Composites and Constituents

Home work 2

Submitted To: Submitted By :

Sebastien COMAS-CARDONA Prasad MAHAJAN
Prasad MAHAJAN Home work 2

Tab. 0.1: Exercise 1 : Thermoplastics

Question Answers
1. A thermoplastic macromolecule can be branched. True
2. For a semi-crystalline polymer, the glass transition
False
temperature Tg is greater than the melting temperature.
3. Polystyrene (PS) has a Tg 1000 C. That polymer at
True
room temperature is in glassy state.
4. On the rubbery plateau of a semi-crystalline polymer,
motions of portion of molecular chains occur in the False
crystalline phase.
Amorphous thermo-plastic
5. Which polymer has a Tg ?
Semi-crystalline thermoplastic
6. On the rubbery plateau of a semi-crystalline polymer,
False
the mechanical behavior is elastic and brittle.
7. Below the Tg at very low deformation rate, the
Ductile
behavior of a thermoplastic polymer is:
8. Spherolites contain: Crystals and amorphous

Tab. 0.2: Exercise 2 : Thermoplastics in skis

Question Answers
1. HDPE polymer is made of linear macromolecules True
2. HDPE polymer is obtained by: Polyaddition by coordination
3. For a polymer, ABS stands for Anti-lock Bracking
False
System:
4. ABS material is a: Copolymer
5. Under regular skiing temperature conditions, the
Glassy state
top-sheet is in the:
6. Under regular skiing temperature conditions, the base
Rubbery state
is in the:

Exercise 3 : Ski quality control: Composite density and residual porosity

A - Archimedes principle - Principle states that the buoyant force applied to an

object is equal to the weight of the fluid the object displaces.Buoyant force is the force
applied upward on an object by any fluid.

m1 - Weight of composite sample in air.

m2 - Weight of composite sample when it immersed in ethanol

c - Density of the composite sample

ethanol - Density of ethanol

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Prasad MAHAJAN Home work 2

vc - Volume of composite sample

When we immerse composite sample in ethanol,then by Archimedes principle we can

write

(Weight of composite sample in air) - (Weight of composite sample when it immersed

in composite) = (volume of ethanol displace)

m1 m2 = ethanol vc (0.1)
We know that

volume = mass/density

So we can write

vc = m1 /c

By putting value of vc in equation (0.1),we get

m1 - m2 = ethanol * m1 /c

c = [m1 /(m1 m2 )] ethanol (0.2)

B - Given data

m1 = 5.9309 x 103 kg

m2 = 3.3379 x 103 kg

ethanol = 791.81 kg/m3

now by using formula derived in equation (0.2) we can find density of composite.

c = [m1 /(m1 - m2 )]*ethanol

c = [(5.9309 x 103 )/(5.9309 x 103 - 3.3379 x 103 ) x 791.81]

c = (5.9309 x 103 ) / 2.593 x 103 ) x 791.81

c = 1811.0278kg/m3 (0.3)

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Prasad MAHAJAN Home work 2

C-

D-

The density of ethanol is differ with temperature difference. From the table, The den-
sity of ethanol at 22.40 C is 0.78729 g/cm3 .

E-

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Prasad MAHAJAN Home work 2

F-

2/ Fiber volume fraction calculation from density measurement

we know that ,

Mass of composite = Mass of fiber + Mass of matrix

mc = mf + mm (0.4)

mm - Mass of matrix

mf - Mass of fiber

mc - Mass of composite

vm - Volume of matrix

vf - Volume of fiber

vc - Volume of composite

m - Density of matrix

f - Density of fiber

c - Density of Composite

Vf - Volume fraction of fiber

Vm - Volume fraction of matrix

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Prasad MAHAJAN Home work 2

From equation (0.4) we can write,

mc = mm + mf

We know that mass = volume x density

so equation (0.4) becomes

c x vc = (m x vm ) + (f x vf )

c = (m x (vm / vc )) + (f x (vf / vc ))

We know that

(vm / vc ) = Vm

(vf / vc ) = Vf

c = (m Vm ) + (f Vf ) (0.5)
we can put, Vm = 1 - Vf

c = (m (1 Vf )) + (f Vf ) (0.6)
In above equation we know,

c - 1811.0278 kg/m3 From equation A

f = 2.54 x 103 kg/m3 From Home work - 1

m = 1.2 x 103 kg/m3 From Home work - 1

by rearranging equation (0.6), we get

Vf = (c - m ) / (f - m )

By putting all above values we can find Vf

Vf = (1811.0278 - 1.2 x 103 )/(2.54 x 103 -1.2 x 103 )

Vf = 0.4365

Volume fraction of fiber is 43.65%

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Prasad MAHAJAN Home work 2

3/ Residual porosity measurement

1-

We know that ,

Vm + Vf + Vp = 1

Vp = 1 Vm Vf (0.7)
we know ,

Vm = vm / vc

Vf = vf / vc

By putting above values in equation (0.7), we get

Vp = 1 (vm /vc ) (vf /vc ) (0.8)

we know that, V olume = M ass/Density

vm - mm /m

vf - mf / f

vc - mc / c

now by putting all above values in equation (0.8) we get,

Vp = 1 c [(mm /(m mc )) + (mf /(f mc ))] (0.9)

we know that,

Mm = Mass fraction of matrix = mm / mc

mc = mass of total composite

Mf = Mass fraction of composite = mf / mc

By putting all this values in equation (0.9), we get

Vp = 1 c [(Mm /m ) + (Mf /f )] (0.10)

2-

we know,

mc = 7.1950 x 103 kg

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Prasad MAHAJAN Home work 2

mf = 5.4439 x 103 kg

mm = mc - mf

mm = 1.7511 x 103 kg

Mm = mm / mc

Mm = 1.7511 x 103 / 7.1950 x 103 = 0.2433

Mf = mf / mc

Mf = 5.4439 x 103 / 7.1950 x 103 = 0.7566

c - 1811.0278 kg/m3 From equation A

f = 2.54 x 103 kg/m3 From Home work - 1

m = 1.2 x 103 kg/m3 From Home work - 1

by putting all values in equation (0.10) we get Vp ,

Vp = 1 - (1811.0278)[((0.2433)/(1.2 x 103 )) + ((0.7566) / (2.54 x 103 ))]

Vp = 0.0934 = 9.34%

3-

we know that,

V olume = M ass / Density

We know that,

mc = 7.1950 x 103 kg

c = 1811.0278 kg/m3

mm = 1.7511 x 103 kg

m = 1.2 x 103 kg/m3

vc = mc / c = 7.1950 x 103 / 1811.0278 = 3.9728 x 106 m3

vm = mm / m = 1.7511 x 103 / 1.2 x 103 = 1.45925 x 106 m3

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Prasad MAHAJAN Home work 2

Vm = vm / vc = 1.45925 x 106 /3.9728 x 106 = 0.3672

Vp = 0.0934

We know that ,

Vm + Vc + Vp = 1

Vf = 1 - 0.3672 - 0.0934 = 0.5395 = 53.95%

We got above data from experiment then we can say that it is Real fiber fraction

Vf real = 53.95 %

Vf apparent = 43.65 %

There is difference in above values because for calculating apparent volume fraction we
never consider residual porosity but on the contrary while calculating real volume fraction
we are considering residual porosity.