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ON
MEASUREMENT OF
PLANCKS CONSTANT
THROUGH KNEE
VOLTAGE OF LEDs
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CERTIFICATE
THIS IS TO CERTIFY THAT I
ISHAAN ARORA OF CLASS
12TH SCIENCE HAS SATISFACTORILY
COMPLETED PHYSICS PROJECT
TITLED
MEASUREMENT OF PLANCKS
CONSTANT USING LIGHT-EMITTING
DIODES THROUGH KNEE VOLTAGE
TEACHERS SIGNATURE :-
DATE :-
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
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CONTENTS
Introduction
History
Advantages
& Disadvantages
Applications
Aim
Apparatus Required
Theory
Procedure
Observation
Conclusion
Precautions
Bibliography
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INTRODUCTION
Electronic Symbol :-
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HISTORY
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ADVANTAGES &
DISADVANTAGES
ADVANTAGES
DISADVANTAGES
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APPLICATIONS
Indicators and signs
Large-area LED displays are used as stadium
displays, dynamic decorative displays, and
dynamic message signs on freeways. Thin,
lightweight message displays are used at
airports and railway stations, and as
destination displays for trains and buses.
Lighting
LEDs are used as street lights. They are also
used in handheld devices such as flashlights.
LED strobe lights or camera flashes
Other applications
The LEDs are used extensively in
optical fiber and free space
optics communications. This
includes remote controls, such
as for TVs, VCRs, and LED
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Computers, where infrared LEDs are often
used
Efficiency
> >
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AIM
To measure Plancks
constant using light-
emitting diodes using
Knee voltage.
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APPARATUS
REQUIRED
0-10 V power supply.
One-way key
Rheostat
Ammeter
Voltmeter
1 K resistor
Different known wavelength
LEDs (Light-Emitting Diodes)
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THEORY
an LED
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The following table shows the available colours with
wavelength range, voltage drop, and material:
Voltage
Colour Wavelength [nm] Semiconductor material
drop [V]
Aluminium gallium
1.63 < V < arsenide (AlGaAs)
Red 610 < < 760
2.03 Gallium arsenide
phosphide (GaAsP)
Gallium arsenide
2.03 < V <
Orange 590 < < 610 phosphide (GaAsP)
2.10
Gallium(III) phosphide (GaP)
Gallium arsenide
2.10 < V < phosphide (GaAsP)
Yellow 570 < < 590
2.18 Aluminium gallium indium
phosphide (AlGaInP)
Traditional green:
1.9 < V < Gallium(III) phosphide (GaP)
Green 500 < < 570
4.0 Pure green:
Indium gallium nitride (InGaN)
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An LED is a two-terminal semiconductor light source.
In the unbiased condition a potential barrier is
developed across the p-n junction of the LED. When
we connect the LED to an external voltage in the
forward biased direction, the height of potential
barrier across the p-n junction is reduced. At a
particular voltage the height of potential barrier
becomes very low and the LED starts glowing, i.e., in
the forward biased condition electrons crossing the
junction are excited, and when they return to their
normal state, energy is emitted. This particular voltage
is called the knee voltage or the threshold voltage.
Once the knee voltage is reached, the current may
increase but the voltage does not change.
The light energy emitted during forward biasing is
given as,
hc
E= (1)
where
c - Velocity of light.
h - Plancks constant.
- Wavelength of light.
If V0 is the forward voltage applied across the LED
when it begins to emit light (the knee voltage), the
energy given to electrons crossing the junction is,
= e0 (2)
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0 = (3)
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PROCEDURE
1. Make connections as shown in the circuit
diagram.
2. Insert the key to start the experiment.
3. Adjust the rheostat value till the LED starts
glowing, or in the case of the IR diode, whose
light is not visible, until the ammeter indicates
that current has begun to increase.
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OBSERVATION
From Equation
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From Graph
3 V0 vs 1/
2.5
2.6
2.4 Blue
2
2.2 Green
Yellow
1.9
V0
1.5
Red
0.5
0
1587301.59 1694915.25 1960784.31 2127659.57
1/
CALCULATION
Slope from graph (S) = 1.75 X 10-6
Value of Plancks constant ( = )
= 5.33 1028
[ ]
= 1.75 106
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CONCLUSION
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BIBLIOGRAPHY
Following websites and
books served as a source
for my project: -
=D https://www.google.co.in
=D https://www.wikipedia.org
=D http://vlab.amrita.edu
=D https://www.shutterstock.com
(CREDIT: Images)
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