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CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION
1.3 Substations
STATIONS
2.2 Busbars
2.3 Insulator
2.5.1.1 MOCB
2.5.2 Applications
CHAPTER 3 RELAY
3.2.1 IDMTL
3.3 Earthing
CHAPTER 4
CHAPTER 5 TRANSFORMERS
5.1 Introduction
5.4.1 Conservator
5.4.2 Breather
5.4.5 Bushings
1. ac Alternating current
2. dc Direct current
3. kV Kilo Volts
4. PT Potential transformer
5. CT Current transformer
6. HT High terminal
The present day electrical power generator system is ac. The electrical power is
produced at power stations which are located at favorable places quite away from consumers. It
delivers to consumers through large network of transmission and distribution. For the further
distribution of electrical supply grid station plays an important role.
Sometimes it becomes necessary to use dc, at the time, ac can be converted to dc by the
use of rectifiers. In the short ac is of utmost importance.
INTRODUCTION (GLANDI ,JAMMU)
In Gladni Grid Station there is provision for three incoming transmission lines:-
1) 220KV Salal-1
2) 220KV Salal-2
3) 220KV Hiranagar-1
The outgoing/incoming line is one that is:
1) 22Okv Jammu-Hiranagar/saran/Hiranagar-2
There are two numbers 220/132KV two transformer banks with capacity:-
3 x 133.33MVA = 400MVA
Total = 560MVA
2 x 50MVA = 100MVA
1) There are three 220 KV in coming lines connected to the bus bars. Each incoming lines
is capable of suppling the sub station load. All these lines can be loaded simultaneously
to share the grid station load the three lines arrangement increases the reliability of the
system. In case there is a break down of one incoming line, the continuity of supply can
be maintain by the other line.
2) The grid station has double bus bar system, one main bus bar and the other spare bus
bar. The incoming can be connected either bus bar with the help of an arrangement of
circuit breaker and isolators. The advantage of double bus bar system is that if repair is
to be carried on one bus bar, the supply need not to be interrupted as the entire load can
be transferred to the other bus.
3) There is an arrangement in gladni grid station to step down the incoming 220 KV
supply to 132 KV by two transformer banks with capacity,
3 x 133.33 MVA = 400 MVA
1 x 160 MVA = 160 MVA
Total = 560 MVA
4) All the three incoming and out going lines are connected through circuit breaker having
isolators on there either ends. Whenever repair is to be carried over the line towers, the
lines first off and then earthed.
5) The P.T and C.T are suitably located for supply to metering and indicated instruments
and relay circuit. The P.T is right on the point where the line is terminated. The C.T are
connected at the terminals of each circuit breaker.
6) The lighting arresters are connected near the transformers terminals to protect those
lighting strokes.
7) Against there is provision for further step down 132 KV supply to 33 KV by two
transformers with capacity:-
2 x 50 MVA = 100 MVA
8) There are other auxiliary components in the grid station such as wave trapper, capacitor
bank for power factor improvement, each connections, local supply connections, and
D.C supply connections.
GRID STATION
Gridstation are the important part of power system. serve as a source of energy supply
for the local areas of distribution in which these are located. Their main functions are to
receive energy transmitted at high voltage from generating stations, reduce the voltage
to a value appropriate for local distribution and provide facilities for switching. Some
substation are simply switching where different connections between various
transmission lines are made, others are converting substations which convert AC into
DC or vise-versa or convert frequency from higher to lower or vise-versa, substation
have some additional functions. They provide points where safety devices may installed
to disconnect equipment or circuit in the event of faulty. Voltage on the out going
feeder can be regulated at the substation. A substation is convenient place for installing
synchronous condensers at the end of the transmission line for purpose of improving
power factor and make measurements to check the operation of the various part of the
power system .
DESIGN OF GRIDSTATION
When a station is to be designed, the following procedure should be adapted:-
Prepare a single line diagram of main electrical connections
showing bus bar arrangements, circuit breaker and transformers.
Decide the layout of the switchgear keeping views capacity of substations,
methods of control and number of feeders,
reliability, safety, flexibility, space needed and construction.
The layout should be such that it should be possible to isolate any section during
fault, without affecting the service of the healthy section.
It should be possible to have an easy and safe access for maintenance and
inspection for different equipments.
An arrangement should be made to extinguish fire.
The earth conductor should of sufficient cross-sectional area to carry the fault
current in severe conditions.
A proper and sufficient automotive electrical protective gear should be used.
Power cables should be separate from control cable.
Allow reasonable amount of expansions for substation.
LOCATION OF GRIDSTATION
The following points should be taken mainly into consideration in choosing the location of
gridstation:-
The location of station should be indoor, outdoor, and underground or pole mounted. The last
two are for small size of distributions stations and the rural electrification may be considered
only in large crowded cities, with space limitations. The indoor type of station, which is
common used, all the equipments. In case of outdoor types of station, which is common used,
all the equipments are arranged outdoors and should with stand weather conditions. The
advantage of outdoor type is that they do not need any buildings. In case of outdoor the cost of
transformers and switchgear equipments is less than that indoor type.
1) INCOMING LINES
These lines supply powers to the substations from source of generations or from
transmission lines at high voltages.
2) BUS BARS
When a number of lines operate at the same voltage have to be directly connected
electrically, bus bars are used as the common electrical components. Bus bars copper or
aluminum bars (generally rectangular x – section) and operate at constant voltage. The
incoming and outgoing lines in a substation are connected to the bus bars. The outdoor bus
bars is either of the rigid type or the strain type. In rigid type pipes are used for bus bars
and also for making the connections among the various equipments wherever required. The
strain type bus bars are the overhead system of wires string between the two supporting
structures and supported by the strain type insulators.
There are numerous variations of bus bars arrangements. The choice of a particular
arrangement depends on various factors, system voltage and position of the substation in
the system flexibility, reliability of supply and cost:-
This arrangement has been used quite frequently adopted where the load and continuity of
supply justify additional cost. This type of bus is used in GLADNI are main bus bar(bus 1) &
reserve bus bar( bus 2) .
3) INSU
LAT
ORS
The insulator
used in
connection
with over head
systems
employing bar
conductors are
composed
almost
invariably of
glazed
porcelain,
although some moulded materials are used for low voltage, and glass material are also used.
The insulator serves two purposes. The most usually material for manufacture of insulators is
porcelain. The porcelain should be ivory white, sound free from defects and thoroughly
vitrified so that the glaze is not dependent upon insulation. This through vitrification of the
porcelain is of paramount importance, since the presence of pores or other air- spaces will
lower the dielectric strength, and it therefore follows that porcelain for electrical purposes must
be both thoroughly air- free and impervious to the entrance of gases and liquids. Toughened
glass is also sometime used for insulators but its use is limited to about 33KV. The design of
the insulator is such that the stress due to contraction and expansion in an par of insulator does
not to any defect. It is desirable not allow porcelain to come in direct wit a hard metal screw
thread. Normally cement is used between metal and porcelain.
Types of insulators
a) Pin type insulator
As the name suggests the pin- type insulator is attached to steel
bolt or pin, which is secured to a cross arm on the transmission
pole. This type of insulator consists of single or multiple shells
( petticoats or rain sheds) adopted to be mounted on a spindle to
a fixed to the cross arm of the supporting structures. Multiple
shells are provided in order to obtain sufficient length of
leakage path so that the flash over voltage between the power conductors and pin of the
insulator is increased. The design of the shells is such that if upper most shell is wet due to rain
the lower shells are dry and provided sufficient leakage resistance. The insulator and its pin, or
other support, should be sufficiently strong mechanically to withstand the resultant force due to
the combined effects of wind pressure and weight of span. The pin type insulators are normally
used up to 33KV. It is not desirable to use them beyond 50KV as a cost of such insulators then
increase much faster then the voltage.
4) ISOLATING SWITCHES
5) CIRCUIT BREAKER
A circuit breaker is equipment which can be open are closed a circuit under a normal as well as
fault condition. It is so desired that it can be operated manually or by remote control under
normal condition and automatically under fault condition. For the latter operation a relay is
used in the circuit breaker. A circuit breaker essentially consists of fixed and moving contacts,
called electrodes. Under normal operating condition, these contacts remain closed and will not
open automatically until and unless the system becomes fault. The contacts can be opened
manually or by remote control whenever desired. When a fault occurs on any part of the
system, the trip coils of the circuit breaker get energized and moving contacts are pulled apart
by some mechanism, thus opening the circuit. the basic construction of any circuit breaker
requires the separation of the contacts in any insulating fluid, when serves two function:-
It extinguishes the arc drawn between the contacts when the circuit breaker open.
It provides adequate insulation between the contacts and from each contacts to earth.
Many insulating fluids are used for arc extinction and the fluid chosen depend upon the
rating and type of the circuit breaker.
In GLADNI grid station there different types of circuit breakers are used. In 220 KV line
minimum oil circuit breaker (MOCB) is used where as in 132KV line MOCB and SF6 are
used and for 33KV line MOCB and vacuum circuit breaker is used.
TYPES OF CIRCUIT BREAKER :-
1. MINIMUM OIL
CIRCUIT BREAKER (MOCB)
2. SULPHUR HEXAFLURIOD(SF6 )
In such circuit breaker sulphur hexafluoride gas is used as arc quenching medium. The
SF6 is electronegative gas and has a strong tendency to absorb free electrons. The contacts of
the breaker an opened in a high pressure flow of SF6 gas and an arc is struck between them.
The conducting free electrons in arc are rapidly captured by the gas to form relatively
immobile negative ions . This loss of conduction electrons in the arc quickly builds up enough
insulating strength.The SF6 circuit breaker has been found to be very effect able for high
power and high voltage services.SF6 has excellent insulating strength because of its affinity for
electrons i.e whenever a free electrons collides with the neutral gas molecules to form
negatives ions, the electrons is absorbed by the neutral gas molecules may occur in two ways
RATED VOLTAGE-245KV
NORMAL CURRENT-2500A
FREQUENCY-50HZ
WORKING
In closed position of the breaker, the contacts remains surrounded by SF6 gas at a
pressure of about 6KG/sq.cm. When the breaker operates, the moving contact is pulled
apart and arc is structure between the contacts. The movement of the moving contacts is
synchronized with the opening of the valve, which permits SF6 gas at 15Kg/sq.cm
pressures from the reservoir to the arc interruption chamber. The high- pressure flow of
SF6 rapidly absorbs the electrons in the arc path to form immobile negative ions, which
ineffective as charge carriers. Thus, medium between the contacts quickly built up high
dielectric strength and cause the extinction of the arc, after the breaker operates.
III. VACCUM C IRCUIT BREAKER:
In Gladni grid station valve type arrester is used. It consists of two assemblies:
Series spark gaps and non-linear resistor discs. These both are connected in series under
normal conditions; the normal system voltage is insufficient to cause the break down of air
gap assembly. On the occurrence over voltage, the break down of series spark gap take
place and the surge current is conducted to earth via the non-linear resistor. They provide
effective protection.
It should not pass any current at normal or at abnormal (normally 5% more than
normal voltage) power frequency voltage.
It should break down as quickly as possible after abnormal high frequency
voltage is arrived.
It should not only protect the equipment for which it is used but should
discharge the surge current without damaging it self.
It should interrupt the power frequency follow current after the surge is
discharged to ground.
BUS COUPLER
Breakers are used as bus couplers. They provide the coupling between the two bus bars of the
zone e.g. the provide the coupling between the zone A and B. when ever there is a fault in the
main bus couple the load of the main bus bars to there serve bus bar and vice versa.
CONTROL CABLES
The control cables and conduit system is required for affecting automatic controls. For laying
these cables generally ducts are run from control room basement to centrally located junction
box from where the conduits are run to be required.
POWER TRANSFORMERS :
A power transformer is used in a sub station for step down the voltage. Expect
at the power station, all the subsequent sub station used step down transformer to
gradually reduce the voltage of electrical supply and finally delivered it at the
utilization voltage. The modern practice is to used 3 phase transformer in the sub
station, although 3 single phase bank of transformer can also be used. The use of three
phase transformer (instead of 3 phase bank of transformer) permits two advantages.
Firstly, only one 3 phase load tap changing mechanism can be used. Secondly its
installation is much similar then single phase transformer. The power transformers are
generally installed upon length of rails fixed on concrete slabs having foundation 1 to
1.5 m deep. In gladni sub station two rating of transformers are installed 220/132/33
KV.
TRANSFORMER OIL
One of the most important factors, which determine the life, satisfactory operations of the
transformer are the oil in which it is immersed
TRANSFORMER COOLING
Transformer is a static device that converts energy at one level to another voltage level.
During this process of energy transfer, losses occur in the windings and core of
the transformer. These losses appeared as heat. This heat is dissipated to the
surroundings. The coolants used in the transformers arre:-
Air
OIL
The transformers using air as coolant are called dry type transformers while transformers using
oil as coolant are known as oil immersed transformers. In dry type transformers the heat
generated is conducted across the core and windings to be dissipated from the Outer surface of
the windings to the surrounding air through convection. In case of oil immersed transformers,
the heat produced inside the core and the windings are connected across them to their surfaces.
The heat is transferred from oil to the walls of the tank through convection. Finally, the heat is
transferred from the tank walls of the surrounding air by radiation and convection.
Method of cooling
The cooling methods used for dry type transformers are
The natural circulation of surrounding air is utilized to carry the heat generated by natural
convection.
Air blast is employed in order to keep the temperature rise within the limits. The forced air
circulation improves the heat dissipation.
The cooling by air is not so effective and proves insufficient for transformers of medium sizes.
Oil coolant has two advantages:
In this method the oil circulating under natural head transformer heat to the tank walls. The
transformer tank is made hollow and air is blown through the hollow space to cool the
transformer. The heat is removed from the inner tank walls can be increased to five or six
times that dissipated by natural means.
In this method copper cooling coils are mounted on the transformers core but below the
surface of the oil. Water is circulated through the cooling coils to cool the transformer.
In large transformer the natural circulation of oil is insufficient for cooling the
transformer and forced circulation is employed. Oil is circulated by a motor driven
pump from the top of a tank to a external cooling plant (heat exchanger) where the
oil cooled. The cold oil enters the transformer at the bottom of the tank.
The methods of cooling oil in the heat transformers by forced circulation of oil areas
classified accordingly as:-
In this method oil is circulated to the transformer with the help of a pump and cooled
in heat exchanger by natural circulation of air. This method is not commonly used.
The oil is cooled by external heat exchangers using air blast produced by fans. The
arrangement results in higher efficiency for the system.
The heated oil is cooled in a water heat exchanger. In this method the pressure of oil
is kept higher than that of water and therefore leakage occurs in from oil to water.
INSTRUMENT TRANSFORMERS :
The lines I sub station operate at high voltage and carry current of 1000 of
amperes. The measuring instruments and protective devices are designed for low
voltages ( for generally 110 volts ) and currents ( about 5 A ) .Therefore, they not work
satisfactory if mounted directly on the lines this difficulty is overcomes by installing
instrument transformers on the power lines. The function of his instrument transformers
is to transfer voltage or current in the power lines to values which are convenient for
the operation of measuring instrument and relays. There are two types of instrument
transformers viz ;
CURRENT TRANSFORMERS
:
C.T is essentially a
transformer which steps down
current to a known ratio. The
primary winding of this
transformer consists of one or
more turns of thick wire
connected in series with the line.
The secondary consists of large
number of turns of fine wire and
provides for the measuring
instruments & relays a current
which is a constant fraction of
the current in the line . Suppose
current transformer rated at 100/5 A is connected in the line to measure current in
primary the current in primary the current in the line 100 A , then secondary of C.T will
be 5 A .Similarly , if current in the line is 50 A , then secondary of C.T will have
current of 2.3 A .Thus C.T under consideration will step down the line current by a
factor of 20 .
POTENTIAL TRANSFORMER :
It is essentially a step down transformer & step downs the voltage to known
ratio. The primary of this transformer consists of large number of turns of fine wire
connected across the line instrument relays a voltage a known fraction of the line
voltage. Suppose a potential transformer rated at 66kv/ 110v is connected to a power
line .If line voltage is 66kv, then the voltage across secondary will be 110 kv.
There are several metering & indicating (e.g ammeter, voltmeter, energy meter
etc) installed in a sub station to maintain watch over the ckt quantities .The instrument
transformer are invariably used with them for satisfactory operation.
POWER
LINE
CARRIER
COMMUNICATION SYSTEM
Whenever some breakdown occurs in the transmission network at any place, the
message to rectify the fault must be sent to all sub station. Quickness is the first priority
.The ordinary telephone network cannot be used as it already overloads and remains
engaged. Therefore, the same power lines, which carry energy, are used for this
purpose. The signal is modulated by HF carrier and is send as radio waves through the
power lines. This system is known as power line carrier communication system.
PROTECTIVE RELAY AND EARTHING
PROTECTIVE RELAYS :
It is a device that defect the faults and initiates the operation of the ckt breaker
to isolate the defective element from the rest of the system .The relay ensures the safety
of the ckt equipment from any damage which might be otherwise caused by the fault.
( b ) Directional relay
( b )
Directional (Over
current or earth fault )
relay :- The non directional
relay can operate for fault flow
in either direction. In order to
achieve operation for the fault
flowing in a specific direction,
it is necessary to add a
directional element to the non
directional element. Such a
relay which responds to fault
flow in a particular directional is called a directional relay .
(1 ) SYSTEM EARTHING :-
It is required to provide low fault impedance to the ground fault currents for
proper operation of the protective relays and for meeting the system requirement by effectively
earthed system.
( 2) SAFETY EARTHING :-
It is required to provide protection to the operating staff working in the yard and
sub station from any injury during fault condition by keeping the voltage gradient with
in safe limits. The above two parts have common earth mat from which flat iron risers are
taken out to connect all the non-current carrying metal parts of the equipment. At the same
time the earth mat conductor rise to voltage, which is equal to the resistance of the earth mat
multiplied by ground fault current. This difference of potential results in voltage gradients.
NEUTRAL GROUNDING:
In practice, the neutral of a three- phase system is earthed at sub station. This is known as
neutral earthling or grounding .An earthed neutral system has the following advantages :-
A) It provides a better protection against earth faults.
B) It ensures nearly constant voltage of healthy phases because neutral point is not shifted.
G) Ground fault relaying is simple . The earth may be utilized to operate protective relays
to isolate the fault.
A) Fuses
B) Carrier-current Equipment
FUSES :
Fuse is a essentially a short piece of metal ( or a fusible material ) inserted in a
circuit which melts when a predetermined value of current flows through it and thus breaks the
circuits .The protective element of the fuse is a fuse-link inserted in series with the circuit
being protected . The most generally material used for fuse element is a low melting point
material such as tin, lead or zinc .Fuses may be low voltage type or high voltage type : low
voltage can be further divided into two classes namely semi- enclosed rewire able fuse and the
cartridge type fuse.
move windings usually of different values of voltage and current and at same frequency.
Transformers is heart of power system and is most important and costliest in power system
.It is estimated that one MW of additional power earning capacity requires about 7 to 8 MVA
transformers’ capacity .The diamond for transformer is expected to grow at a lipid pace, since
the the generating station conventionally Hydroelectric ,thermal are situated geographically
for a part from load centers and since these are linked by transformer.
1. MAGNETIC CIRCUITS :
Cold rolled grain oriented silicon (CRGOS) Steel (with lower specific losses to the folw of
With the advent of computer controlled machines for cutting the laminations
precisely ,step lap lamination joints are economically used to achieve low no- load losses.
2 .ELECTRIC CIRCUIT :
It consists of primary and secondary winding which are costliest and which have to meet
stringent requirement of Dielectric , thermal and mechanical stresses expected during testing as
commonly used and for Distribution transformer and high voltage testing transformers and
conductor are also used. In order to minimize the stay losses in the winding, continuously
transposed conductor (CTC) are used type of winding normally include Helical, continuous
3 .DIELECTRIC CIRCUIT :
It comprises of insulation:
- Minor insulation between lure to lure on within the layers o same winding.
- Oil serves as an insulation as well as coolant paper oil combination has been
4 .THERMAL CIRCUIT :
The losses produced in transformer should be dissipated in order to limit the temperature rise
of oil and winding working at 98mof winding temperature, over weighted ambient of 32 ,
transformers have continuous healthy life during its entire service span and every 6 rise ova
98 reduces the life to half .By providing additional cooling through radiators ,fans .etc heat
This is essential to house the transformer oil, flitting and accessories such as terminal
arrangements, conservator, Breather, safety device etc. The structural design should also
( a ) CONSERVATOR :
bag open atmosphere through breathers and outside surface of bag in contact with oil surface.
( b ) BRAETHER ;
insulation and causes reduction insulation strength of transformer to minimize this the
conservator is allowed to breath only through silica gel colomin ,which absorb the moisture in
Transformers tank is a pressure vessel as the inside pressure can group steeply whenever there
is a fault in the windings and the surrounding oil is suddenly vaporized. TANKS as such are
tested for a pressure with stand capacity of 0.35 kg /cm.To prevent bursting of the tank , these
tanks are in addition provide with expansion vents with a thin diaphragm made of Bakelite
/Copper / glass at the end . In present day transformer, pressure relief device are replacing
boilers.
BUSHINGS :
It is very essential to maintain system voltage within prescribed limits for better health of
electrical equipments voltage of system can be varied by changing the true ration of
transformer .The device tap changer is used for adding a cutting out turns of primary or
The cheapest method of changing turn ratio of transformer is use of off-circuit tap changer. It is
ON – LOAD TAPCHANGE
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I avail this opportunity to express my profound sense of sincere and deep gratitude to Mr. V. K. Suri,
chief executive engineer, GLADNI Narwal Jammu for giving me the opportunity to carry out my one
month training in this organization.
I am blissful to express my deep sense of gratitude to employees, GLADNI Narwal who helped me a
lot in giving minute details of Design and Constructional Features of Grid Station and enlightened me
with the knowledge of Grid Station and Its working.
Last, but not the least, I must express my immense gratitude to all the members of the GLADNI
NARWAL JAMMU , from whom I got all necessary help whenever required.
CONCLUSION
It is itself is a feeling of gratitude to have visited one of the chief Electrical installation of the
Jammu. Though the period of one month was not that much to have explored such a wonderful
sight.
I am sure that the technical knowledge which I have gained at GLADNI Narwal Jammu would
serve great in future.
Still I am pleased to have learnt a lot about the work culture and the ethics of industries.
CAPACITOR BANK
REFRENCE
WEBSITE:i)WWW.GOOGLE.COM
ii)WWW.WEKIPIDIA.COM
BOOKS: NAME OF THE BOOK : PRINCIPLE OF POWER
SYSTEM
AUTHOR :V.K.Mehta & Rohit Mehta
PUBLISHER :S.CHAND
CHAPTER :i)CIRCUIT BREAKERS
ii)SUBSTATIONS
iii)PROTECTIVE RELAY`S