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MODULE 8: THE FOURIER TRANSFORM METHDOS FOR PDES 7

Lecture 2 Fourier Sine and Cosine Transformations

In this lecture we shall discuss the Fourier sine and cosine transforms and their properties.
These transforms are appropriate for problems over semi-innite intervals in a spatial
variable in which the function or its derivative are prescribed on the boundary.

If a function is even or odd function then f can be represented by a Fourier integral


which takes a simpler form than in the case of an arbitrary function.

If f (x) is an even function, then B() = 0 in (3), and



A() = 2 f (t) cos tdt.
0
Hence, the Fourier integral reduces to the simpler form

1
f (x) = A() cos(x)d.
0
Similarly, if f (x) is odd, then A() = 0 in (3), and

B() = 2 f (t) sin tdt.
0
Thus, (3) becomes
1
f (x) = B() sin(x)d.
0
These Fourier integrals motivates to dene the Fourier cosine transform (FCT) and Fourier
sine transform (FST). The FT of an even function f is called FCT of f . The FT of an
odd function f is called the FST of f .
DEFINITION 1. (Fourier Cosine Transform) The FCT of a function f : [0, ) R
is dened as

2
Fc (f ) = fc () = Fc () = f (x) cos(x)dx (0 < ). (1)
0
DEFINITION 2. (Inverse Fourier Cosine Transform ) The Inverse FCT (IFCT) of a
function fc () (0 < ) is dened as

1 2
Fc [fc ] = fc (x) = fc () cos(x)d (0 x < ). (2)
0
DEFINITION 3. (Fourier Sine Transform) The FST of a function f : [0, ) R is
dened as

2
Fs (f ) = fs () = Fs () = f (x) sin(x)dx (0 < ). (3)
0
MODULE 8: THE FOURIER TRANSFORM METHDOS FOR PDES 8

DEFINITION 4. (Inverse Fourier Sine Transform) The Inverse FST (IFST) of a


function fs () (0 < ) is dened as

2
Fs1 (f ) = fs (x) = Fs () = fs () sin(x)d (0 x < ). (4)
0

Basic Properties of Fourier Cosine and Sine Transforms:

Linearity:

Fc [(af + bg)] = aFc [f ] + bFc [g].


Fs [(af + bg)] = aFs [f ] + bFs [g].

Let f be a function dened for x 0 and f (x) 0 as x . Then



2
Fs [f (x)] = sin(x)f (x)dx
0
x=

2 2
= sin(x)f (x) cos(x)f (x)dx
0
x=0
= Fc [f ].

If we assume that f (x), f (x) then


x=

2 2 2
sin(x)f (x)dx = sin(x)f (x) cos(x)f (x)dx
0 0
x=0 x=
x=
2 2
= sin(x)f (x) + cos(x)f (x)

x=0 x=0

2
2 sin(x)f (x)dx
0

2
= f (0) 2 Fs [f ]

Thus, we have

Fs [f (x)] = Fc [f ].

2
Fs [f (x)] = Fs [f ] +
2
f (0).

A similar result is true for the Fourier cosine function.



2
Fc [f (x)] = Fs [f ] f (0)


2
Fc [f (x)] = Fc [f ]
2
f (0).

MODULE 8: THE FOURIER TRANSFORM METHDOS FOR PDES 9

Note: Observe that the FST of a rst derivative of a function is given in terms of
the FCT of the function itself. However, the FST of a second derivative is given in
terms
of the sine transform of the function. There is an additional boundary term
2 f (0).

Transformation of partial derivatives:


(i) Let u = u(x, t) be a function dened for x 0 and t 0. If u(x, t) 0 as
x , and Fs [u](, t) = us (, t), then

Fs [ux ](, t) = Fc [u](, t).



2
Fc [ux ](, t) = Fs [u](, t) u(0, t).

If, in addition, ux (x, t) 0 as x , then

2
Fs [uxx ](, t) = 2 Fs [u](, t) + u(0, t).


2
Fc [uxx ](, t) = Fc [u](, t)
2
ux (0, t).

(ii) If we transform the partial derivative ut (x, t) (and if the variable of integration
in the transformation is x), then the transformation is given by
d
Fs [ut ](, t) = {Fs [u]}(, t).
dt
d
Fc [ut ](, t) = {Fc [u]}(, t).
dt
Thus, time dierentiation commutes with both the Fourier cosine and sine transfor-
mations.

Practice Problems

1. Find the FST and FCT of the function


{
1, 0 x 2,
f (x) =
0, x > 2.

2. If u = u(x, t) and u(x, t) 0 as x , then

(A) Fs ux (, t) = Fc [u](, t)
(B) Fc ux (, t) = 2 u(0, t) + Fs [u](, t)

3. If u(x, t) and ux (x, t) 0 as x , then



(A) Fs [uxx ](, t) = 2 Fs [u](, t) + 2 u(0, t)

(B) Fc [uxx ](, t) = 2 Fc [u](, t) 2 ux (0, t)

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