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Wilson Acchar Sheyla K.J. Marques
Ecological Soil-Cement
Bricks from Waste Materials
123
Wilson Acchar Sheyla K.J. Marques
Department of Physics Campus Palmeira dos ndios
Federal Univ of Rio Grande do Norte Instituto Federal de Alagoas (IFAL)
Campus Universitario Palmeira dos ndios, Alagoas
Natal, Rio Grande do Norte Brazil
Brazil
Among the global challenges listed in the Millenium Project, sustainable devel-
opment has been a growing concern with particular emphasis to its effect on climate
change. Due to its continental dimensions, it is expected that Brazil plays a sig-
nicant role in the agenda for environmental preservation, and a good example of
successful participation can be found in the proportion of renewables in our
energetic matrix, around 40 % in 2014, compared to less than 9 % from the OECD
countries. The two main sources for this expressive result are the biomass derived
from sugar cane and hydroelectricity. Another important action to reduce the
environmental damage is the reduction of raw material use in large-scale enter-
prises, such as building and road constructions.
The present work by Prof. Wilson Acchar addresses this important issue with a
detailed description of the benets promoted by the incorporation of two available
waste materials, gravel from oil drilling waste and sugarcane bagasse ash into
soil-cement bricks, a component largely used in the building of house units, a major
area of Civil Engineering. Supported by an extensive experimental research, the
author shows that the properties of the new materials displays better properties than
the soil-cement mixture traditionally employed in the fabrication of bricks,
exceeding the requirements of Brazilian standards.
The structure of the book offers an interesting and adequate sequence of infor-
mation, starting with a description of historical aspects about the introduction of
soil-cement bricks in ancient times and its evolution as a reliable and affordable
building component; this includes the attractive possibility it offers to incorporate
waste material generated by many industrial activities, contributing to reduce the
environmental impact. Next, the origin and characteristics of the two waste mate-
rials studied, soil drilling waste from the petroleum industry and sugar cane bagasse
ash are described. The next two chapters present, for each type of waste, the
complete methodology and experimental procedure developed, including the
preparation of the soil-cement bricks and the resulting superior mechanical and
v
vi Foreword
water absorption properties obtained, which support the conclusions of the author
proposing their generalized use in house-building programs. The book is certainly a
welcome and relevant contribution to those elds where the use of soil-cement
bricks is recommended.
1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
2 Soil-Cement Bricks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
2.1 Portland Cement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
2.1.1 History. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
2.1.2 Manufacture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
2.2 Soil-Cement Bricks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
2.2.1 History. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
2.2.2 Soil-Cement Strength . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
2.2.3 Criteria for the Selection of the Soil to Be Used
in the Manufacture of Soil-Cement Bricks . . . . ........ 10
2.3 Soil-Cement Bricks Incorporated with Waste Materials. ........ 11
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........ 12
3 Solid Waste Materials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
3.1 Petroleum . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
3.2 Petroleum Exploration Process . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
3.3 Waste Generated in the Process of Petroleum Well Drilling . . . . . 19
3.4 Soil Drilling Waste from Petroleum Industry (SDW) . . . . . . . . . . 20
3.5 Sugarcane Bagasse Ash . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
3.5.1 Sugarcane Bagasse . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
3.5.2 Use of Sugarcane Bagasse . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
3.5.3 Sugarcane Bagasse Ash . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
3.5.4 Chemical Composition of Sugarcane Bagasse Ash. . . . . . . 24
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
4 Using Oil Drilling Waste in Soil-Cement Formulations . . . . . . . . . . 29
4.1 Raw Materials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
4.2 Preparation of Specimens . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
4.2.1 Methodology and Experimental Procedure . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
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viii Contents