows a linking
verb and describes the subject. Predicate Pronouns indicates that there is only one person, place, thing, or idea.
Nouns make up the largest group of words in English
Singular possessive
Intransitive Verb Intransitive and Transitive Verb language. Nouns identify someone or something. They One of the prairie's nicknames is "sea of grass."
does not need a direct object to receive its action. name persons, places, things, and ideas. Forms of Nouns
needs a direct object to receive its action.
Transitive Verb Verbs express action or state of being. Many former prairies have become cornfields.
is a noun or a pronoun that receives the action of the transitive Plural
verb. indicates that there are two or more persons, places, things, or
Direct Object State-of-being verb VERBS NOUNS ideas.
is a noun or pronoun that tells to whom or for whom the verb's ENGLISH These prairies' inhabitants included rabbits, bison, foxes, and
action was done. Indirect Object blackbirds.
Plural possessive
Action verbs Adjectives modify nouns and usually tell which one, A common noun names a general person, place, thing, or idea Rule #1
describes a state or a condition. what kind, how many, or whose. Most adjectives will fit Add s to the singular form of most nouns to form the plural.
the adjective test frame.
shows what the subjects of the sentence does. Common and Proper Nouns A proper noun names a specific person, place, thing, or idea.
Rule #2
Add es to singular nouns ending with s, x, z, ch , and sh .
To form the singular possessive, add 's to the singular noun.
Forming of Possessive Nouns
Most verbs change their form to indicate time: present, past, and Rule #3 If a noun ends with a consonant followed by y, change y to i and
future. We call these verbs tenses. Simple Tenses To form the plural possessive, add ' or 's to the plural noun. add es
shows action or makes a statement about something that is
occurring right now. Present Tense Positive Rule #4
show ownership or belonging.
run If a noun ends with a vowel followed by y, add only s.
ADJECTIVES
Comparative fresh Regular Plural Formation Rule #5 If a noun ends in f or fe, consult your dictionary. For some nouns,
tells what occurred in an earlier time period. Regular Adjectives
Past Tense add s; for others, change the f to v and add es .
ran (more) If a noun ends in o consult your dictionary. For some nouns, add
expresses action or makes a statement about something that will Rule #6 s; for others add es .
fresher
happen in the future. Future Tense Rules in Forms Of Nouns
Rule #1 Change the spelling of the noun.
Superlative (most) child - children
will run Comparing with Adjectives
Rule #2 Change nothing.
freshest moose - moose

Irregular Plural Formation Add 's to letters being discussed.

Possessives are adjectives made from nouns or pronouns to show comparison by adding er/est or more/most to the stem form one q , many q's
show ownership. The signal that a noun will follow. Possessives of the adjective. Rule #3 Add only s to numbers being discussed.
1600, the 1600s
Pronouns are words that substitute for nouns. Rule #4
Independent possessives are not adjectives; they replace
nouns and functions nouns or pronouns. Independent Possessives Compound nouns are formed by combining two or more other
PRONOUNS The antecedent is the noun or other pronoun that the pronoun words.
Antecedent replaces. Compound Nouns

Count nouns can be either singular or plural in form.

Count and Noncount nouns
Proper adjectives are adjectives that are made from proper Personal pronouns reflect person, number, gender, and case.
nouns. Personal Pronouns Noncount nouns are always singular in form.
Proper Adjectives tells whether the personal pronoun refers to the speaker, the
Person person(s) spoken to, or another person or thing.

Articles tells whether the personal pronoun is singular or plural.

the Number
Definite
tells whether the personal pronoun is neuter, masculine, or
it points to specific things.
Gender feminine.
may have entirely different forms to show comparison. is the form of the pronoun that tells how it is used in a sentence.
Irregular Adjectives
Case (subjective, objective, possessive).
A and an
Indefinite
they refer to nonspecific things. Demonstrative pronouns (this, that, these, and those) point out
Positive persons, places, things, or ideas.
Demonstrative Pronouns
good

Interrogative pronouns (who, whom, what, whose, and which)

Interrogative Pronouns are used to ask questions.
(more) Comparative Reflexive A reflexive pronoun is used as an object and refers to the same
person or thing as the subject of the sentence.
better
Reflexive and Intensive Pronouns An intensive pronoun emphasizes a noun or pronoun already
Intensive used in the sentence.
(high) Superlative

best Indefinite pronouns usually do not refer to specific persons or

Indefinite Pronouns things, nor do they usually have antecedents.