FOG5 AnswerKey PDF

ANSWER KEY
5
FOCUS ON
GRAMMAR
AN INTEGRATED SKILLS APPROACH
SECOND EDITION
SUSAN LANZANO
Copyright 2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Student Book Answer Key
UNIT 1 Present and 3
Future Time (pages 215)
2. ll find 8. says
3. holds 9. travels
After You Read 1. b 2. b 3. b
4. has continued 10. goes
5. is focusing 11. keeps
1
6. ve been trying 12. concludes
7. has kept 13. pleases
A. 1. Used to narrate events in sequence: finds,
asks, says, counters, throws up, walks,
goes, agree.
4
Used to show actions in progress: is
Possible answers:
admiring, are smiling.
2. ve also stayed 8. tour
2. present perfect. The author uses that form
3. have toured 9. arrive
here to connect the past and present: to
4. spend (OR are 10. spend (OR are
show a state that began in the past and
spending) spending)
continues to the present moment.
5. start 11. leaves
3. youre visiting (present progressive as
6. finish 12. will be
future); you leave (simple present as
7. travel
future); youll be relaxing (future
progressive); youll have been traveling
(future perfect progressive); itll be
5
(unplanned future with will ); if you do
2/B Take it easy. Well be there in a few
(two actions in the future, simple present
minutesas soon as we cross the big
in the dependent clause); youll be able to
bridge coming up. See it?
get (two actions in the future, will in the
4/B Ill have a splitting headache by the time
independent clause); Im going to give
we get there if you dont stop complaining.
(planned future with be going to); once
Therell still be some bargains!
you learn (two actions in the future,
8/B Next time you go to the flea market, Im
simple present in the dependent clause);
staying home!
youll like (two actions in the future, will
6/B Yes, you are. Youre making me nervous.
in the independent clause).
Just stop making all that noise!
1/A Cant you drive a little faster? By the time
B. 2. present 5. future 7. future
we get to the flea market, theyll have sold
3. present 6. future 8. future
all the best items. Those antique vases I
4. future
love will be all gone.
5/A Well, excuse me for living! But Im not
2
complaining!
3/A Yes. But were already an hour late. Well
2. has been shining (OR has shone)
have missed all the best bargains.
3. ve visited (OR ve been visiting)
7/A Next time, were going to leave home two
4. m going (OR m going to go)
hours earlier. That way, even if we get lost,
5. get
well still have time to get some good
6. ve been staying (OR m staying)
bargains. You know how I love to bargain.
7. m going (OR m going to go)
8. are (OR have been)
9. love
6
10. are going (OR are)
Answers will vary.
Copyright 2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 1

7 8
I am writing these words in English because 2. F 6. T 9. T

I need the practice. At this moment I am on an 3. F 7. F 10. F
airplane over the Pacific Ocean, on my way to 4. T 8. F 11. F
a year of study at Columbia University in the 5. F
United States. I am looking forward to being
will 911
there, but I am also a little afraid. What do I
get Answers will vary.
find when I will get to America? Will the
Americans be arrogant and violent? Will I make
Will I be UNIT 2 Past Time (pages 1632)
any friends? Am I happy?
These were the words I wrote in my diary on After You Read 1. b 2. a 3. b
Ive been here
the airplane last month. But Im here for a 1
month now, and Ive found that things are a lot
different from what I expected. Ive found that A. 1. did, do; knew, know; got, get; came, come;
the majority of people here are friendly. They took, take; was, be; said, say; thought,
go think; won, win
are going out of their way to help you if you 2. Sentence: Runze hadnt met Weinlick before
need it. she picked up a candidate survey on the
On television, the news programs Monday before the wedding. Forms: past
speak perfect (hadnt met), simple past (picked
are speaking a lot about bad events like up). Past perfect to show which action
accidents, murders, diseases, and fights. But I happened first, simple past to show which
dont see as much violence in my life as I do on action happened second.
television. I have not been mugged and I dont
B. 2. earlier: He just didnt know / later: whom he
worry all the time about my safety.
would be marrying
Two of the ideas I had about the United
3. earlier: Friends would repeatedly ask
seem
Weinlick / later: when he was going to tie
States, however, will seem to be true. One is
the knot
dont pay
4. earlier: Runze hadnt met Weinlick / later:
that Americans arent paying much attention to
before she picked up a candidate survey
rules. One of my best American friends says, in
5. earlier: Weinlick had prepared everything /
fact, Rules are made to be broken. The other
later: By the time the wedding day rolled
idea I had is about the American family. In Asia
around
the family is very important, but some Asian
think means C. 2. F 5. F
people are thinking that the family is meaning 3. H 6. F
I dont know 4. H
nothing in the United States. Im not knowing
if this is true or not. But I think it might be 2
true, since my American friends almost never
mention 2. didnt happen 8. wanted
are mentioning their parents or their brothers 3. met 9. made
and sisters. Anyway, I am going to have a 4. had 10. led
Im going 5. thought 11. ve never met
chance to see a real American family. I go with 6. called up 12. has always loved
my roommate Susan to spend Thanksgiving 7. asked 13. ve never been able
break with her family in Pennsylvania. When I
see 3
will see her family, I will understand more.
2. d sleep 5. used to be 8. d spend
3. d go 6. used to live 9. used to think
4. d go 7. used to be
2 FOCUS ON GRAMMAR 5 TEACHERS MANUAL Copyright 2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
4 7
Possible answers: I just had to write today. Its our six-month

2. By the time they both returned to their have been
hometown about a year ago, Jim had anniversary. Jim and I are married six months
completed four years of military service and as of today. So maybe this is the time for me to
Jennifer had graduated from college. take stock of my situation. The obvious
3. Before they saw each other again, Jennifer got
had started teaching and Jim had taken a job question is whether Im happy I get married.
as a computer programmer. The answer is Absolutely. When I remember
4. When they ran into each other in a was we got
drugstore one morning, neither had gone out what my life has been like before were getting
on any dates. I was
5. Because he had woken up with a splitting married, I realize now how lonely Ive been
headache, Jim drove to Olsons Drugstore. before. Jim is a wonderful guy. Since we both
6. Because Jennifers younger sister had fallen take
and hurt herself and needed medicine, work, we took turns doing the housework. Hes
Jennifer also went to Olsons. were
7. Before a week had passed, Jim asked really good about that. When we have been
Jennifer out on a date. Id
8. When Jim and Jennifer had dated for three dating, I wasnt sure whether or not Ill have
months, they got married. didnt have
to do all the housework. But I wasnt having
5 any reason to worry. Today we split everything
have
2. I thought Id probably feel just a little bit 50 / 50. The only complaint I was having is that
trapped . . . Jim snores at night. When I tell him that, he
3. I thought we were going to live in an only says, Well, sweetie, you snore too. I
apartment . . . dont believe it. But if this is our only problem,
4. I expected that there wouldnt be as much I guess were pretty lucky.
money to spend . . . Ive had
5. I hoped that we would be happy . . . Well, I would have a long and tiring day, but
6. I was sure that we were going to have a lot its almost over. Its time to go to sleep.
of fun together . . .
7. I didnt think Id see as much of my 8
buddies . . .
8. I figured that we were going to be taking a Possible answers:
lot of trips . . . 2. Each of them has made over 30 jumps.
3. Theyve been members of the group for
6 many years.
4. They were going to get married on a bungee
Possible answers: jump.
1. David was finishing a student teacher 5. They thought it would be too dangerous.
program, and Elizabeth was attending 6. They couldnt find a minister who would
nursing school. bungee jump with them.
2. She used to be a pharmacy student. 7. No, Reverend Martinez had never done this
3. She felt she would have more of a chance to kind of wedding before.
help people. 8. No, Reverend Martinez wouldnt do another
4. Both marriages were arranged by others. wedding like this one.
5. Davids great-grandfather was going to do
missionary work in Alaska. 912
6. The committee thought the woman in New
York would make him a good wife. Answers will vary.
7. The due date for their first child was the
third anniversary of their marriage.
Copyright 2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Student Book Answer Key 3
UNIT 3 Simple and 5
Progressive: Action Possible answers:
and Non-Action Verbs (pages 3345) 2. Volleyball is a sport I play well.
3. Spaghetti is a food that tastes good to me.
After You Read 1. a 2. a 3. b 4. I feel bad when I lose my temper.
5. Algebra is a school subject I do well in.
1 6. I feel strongly about helping the poor.
7. Blue is a color I look good in.
A. Non-action verbs: is / are; has / have; want; 8. A cruise around the Caribbean is a vacation
looks; love; sounds that sounds interesting to me.
9. Garlic is something that smells awful.
B. 2. A 7. S 12. A
10. Rio is a place that looks beautiful.
3. A 8. S 13. S
4. S 9. A 14. S
6
5. A 10. A 15. S
6. S 11. S
It seems
Its seeming that I constantly hear the same
C. Sentences with there:
Theres no doubt that . . . We need
thing: Cell phones are dangerous. Were needing
Are there ways to gain . . . ?
to restrict them. People are dying because of
. . . if theres an emergency . . .
. . . there are countless benefits of cars . . . I think
cell phones. Well, Im thinking cell phones
There are other negatives . . .
themselves arent the problem. Im completely
If a technological product is there . . .
opposed to restrictions on them.
2 First, people say cell phones are dangerous
to health, so they should be limited. Supporters
2. seeing 6. hears 9. is are
3. smells 7. is thinking 10. is being of this idea say there are being studies showing
4. sees 8. tastes 11. are having that cell phones produce radiation that is
5. has harmful to users. I think this is nonsense.
sounds
3 There hasnt been any real proof. Its sounding
doesnt
2. freely 5. good 8. quickly like just another study that ultimately isnt
3. simply 6. clearly 9. easily mean
4. rapidly 7. well 10. angry meaning anything.
Second, a lot of teachers are proposing that
4 we not allow cell phones in classes because
angry
Possible answers: theyre a distraction. I feel pretty angrily about
2. There has never been complete peace in the this. Heres a good example. Two weeks ago in
world. (OR There will never be complete had
peace in the world.) my history class, one of the students was having
3. There were between 200 and 300 million her cell phone on because her mother was
people on the Earth in 1 A.D. really sick and might need a ride to the
4. There were automobiles after 1910. hospital. The students mother couldnt contact
5. There was no television before 1920. anyone else. In fact, the mother did call, and
6. There are no humans on others planets now. the student found someone to help her. What if
7. There were deaths from smallpox before her cell phone hadnt been on? The teacher
the 20th century. bad
8. There were no personal computers would have felt pretty badly.
before 1950. Third, people argue that using a cell phone
9. There have been DVD players since while driving is dangerous. I disagree. Its no
the 1990s. dangerous
10. There will be just under 8 billion people on more dangerously than turning on the car
the Earth by 2025.
radio or eating a sandwich. People do those 3. They visited the Sagrada Familia, Gauds
things when they drive. The law says you must famous church.
always have one hand on the steering wheel. 4. All three girls were impressed by the
correctly churchs beauty.
Its possible to use a cell phone correct with 5. Nearing the top, Akiko began to feel dizzy
carefully and had to start down again.
one hand. I use my cell phone careful; I 6. Sherry and Lisa continued climbing.
always keep one hand on the wheel. Maybe 7. Both she and Lisa agreed that the view was
there should be training in ways to use a cell magnificent.
well 8. The three decided to return to Barcelona.
phone good, but we shouldnt prohibit using
REWRITTEN PARAGRAPH
cell phones in cars.
In late December, Sherry, Akiko, and Lisa
This has always been a free country. I hope
took a one-day trip to Barcelona. Not knowing
it stays that way.
anyone there, they stayed in a youth hostel for
a very reasonable price. On their one day in the
7 city, they visited the Sagrada Familia, Gauds
famous church. All three girls were impressed
2. She is having serious money problems.
by the churchs beauty and decided to climb to
3. Someone got hold of her credit card
the top instead of taking the elevator. Nearing
number.
the top, Akiko began to feel dizzy and had to
4. This is a good example of identity theft.
start down again. Sherry and Lisa continued
5. $8,000 is involved.
climbing. However, even Sherry, who had done
6. Mary gave her credit card number on a
a great deal of mountain climbing in Canada,
website that probably wasnt secure.
felt nervous and unprotected at the summit.
7. People are supposed to report problems like
Both she and Lisa agreed that the view was
this immediately.
magnificent and the climb well worth it. The
8. Mary reported the problem a few days later.
three decided to return to Barcelona as soon as
9. She thought it was her mistake.
they could.
10. The downside is that its easy for criminals
to get information.
3
810 Last
last summer when my wife and I were
Answers will vary. traveling in Morocco, we had one of the most
ever. We
interesting bargaining experiences ever we
PART I From Grammar were in an open-air market in Rabat, and I
to Writing (pages 4648) really wanted to buy a Moroccan jellaba, a
garment. There
1 long, heavy, ankle-length garment there were
several different shops where jellabas were
2. fragmentno subject and no verb sold, but Heather and I were drawn to
3. sentence particular. I on. It
4. fragmentno subject one shop in particular I tried one jellaba on it
5. fragmentno subject and no verb fit perfectly, and I knew it was the one I
6. sentence wanted, so I asked the merchant how much it
7. fragmentno verb was. He $200. Now
8. sentence was he said it was $200 now Ive always been
uncomfortable about bargaining, so I was
2 price. Heather
ready to pay his price Heather took me aside,
SENTENCES however, and said that was too much and that
1. Sherry, Akiko, and Lisa took a one-day trip bargain. When
to Barcelona. he expected me to bargain when I said I
2. They stayed in a youth hostel for a very couldnt bargain, she told me that bargaining
reasonable price. was part of the game and that I should offer
less. I 10. Based on this idea, we might expect
him less I sighed, tried to swallow the lump in
powerful political figures, such as U.S.
$100. He
my throat, and suggested $100 he smiled and presidents, to be firstborns. They usually
$110. He are, says Sulloway.
asked for $150, whereupon I offered $110 he
11. But this is perhaps too much of a
head. Heather
looked offended and shook his head Heather generalization. Yes, maybe it is.
away. I
grabbed my hand and we started walking away I B. 2. But they are both firstborns.
thought that was going to be the end of the 3. Like firstborns, they do identify with their
experience, but then the merchant came parents.
$125. I 4. Shy children . . . may not become leaders
running after me, saying hed accept $125 I even if they are firstborns.
ended up buying the jellaba for that amount, 5. . . . the theory of birth order does appear
it. Since to be generally valid.
and I still have it since then Ive never been 6. . . . but they will maximize the quality of
bargain. those relationships.
afraid to bargain
2
4
2. h 5. g 8. c
Answers will vary. 3. e 6. j 9. b
4. i 7. d 10. a
UNIT 4 Be and Auxiliaries 3

in Additions, Tags, 2. do 6. did 10. will
and Short Answers (pages 5671) 3. will 7. have 11. we cant
4. it wont 8. have I 12. will
After You Read 1. a 2. b 3. a 5. did do 9. it is
1 4
A. 2. Sam is a perfectionist; so is Jerry. Possible answers (Note: In the contrast

sentences, but, however, and though are
3. Jerry, always a high achiever, was appropriate in each case.)
president of his high school class. So was 2. Im not, though.
Sam. 3. My brother and sister do, however.
4. Neither had anyone else in my family.
4. Jerry has been a leader in most of his 5. They shouldnt, though.
enterprises. So has Sam. 6. But my brothers family hasnt.
7. She does speak it, though.
5. Sam always tries to obey rules. Jerry does 8. Neither has our daughter. (OR Our daughter
too. hasnt either.)
6. Jerry has never liked liberal ideas. 9. So has Katie. (OR Katie has, too.)
10. Theresa does, though.
Neither has Sam.
7. Does this sound like some crazy new 5
theory? It isnt. BRENT: Jeremy, come on into the living room.
8. They were there before any other There are some things we need to talk about.
JEREMY: Dad, if its about the broken window
children were.
in the bathroom, I can explain. I guess I did
9. They sense that they have to become break it, but I didnt mean to. It was an
accident, really.
different from the oldest child, so they do.
BRENT: It wasnt the window I wanted to talk is not
about. I was wondering how it got broken, math class. However, he is passing at the
though. Neither
moment. Either is he passing science. He is
JEREMY: Its not the window? What do you
doing very well in English, though, and hes
want to talk about, then?
too
BRENT: Well, for one thing, I got a letter in the doing reasonably well in history and art either.
mail from your teacher, Ms. Hammond. She The main problem Im having is getting Jeremy
says you havent been studying and you might did
fail. You do want to pass the seventh grade, to turn in his work; still, he didnt submit three
dont you? assignments last week. I appreciate your efforts
JEREMY: Of course, Dad. And I have been to monitor his study time in the evenings.
studying. I just keep forgetting to turn in my dont
homework. Children today have so many distractions, do
BRENT: She says you dont pay attention in they? Your son is lucky to have parents who
class, either, and youre always staring out the do not
window. care about education; many dont. Jeremy is
JEREMY: Dad, she just doesnt like me. I do pay is not
doing better; he isnt out of trouble yet. Please
attention. Just because Im not looking at
keep up the supervised work at home, and call
Ms. Hammond doesnt mean Im not paying
me if you have any concerns.
attention to what shes saying. . . . Shes
boring, too.
7
BRENT: Jeremy, Ive known Ms. Hammond for
a long time. Her classes may not always be fun, 2. T 6. F 10. T
but she does know how to teach. From now on, 3. T 7. F 11. F
I want you to study every evening from 7:00 4. F 8. T 12. T
until 9:00, and Im going to call Ms. Hammond 5. F 9. F
every week to see if youre turning in your
homework. And I will call every week. Dont 811
think I wont.
JEREMY: Do I still get to watch TV and play Answers will vary.
video games?
BRENT: Not during the week until your grades
improve. You cant have any of your friends UNIT 5 Modals to Express
over during the week either. Of course, you can Degrees of Necessity (pages 7288)
read a book if youve got your homework done.
OK. Now, lets talk about the window. What did After You Read 1. b 2. b 3. a 4. a
happen to the window?
1
6
1. a 4. a 7. b
Dear Mr. and Mrs. Washburn, 2. b 5. a 8. b
Im writing to give you a progress report on 3. b 6. a 9. b
Jeremy. In general, Id say hes doing better than
isnt 2
before, though he is doing as well as he could.
He still has a tendency to daydream a little too 2. had to worry
does 3. supposed to do
much, but he doesnt seem to be paying better 4. were supposed to leave
attention in class. One of his weak subjects is 5. Should we have left
so 6. dont have to leave
science; neither is math. He scored high in math 7. should you tip
on the national achievement tests a month ago, 8. youre supposed to do
does 9. should you leave
though, so he is have a chance of passing his 10. ought to have given
11. could have left
3 should have expected
I should expect something was up from the
Possible answers: mysterious way Jane was acting, but I didnt.
1. should have 4. must This was a surprise partyfor me! As soon as I
2. is not supposed to 5. should have took off my coat and sat down, a lot of people
3. should 6. dont have to jumped up from behind sofas and other places
where theyd been hiding and shouted
4 Surprise! Happy birthday! I was embarrassed,
shouldnt have been
Possible answers: but I might not have been, because everyone
2. They should have arranged their shoes so was really friendly, and pretty soon I forgot
that they were pointing toward the door. about my embarrassment. Then they gave me
3. They shouldnt have said anything about presents. I was about to put them away, but
the gift. Jane said, Arent you going to open them?
4. They shouldnt have taken a rock and roll I didnt know what to do. In China you
CD as a gift. shouldnt open
5. Helen shouldnt have taken the sushi. shouldnt have opened gifts right when you get
6. They should have refused the first offer of them, but apparently you are supposed to in
a drink. Australia. So I opened them. The nicest gift
7. They could (OR might) have taken a box of was a new blouse from Jane. She told me I
chocolates. go
8. They could (OR might) have taken flowers. must have gone and try it on immediately, so
9. They could (OR might) have declined the I did. Its beautiful. Anyway, what a party! I
sushi. thought I knew all about Australian culture,
10. They could (OR might) have left earlier. but I guess Im not as familiar with it as I
thought. The custom of opening up presents in
5 front of the gift giver is a strange one to me.
The weather is kind of chilly. How is it back
Dear Masako, Shall
Sorry its taken me so long to write. I should in Singapore? Nice and warm? Must I bring you
something special from Australia when I come?
have
of gotten to this weeks ago, but Ive been so Ive
busy. Im really looking forward to the holidays Well, Masako, Im running out of space, so I
and seeing all you guys again. got to sign off. Write soon.
School is going well. Its tough but really Best,
Tong-Li
ought
interesting, and Im sure I should to be studying
even more than I have been. Part of the 6
problem is that Im taking too many classes.
Possible answers:
supposed
Youre only suppose to take five a term, but Im 2. Bev says they shouldnt delay the gift
taking six. because everyone else has brought
Anyway, Ive gotten to know a lot of new something.
people, including several Australians. I have 3. He says they should have gone shopping
this one really good friend, a girl named Jane. last week.
She invited me to her house last week for a 4. He thinks they shouldnt get Mom a camera.
party. Actually, it was my birthday, but I didnt 5. She thinks they shouldnt get Mom a dress.
know she knew that. I thought it was a party 6. She thinks they might get her a blouse.
7. She thinks they ought to get Mom a couple
Id better
like any other. I figured I better take some kind of nice scarves.
8. She says theyd better hurry up because
should
of gift, but I couldnt decide what it must be. Mom could be there any minute.
Finally I came up with the idea of a bouquet of
flowers. As soon as I got to the party, I gave it 710
to Jane, and she was really happy to get them.
But then the funniest thing happened. I guess Answers will vary.
UNIT 6 Modals to Express answer this very simple question: Why do we
itch? Unfortunately, scientists cant answer
Degrees of Certainty (pages 89102) this question with any certainty. They simply
dont know.
After You Read 1. a 2. b 3. c There are some clear cases involving itching.
If a patient goes to her doctor and complains
1 of terrible itching and the doctor finds hives
or some other kind of rash, the doctor will
A. . . . Columbus may not have been the first . . .
must have eaten
. . . Vinland must have been . . . probably say that she must eat something she
. . . Vinland couldnt have been . . . must have been
Could the climate have been . . . was allergic toor that she must not have been
. . . Vinland may have been what is now . . . stung or bitten by some insect. This kind of
. . . individuals may have sailed from case can be easily explained. Most itching,
Japan . . . however, does not have an obvious cause.
. . . the Japanese may have introduced . . . Heres what scientists do know: Right under
. . . how could the voyage have happened . . . the surface of the skin there are sensory
. . . Japanese fishermen might have been receptors that register physical stimuli and
swept . . . carry messages to the brain. These receptors
. . . theory may sound unlikely. . . detect pain and let the brain know about it. If
. . . may be disproved eventually. . . there is a high level of physical stimulation to
. . . pottery evidence must mean . . . might carry
the body, the sensory receptors might carried
B. 2. a 6. a a message of pain to the brain. If the level
3. a 7. a of physical stimulation is low, the sensors
4. b 8. b
might report
5. a might be report it as itchiness.
There has been a lot of speculation about
2 the function of itching. Some researchers think
may / might / could be
2. may have had to 6. might be meeting its possible that the function of itching has to be
3. might be 7. should be to warn the body that it is about to have a
4. could be working 8. must have been painful experience. Others theorize that early
5. must have visiting might have developed
humans might developed itching as a way of
3 knowing that they needed to take insects out
of their hair. Still others believe that itching
2. could have caused could be
3. must be could have been a symptom of serious diseases
4. might have brought such as diabetes and Hodgkins disease.
5. could . . . have disappeared One of the most interesting aspects of itching
6. could . . . have existed may be
7. had to have existed is that it may have be less tolerable than pain.
8. must have become Research has shown, in fact, that most people
9. Could there really have been tolerate pain better than itching. Many people
10. might be will allow their skin to be painfully broken just
11. may have influenced so they can get rid of an itch.
12. might be
6
5
2. a 5. a 8. a
might 3. b 6. a 9. b
One must think that with all the scientific 4. b 7. b 10. a
progress that has been made in the last
century, researchers would be able by now to
7 4
Possible answers: POSSIBLE TOPIC SENTENCES

1. The woman might have given police a 1. There are several reasons why public
description of the thief. (OR Someone could transportation is better for me than driving
have seen the thief break into the womans my own car to work.
house.) 2. I have three main reasons for preferring to
The police must have put the man in jail. watch movies on the big screen rather than
(OR The man could have appeared before a on video.
judge.) 3. I like to plan my own vacations instead of
2. The girl must not have tied the other end of going on tours.
the rope to something. (OR The dog might 4. In my view, cats make better pets than dogs.
have broken the rope. OR Someone else
could have untied the rope.) 5
3. The girl must have correctly pointed the
signpost in the direction she had come from. Answers will vary.
(OR Someone else might have come along
and told the girl which way to go. OR The girl
could have remembered going there before.) UNIT 7 Count and
4. The man must have been struck by lightning. Non-Count Nouns (pages 114127)
(OR The mans car could have caught fire.)
After You Read 1. a 2. b 3. a
811
1
Answers will vary.
2. Underline things, people, and days; circle
food and diet.
PART II From Grammar 3. Underline issue; circle food.
to Writing (pages 103105) 4. Underline lives; circle time and convenience.
5. Underline machines and snacks; circle soda
1 and candy.
6. Underline kind; circle nutrition and stuff.
Correct choice: c 7. Underline family; circle weight and food.
8. Underline diet; circle evidence and gain.
2
2
POSSIBLE CORRECTIONS
1. Casablanca is a city where exciting and 2. a piece of 5. pieces of 8. a cup of
mysterious things happen. 3. a speck of 6. a drop of 9. a matter of
2. There are a number of reasons why college 4. a pound of 7. piece of 10. period of
isnt for everybody.
3. Wild animals dont make good pets. 3
4. Regular exercise has many benefits.
2. cuisines 6. flavoring 10. spices
3 3. rules 7. ways 11. menu
4. foods 8. century 12. fusion
Correct choice: b 5. rolls 9. chefs
PROBLEMS WITH THE OTHER CHOICES
4
a. There is no independent clause.
c. This is a possible title, but there is no
2. a work 7. a time 12. Soda
independent clause and no verb.
3. progress 8. criteria 13. milk
d. This sentence is about just one detail in the
4. a history 9. time 14. a people
paragraph.
5. a talk 10. Work 15. a film
6. space 11. fish 16. peoples
5 time
a time to go shopping yet, which is good. You
Answers will vary. know how much I hate shopping.
Love,
6 Dad
7
Dear Kids,
Your mom and I are having a wonderful
2. hamburger 7. a teaspoon of
time in Brazil. We landed in Rio de Janeiro on
3. chicken and pork 8. 2 cups of
Tuesday as scheduled and made it to our hotel
4. 112 pounds of 9. 2 inches
without any problems. On Wednesday we
5. 2 . . . yolks 10. 15 or 20
walked and sunbathed on Copacabana and
6. 3 tablespoons of
Ipanema beaches. The only problem was that
sand 8
I dropped my camera and got sands in it, and
now its not working. Actually, theres one other STUDENT BS COMPLETIONS
furniture 1. a grain of rice
problem: We dont have enough furnitures in 2. a speck of dust
place 3. a game of soccer
our hotel room. Theres no places to put 4. a branch of astronomy
anything. But everything else has been great. 5. a clap of thunder
We went to a samba show, and even though it
tourists STUDENT AS COMPLETIONS
was intended for tourist, it was a lot of fun. 6. a piece of advice
are 7. a grain of sand
The Brazilian people is very friendly and 8. a bolt of lightning
helpful. On Friday we had a flight to Sao Paulo 9. a piece / an article of furniture
scheduled for 9:00 A.M., and we missed the bus 10. an article of clothing
and couldnt get a taxi. But we were saved by
employees
910
one of the hotel employee, who gave us a ride
to the airport. We got there just in time. Now Answers will vary.
were in Sao Paulo. Its an exciting place, but I
traffic hours UNIT 8 Definite and
cant get over the traffics. It took two hour
to get from our hotel to the downtown area.
Indefinite Articles (pages 128140)
Yesterday we had lunch at a famous
After You Read 1. b 2. b 3. a
restaurant where they serve feijoada, which
a typical Brazilian food 1
is typical Brazilian foods. It had so much spice
in it that our mouths were on fire, but it was A. 2. D 5. I 8. G
delicious. Tonight were going to have dinner at 3. I 6. G 9. I
another restaurant where they serve all kinds 4. G 7. G 10. D
of meat. They raise a lot of cattle in Brazil, and
meat is B. 1. b 4. a
meats are very popular. This restaurant is one 2. a 5. b
of the most famous ones. 3. b
The other thing about Brazil thats really
interesting is the amount of coffee the 2
coffee
Brazilians drink. They have little cups of coffees EXCERPT 1
several times a daycalled caffezinho. We tried 2. an 7. the
it; its very strong and sweet. 3. the 8. the
Thats all for now. Your mom hasnt had 4. the 9.
5. the 10.
6.
EXCERPT 2 because it carries malaria. Suppose we change
1. The 7. the 13. the the DNA of the mosquito so that it will die off.
2. the 8. the 14. the the
3. 9. the 15. the That will stop a malaria, but it will upset
4. 10. the 16. ^
ecological balance because certain other
5. 11. the 17. the
the
6. a 12. the 18. the species depend on mosquito. If we destroy it,
^
3 these other species wont be able to survive.
a the
EXCERPT 1 This will have serious effect on environment.
^ ^
2. the 5. the 8. the Second, genetic engineering will take away
3. A 6. the 9. peoples control over their own lives. Suppose
4. the 7. the 10. the a
EXCERPT 2 scientists develop the capability to isolate gene
^
1. The 6. the 11. the for violent behavior and they eliminate this
2. a 7. The 12. gene from future generations. This may
3. 8. the 13. the eliminate a violence, but I believe that behavior
4. an 9. 14. the a
5. the 10. the is matter of choice, and this type of genetic
^
engineering will eliminate choice. It will make
4
people behave as others have determined, not
as they have determined, and it will take away
1. A television set is an electronic device that
an individual responsibility.
receives electromagnetic waves, converts the
Third, genetic engineering will remove
waves into images, and displays them on a
chance from our lives. Part of what makes the
screen. / The television set was invented in
life interesting is unpredictability. We never
the 1920s by Farnsworth and Zorinsky.
know exactly how someone, or something, is
2. A wheel is a circular device that turns
going to turn out. Its interesting to see what
around a central point. / The wheel was
happens. As far as I am concerned, we should
invented 5000 to 6000 years ago.
3. A clarinet is a woodwind instrument that the
leave genetic engineering to Creator.
uses a reed. / The clarinet was invented ^
around 1700.
4. Guitars are stringed instruments that 6
typically have six strings. / The guitar was
invented in the 1400s in Spain. 2. a 5. a 8. b
5. Automobiles are self-powered traveling 3. a 6. b 9. b
vehicles. / The automobile was invented in 4. b 7. b 10. b
1874 by Siegfried Marcus in Vienna.
6. Telephones are communication devices that 710
convert sound signals into waves and
reconvert them into sounds. / The telephone Answers will vary.
was invented in 1878 by Alexander Graham
Bell.
UNIT 9 Quantifiers (pages 141152)
5
After You Read 1. b 2. a 3. b
People say we are now able to perform a
genetic engineering. I am against this for 1
several reasons. First, it is dangerous to tamper
with the nature because we dont know what 2. yes 6. no 10. no
the 3. no 7. yes 11. no
will happen. We could upset balance of nature. 4. no 8. no 12. no
^
the 5. no 9. yes
For example, people are against a mosquito
2 some
the current law which allow any people to
2. any 5. number of 8. few avoid paying any taxes at all. My additional
3. less 6. a lot of 9. little plan is to replace the lost revenue with a
4. some 7. many 10. a little national sales tax, which is fairer because it
all
3 applies to every people equally. Third, we have
no money to finance health care reform, and
2. less 7. both of 12. most of little
3. enough 8. $40 13. a couple of weve made a little progress in reducing
4. more 9. fewer 14. some pollution and meeting clean air standards.
5. a few 10. much 15. every Therefore, I am asking for a 50-cent-a-gallon
6. one of 11. few tax on gasoline, which will result in many
more people using public transportation, and
4 will create additional revenue. Thus, we will
have enough of money to finance our new
2. fewer 6. a great deal of health care program and will help the
3. more 7. many environment at the same time.
4. less 8. much
5. few 7
5 2. a 6. b
3. b 7. b
Answers will vary. 4. b 8. a
5. a
6
8
My fellow citizens. We are at a time in our
history when we need to make some real ANSWERS TO TEAM AS QUESTIONS
sacrifices. Recent presidents have made 1. Canada has fewer people.
2. Canada has more land area.
a great many
a great deal of pledges they didnt keep. You 3. Venezuela produces less oil.
may not like everything I tell you tonight, but 4. Somalia has no snowfall.
you deserve to hear the truth. On the economy, 5. Libya has few rivers.
6. Monaco has a small number of people.
a little
weve made little progress, but we still have a 7. South Africa produces a large amount
of gold.
deal of
great many work to do, so there are several 8. Aswan, Egypt, has little rainfall.
measures Im proposing. First, I want to raise ANSWERS TO TEAM BS QUESTIONS
few 1. Spain has fewer people.
taxes on the very wealthy because a few of 2. Brazil has more land area.
them are really paying their share. Second, 3. The United States produces less oil.
many of the 4. Costa Rica has no military.
many of members of the middle class are 5. Yemen has few rivers.
carrying an unfair tax burden, so Im asking for 6. San Marino has a small number of people.
a tax cut for the middle class. If Im successful, 7. France uses a large amount of nuclear
most of you in the middle class will be paying energy
a few 8. Antofagasta, Chile, has little rainfall.
10 percent less in taxes next year, though few of
you in the higher income group may see your 910
a little
taxes rise little. How do I intend to make up the Answers will vary.
lost revenue? The problem with the national
many
income tax is that there are much loopholes in
UNIT 10 Modification 4
of Nouns (pages 153166)
Possible answers:
2. A long-haired cat came to our house and
After You Read 1. b 2. a 3. a
never left.
3. My dad loves his comfortable old jacket.
1
4. A surprise birthday party is an amusing and
interesting experience.
2. Circle team, team, match; underline Soviet,
5. An eleven-year-old child won the national
mens, and semifinal once; U.S., ice, hockey
spelling contest.
twice.
6. Titanic is an award-winning movie.
3. Circle squad, medals, all-stars; underline
7. My husband built a three-legged table.
unbeatable, Soviet, last, four, National once;
8. Im fascinated by unusual-looking people.
gold, Hockey, League twice.
9. She was wearing a short blue cotton skirt.
4. Circle friends, The Lord of the Rings;
10. The Chinese jade bowl we bought is worth
underline film-buff and Academy-Award-
a lot of money.
winning three times.
11. My grandmother works in a sixty-story
5. Circle creatures, effects; underline awesome,
building.
special once; strange-looking three times.
12. My daughter can easily lift a 40-kilo bag.
6. Circle treatment, conflict; underline serious,
profound, heartwarming once; age-old three
times.
5
7. Circle expectations; underline parents once;
Its midnight, the end of a long day. My first
career twice.
8. Circle basis; underline actual, scientific medical school
week of school medical is over, and Im
once.
exhausted but happy! Im so glad I decided to go
9. Circle condition, dystonia, function,
to university. It was definitely a good decision.
concentration; underline medical, focal,
Im not completely sure yet, but I think I want
abnormal, extreme once; muscle twice.
to go into child psychology because I love
10. Circle slope, move; underline steep, icy,
working with childrenespecially nine- and
every once.
10-year-
10-years-old kids.
2
Yesterday our psychology class visited a
2. new silk large new troubled middle-class
new large hospital where many middle-class
3. ugly purple denim
troubled children go for treatment. I expected
4. suitable dress-up
to see a lot of boys and girls behaving badly,
5. important, interesting (OR interesting,
but most of them were pretty quiet and
important)
relaxed. They just looked like they needed
6. good memorable
7. sloppy, unstylish warm personal
some personal warm attention.
8. round blue sapphire
Today in our surgery class we had a bright
9. oval green emerald
10. excellent tomato and cheese young Brazilian
hardworking teacher, a Brazilian young doctor
11. fancy dress-up
who was substituting for our usual professor.
12. beautiful purple denim
helpful foreign
We got a foreign helpful viewpoint on things.
3
The only thing I dont like about medical
2. one-paragraph 6. eyesight-related disgusting cafeteria
school is the cafeteria disgusting food. Im
3. 300-page 7. 10-gallon
4. six-year 8. performance-induced tasty hot
going to have to start getting some hot tasty
5. stress-related 9. two-month
favorite local
Chinese food from my local favorite place.
Well, its time for me to get some sleep. I hope 4. Relatively few adults or teenagers are able to
new computer handle credit cards wisely.
this computer new program works correctly. Ill 5. The expectation that we will like well-known
write again soon. works of art, literature, or music can detract
Jennifer from our appreciation of them.
6 2
A. 2. F 5. T 7. F
2. Much of what you were told was inaccurate.
3. T 6. T 8. T
4. F 3. Neither of those two politicians is in favor of
B. 2. We dont want to make this a

cutting taxes.
brain-breaker. 4. None of the work has been completed
3. I feel like a total, complete idiot.
4. And I feel like I have an ugly, high-pitched,
successfully.
squeaky voice. 5. Very little of this work can be done by one
5. Youre just going through a rapid
adolescent growth period. person working alone.
6. It happens to a lot of 12-year-old boys. 6. The singing of that famous Australian opera
7. Now, the key to getting you over this
fear-of-oral-reading problem is to distract star is uplifting.
you from thinking about how well youre
doing.
3
8. Lets think of a short, easy-to-remember
2. are 5. were
phrase that you can keep in the back of
3. isnt 6. werent
your mind.
4. have
9. It was an icy, dark, stormy evening.
10. It promised to be one of those famous
three-dog nights. 4
11. Whats a three-dog night?
2. are 4. is
12. Its a night thats so cold that you need
3. was 5. are
three large, warm, furry dogs to sleep
with to keep you warm.
5
7
2. their 5. him or her 7. his or her
3. his or her 6. them 8. their
Answers will vary.
4. their
8
6
1. b 2. b 3. a 4. b
2. are 5. have
3. has 6. his
911
4. is
Answers will vary.
7
PART III From Grammar are

Many parts of our once-beautiful city is
to Writing (pages 167172) starting to look like mini garbage dumps. You
will recall that legislation requiring recycling
1 was
within the city limits were passed last year, and
2. The Siberian tiger and the blue whale are
encourage
endangered species. the mayor and other local politicians encourages
3. That man who is sitting at the mahogany us to recycle, but in my apartment complex
desk is our loan officer.
there are C. 2. Are you the kind of person who
theres no bins for recycling. The result is that resembles a sunflower? I
their 3. They developed a test, which has been
people take no responsibility for his own refined many times over the decades. NI
his or her 4. An introvert is a person whose energies
actions, and everyone tosses their trash and are activated by being alone. I
recyclables (glass, plastic bottles, cans, etc.) 5. Mary starts to open up once she meets
right in with the food that is being thrown some people who make her feel
away. Neither the manager of the complex nor comfortable. I
have 6. He is imagining a time when he was
the owners of the building has bought any new hiking alone in the mountains. I
containers for items that are supposed to be 7. Good examples are Jack and Barbara,
recycled. So what else can everybody do but who have been married for years. NI
his or her 8. Jack, whose parents own a sofa company,
mix his trash together? Either the manager or notices that their hosts have bought a
are new sofa. NI
the owners is responsible for breaking the law 9. The loan officer, who makes Gary feels
here. Not us! Meanwhile, trash cans in the criticized, is only trying to do his job. NI
are 10. However, Gary takes his comments
downtown area is overflowing with garbage, personally, which classifies him as a
are feeler. NI
and vacant lots all around the city is littered
with soda cans, broken glass, and paper. The 2
owner and publisher of your newspaper,
has 2. which 5. who 8. whose
Stanford Black, have always been a supporter 3. which 6. whom 9. no pronoun
of a clean environment. I urge your paper to 4. who 7. who 10. who
take leadership in solving this problem.
3
8
2. where she worked
Answers will vary. 3. that he worked for
4. he worked
5. which bothers me
UNIT 11 Adjective Clauses: 6. when her performance was
Review and Expansion (pages 180194) 7. everyone likes
8. that has
After You Read 1. a 2. b 3. a 9. when he was hired
1 4
A. 2. yes 6. no Possible answers:

3. no 7. no 2. The company, which is named Excelsior
4. yes 8. no Computer, has existed for 15 years.
5. yes 3. The building where we do most of our work
is located downtown.
B. 1. Try to place people you know into one or 4. The office that I work in has been
more of the categories. (OR who(m) you remodeled.
know OR that you know) 5. Darren Corgatelli, whose wife is my aunt, is
2. This category has to do with the kind of the boss.
information we notice and remember 6. Darren, whom Ive known since I was a
easily. (OR which we notice OR that we child, is an excellent boss.
notice) 7. Sarah Corgatelli, who is Darrens wife,
3. Barbara is less interested in the sofa and keeps the company running smoothly.
more interested in the tense way the hosts 8. I joined the company in 1995, when I
are talking with each other. (OR that the graduated from college.
hosts)
9. I really appreciate my colleagues, whose 8
advice has been invaluable.
10. Part of my job is telemarketing, which I Answers will vary.
like least.
9
5
1. a 2. b 3. a 4. b 5. b 6. a
2. which is why
3. the other prisoners looked up to 1011
4. where hes been working
5. the psychiatrists considered Answers will vary.
6. which is the reason
7. who has been in trouble
8. an opinion which / that makes me UNIT 12 Adjective Clauses
9. whom the other prisoners respected
10. where he has been working
with Prepositions;
11. whom the psychiatrists considered Adjective Phrases (pages 195209)
12. evidence which (OR that) makes me
After You Read 1. b 2. a 3. c
6
1
Dear Mom and Dad September 28
Well, the first week of college has been tough, A.
but its turned out OK. My advisor is a lady who reasons all of which she dismissed
she is also from Winnipeg, so we had something quickly . . .
that (OR which OR no pronoun) book on which it is based
when we could talk about. Since I havent
decided on a major, she had me take one of forces representatives of which are
that (OR which) hobbits, men, a good wizard,
those tests show you what youre most an elf, and a dwarf
^
interested in. She also had me do one of those actors all of whom distinguish
personality inventories that they tell you what themselves
kind of person you are. According to these
characters most of whom are interesting
who and believable
tests, Im a person whom is classified as an
extrovert. I also found out that Im most
B. 2. anyone who (OR that) continues to wear it
that (OR which) 3. which (OR that) is called the Shire
interested in things involve being on the stage
^ 4. which are represented by
which 5. who is inclined to ask
and performing in some way, that doesnt 6. who (OR that) is interested in cinema
surprise me a bit. I always liked being in 7. who include
school plays. Remember? I signed up for two 8. which (OR that) is based on
drama courses. Classes start on Wednesday,
and Im getting to know the other guys in the 2
where
dormitory which I live. Its pretty exciting being 2. both of which were directed by Steven
here. Spielberg
Not much else right now. Ill call in a week 3. all of whom are highly regarded European
or so. directors
Love, 4. all of which have earned a great deal of
Al money
5. both of whom have played the role of
7 James Bond
6. none of whom are known as singers
1. a 2. b 3. b 4. a 5. b
3 felt like jumping off the tram and shouting,
Would everyone is famous please give me your
2. Spider-Man, based on the popular comic autograph? In the evening we went to a party
book, is the fifth-highest-earning movie of at the home of one of Dianas friends, many of
all time. whom
3. The Matrix and The Matrix: Reloaded, starring them are connected with the movie business. I
Keanu Reeves, are both very popular. had a really interesting conversation with a
4. James Cameron has directed many big working
movies, including Titanic, True Lies, and the fellow works in the industry who claims that a
Terminator films. made
5. The Harry Potter novels, written by J. K. lot of movies making these days are modeled
Rowling, have translated well to the screen. conceptually after amusement park rides. Just
6. Star Wars, The Empire Strikes Back, and like the rides, the movies start slowly and easily,
Return of the Jedi, featuring Harrison Ford, then they have a lot of twists and turns are
Carrie Fisher, and Mark Hamill, were calculated to scare you to death, and they end
conceived, written, and directed by George happily. Maybe Pirates of the Caribbean is an
Lucas. example. Pretty fascinating, huh? What next?
Sorry to spend so much time talking about
4 movies, but you know what an addict I am.
which
Possible answers: Anyway, Ill let you know my arrival time, that
2. Many recent science fiction films have been Im not sure of yet, so that you can pick me up
financially successful. They include The at the airport.
Phantom Menace, Independence Day, and Love you lots,
Spider-Man I and II. Amanda
3. The top-earning animated films are The Lion
King and Shrek. Ive seen both of them. 7
4. Chicago was the best picture of 2002. It
features three well-known actors. 2. F 5. F 8. F
5. Sequels to big movie hits may lose their 3. F 6. T 9. T
appeal. This will cause filmmakers to 4. T 7. F 10. F
become more creative.
811
5
Answers will vary.
Answers will vary.
6 PART IV From Grammar

to Writing (pages 210213)
Dear Brent,
Sarah and I are having a great time in Los 1
Angeles. We spent the first day at the beach in
Venice and saw where The Sting was filmed 2. Tom, who is clearly an extrovert, loves
starring meeting new people.
you know, that famous movie starred Paul 3. Sandra, who is very quick to make friends,
Newman and Robert Redford? Yesterday we loves to have friends over for dinner.
went to Universal Studios and learned about all 4. Tom and Sandra have two married sons,
which both of whom live abroad.
the cinematic tricks, most of that I wasnt aware 5. The son who is older lives with his family in
of. Amazing! The funny thing is that even Britain.
presented 6. The son who is younger lives with his family
though you know the illusion presenting on the in southern Italy.
screen is just an illusion, you still believe its 7. Tom and Sandra own a house in the city and
real when you see the movie. Then we took the one in the country. The one where they
tram tour around the premises and saw several spend most of their time is in the city.
of whom 8. The house that they spend summers in is
actors working, some which I recognized. I located in New Hampshire.
2 hardest subject. The history class that I have in
the morning is on Western Civilization; the one
1. a. College students who live close to that I have in the afternoon is on early U.S.
campuses spend less money on gas. history. Calculus, which I have at noon every
b. College students, who are expected to day, looks like its going to be relatively easy.
study hard, have to become responsible Besides zoology, the other class thats going to
for themselves. be hard is English, which we have to write a
2. a. People, who are the only animals with a composition a week for.
capacity for creative language, have highly I like all of my roommates but one. There
developed brains. are four of us in our suite, including two girls
b. People who live in glass houses shouldnt from Texas and a girl from Manitoba. Sally,
throw stones. who is from San Antonio, is great; I feel like
3. a. The car, which was invented in the late 19th Ive known her all my life. I also really like
century, has revolutionized modern life. Anne, the girl from Manitoba. But Heather, the
b. The car which I would really like to buy is other girl from Texas, is kind of a pain. Shes
the one in the far corner of the lot. one of those types of people who never tell you
4. a. Science fiction movies, which have whats bothering them and then get hostile. All
become extremely popular in the last two in all, though, it looks like its going to be a
decades, often earn hundreds of millions great year. Ill write again in a week or so.
of dollars for their studios. Love,
b. The science fiction movies which have Vicky
earned the most money collectively are the
Star Wars films. 5
5. a. The panda that was given to the National
Zoo died recently. Answers will vary.
b. The panda, which is native only to China,
is on the Endangered Species List.
UNIT 13 The Passive:
3 Review and Expansion (pages 220234)
1. A film produced by George Lucas is almost a After You Read 1. a 2. a 3. b

guaranteed success.
2. A film directed by Steven Spielberg is likely 1
to be a blockbuster.
3. A Beautiful Mind, directed by Ron Howard, A. and B.
won the Academy Award for best picture. a
4. Many Canadians, including Donald has been discovered
Sutherland and Michael J. Fox, are major a
international film stars. were found
5. The Universal Studios facility located in a
California was established decades ago. must have been deposited
6. The Cineplex theater complex near our a
neighborhood has 12 separate theaters. has been searched
a
4 has been found
c
Dear Mom and Dad, had to have been killed
Thanks again for bringing me down here to a
the university last weekend. Classes didnt start have . . . been discovered
until Wednesday, so I had a few days to get b
adjusted. Im signed up for five classes: zoology, Is . . . known
calculus, English, and two history sections. Its a
a heavy load, but theyre all courses that will has been released
count for my degree. The zoology class, which c
meets at 8:00 every morning, is going to be my have . . . buried
a 3. He was hit by a blue late-model Toyota
has been told Corolla.
a 4. The Toyota disappeared from the scene
will . . . be found immediately.
5. The boy sustained massive injuries.
2 6. He was taken to Downtown Medical Center.
7. At present he is being cared for in the
2. T; are caught 6. T; are rewarded Intensive Care Unit.
3. I; disappear 7. I; dont realize 8. His condition is described as critical.
4. I; go 8. T; are watched 9. Anyone with information is asked to call
5. T; is helped 444-6968.
10. A reward is being offered.
3
7
2. are being questioned
3. was being opened believe
4. was being helped In our day we are believed in science and
5. are being withheld have the feeling that every question can be
6. are currently being interviewed explained
explain and every problem can be solved. But
4 some of us want the opposite. We dont want
everything to be explained. We like puzzles. We
2. havent been cracked needed
3. was sighted feel that mystery is needing in our lives.
4. was found The mysterious crop circles that have been
5. was determined appeared around the world in the last 25 years
6. had been abandoned or so are an example of this. These formations
7. had been set been
8. might have been threatened have reported in more than 20 countries,
9. was caused ^
including the United States, Canada, and
10. hasnt been proved (OR proven)
11. was considered found
Australia. But most of them have been finding
12. was accompanied
in grain fields in southern England. These
13. were received
circles, which are large and flat, are being
14. have been discovered
caused by a force that flattens the grain but
15. Could she and Noonan have been killed
16. shouldnt be solved being
does not destroy it. They are still been made.
5 been
How have these circles produced? By whom
^
A. 1. b 2. b 3. a 4. a 5. b 6. b have they been made? Since the first discovery
of the circles, many explanations have been
B. 2. have them enlarged proposed. According to some people, the circles
3. getting his car tuned up have
4. have the windshield replaced has been made by spirit creatures like fairies.
5. got lunch delivered caused
6. gotten analyzed Others say they have been causing by Star
7. had completed the work have
8. had finished the report Wars experiments or are messages that been
9. had it typed ^
left by extraterrestrials visiting our planet. Two
10. having their kitchen remodeled
British painters, David Chorley and Douglas
Bower, say they were made the crop circles
6 over a period of years as a joke. If this is true,
however, how can we explain the crop circles
Possible answers:
in Australia and Canada and other places?
2. An eight-year-old boy was crossing the
intersection of 4th and Madison.
been 2
They couldnt all have being made by Chorley
and Bower, could they? 2. are surrounded by
In 2002, movie director M. Night Shyamalan 3. is composed of (OR is divided into OR is
released his movie Signs, which is about the made up of)
crop circle question. The movie shows clearly 4. is found (OR is located)
were 5. is composed of (OR is made up of)
that the crop circles made by invading aliens 6. is bordered by
^
from beyond our solar system. This is one 7. is composed of (OR is divided into OR is
interesting and enjoyable theory. More made up of)
are 8. is divided into
explanations like it get needed. Whats fun is 9. are located
speculation. The mystery doesnt need to be 10. are found in (OR are located in)
solved.
3
8
A. 2. was thought to be
2. b 5. b 8. a 3. is claimed to be
3. a 6. b 9. b 4. are regarded as
4. b 7. a 5. were believed to be
6. have been considered
9 7. is said to live
8. was regarded as
PROMPTS//COMPLETIONS 9. is assumed to be
1. A.1//B.2 6. B.6//A.9 10. are alleged to be
2. A.2//B.3 7. B.7//A.8
3. A.3//B.4 8. B.8//A.5 B. 3. It is claimed that Lee Harvey Oswald was
4. A.4//B.1 9. B.9//A.7 the assassin of President John Kennedy.
5. B.5//A.6 5. In the Middle Ages, it was believed that
fairies and other spirit creatures were real.
ORDER OF PROMPTS: 1, 3, 2, 7, 5, 8, 4, 9, 6
7. It is said that Bigfoot, a large, mysterious
MYSTERY OBJECT: a sandwich forest creature, lives in the Pacific
Northwest.
1012 9. Today, it is assumed that William
Shakespeare was the author of the plays
Answers will vary. credited to him . . .
10. From time to time, it is alleged that
certain people are criminals . . .
UNIT 14 The Passive
to Describe Situations 4
and to Report Opinions (pages 235256) Answers will vary.
After You Read 1. b 2. a 3. b 5

1 Every area of the world has its own legends,
and Asia is no different. One of the most
A. 2. S 5. O 8. O famous Asian legends is about the Abominable
3. O 6. O 9. S Snowman, also called the yeti, of the Himalayas.
4. S 7. O 10. O believed
Is the yeti just a legend that is believe because
B. 1. no, no 3. yes, yes people want things to be real, or does he really
2. no, no 4. yes, yes exist?
is
The yeti thought to be a huge creature
^
perhaps as tall as eight feet. His body is
supposed to be covered with long, brown hair. 6
is said
He says to have a pointed head and a hairless 2. F 6. F
face that looks something like a mans. It is 3. F 7. T
claimed 4. T 8. F
claiming that he lives near Mount Everest, the 5. F
is located
highest mountain in the world, which locates 7
on the border of Nepal and Tibet.
Sightings of the yeti have been reported for Suggested answers:
made 1. Americans. USA spelled backwards.
centuries, but the yeti was make known to the 2. funny
rest of the world only in 1921. In that year, 3. the car (rac spelled backwards)
members of an expedition to climb Mt. Everest 4. tires
saw very large tracks in the snow that looked 5. It is engine exhaust.
like prints of human feet. No conclusive 6. gas stations / oil companies
evidence of the yetis existence was found 7. It isnt just exotic cultures that have strange
during that expedition, but interest was customs and rituals.
stimulated. Other expeditions were made. In
1951, explorer Eric Shipton led a search in 8
which some gigantic, human-appearing tracks
were found. Once again, the yeti himself was 1. e 4. a
not seen. In 1969, Sir Edmund Hillary, who is 2. f 5. b
as 3. d 6. c
regarded one of the greatest climbers ever,
^
arranged another expedition, this time with the 911
intention of not only seeing the yeti but of
capturing him. Once again, tracks were Answers will vary.
discovered, but that was all. Hillary eventually
be
decided the footprints might simply considered PART V From Grammar
^
normal animal tracks enlarged by the daytime to Writing (pages 248250)
melting of the snow. In 1964, Boris F. Porshev,
a Russian scientist, said that he believed that 1
the yeti actually existed. He theorized that the
yeti is a surviving descendant of Neanderthal Rolleen Laing poured herself a second cup
of coffee as she ate her breakfast, which
have lived
man, a creature who is believed to live from an
200,000 to 25,000 years ago and is thought by consisted of a fried egg, orange, and a piece of
^
some to be an ancestor of modern humans. dry toast. She was 62 years old and had been
Porshev has never actually been able to spot a
the yeti, however. successful as a university professor, writer of
The mystery continues. Does the yeti really ^
detective fiction, and an amateur detective.
exist, or do people just want to believe he
Just then, the telephone rang. It was Harry
exists? It seems to me that there must be more
Sadler, a local police detective. Ever since
to this mystery than just melted tracks.
Rolleen had helped Harry crack a murder case
Centuries of reports by Himalayan trail guides
several years previously, she had been called in
must mean something. Besides, other yeti-type
as an unofficial consultant on several cases.
creatures have been reportedmost notably,
She had helped Harry solve cases involving a
Bigfoot in North America. Time will tell, but
hit-and-run victim, a murdered television
maybe we shouldnt be so quick to dismiss the
a
Abominable Snowman as nothing more than
executive, and, most recently, koala stolen from
an entertaining story. ^
the city zoo.
Hi, Rolleen. This is Harry. Youre needed on might have developed amnesia, might have run
another case. Its a robbery this time. Some away voluntarily, or been a crime victim. His
thieves broke into the art museum and stole a wife disagreed with the first two possibilities,
a holding that he had been murdered by
Van Gogh, a Picasso, Gauguin, and a Matisse. someone in the Tammany Hall organization,
^ the political machine that controlled New York
Meet me at the museum at 10:00, OK?
City at the time. The mystery remains unsolved
to this day. Crater could have been killed by a
2
murdered by a girlfriend
Tammany Hall agent, a girlfriend could have
2. According to historical records, the
murdered him, or kidnapped by an organized
American outlaw Billy the Kid was known as
crime group. He might in fact have suffered
a fearless gunfighter, was hunted by the law,
he might have planned his own disappearance.
was from amnesia, or his own disappearance might
and killed in a gunfight.
^ have been planned by him. Reports of Judge
3. Anthropologists speculate that the Anasazi Crater sightings have continued to surface over
might have been attacked by unfriendly the last 70 years.
tribes, decimated by crop failures, or
driven away by drought 4
drought might have driven them away.
4. After Amelia Earharts airplane was lost, Answers will vary.
naval investigators searched for debris,
interviewed residents of South Pacific
found no trace of Earhart and her navigator UNIT 15 Gerunds (pages 258271)
islands, but no trace of Earhart and her
navigator was found. After You Read 1. T 2. F 3. T 4. F
5. According to legend, the continent was
struck by devastating earthquakes, inundated 1
swallowed up by the ocean
by floods, and the ocean swallowed it up. A. 2. O 5. C 8. O
3. S 6. OP 9. C
3 4. OP 7. C
On the evening of August 6, 1930, Judge B. 2. Y 6. N

Force Crater, a wealthy, successful, and good- 3. N 7. Y
looking New York lawyer, disappeared without 4. Y 8. Y
a trace. Earlier in the evening he had been seen 5. Y
with friends at a Manhattan restaurant and
observed 2
they observed him departing. At 9:10 P.M. he
walked out the door of the restaurant and 2. vegetating 10. working
hailed a taxi. He was soon driven away. No one 3. worrying 11. playing
ever saw or heard from him again. It was 10 4. not having 12. collecting
days before he was even reported missing. On 5. not working 13. singing
August 16, his wife called his courthouse, 6. making 14. not singing
asked the secretary 7. socializing 15. singing
the secretary was asked of his whereabouts, 8. having 16. orienteering
and learned that he was probably off on 9. meeting
political business. This news reassured Mrs.
Crater somewhat, but when he still hadnt 3
turned up by August 26, a group of his fellow
judges started an investigation. A grand jury 2. Bobs helping 6. my becoming
was convened, but its members could not come 3. My bosss criticizing 7. their being
to any conclusion as to what had happened to 4. Her living 8. Our getting
Judge Crater. They theorized that the judge 5. Marys advising
4 getting
had any trouble to get used to the peace and
2. seeing 7. studying quiet since then. Everythings all so relaxed
3. having enrolled 8. helping rushing writing
4. assigning 9. passing heretheres no rush around or write things
5. arguing 10. having told Getting
6. having said down in your Daily Planner. Get out of New
York City was definitely what I needed, even if
5 its only for two weeks. The ranch has lots of
riding rafting
A. Possible questions: activitieshorseback ride, river raft on the Rio
1. Do you prefer being asked out on a date hiking
or asking someone yourself? Grande, to hike in the wildernessyou name
2. Are you more interested in entertaining it. The ranch employees do everything for
yourself or in being entertained by others? youbeing taken care of is nice, for a change,
3. Do you prefer preparing dinner yourself or being
being invited to dinner by friends? and I love be chauffeured around Santa Fe in
4. Do you like being told what to do or the ranch limousine. Tonight a group of us are
giving orders? going out to a country western dancing place
5. Do you like figuring things out yourself or called Rodeo Nites in Santa Fe, so having
being shown how to do things? taken those two-step dance lessons last
6. Do you prefer being given advice by summer will come in handy. Its just too bad
friends or giving your friends advice? you couldnt come along so we could both have
a good time. Tomorrow were all going to Taos
B. Possible answers: weaving
1. I prefer asking someone myself. I dont Pueblo to watch some weave being done and to
like being asked out on a date. see some Native American dancing, which is
2. Im more interested in being entertained learning
by others. I dont like entertaining myself. great because Im really interested in learn
3. I prefer being invited to dinner by friends. more about Native American culture. And Im
I dont like preparing dinner myself. seeing
4. I prefer giving orders. I hate being told looking forward to see Carmen at the Santa Fe
what to do. Opera on Saturday.
5. I like figuring things out myself. I dont Ill write again in a day or two. Miss you lots.
like being shown how to do things. Love,
6. I like being given advice by my friends. I Louise
dont like giving my friends advice.
8
6
2. F 5. F 8. F
Answers will vary. 3. F 6. T 9. T
4. T 7. T 10. T
7
911
Dear Adam,
Ive been here for three days and am having Answers will vary.
wishing
a great time, but I cant help wish you were
here too. Tell your boss Im really angry at him.
UNIT 16 Infinitives (pages 272294)
letting After You Read 1. b 2. b 3. a

Not let you take any vacation time qualifies him
for the Jerk-of-the-Year Award. (Just kidding.
1
Dont say that!)
Believe it or not, the first night I missed
A. 2. O 5. O 8. S
hearing 3. S 6. O 9. O
to hear all the city noises, but I havent really
4. SC 7. SC
B. 2. F 5. T confront
3. F 6. F Ive decided to have confronted Sarah about
4. T her irresponsibility. This is something that has
been bothering me for some time now, but
2 to
somehow Ive always been reluctant force the
^
2. warned me not to put off issue. So heres the situation: Sarah invites
3. were willing to allow me to make people for to do things, but she doesnt follow
4. was important to experience through. Last week she asked my fianc, Al,
5. forced me to study to
6. was fortunate to graduate and me have dinner, and she also invited our
7. expected to pass ^
8. required us to write friends Mark and Debbie. The four of us made
9. refused to accept to
10. caused me to fail plans for go to her house on Friday evening.
11. advised me to retake to ask
12. encouraged me to start Something told me I should call Sarah asking
what we should bring, and its a good thing I
3 did. Sarah said, Dinner? Im not having dinner
tonight. I know I mentioned it as a possibility,
2. not to have heard 5. to have finished but I never settled it with you guys. You
3. not to have 6. to have been hit misunderstood me. Well thats just silly. She
understood 7. to have fed to plan
4. to have gotten 8. not to have done said planning on it for Friday evening at 7 P.M.
When I told the others, they were furious. Al
4 to be
said, I dont expect being treated like royalty.
2. to be helped by a passing motorist be
3. your phone service to be disconnected I do expect to have been treated with
4. to be notified by the police consideration. So tomorrow Im going to call
5. to get stopped by a police officer Sarah up and make my point. Im not going to
6. to be questioned by your teacher to
allow Sarah make my life miserable.
^
5 Enough for now. Time for bed.
Possible answers: 8
2. Jack types too slowly to finish the report
on time. 2. They are believed to have escaped in a
3. Marcy will have enough money to buy her prison laundry truck.
friends car. 3. They are believed to have been helped by a
4. Eve waited too long to start preparing prison employee.
the meal. 4. The security system was supposed to have
5. Sally didnt eat enough to stay healthy. been installed two months ago.
6. Carlos is intelligent enough to pass the 5. The prisoners are thought to have weapons.
course. 6. They are believed to be heading in the
direction of Union City.
6 7. Listeners are warned not to approach the
prisoners.
Answers will vary. 8. They are asked to contact the Sheriffs
Office.
7
912
I just had to write tonight. Until now Ive
to Answers will vary.
never had the courage do this, but now I do.
^
PART VI From Grammar Many college students fear public speaking so
much that they put off taking a speech class
thinking
or even to think about it until their last term
1 before graduation. Speech instructors and
others familiar with the principles of public
2. Lately Ive been trying to stop speeding in speaking stress that the technique of
scheduling desensitization works best for overcoming
traffic, to schedule too many activities, and speech anxiety. This idea holds that people
rushing through each day like a crazy person. can get over their fear of speaking in public
3. To have a happier family life, we should all
attending
focus on eating meals together, on airing by enrolling in a course, to attend the class
taking forcing
our problems and concerns, and on take faithfully, and to force themselves to perform
time to talk to one another. the speech activities. Once they have discovered
Bonos to make
4. Mr. Masons planning the agenda, Ms. Bono that it is rare for people to die, making fools of
renting the hall, and Mrs. Tanakas arranging themselves, or to be laughed at while making
for the guest speakers made the conference a a speech, theyre on their way to success.
success. Consequently, their anxiety becomes a little less
5. Kens life is vastly changed because of his each time they get up and talk in public. It may
having take a while, but eventually they find themselves
having stopped working all the time, joined speak
^
a singles group, and having met some able to stand up willingly, speaking comfortably,
interesting new friends. express
and expressing themselves clearly.
2
4
2. Im advising you not to sell your property,
take out a loan, and not to buy a new house Answers will vary.
right now.
3. Most presidents want to be reelected to a
to be UNIT 17 Adverbs: Functions,
second term, taken seriously by other world
^
Types, Placement,
leaders, and to be remembered fondly after and Meaning (pages 296309)
they leave office.
4. To be hired in this firm, you are expected to After You Read 1. T 2. F 3. F
to have
have earned a bachelors degree and having 1
worked in a bank for at least two years.
A. 2. S 5. S 8. M
3 3. S 6. M 9. N
4. F 7. F 10. T
What are you most afraid of? Are you
losing B. 2. N 6. Y
worried about being cheated, to lose your job, 3. Y 7. N
or contracting a deadly disease? Well, if youre 4. N 8. N
like the vast majority of Americans, you fear 5. N
facing delivering
standing up, to face an audience, and to deliver C. 1. There goes the difference between the
a speech more than anything else. Surveys sexes.
have found that anxiety about public speaking 2. At the top of the list are service jobs like
terrifies Americans more than dying does. working in daycare centers or hospitals.
Somehow, people expect to be laughed at, 3. Not only should it be allowed, but it
ridiculed, or to be scorned by an audience. should also be promoted.
4. No way is combat non-feminine! 6
5. Neither do I.
6. Heres Lu Adijojo. 2. even . . . has
3. Only in . . . is military service required
2 4. Not only . . . but they also allow
5. just arent required
Each sentence can have the sentence adverb in 6. Only in . . . are women required
two other positions.
2. Unfortunately, military service can be 7
dangerous.
3. Im against the death penalty essentially Dear Dad,
because I consider it cruel and unusual Im sitting in the train station, waiting for
punishment. I just
4. Theres certainly a lot more violence in the 5:25 to get here, so just I thought Id drop
movies than in the past. you a quick note. Ive been attending the
5. Nuclear weapons can be eliminated, conference on reducing global warming.
hopefully. Actually, I almost didnt get to go to the
6. A vaccine against AIDS can be found, we almost
possibly. conference because almost we didnt get our
7. The prime ministers position is clearly taxes done on time. Vicky and I stayed up until
wrong. midnight last night, though, and I mailed the
8. Actually, theres increasing opposition to forms this morning.
peoples owning SUVs. I hate income taxes! Only once in the last
have we
3 ten years we have gotten a refund, and this
time the tax return was so complicated that
2. b 3. a 4. b 5. a 6. b 7. b 8. a even Vicky got
Vicky got even upset, and you know how calm
4 she is. Maybe we should move to Antarctica or
something. No taxes there.
2. Rarely do women fight alongside men in Besides that, weve been having a few
combat. problems with Donna. Its probably nothing
3. In no way is military service useless. more serious than teenage rebellion, but
4. Neither will poverty. whenever we try to lay down the law, she gets
5. Not only do we need to stop global warming, does she take
we also need to find new energy sources. defensive. Rarely if ever she takes criticism
6. Never had it occurred to me that SUVs could well. The other night she and her friend stayed
harm the environment, but I learned they out until 1 A.M.this was the second time in
could. two weeksand when we asked her what
We were just
5 theyd been doing she said, Just we were
talking and listening to dance music at the
Possible answers: Teen Club. Why cant you leave me alone?
2. Seldom are homeless people treated kindly. Then she stomped out of the room.
3. Hopefully, national service will be Fortunately, Sam and Toby have been behaving
established soon. like angelsbut theyre not teenagers!
4. Here are my arguments against the cloning Meanwhile, Donnas school has started a
of humans. new open-campus policy. Students can leave
5. I cant think of even one reason to support the campus whenever they dont have a class.
him. They dont even have
6. Im basically not in favor of cloning. (OR Im Even they dont have to tell the school office
not in favor of cloning, basically.) where theyre going and when theyll be back.
7. I dont just like her policies; I strongly do
support them. No way Vicky and I do approve of that policy.
8. In no way do I support hunting. ^
School time, in our view, is for studying and
do contrast
learning, not for socializing. Little those school 3. Although athletes still try to achieve their
^ personal best,
officials realize how much trouble teenagers
can get into whenever theyre roaming around the emphasis has shifted away from the
unsupervised. individual pursuit of excellence.
under what conditions
comes the train
4. If you add to that the cost of parking
Well, Dad, here the train comes. Ill sign off
now. Write soon. and eating,
Love, the cost was up to at least $75.
Ken where
5. We see it wherever we look.
8
2
2. a 6. b
2. If the score is fortylove, one players score is
3. b 7. b
zero. (tennis)
4. a 8. a
3. You cant play this game unless you have ice
5. b
skates and a puck. (ice hockey)
4. You go to the free throw line after youve
910
been fouled. (basketball)
5. Though you cant use your hands, you may
Answers will vary.
use your head. (soccer)
6. Youve finished the course when youve run
UNIT 18 Adverb 42.2 kilometers. (the marathon)
7. Your team cant bat until the other team
Clauses (pages 310325) makes three outs. (baseball)
8. If your team scores a touchdown, it earns six
After You Read 1. Y 2. N 3. Y points. (American football)
1 3
A. Paragraph 1, four adverb clauses to be Possible answers:
underlined: 2. Although (OR Though OR Even though OR
1. As I was watching the Olympics the other While) Greek city-states were often at war
night, with one another, Olympic contestants
2. when he said that bowling, roller skating, stopped fighting during the games.
tug-of-war, ballroom dancing, and chess 3. The ancient Olympic games were outlawed
have been proposed for future Olympic by the Roman emperor Theodosius I after
games they had been held for over 1,000 years.
3. by the time the 2008 Beijing Olympics 4. He outlawed them in 393 A.D. because (OR
start? since) Romans thought Greeks wore too few
4. after I get up in the morning clothes.
5. French educator Pierre de Coubertin revived
B. Paragraph 3, three adverb clauses to be the Olympics since (OR because) he thought
underlined: they would promote international peace.
1. Although athletes still try to achieve their 6. Tug-of-war was dropped from the Olympics
personal best, in 1920 when (OR after OR because OR since)
2. while that rival is an also-ran American and British athletes disagreed
3. Since there are ever-increasing about how it should be played.
possibilities for product endorsement, 7. New Olympic sports often first appear as
demonstration events before they are
when adopted as medal sports.
C. 2. When the Olympic games started about
8. Any sport can potentially become a medal
2,700 years ago in Greece,
event if (OR provided that) it can be scored
the contests held were basically those
and fulfills certain criteria.
related to war.
4 dont
get involved in crime when they wont have
2. The Quiksilver Invitation surfing competition enough to do to keep themselves busy. After
had to be canceled because the waves were you
just too big (OR since the waves were just youll play two or three hours of basketball,
too big). baseball, or any other kind of sport, its hard to
3. the waves were too dangerous (OR he might commit a violent act even if you want to.
endanger his own life OR someone might Second, sports teach people a lot of
have been hurt trying to rescue him). worthwhile things, especially at the high school
4. you can ride the biggest wave of the year level. When they play on a team, students learn
and get it on film. Whenever
5. they want the ultimate thrill. to get along and work with others. Wherever
6. Although exact figures on how many extreme their team wins, they learn how to be good
athletes exist are hard to come by, loses
(Other possible subordinating conjunctions: winners; when their team will lose, they find
though, even though, while) out they have to struggle to improve. They
7. when I started doing rescues 20 years ago discover that winning a few and losing a few
(No, the sentence will not make sense with are part of the normal ups and downs of life.
whenever.) Also, theres no doubt that students improve
8. because nobody goes there. their physical condition by participating in
(Other possible subordinating conjunctions: sports.
since, as) because (OR since OR as)
9. an educational program was started Finally, sports are positive although they
allow students who do not have enough money
5 to go to college to get sports scholarships and
improve their chances for a successful life.
Possible answers: If
1. if the player makes the basket. Whereas a young basketball player from a
2. unless the player misses the basket. small village in Nigeria can get a scholarship to
3. Although the Blues are losing, play for say, UCLA, he will have a chance to get
4. even though very few people are watching. an education and probably make his life better.
5. Because the slope was icy, If
6. until the ice melts. (OR until it snows again.) Wherever a young woman with little money is
accepted on the University of Toronto swim
6 team and gets a scholarship, shell have the
chance to earn a college degree and go on to a
Answers will vary. Although (OR Though OR Even though)
high-paying job. Because school sports
7 programs have some deficiencies that need to
be corrected, their benefits outweigh their
A lot of people are criticizing school sports disadvantages. I should know because Im one
these days. Some say theres too much of those students. School sports must stay.
while
emphasis on football and basketball, if theres 8
not enough emphasis on education. Others say
the idea of the scholar-athlete is a joke. Still Suggested answers:
others say sports provide a way of encouraging 2. She learned to swim when she was four.
violence. I think theyre all wrong. If anything, 3. Lillian thinks she became a good swimmer
school sports help prevent violence, not because she had to swim in the Caribbean.
encourage it. Why do I think sports are a 4. They spent a lot of time at the beach because
positive force? they didnt have many toys or video games.
5. When she was 12, Lillian decided she
because (OR since OR as)
For one thing, sports are positive even though wanted to become a champion swimmer and
they give students opportunities to be involved go to the Olympics someday.
in something. Every day on TV we hear that 6. Lillians parents agreed to pay for lessons if
violence is increasing. I think a lot of people Lillian would stick to her plan and practice
regularly.
7. She got discouraged whenever she had a 6. Because the criminals thought the Greens
hard time learning a new stroke. had precious stones, they fired shots that
8. Lillian cant imagine herself doing anything
else because swimming is a total passion for killed Nicholas.
her. Thinking the Greens had precious stones, the
9. Once Lillian started her lessons, her parents criminals fired shots that killed Nicholas.
wouldnt let her quit.
3
912
B. 2. no
Answers will vary. 3. She came to the zoo last year after being
taken from owners.
4. no
UNIT 19 Adverb and 5. yes
6. On April 11, while (OR after) giving birth
Adverbial Phrases (pages 326339)
to a stillborn calf, Champakali died.
7. Damini stood still in her enclosure. She
After You Read 1. T 2. T 3. F barely nibbled at the two tons of food in
front of her.
1
4
A. Upon opening the door . . .
After being rushed to a hospital . . . Possible answers:
. . . after being turned over to the police 2. Noticing their interest in him, the boy
After returning to the United States . . . offered them a guidebook.
B. Having spent a wonderful day . . .
3. They told the boy they couldnt buy
Having heard Reg and Maggie speak on
anything, not having any local money.
French television . . . 4. Impressed by the boys responsibility, they
C. 2. Y 6. Y
decided to go back and buy a guidebook.
3. Y 7. Y
5. Finding an exchange kiosk, they changed
4. N 8. Y
some money.
5. N
6. Having gotten some local money, they
looked for the boy but couldnt find him.
2 7. After being told where the boy might be,
they located him.
2. Reg carefully considered the options before he 8. Having found the boy, they bought a map
sped away. from him.
Reg carefully considered the options before
speeding away. 5
3. Because the criminals were a deadly threat,
If youre at all like me, you tire of requests
Reg floored the gas pedal. Hit
(cannot be shortened) to help others. Hitting by seemingly constant
appeals for money to support homeless shelters,
4. When Reg saw a police car parked on the
the Special Olympics, or the like, I tend to tune
shoulder, he pulled over to alert the out, my brain numbed. I dont think Im selfish.
authorities. subjected
Seeing a police car parked on the shoulder, But subjecting to so many requests, I only
Reg pulled over to alert the authorities. arguing
remember the flashy ones. By being argued
5. As Nicholas lay on his deathbed,
that I dont have enough money to help others,
Reg and Maggie decided that something I am able to ignore the requests. Or at least that
good ought to come out of the situation. being
(cannot be shortened) was the way I saw the situation before sent by
^
my magazine to South America to do a
human-interest story on homeless children.
heard 79
Having hearing many TV requests asking
viewers to sponsor a child overseas, I always Answers will vary.
said to myself, Ill bet the money is pocketed
by some local politician. My opinion changed
when I saw the reality of the life of a poor child. UNIT 20 Connectors (pages 340362)
Having landed (OR Landing)
While landing in Santa Simona, I took a taxi After You Read 1. a 2. a 3. b
to my hotel in the center of town,
Sitting 1
where I met Elena, a girl of 10 or 11. Sat on a
dirty blanket on the sidewalk in front of the A. 1. There is evidence, moreover, . . .
hotel, she caught my eye. Elena was trying to 2. Furthermore, the first syllable . . .
earn a living by selling mangoes. Smiling at
me, she asked, Mangos, seor?Mangoes, B. 1. However, just as you say . . .
sir? I bought some mangoes and some other 2. I wouldnt be too concerned, though, . . .
fruit, and we talked together. Elenas life had 3. It, in contrast, . . .
been difficult. Her parents were both dead, and 4. However, there are things
had 5. Or were you, instead,
she lived with an elderly aunt. Having polio at
^
the age of five, she now walked with a limp. C. 1. therefore, I decided to do
She and her aunt often went hungry. 2. Thus, we are able to
Investigating 3. Because of this, we may
Investigated the question the next day, I 4. Consequently, elderly people
talked to several different authorities.
Convinced D. 1. First, lets distinguish
Having convinced that money from sponsors 2. Second, lets look
does in fact get to those who need it, I knew 3. Suppose, for example,
my attitude had to change. Learning that I 4. Lets say, for instance,
could sponsor Elena for less than a dollar a
day, I began to feel ashamed; after all, I spend 2
more than that on my dogs. But what remains
most vivid in my mind is my vision of Elena. Possible answers:
She didnt beg or feel sorry for herself. Selling 2. He was having problems remembering his
her mangoes, she earned a living, and her appointments, so he bought a daily
spirit shone through in the process. So I say to planner.
all of you reading this: The next time you hear He was having problems remembering his
an ad about sponsoring a child, pay attention. appointments; consequently, he bought a
daily planner.
6 3. Its important for Nancy to take her
medications, but she forgot today.
Possible answers: Although its important for Nancy to take
2. Mr. Tintor could demonstrate good faith by her medications, she forgot today.
agreeing to free elections. Its important for Nancy to take her
3. The presidents aide spoke off the record. medications; however, she forgot today.
4. They acknowledged that the current AIDS 4. Jack remembers everyones name, and he
vaccine is ineffective. never forgets a face.
5. The new nation is to be known as the Jack remembers everyones name; in addition,
Central Asian Republic. he never forgets a face.
6. It will need billions of dollars of foreign aid
in order to become a viable state. 3
7. He had almost given up hope because he
was unable to swim. 2. first 5. therefore 8. otherwise
8. Hutchinson rescued him by using the 3. second 6. In addition 9. And
lifesaving techniques she had learned in 4. however 7. Meanwhile 10. As a result
swimming class.
4 part-time job or to the college whenever I
wanted. A year ago I was in a carpool with four
Possible answers: but
1. Hank didnt have time to take a shower, and other people, nevertheless I hated having to
he didnt have time to eat breakfast. wait around even though my carpool members
Hank didnt have time to take a shower. In werent ready to leave, so I started driving alone.
addition, he didnt have time to eat However
breakfast. Although, Ive changed my mind since then.
2. He ran out of the house, but he left his Now its clear to me that there are just too
wallet on the table. many disadvantages to having a car in town.
He ran out of the house. However, he left his For instance
wallet on the table. Accordingly, sitting stalled in your car in a
3. He was driving too fast, so a police officer and
stopped him. traffic jam is stressful, besides its a phenomenal
He was driving too fast. Consequently, a waste of time. In addition, it would cost me
police officer stopped him. $200 a month to park my car in the city (which
4. Hank didnt have his drivers license, and he and
didnt have his car insurance. is why I dont do that), moreover theres always
Hank didnt have his drivers license. Besides the chance it will be vandalized.
that, he didnt have his car insurance. Therefore
5. While this was happening, Hanks co-workers Nonetheless, Ive decided to leave it at my
were waiting for him at work. cousin Brents house in the suburbs. Otherwise,
Meanwhile, Hanks co-workers were waiting Ill end up going broke paying for parking or
for him at work. memory improvement. My car will have a good
6. Hanks boss told him he had to improve his home, and Ill use it just for longer trips. When
memory, or there could be serious though
consequences. Im in the city, although, Ill take the bus or the
Hanks boss told him he had to improve his or
memory. Otherwise, there could be serious tram, otherwise Ill walk. Who knows? They
consequences. say you can meet some interesting people on
the bus. Maybe Ill find the love of my life. My
5 only problem will be remembering which bus
to take.
October 12th
Yesterday I drove my car to the downtown 6
campus of the college. I usually have trouble
but Possible answers:
finding a parking place, however this time it 2. People like to be called by their names, and
was almost impossible. There were simply no its good for business.
parking places anywhere near the campus, 3. You need to notice one particular thing
so about a person and link that thing with the
therefore I had to park in the downtown mall, persons name.
which is about a mile away. When I finished 4. The visitor told them to put their hands up.
However 5. a. The man had a toy gun.
class, I walked back to the mall. Therefore, I b. The leader didnt act like this was an
couldnt remember where Id parked my car! interruption.
Believe it or not, it took me 45 minutes to find 6. Its not the usual way to say good-bye.
it, and I was about ready to panic when I 7. They have to learn to focus their attention
finally did. That was the last straw. Ive decided consistently.
that Im going to send my car to a new home in
the suburbs. 710
I used to think that a car was the most
wonderful thing in the world. I loved the Answers will vary.
freedom of being able to come and go to my
PART VII From Grammar b
happier. Because they are getting the attention
to Writing (pages 354357) they need.
1 3
2. F As soon as Ive saved enough money. C 1. Violence exists nearly everywhere in
3. S Although China is overpopulated, it is the world, and it is spreading.
trying to correct the problem. X 2. Since we usually watch TV at home in
4. S We wont solve the problem of illiteracy our living room, a TV show doesnt
until we provide enough teachers. seem like a special event.
5. F If a young basketball player from Nigeria C 3. The population will continue to
can get a scholarship. increase, but natural resources wont.
6. F Because I was one of those students. X 4. We must make trains fast and
7. S The economy is perhaps too dependent comfortable if we expect people to
on high-tech industries. use them.
8. S Carried out right, this procedure would S 5. I listened politely for a while and then
cause the economy to expand. excused myself.
9. F By the time the train finally arrived in C 6. The governor isnt in favor of higher
Boston. taxes, nor does he encourage the
10. S We need to make some personal sacrifices development of mass transit.
if we want to help the poor. C 7. We dont have to buy a lot of groceries
all at once, for we can always stop at
2 the supermarket on the way home
from work.
The life of Stella and Hank Wong has improved X 8. Tim passed his driving exam with
s flying colors, though he could use
immeasurably. Since they both got new jobs. some practice in parallel parking.
Stella got a position as a proofreader and X 9. As I was entering the dining car, a
t violent lurch of the train threw me to
editor at a publishing company. That is the left.
pioneering new workplace methods. Hank
was hired as a full-time consultant for an 4
engineering firm. The difference between their
new jobs and their old ones can be summed up Possible answers:
in one word: flextime. Until they secured these 1. Drake tried to think of a justification for his
, actions, but he was unable to come up with
new position. Stella and Hank had a very a single thing.
difficult time raising their two small children. 2. Although Drake tried to think of a
b justification for his actions, he was unable to
Their life was extremely stressful. Because they come up with a single thing.
were at the mercy of a nine-to-five schedule 3. Because dams provide a great many
and had to pay a lot for day care. In order to economic benefits, I dont think they should
,t be removed.
get to work on time. They had to have the 4. Dams provide a great many economic
children at the day care center by 7:30 every benefits. Therefore, I dont think they should
morning. Both of their new companies, be removed.
however, offer a flextime schedule. As long as 5. Bruce is an excellent athlete, and he is a top
, student.
Stella and Hank put in their 40 hours a week. 6. Bruce is an excellent athlete. In addition, he
t w is a top student.
They are free to work. When it is convenient
for them. Now they can take turns staying 5
home with the children, and day care is just
a memory. Best of all, the children are much Answers will vary.
UNIT 21 Noun Clauses: 3
Subjects, Objects, A. Possible answers:
and Complements (pages 364377) 1. What is a pun?
I dont know what a pun is.
After You Read 1. F 2. T 3. F 2. What does hyperbole mean?
I have no idea what hyperbole means.
1 3. What is the humor of the unexpected
happening?
A. What wasnt so admirable was the rivalry Im not sure what the humor of the
among the three. S unexpected happening is.
What the sons wanted was a secure place in 4.How does repetition work in humor?
their mothers affections. S Im not entirely sure how repetition works
That the boys were intensely competitive in humor.
had always bothered the lady. S 5. What is the humor of the incongruous
They didnt understand that their mother situation?
loved each boy for his own uniqueness. O I dont have a clue what the humor of the
The boys realized that their mothers final incongruous situation is.
days were approaching. O 6. How does sarcasm differ from other humor?
Each searched for a way to prove he was the I dont know how sarcasm differs from
best son. O other humor.
Each boy promised to buy her whatever she 7. Why is it impossible to tickle yourself?
wanted. O Im not sure why it is impossible to tickle
He was sure that the mansion would be yourself.
the very best thing any of them could give 8. What are endorphins?
her. C I have no clue what endorphins are.
B. Each brother was constantly trying to figure B. Possible answers:

out how he could outdo the other two. 1. What is a pun?
Direct question: How could he outdo the A pun is a kind of humor that depends
other two? on similarities in sound or meaning
. . . but she didnt know what to do about it. between two words.
Direct question: What should / could she do 2. What does hyperbole mean?
about it? Hyperbole means exaggeration.
Curly, son number three, was in a dilemma, 3. What is the humor of the unexpected
wondering what he could do to top the happening?
gifts of the other two brothers. An example of the unexpected happening
Direct question: What could he do to top the is when a woman opens her purse, and
gifts of the other two brothers? a bird flies out of it.
One could ask the parrot whatever one 4. How does repetition work in humor?
wanted to know. Repetition works by repeating an element
Direct question: What did one want to know? in a humorous story.
I dont know if you believed me, though, 5. What is the humor of the incongruous
when I said that I didnt need anything. situation?
Direct question: Did you believe me . . . ? The humor of the incongruous situation
I dont know what you mean, son. depends on normal things happening in
Direct question: What do you mean? unusual places.
6. How does sarcasm differ from other humor?
2 Sarcasm is often more biting and hurtful
than other humor.
2. what the name of the nearest town was 7. Why is it impossible to tickle yourself?
3. if there was a telephone booth nearby It is thought that we must perceive tickling
4. if there were any towing companies as a pretended attack by someone.
5. if he knew However, our brain is aware of itself.
6. how long he had lived 8. What are endorphins?
7. what his name was Endorphins are hormones that are created
8. if he knew anything at all in the brain when we laugh or exercise.
4 5. Before you begin, be certain you remember
the key details are
Possible answers: what are the key details. Run through them
1. Honk if youre illiterate: Whats funny about in your mind before you start speaking.
this is that anyone who is illiterate couldnt that
read the bumper sticker. 6. Make sure what you have everybodys
2. If you dont like the way I drive, stay off the attention when youre ready to start.
sidewalk: What this is referring to is some that
peoples tendency to drive wildlyeven 7. Be certain whether you remember what the
going onto the sidewalk. punch line of the joke is. Nothing is worse
3. Missing: Husband and Dog. Attention: $100 than listening to a joke when the teller cant
reward for dog: Whats funny about this is the remember the punch line.
fact that some wives like to joke about their (that) you can
animals being more valuable than their 8. The fact can you remember a joke doesnt
husbands. guarantee success. You have to make the
4. Change is inevitableexcept for vending experience a performance. Be animated and
machines: What the humor depends on is the dramatic.
pun on the meaning of change. Change Whether (or not)
means alteration in circumstances or 9. If to laugh at your own jokes is always a
excess money returned when one makes a question. Many comedians are criticized
purchase. Vending machines sometimes do because they laugh at their own jokes. Dont
not return change correctly or at all. laugh at what youre saying. Let others do
5. Im in no hurry. Im on my way to work: the laughing.
What this is about is the feeling on the part
of some employees that work is not 6
satisfying or fulfilling.
6. Everyone is entitled to my opinion: What the Suggested answers:
humor depends on is the similar saying, 2. The expectation is that youll laugh, whether
Everyone is entitled to his or her opinion. you think the joke is funny or not.
7. Forget about world peace. Visualize using 3. If you dont laugh, everyone thinks youre no
your turn signal: What the humor depends fun.
on is a commonly seen bumper sticker that 4. The other problem is that youre forced to be
says Visualize World Peace. This bumper dishonest.
sticker asks people to think of less grand 5. He feels like hes stupid.
things than world peace (while driving) and 6. The problem was that they were leaving lip
concentrate on driving properly. prints all over the mirror.
8. Eschew obfuscation: What the humor 7. The principal of the school decided that
depends on is knowing the meanings of something had to be done about the
eschew and obfuscation. Eschew is a fancy problem.
word for avoid. Obfuscation is a fancy way 8. The principal wanted to show the girls how
to say making things confusing. difficult it was to clean the mirror.
5 79
is Answers will vary.

1. Make sure is the joke youre telling funny.
^
2. The best jokes are broad enough so that UNIT 22 Direct and
everyone can enjoy them. Be certain that no
what
Indirect Speech (pages 378404)
one will be embarrassed by that you tell.
After You Read 1. b 2. a 3. b
whatever
3. Also make certain that whichever youre
saying wont embarrass anyone. 1
if is
4. Ask yourself is the joke you want to tell A. 2. Candidate Q is gaining momentum and
^ that Candidate R is losing ground. The
vulgar. If it is, dont tell it.
reporters claim that Q was gaining and 5. William asked, Can a person born outside
that R was losing ground is unsupported. the country become president?
3. Candidate A leads Candidate B by five 6. Grant asked, What was the Boston Tea
points. The reporter said Candidate A Party?
led Candidate B by five points. 7. Amanda asked, How many electoral votes
This represents an increase of one point does it take to become president of the
since a week ago. The reporter said United States?
this represented an increase of one point 8. Zelda asked, Is population growth
since the previous week . . . increasing worldwide?
OR
. . . the Blues have to win 7 seats . . . 4
. . . he stated that the Blues had to win
7 seats . . . Possible answers:
OR 2. (that) I could
. . . more than 100 million Americans 3. her what she needed
breathe polluted air. The reporter 4. (that) she had
said more than 100 million Americans 5. (me) how they worked
breathed polluted air. (OR [me] how they work)
4. . . . the profits of XYZ Corporation have 6. call (OR called)
dropped from 15 percent to 10 percent . . . 7. ask (OR asked)
the reporter said the profits of XYZ 8. if there had been
Corporation had dropped . . . 9. hadnt predicted
5. . . . there is a greater chance that 10. (that) there had
Candidate A will win the election . . . 11. had been
. . . the reporter said there was a greater 12. had happened
chance that Candidate A would win the 13. had been saying
election . . . 14. would lose
6. This represents an increase of one point 15. looked like he was losing
since a week ago . . . The reporter said 16. they would see what happened
this represented an increase of one point 17. was going
since the previous week . . .
5
B. 2. I 3. I 4. C 5. I 6. C
Possible answers:
2 2. A member of the City Council said (that)
construction on the new subway system
2. The headline said scientist Linda Buck had been started a year previously.
unlocked the secret to the sense of smell. 3. A reporter remarked that it probably
3. The headline said Mt. St. Helens could erupt wouldnt be finished on schedule.
again. 4. Another member of the City Council
4. The headline said a new tax cut would be observed (that) the assistant mayor had
passed soon. resigned the day before.
5. The headline said Senator Mason was 5. A townsperson said (that) the voters didnt
running behind his opponent. want taxes raised now.
6. The headline said mercury-contaminated 6. Another townsperson added (that) they
fish are / were dangerous to eat. wanted tax relief this year.
7. The headline said a new miracle drug had 7. The mayor claimed (that) the citizens of
been perfected. that town were better off than they had
been four years before.
3 8. The former mayor pointed out that serious
crime had increased since then.
2. Sam asked, Where was the Rosetta Stone 9. The mayor added (that) life was better here
found? than in most places.
3. Bob asked, How long did the Revolutionary 10. Another townsperson commented (that) he
War last? had made that claim in the previous
4. Minnie asked, What were the last two states election campaign.
to join the Union?
6 7. The reporter said (that) the Mariners had
won Game 7 of the World Series by a score
January 20 of 1 0.
Dear Emily, 8. The reporter said (that) this is / was the
I just wanted to fill you in on Tims school Mariners first championship.
adventures. About two months ago Melanie
felt 811
said she feels we should switch Tim to the
public school. Hed been in a private school for Answers will vary.
several months, as you know. I asked her why
she
you thought that, and she said, Hes miserable PART VIII From Grammar
where he is, and the quality of education is to Writing (pages 395398)
poor. I couldnt help but agree. She said she
could 1
thought we can move him to the local high
school, which has a good academic reputation. 2. Sally, how would you evaluate your
said (OR told her) education? the reporter queried.
I told that I agreed but that we should ask 3. I absolutely love going to school! Sally
Tim. The next morning we asked Tim if he responded.
wanted 4. Jim, Frank said, youre crazy if you think
wants to stay at the private school. I was its going to be easy to get a job.
surprised at how strong his response was. He 5. Frank said, Jim, dont be a fool!
told 6. The union spokesperson asked the
said me that he hated this school and didnt management team, When are you going to
there start taking our concerns seriously?
want to go here any longer. So we changed
him. Hes been at the new school for a month 2
now, and hes doing well. Whenever I ask him
if he has 2. Company President Bates responded that
does he have his homework done, he says, Dad, there was simply no money for salary raises.
^ 3. TV reporter Joan Matthews asked Fumiko if

Ive already finished it. Hes made several new she agreed with Janice that cloning should
^ be banned.
friends. Every now and then he asks us why
4. Frank asked Jim what he would do if he
we didnt couldnt find a job after he quit school.
didnt we let him change sooner. Im just glad
5. Professor Martin asked Russell if he
we moved him when we did.
intended to go to graduate school after
Not much else is new. Oh, yesI do need to
earning his bachelors degree.
if you are
ask are you coming for the holidays. Write
3
soon and let us know. Or call.
Love,
Suggested answers:
Charles
2. commented 5. maintained
3. noted 6. added
7 4. claimed
2. The reporter said (that) a cloud of ash was

4
covering the local area.
3. The reporter said (that) there had been no
Suggested answers:
deaths so far.
2. Keith asked, Valerie, what made you come
4. The reporter said (that) Senator McLeod was
to that conclusion?
leading her challenger by eight points.
3. Valerie responded, Ben doesnt have any
5. The reporter said (that) the election was only
real friends on the team.
a week away.
4. She added, His coach said hes seemed
6. The reporter said (that) Marcine Miller was
miserable for quite a long time.
confident that she would win.
5. Keith said, I think youre probably right.
6. Keith asked, Should we allow him to quit 5. A Venus flytrap dies if it doesnt get enough
the team or encourage him to take up water.
another sport? 6. If present trends continue, the world
population will reach nine billion by 2060.
5
3
Answers will vary.
2. will you give 10. how would you feel
3. I will 11. you were
UNIT 23 Conditionals; 4. what would you do 12. Id want
Other Ways 5. you found 13. if I were
6. Id take 14. Id call
to Express Unreality (pages 406420) 7. it werent 15. Ill do it
8. I wouldnt be 16. if you really think
After You Read 1. a 2. b 3. b 4. b 9. Id keep
1
4
1. If I dont take my medicine regularly, I go
into shock. Possible answers:
2. Hes going to faint if he doesnt get out of A. 2. They wish it werent raining.
the sun. 3. He wishes she would say yes.
. . . hell kill us and steal the car if we pick 4. He wishes she would change her mind.
him up. 5. She wishes she hadnt broken her leg.
There wont be anything worth buying if we 6. She wishes she were playing.
dont get there soon.
. . . if you can just take me to the bus station, B. 2. If only it werent raining.
Ill be on my way. 3. If only she would say yes.
Ill be surprised if we ever hear from him, 4. If only she would change her mind.
though. 5. If only I hadnt broken my leg.
3. If only that chest of drawers would still 6. If only I were playing.
be there!
If only I werent so forgetful. 5
4. Id sure get out of this heat if I were him.
If I had a nickel for all the times weve done 2. were coming
things because of your male intuition, Id 3. wouldnt have done
be a rich woman. 4. had been
5. If you hadnt come along when you did and 5. would have turned out
taken me to the pharmacy, I might have 6. they hadnt
died. 7. wouldnt have picked
At the very least, I would have become very 8. Id been betting
ill if you hadnt been there to help. 9. you would have won
If I had been fortunate enough to have any 10. youd bet
children of my own, I couldnt have had 11. Youd be
any nicer ones than you two. 12. wouldnt be
6. Wed probably have that chest of drawers if 13. youd made it
wed gotten here earlier.
6
2
June 4
2. If diabetics dont take their insulin, they This has been one of those days when I wish
sometimes go into shock.
had
3. We will run out of energy if we dont develop I would have stayed in bed. It started at 7:30
alternate fuel sources. this morning when Trudy called me up and
4. If global warming continues, the polar asked me for a little favor. Shes always
icecaps could melt. asking me to do things for her and never wants
to take any responsibility for herself. She acts 4. You would be in Cambodia if you were
as if the world owes her a living. I wish she visiting Angkor Wat.
didnt 5. You would have been Napoleon if you had
doesnt think like that. Today she wanted me been the emperor of France in 1802.
to take her to the mall because she had to get 6. You would have been Jawaharlal Nehru if you
her mother a birthday present. At first I said had been the first prime minister of India.
I couldnt because I had to be downtown at 7. You would have been from Italy if you had
11 A.M. for a job interview. Trudy said shed do been Marco Polo.
asked 8. You would have climbed Mt. Everest if you
the same for me if I would ask her. Then she had been with Edmund Hillary and Tenzing
said it wouldnt take long to drive to the mall Norgay.
and Id have plenty of time to get downtown
from there. I gave in and agreed to take her, ANSWERS TO TEAM BS QUESTIONS
but something told me I shouldnt. If I had 1. You would be between 80 and 89 if you were
listened to my inner voice, I might have had a an octogenarian.
job right now. When we were on the freeway, 2. You would be traveling in Peru if you were
there was a major accident, and traffic was tied in Machu Picchu.
up for over an hour. By the time we got to the 3. You would be a whale if you were the largest
mall, it was 11:30, so I missed the appointment. mammal.
would have gotten had 4. You would be in Venezuela if you were
I think I probably would get the job if I would standing and looking at Angel Falls.
have managed to make it to the interview, 5. You would have been Alexander Graham
because my qualifications are strong. If only Bell if you had been the inventor of the
hadnt telephone.
I wouldnt have listened to Trudy! I just wish 6. You would have been a dinosaur if you had
didnt (OR wouldnt) been a stegosaurus.
she doesnt ask me to do things like this. If she 7. You would have been an emperor if you had
hope been Genghis Khan.
asks me again, I wish I dont agree. 8. You would have been the founder of
Buddhism if you had been Siddartha
7 Gautama.
Possible answers: 911

2. Sally wishes April hadnt let him copy her
workbook. Answers will vary.
3. April thought Bob would break up with her
if she refused.
4. Sally would have told him no. UNIT 24 More Conditions;
5. The teacher will probably fail both of them if The Subjunctive (pages 421444)
she finds out.
6. Sally would call Bob up and tell him she had After You Read 1. Y 2. N 3. Y 4. N
changed her mind.
7. April should tell him she wont be able to do 1
it because her conscience is bothering her.
8. If Bob gets mad and says he wants to break A. 1. If so, Id say she needs a situation . . .
up, April should say good-bye. 2. Otherwise, the problem will just get worse.
3. Without it, they would have been in
8 trouble.
ANSWERS TO TEAM AS QUESTIONS B. 1. Had I known how things were going to

1. You would be in Tegucigalpa if you were in turn out, . . .
the capital of Honduras. 2. Should that happen, . . .
2. You would have to be at least 35 years old if
you were president of the United States. C. insists I come
3. You would be traveling in North or South suggest she go
Korea if the monetary unit were the won. recommended she sell
Id rather she not go
important that she have 6
propose you find
recommend you look into Answers will vary.
essential that we understand
7
D. 1. Y 2. Y 3. N 4. N 5. Y
December 10
2 Dear Henrietta,
Its time I wrote and filled you in on whats
2. If so, that would solve your problem. been happening since I left Russellville. I finally
3. And if not, what can I do? got a job! Remember when you suggested I just
4. Without cigarettes, I cant make it through go
they day. went walking around, getting a sense of what
5. You can do it with a buddy who has the St. Louis was like? A few weeks ago I was
same problem. getting rather worried since I had spent most
6. Id be lonely but for my friends. (OR Id be of the money I had saved to get me through
lonely without my friends.) the job- hunting period. Its not easy for a
60-year-old woman to find a job, you know. I
3 had gotten to the point where it was absolutely
find come
A. 2. Had she known essential that I found something or came back
3. otherwise to Russellville. So I decided to follow your
4. with Had I known (OR If I had known)
5. If so advice. I had known how easy this would be, I
6. If not would have tried it the first week I was here. I
started walking around in the downtown area,
B. 2. If she had known and before I knew it, I saw a beautiful little
3. If she didnt find a job florists shop. I walked right in, unafraid, and
4. If she had a bit of luck asked if they needed anyone. Can you believe
5. If they were hiring that they did?
6. if they werent hiring I was really happy in my job until my boss
hired a new assistant manager who has been
4 making my life miserable. Among other things,
that I make
1. e (that) she spend he demands me to make coffee for him. He
2. c (that) she go I do
3. d (that) she stay also insists that Im doing other things that
4. f (that) Dad (OR he) stay arent in my job description. I took this job to
5. b (that) I do work with plants, not to serve him coffee. I
6. a (that) he do think I need to tell him where I stand. Its
stop
5 important that he stops treating me as his
personal slave.
Possible answers: I have a few days off for the holidays. Do
A. 2. advisable that they make you have some time off? If so, how about
3. crucial that an elderly person see coming down here for a visit? Wouldnt that be
4. necessary that their children visit fun? I have a spare bedroom in my apartment.
5. important that a senior stay If you can come, I suggest you to drive, as it
6. essential that every elderly person be isnt far. Please write and let me know.
treated Love,
Doris
B. 2. advisable for them to make
3. crucial for an elderly person to see 8
4. necessary for their children to visit
5. important for a senior to stay Possible answers:
6. essential for every elderly person to be 2. The daughter almost demanded that she
treated do it.
3. Had she known who was calling, she would 3
not have answered the phone.
4. She had to call and insist that her daughter 2. Nancy says she wants to do something
come and pick up the kids. worthwhile. If so, she should consider
5. It is important that the daughter pay more volunteer work.
attention to the kids. 3. I need to get a bank loan; otherwise, Ill have
6. She suggests the mother call her daughter to file for bankruptcy.
back and tell her she has changed her mind. 4. Ben and Carolyn would like to send Jim to a
private school. However, the school is
912 expensive, and Jim doesnt want to go.
5. Fred and Claudia love their new
Answers will vary. neighborhood; in fact, theyre going to buy a
house there.
PART IX From Grammar 4
Suggested answers:
1 Call it either intuition or good vibrations.
Whatever you want to call it, it works. Last
2. Thain asked Donna to pull over; his intuition summer, I was one of four members of a
told him the old man needed their help. committee to hire a new head nurse at the
3. Kate knew she had to change her nursing home where I work. We interviewed
relationship with her boss, but she didnt two candidates as finalists, a man named Bob
know how to do it. and a woman named Sarah. On paper, Bob
4. Although (OR Though) Donna wished they was better qualified; he had a masters degree
had gotten to the yard sale on time, she was while Sarah had only a bachelors degree.
glad they had stopped to help the old man. However, Sarah was the one who really
impressed us; she answered all of the questions
2 straightforwardly and simply. Bob, on the
other hand, evaded some of our questions
2. Thain and Donna drove to a pharmacy. They while simultaneously trying to make us think
got the old man his insulin. he knew everything and could do everything.
3. Donna wanted to get to the yard sale; there All of us on the committee just liked Sarah
was a chest of drawers for sale. better. In fact, she got the job because she was
4. Donna didnt want to stop for the old man, the person we all felt we wanted to work with.
but Thain persuaded her it was necessary. Our intuition wasnt wrong; shes turned out to
5. Although (OR Though) Harold says he will be a wonderful nurse.
seek professional help to overcome his anger,
there is no assurance that he will carry out 5
his promise.
6. Feeling dominated by her mother-in-law, Answers will vary.
Nancy needed to take assertive action.

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ANSWER KEY

Copyright 2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Copyright 2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 1

I am writing these words in English because 2. F 6. T 9. T

Possible answers: I just had to write today. Its our six-month

UNIT 4 Be and Auxiliaries 3

A. 2. Sam is a perfectionist; so is Jerry. Possible answers (Note: In the contrast

Possible answers: POSSIBLE TOPIC SENTENCES

B. 2. We dont want to make this a

PART III From Grammar are

A. 2. yes 6. no Possible answers:

6 PART IV From Grammar

1. A film produced by George Lucas is almost a After You Read 1. a 2. a 3. b

After You Read 1. b 2. a 3. b 5

On the evening of August 6, 1930, Judge B. 2. Y 6. N

letting After You Read 1. b 2. b 3. a

B. Each brother was constantly trying to figure B. Possible answers:

is Answers will vary.

2. The reporter said (that) a cloud of ash was

Possible answers: 911

ANSWERS TO TEAM AS QUESTIONS B. 1. Had I known how things were going to

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