CHAPTER II

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES

This chapter includes the conceptual and reviewed literature that may help the
researchers during the experimentation and data-drawing processes. It also contains the
theoretical and conceptual frameworks, and synthesis of this study.

Conceptual Literature
The following topics are discussed in the conceptual literature. It talks about
bacterial diseases and infections, pimples, prevention of pimples, commercial pimple
remover, homemade pimple remover, orange, honey and yogurt and their backgrounds.
Bacterial diseases and infections. According to Aly (1996), single pathogens cause
the occurrence of primary skin infections, which commonly affects the normal skin. These
pathogens commonly enter opening in the skins such as insect bites. Some examples of
these pathogens are Staphylococcus aureus and cornyeform bacteria.
According to "Human Diseases and Conditions" (2015), through several ways,
illnesses can be caused by bacteria. Tissues can be directly destroyed, while in some
other cases, the reproduction rate of bacteria is so enormous which causes the body to
malfunction. Other cases states that bacteria may also produce toxins or poisons that
results to dead cells.
According to Haines (2013), bacterial diseases and infections are often
contagious. They are likely to cause severe and life-threatening conditions, namely
bacteremia or blood poisoning, kidney failure and toxic shock syndrome.
On the other hand, Howard (1994) stated that bacterial infections are the leading
cause of death for children and the elderly in the United States.
Pimples. According to Medical News Today (2015), a pimple is "a pustule or
papule." They are tiny skin inflammations that involve the infection of the sebaceous
glands. The oil glands are infested with bacteria that lead to swelling, which causes the
lesion to be filled with pus. Pimples can occur in any body part except the palms and
soles. This skin condition often shows up in the face and scalp because there is greater
abundance of the sebaceous glands in the said parts. A blockage in the pore is one cause
of the pimple. It is due to dead skin cells that are trapped because of the sticky sebum.
This sebum mixed with dead skin cells lead to the growth of Propionibacterium acnes,
which rises harmlessly and slowly into the skin. This bacterium ingests the sebum
produced which is the reason for the beginning of the skin inflammation.
According to Guthy-Renker (2015), pimple is categorized into two main groups:
Non-inflammatory pimples or comedone which includes blackheads and whiteheads.
Inflammatory pimples, which include papules, pustules, nodules and cysts, result from
the body's fight to contain an infection. Non-inflammatory pimple is not swollen and painful
because the body has not yet reacted to an infection with infection-fighting white blood
cells. Inflammatory pimple is all painful, red and swollen and it often hurts. It can last for
weeks or months and may leave scar.
According to Barnett (2010), some cases of pimples appear with just a few zits in
the face but as it becomes more severe, it also means occurrence on the face, chest, and
back. Permanent scarring can take place based on the severity.
Pimples are experienced by around 80 percent of adolescents but can later
disappear in the late teens. Others continue having this skin disease until their twenties.
In an article written by the British Skin Foundation (2012), as many as eight to ten
persons around ages 11 until 30 are affected by teen cause pimples. In females the most
common ages are 14 to 17 while in males, the most common ages are 16 to 19. A study
conducted in July 2012 showed that pimples result to higher levels of emotional and
behavioral difficulties especially in women. Disturbingly, the survey conducted in the said
study found out that some of the respondents had been verbally abused, some resorted
to self-harm while some others tried to commit suicide.
Prevention of pimples. Terrie (2013) stated some various measures to prevent
or treat pimples. Some of these include the establishment of a daily-skin care routine, like
cleansing the face with warm water and soap at least twice a day. It was also suggested
that the affected avoid using oily skin care products. Scrubbing the skin while cleansing
is not advisable. Since some prescriptions concerning pimples may cause the sensitivity
of the skin against the sun, it is advised that the patient wear daily sun protection.
To prevent pimples, it is important have a daily-skin care routine, like cleansing the
face with warm water and soap at least twice a day. It was also suggested that the
affected part of the skin must be avoid in using oily skin care product and scrubbing the
skin while cleansing is not advisable. It is also advisable to wear sun protection since
some products are sensitive to the skin against the sun.
According to Jaliman (2014), there are actual tips or ways on how to prevent
pimples and it includes the daily skin care routine of an individual. One must learn to keep
their faces clean by washing your face twice daily to remove impurities with the use of
warm water and a mild face cleanser. Make use of a face moisturizer and too much
application of make-up is not advisable. Remember to keep yourself and your skin safe
from the sun by using sun protection.
Components of pimple remover. According to Medical News Today (2015), the
majority of over-the-counter drugs for pimples include the following substances:
resorcinol, which is commonly used as components for the treatment of dandruff, eczema
and psoriasis, this substance helps break down blackheads and whiteheads; benzoyl
peroxide, which works as a peeling agent, this substance slows down the production of
oil in the sebaceous glands, hastening skin turnover and cleaning pores, which in turn
decreases the bacterial count in the affected area; salicylic acid, many dandruff
shampoos contain salicylic acid. It delays the shredding of cells which line the follicles of
the oil glands, effective in treating inflammation; sulfur, this element has been used for
treating skin diseases like eczema and psoriasis. Although how it helps the skin is still
unknown, it is widely used as ingredient for antibacterial agents; azelaic acid, this
substance strengthens cells that line the follicles, block oil eruptions, and reduces bacteria
growth. It is commonly found naturally in wheat, rye and barley. This substance also helps
reduce swelling or inflammation.
Homemade pimple remover. Case (2015) suggested ways on how to create a
homemade pimple remover. She used honey in the said pimple remover and milk of
magnesia, which are to be applied in the affected pimple areas. According to her, the
ingredients used possessed anti-inflammatory properties.
On the other hand, Spares (2015), recommends the use of orange peels as a
homemade pimple remover. This is due to the causticity and vitamin C substance in
oranges makes it a potential cure for pimples.
Stratford (2015), advised the use of yogurt as an ingredient for a face mask. This
is because the said product contains an abundant amount of lactic acid, which can expel
bacteria, retain the pH balance of the skin and prevents the reoccurrence of pimples.
Orange peel and its background. WHFoods.org (2015) defined orange as citrus
fruits with pulpy flesh covered in finely textured skins that range in varying thickness.
These oranges usually range from approximately 2 to 3 inches in diameter. Oranges are
classified into two general categories, namely sweet and bitter. Some examples of sweet
orange or Citrus sinensis are Valencia, Navel, and Jaffa oranges. On the other hand,
bitter oranges or Citrus aurantium are commonly used as flavorings for liquors such as
Grand Marnier and Cointreau. The fruit contains 93% of vitamin C, 13% fiber, 10% folate,
9% of vitamin B1, 7% each for copper, potassium and pantothenic acid, and 5% for
calcium. Recent studies show that oranges say healing properties associated with a wide
variety of phytonutrient compounds. These nutrients include flavonone, which are type of
flavonoids that include the molecules hesperetin and naringerin. The fruit is also rich in
vitamin C, a primary water-soluble compound in the body. This substance helps these
arm free radicals and prevents inflammatory conditions in the body
Goodall (2015) suggested ways on how to create a pimple remover with the use
of home remedies. She made use of orange peels mixed with water to create a paste
which is applied to the affected areas. According to her, using an orange peel face mask
improves our face because of its citric acid, astringent properties and vitamin C which
helps promote the growth of new healthy cells.
According to Audain (2015), the presence of oxidants in the body and environment
is one of the main causes of skin aging. Orange peels have large amounts of vitamin C
and other anti-oxidants that make it helpful in maintaining healthy skin. It has the
properties that can maintain the natural balance of skin oils and tighten the skin by
absorbing excess oils and removing dead skin cells.
Tarafdar (2015) stated that orange peel is a brilliant and effective home remedy
for the prevention of pimples due to the extra oil or bacteria the clog the pores of the skin.
Niesha (2015) also added that orange peels do not only remove pimples and help prevent
them, but it is also an efficient fruit for a healthier and glowing skin.
HubPages (2015) also enumerated the different benefits humans can get from
orange peels. Because of its vitamin C, Calcium, and dietary fiber, orange peels help in
removing acne and blackheads, whitening the skin and preventing wrinkles.
Lundin (2015) discussed the steps on how to use orange peels as a pimple
remover or simply a beauty enchancer. She made an orange peel paste by grinding the
orange peels after letting them dry under the sun. The next step is to mix the fine powder
of orange peels with water until it becomes a paste. For 15 minutes, apply the orange
peel paste then wash it off with cool water.
Honey. According to Encyclopedia.com (2000), honey is a sweet substance
created by honeybees from nectars they collected from flowers. This viscid substance is
used by humans both as a sweetener and a spread. Edgar (2011) claimed that nowadays,
honey is used by many people because of its antiseptic and antibacterial properties.
Makovec (2015) enumerates reason why bacteria cannot survive in honey. First, it has
low pH and its high sugar content prevents bacteria from reproducing. When it breaks
down, it produces hydrogen peroxide, which is also fatal to microorganisms. Also, honey
has already been used as dressing for cuts and burns, because it possesses antiseptic
and elevates the chances of healing.
Moreover, honey can also be used as an excellent ingredient for the treatment of
pimples according to Home Remedies for Life (2015). It acts as an antibiotic that helps
kill the bacteria that cause acne. It also consists of antioxidants, anti-inflammatory,
essential vitamins and minerals, antiseptic, moisturizing, osmotic effect, and anti-bacterial
properties which treats acne naturally and effectively. Among all home remedies which
are capable of treating acne, honey is the best ingredient to use because you can
combine it with other ingredients like avocado, banana, milk, yogurt, pear, peach, lemon,
aloe vera, egg white, cucumber, carrots, orange juice, etc. to get relief from the acne and
its symptoms very effectively.
According to Shah (2015), honey is a natural antibiotic and an anti-inflammatory
agent. It contains a lot of antioxidants, vitamins like vitamin B2, B3, and B5 as well as
minerals.Not only it becomes antiseptic in nature due to its anti-bacterial properties but it
also is a very good moisturizing agent. So, honey heals acne with its anti-bacterial and
anti-inflammatory properties and at the same time, keeps your skin moisturized and
glowing due to the excellent nutrients present in it.
 According to Holber (2013), an antiseptic prevents the growth of disease causing
organism just like the bacteria in the pore. Honey releases low levels of hydrogen
peroxide that disinfects the skin. Moreover, its high sugar concentration and acidic
properties impair bacterias ability to replicate. Applying honey to a fully developed pimple
can prevent the infection in pore from getting worse. It also has anti-inflammatory qualities
that help prevent the inflammation and redness that can come from pimple.
For those with dry skin, honey is a natural humectant that preserves moisture in
skin and can prevent some peeling and dryness that other pimple treatments can cause,
according to Patrunjel (2015). She added that the honey face mask is definitely
appropriate for a scar-free and glowing skin.
Organic Facts (2015) suggested examples of honey face masks that can be used
to treat the skin. It includes the Apple Honey Mask, Lemon Yogurt Honey Mask,
Cinnamon Honey Mask, Aloe Vera Honey Mask, Kelp Aloe Vera Honey Mask, Tea Tree
Oil Honey Mask, or just simply using the honey mask alone with no additional ingredients.
Skinacea (2013) did not guarantee the effectiveness of honey, but it does help in reducing
pimples, soothing the skin, and making it glow.
Yogurt. According to Codex Alimentarius (1992), yogurt is a "coagulated milk
product" that is formed when lactic acid ferments due to the presence of Lactobacillus
bulgaricus and Streptococcus thermophilus. Magee (2008) enumerates the benefits
brought by yogurt. Yogurt contains essential nutrients like calcium, vitamin B2, vitamin
B12, potassium and magnesium while it is also abundant with lactic acid. Also, yogurt is
probiotic, meaning it contains live bacteria, which are good bacteria that helps strengthen
the immune system and promotes a healthy digestive tract. This product was also known
for its help with digestive-related conditions such as lactose intolerance, constipation,
diarrhea, colon cancer and inflammatory bowel diseases. Yogurt also helps in preventing
osteoporosis because of the combination of calcium and vitamin D contained in it. Blood
pressure risk can also be reduced with a daily yogurt intake, because of its milk-like
properties.
According to Andrea (2012), she chooses yogurt as one of the most efficient
among the variety of antibacterial remedies you can find in your fridge. Yogurt was first
mentioned in ancient writings from the period of Mongol conqueror Genghis Khan. The
origin of this delicious dairy product comes from the Middle East. Today, yogurt is a widely
known as a healthy dietary choice and its rightfully placed high on the list of good-for-you
foods. Its made by natural fermentation of milk in the presence of certain benign bacteria.
Regular consumption of this milky beverage has many beneficial effects on the human
body. Refreshing and delicious, yogurt is directly linked to longevity.
Also, Guha (2015) considered yogurt or curd as a natural ingredient that is used in
the skin care regime for making face masks and face packs. Because of its abundant
amount of lactic acid, yogurt has the ability to cure or treat various skin conditions
especially pimples. It also helps in cleansing the clogged pores which results to a glowing
skin and keeps the skin moist by hydrating cells.
Furthermore, Stratford (2015) stated that using plain yogurt for treating pimple is
always been a practice since then. It is a natural astringent and has many good vitamins,
nourishing the skin both from the outside and within. It's all up to the individual skin in
using yogurt as a pimple treatment. Initially, spread the yogurt evenly over the face and
leave on for 15 minutes. The person may experience some tingling or tightening. After a
few days, pores are smaller and skin is improved.
Organic Authority (2011) stated that yogurt helps moisturize, fight acne, prevent
premature aging, relieve sunburn and reduce discoloration. It also provided the
ingredients and procedure on how to make a Honey and Rose Yogurt Face Mask, an
effective face mask for the enhancement of beauty.
BeautyMunsta (2014) discussed the different components of yogurt which includes
lactic acid, calcium, zinc, and B-vitamins which help the skin. It also enumerated different
masks that can be applied to the face and examples of these are, Lemon Yogurt Face
Mask, Honey Yogurt Face Mask, Egg White Yogurt Face Mask, Oatmeal Yogurt Face
Mask, and Yogurt and Baking Soda Face Mask.

Research Literature
The following are some of the studies about "Orange Peels, Honey and Yogurt as
Components for Pimple Remover" as presented in this part of the chapter.
Dapon (2011) said that a pimple or acne vulgaris is a skin disease commonly
affecting the oil-secreting glands of the skin. This type of acne is the concern of many
adolescents because it often mounts to break-outs in the individuals face, neck and
shoulders. This further leads to dented scars.
According to the research study called "What Causes Acne?" (2015), more than
80 percent of the population starts to develop pimples during the ages of 12 until 25.
There have been numerous claims about the causes of pimples but medical doctors
agree that hormones are the main cause of the said skin disease. This is due to the
increased sebum released by the sebaceous glands when an individual reaches puberty.
The excess sebum gets clogged in the skin pores that develop into pimples.
Because of this, the demand for an effective and safe pimple remover became
expectedly high. Since pimple is usually an infection, a bacterial problem, the early
answer was antibiotic medications. However, Hrfelt (2009) said in her dissertation
entitled "Photodynamic therapy for treatment of Acne Vulgaris in clinical studies; dose
response and mode of action" that antibiotics were used too widely that some pimple
gained bacterial resistance. In her experiment, subjects showed no clinical response and
experienced no side effects, gaining no new changes.
 Orange peels, honey and yogurt were naturally used as pimple removers because
of their antimicrobial and antibacterial properties.
Khushwaha et. al. (2012) showed in the thesis called "Antimicrobial Properties of
Peels of Citrus Fruits" that the peels of citrus sinensis or orange are most effective against
bacterial and fungal pathogens. The oil that an orange contains called limonene is used
for therapeutic purposes like anti-inflammatory and antiseptic, as studied by Obidi et. al.
(2013).
In relation to this, the thesis entitled "Extraction of Essential Oil from Orange
Peels," Ong stated that a dried and oily skin can be restored by the oil contained in an
orange peel. Orange peels also tend to reduce sweating therefore supporting the
lymphatic fluids and assists in the release of tissue nodes and fluid oxygenation. It also
helps prevent swellings obtained from psoriasis, as well as eczema and other kinds of
skin inflammations (2012).
According to a study conducted by Mistry (1987), honey is the substance produced
by bees after collecting nectar and honeydew from flowers. He enumerated the chemical
composition of honey. He found out that honey contains thiamine, niacin, riboflavin,
ascorbic acid, pyridoxine, panthothenic acid, biotin, folic acid and Vitamin K - all vitamins
that are proven to be healthy for the skin.
Molan (2006) said that honey was already used as an antiseptic for wounds even
before bacteria was discovered to be the cause of infections. In his study entitled "The
Antibacterial Activity of Honey," he experimented on honey using an agar diffusion assay
technique where he provided a small solution of honey and applied it to a nutrient agar
plate containing a cultured microbe. He concluded that the more the honey gets diluted,
the more its antibacterial activity increases.
In his connected but separate study called "The Role of Honey in the Management
of Wounds," (1999) Molan said that honey possesses anti-inflammatory influences even
in the absence of an infection. He added that this property might be associated with the
abilities of honey as an antioxidant.
In a study entitled "Traditional and Modern Uses of Natural Honey," Eteraf-Oskouei
and Najafi (2013) stated that honey can restrain the spread of around 60 bacterial
species, proving its strong antimicrobial potency. Honey has enough antibacterial
strength to still suppress pathogenic reproduction even if already diluted nine times, the
study reported.
Mandal and Mandal (2011) also affirmed and explained the antibacterial activity of
honey. Due to the its high viscosity, honey helps maintain the moisture of wounds while
also making a protective layer in the skin which prevents it from getting infected. The
enzymatic production of hydrogen peroxide gives honey its antimicrobial activity. They
studied another case that is the manuka honey or the non-peroxide honey, which also
displays antibacterial properties even in the absence of hydrogen peroxide. The study
stated that this must be due to the low pH level yet high osmolarity of honey that is
sufficient to prevent the reproduction of microbes and bacteria.
Goenka (2015) experimented if honey can possible as a pimple remover. Since
honey has fine anti-bacterial capacities, is a perfect remedy for killing the germ outside
and as well as inside the skin. Besides its pretty good for detoxifying the body whether
applied externally, or taken with a drink, the miracle it shows is never less. Acne becomes
a threat when it is painful. Intake of honey is quite helpful and healing in such cases. Side
by side, honey cleans the blood, boosts metabolism, and rejuvenates the immune system
if the person consume it religiously. It becomes difficult to apply a face mask on regular
intervals for many. Alternatively, having a glass of honey-water every day is suggested to
enjoy the same benefits of using face mask. Dermatologists often recommend beginning
the day with a spoonful of honey with a glass of lukewarm water. Benefits will double if
lemon was added. Not only for removing scars and acne, this honey-lemon water early in
the morning is also superb for detoxifying the system. According to many dieticians, it is
also helpful if in losing weight.
Ganesh (2006) defined yogurt as "a product of the lactic acid fermentation of milk
by addition of a starter culture containing Streptococcus thermophilus and Lactobacillus
delbrueckii ssp. bulgaricus." In the study "Antibacterial Activity of Probiotic Yoghurt and
Soy-Yoghurt against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus" conducted by El-
Gawad et. al. (2014), probiotic yogurt products caused antagonistic effects on the
pathogens of E-coli and Staphylococcus aureus. The said study concluded that the
production of probiotic yoghurt restricts the growth of pathogenic bacteria.

Synthesis
This part summarizes the conceptual literature and research literature. It also
identifies the relations, similarities, and dissimilarities of each study with the researchers'
study.
The studies and researches mentioned above all add up to the intent of the
researchers' study to use orange peel, honey and yogurt as component of pimple
remover. Generally, the purpose of this study is to render an effective and practicable
solution to pimples.
Aly (1996) stated that pathogens get to the body through skin openings like cuts.
Also, Human Diseases and Conditions (2000) stated that most diseases are caused by
bacteria entering the body. Haines (2013) reported that most of the diseases brought by
bacteria are contagious while Howard (1993) stated that bacterium-related diseases is
the leading cause of death for kids and elders in the United States today.
According to Medical News Today (2015), a pimple is produced when the excess
sebum formed by the sebaceous glands get clogged on the pores. According to Guthy-
Renker (2015), the pimple can be categorized into inflammatory and non-inflammatory.
Barnett (2010) stated that pimple may range from mild to severe- with pimples only in the
face for mild cases and occurrence of pimples in the face, chest and back for severe
cases. In the study conducted by Dapon (2012), it is stated that the pimple is a skin
disease that most individuals in the puberty stage experience. Likewise, the research
entitled "What Causes Acne?" (2015) said that due to the hormonal increase in an
individual during this stage, there is an excess production of sebum which causes pimples
when trapped in the skin pores. Hrfelt (2009) said in her dissertation some pimples
already gained antibiotic resistance, arising the need for more effective and safer
removers. The British Skin Foundation (2015) studied the effects of pimples in the
behavior of individuals, and found out that women were most likely to do self-harm,
experience verbal abuse and worse, commit suicide.
Terrie (2013) suggested some methods on how to deal with and prevent pimple
occurrence. According to Jaliman (2014), there are actual tips or ways on how to prevent
pimples and it includes the daily skin care routine of an individual, and enumerated some
of those tips. On the other hand, Case, Spares and Stratford (2015) suggested ways how
to make some homemade pimple removers with the use of various easy-to-find kitchen
products. Medical News Today (2015) enumerated the constituents of most over-the-
counter drugs for pimple removal.
WHFoods.org (2015) defined orange as citrus fruits with pulpy flesh covered in
finely textured skins that range in varying thickness. Khushwaha et. al. (2012) showed
that the peels of orange possess anti-bacterial and anti-fungal properties while the study
of Obidi et. al. (2013) elaborated the anti-inflammatory and antiseptic properties of
limonene, an oil extracted from orange. Likewise, the research entitled "Extraction of
Essential Oil from Orange Peels" also enumerated some attributes of the orange peel
regarding its rejuvenating and anti-swelling characteristics. HubPages (2015) also
enumerated the different benefits humans can get from orange peels. Audain (2015)
stated reasons why orange peels are useful in battling skin aging while Goodall (2015)
suggested ways on how to create a pimple remover with the use of home remedies.
Lundin (2015) discussed the steps on how to use orange peels as a pimple remover or
simply a beauty enchancer. Tarafdar (2014) stated that orange peel is a brilliant and
effective home remedy for the prevention of pimples while Niesha (2015) also added that
orange peels are also efficient for a healthier and glowing skin.
Mistry (1987) and Encyclopedia.com (2000) stated that honey is the substance
produced by bees from nectar and honeydew. On the other hand, Molan (2006) said that
honey has already been used to treat wounds even before the discovery of bacteria as
the cause of skin infections while Edgar (2011) claimed that it has already been used
nowadays for its antiseptic properties. Makovec (2015) enumerated reasons why bacteria
cannot survive in honey while Molan (2006) also concluded that the more the honey gets
diluted, the more its antibacterial activity increases. According to Holber (2013), an
antiseptic prevents the growth of disease causing organism just like the bacteria in the
pore, which honey can stop due to its high sugar content. Mandal and Mandal (2011)
stated that honey exhibits antibacterial and antimicrobial properties. This is shown in the
enzymatic production of hydrogen peroxide in honey while on the case of non-peroxide
honey; the antimicrobial property is shown in its low pH level and high osmolality. Molan
(1999) also said that honey possesses anti-inflammatory influences even in the absence
of an infection. Eteraf-Oskouei and Najafi (2013) stated that honey can restrain the spread
of around 60 bacterial species. Goenka (2015) experimented if honey can be a possible
pimple remover. Home Remedies for Life (2014) also stated that honey can be used as
an excellent ingredient for the treatment of pimples.
Ganesh (2006) and the Codex Alimentarius (1992) defined yogurt as a product of
lactic acid fermentation with the bacteria L. bulgaricus and S. thermophilus. Stratford
(2015), stated that using plain yogurt for treating pimple is always been a practice since
then. Magee (2012) enumerated the health benefits of yogurt. Guha (2015) considered
yogurt or curd as a natural ingredient that is used in the skin care regime for making face
masks and face packs. Also, El-Gawad et. al. (2014) studied the antibacterial properties
of yogurt and concluded that it contributes to the death of harmful pathogens.