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Article history: Aeroelastic analysis of a full scale composite wind turbine blade is investigated using its 3D model.
Received 29 July 2015 Aerodynamic loading is determined using modied Blade Element Momentum theory and Computa-
Received in revised form tional Fluid Dynamics method is employed for verication. 3D nite element model of the blade is built
21 January 2016
and then FluidStructure Interaction iterative approach is constructed to investigate the aeroelastic
Accepted 23 January 2016
behavior. Inuence of deformation on power performance is determined implying on a reduction in
Available online 18 February 2016
output power. Susceptibility of dynamic instability is investigated and it is found out at high wind speed
Keywords: that the blade may experience instability.
Wind turbine blade & 2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Composites
Aeroelasticity
Instability
Finite element analysis
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jweia.2016.01.010
0167-6105/& 2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
R. Raee et al. / J. Wind Eng. Ind. Aerodyn. 151 (2016) 6069 61
the problems (Nguyen-Thanh et al., 2011). Recently, NURBS-based blades to change of streamwise momentum across the wind tur-
isogeometric analysis has been carried out in vibration, utter bine. This model is not capable to predict aerodynamic behavior of
(Thai et al., 2012) and composite problems (Valizadeh et al., 2013). the wind turbine at high tip speed ratio and high solidity rotors.
Krawczyk et al. (2013) investigated a computational uid But very efcient, acceptable results and low computational cost
dynamics (CFD)-FEM of a morphing airfoil including different have made it as a popular model in aerodynamic analysis of a wind
wind velocity regimes and Young's modulus of a blade material. turbine (Borg et al., 2014). In vortex method (Badreddinne et al.,
Fluidstructure interaction (FSI) approach is extensively not only 2005; Borg et al., 2014) potential ow is assumed and each section
used in aeroelastic analysis of other structures like bridge (Sarkar
of the blade is replaced by a number of vortex laments. Vortex
et al., 2009; Sarkic et al., 2015; Miyata, 2002; de Miranda et al.,
model is more accurate because circulation that is shed from the
2013), airplane and building but also is executable in fracturing
blade inuences the induced velocity of the blade, but it requires
structures (Rabczuk et al., 2000).
high computational time (Borg et al., 2014). Dynamic stall is a
Carrin et al. (In press) performed aeroelastic analysis of
MEXICO and NREL wind turbines using CFD-CSD method. In this nonlinear aerodynamic phenomenon and observed when wind
research, ampwise and edgewise time domain vibrations and turbine is subjected to time varying wind that uctuated blade.
frequencies of vibrations in different wind speed are determined. Stall delay and hysteresis loop are their aerodynamic character-
Bergami and Gaunaa (2010) investigated divergence and utter istics. The mechanism of dynamic stall is complicated and it has
instability of a 2D airfoil section equipped with a trailing edge ap not been completely understood. Several empirical and semi-
which can be used in a wind turbine blade and dependency of empirical dynamic stall models are available for the wind rotor
stability limits on the ap was reported. Liu et al. (2013) studied aerodynamic analysis such as BeddoesLeishman model, ONERA
the aeroelastic stability of laminated cross section of wind turbine model and BoeingVertol model (Larsen et al., 2007; Wang, 2012).
blades. The structural equation of motion with bendingbending CFD is a developing method in aerodynamic analysis of wind
twist coupling is derived. In this study, occurrence of instability is turbine. This method is based on NavierStokes equations, has
determined by means of time-marching and eigenvalue analy- potential to provide realistic simulation of the turbine ow eld
sis. Baxevanou (2008) predicted utter limits for an airfoil of wind and can be used to solve the complex ow over the wind turbine.
turbine blade in the time domain approach. Aeroelastic analysis
The turbulence models like DNS, RANS or LES may be used in ow
has been done implicitly and explicitly by integrating between
simulation around wind turbine. In spite of accurate results from
three degrees of freedom equations of motion and CFD analy-
CFD, this method has very high computational cost (Hsu et al.,
sis. Lee et al. (2012) studied static aeroelasticity of a ber-
2014; Bazilevs et al., 2011; Sayed et al., 2012). Lanzafame et al.
reinforced plastic (FRP) wind turbine blade and suggested three
methods to compensate reduction in power performance which (2013) investigated aerodynamic analysis of a wind turbine using
are the pre-twist angle, pitch control system and ber orienta- CFD and BEM. According to the experimental data, accuracy of
tion. Lee et al. (2013) studied the application of bendtwist cou- both methods is obtained while lower run time is required
pled on performance of wind turbine. In their research, the for BEM method. Yang et al. (2014) presented application of BEM
inuence of different parameters such as solidity, diameter of the theory without corrections on a wind turbine. But, airfoil data
turbine and number of composite plies on annual energy and including lift and drag coefcients are determined from 3D CFD
thrust loading is determined, using FSI method. Chattot (2007) analysis of the wind turbine which are loaded in the BEM code.
simulated aeroelastic behavior of a wind turbine using vortex Good agreement was obtained when compared with the experi-
method as aerodynamic analysis and exibility of the blade has mental data. Because of low computational cost and accurate
been determined for predicting forces and bending moments results, BEM is employed in most aerodynamic and aeroelastic
along the blade. Raee and Fakoor (2013) have simulated static analysis of wind turbine blade. BEM method presented by Glauert
aeroelasticy on a wind turbine blade by coupling CFD and nite (1948) enables us to calculate the steady loads and power.
element analysis. They have reported that stress components vary In order to determine aerodynamic forces along the blade
signicantly in the event of power production at the rated wind length BEM theory is programmed in MATLAB software. For the
speed which should be considered in fatigue analysis.
verication of BEM method, its results are compared with those
In this study, aeroelastic analysis of a composite wind turbine
obtained by CFD. To verify BEM results, CFD method is employed
blade is presented using full 3D modeling. Aerodynamic analysis of
and because of huge required computations, it is limited to four
the blade is carried out using modied blade element momentum
wind speeds. Moreover, the obtained results from BEM are com-
(BEM) theory in order to decrease the runtime. Drag force is
considered to obtain more accurate results. Verication of the pared with available at-site measurement for validation purpose.
blade element momentum theory is done using CFD simulation. The detailed procedure of BEM theory employed in this research is
Then, nite element model of the composite blade is constructed explained in proceeding section.
in ANSYS commercial software. The blade element momentum
theory for analyzing aerodynamic loading on the blade is coupled
2.1. Aerodynamic modeling
with structural solver of ANSYS analyzing both static and dynamic
aeroelastic behaviors of the blade.
In this study, the V47660 kW wind turbine blade is selected as
a case study and required information of this turbine is presented
2. Aerodynamic analysis in Table 1.
From aerodynamic point of view, V47660 kW wind turbine
In addition to experimental aerodynamic of wind turbine blade includes ve different airfoils which are FFA-W3, MIX, NACA
blades (Hand et al., 2001), theoretical aerodynamic analysis can be 63600, NACA 63450 and NACA 63150. These ve types of air-
categorized in four groups: Blade Element Momentum (BEM), foil are presented in Fig. 1.
vortex method (Badreddinne et al., 2005), dynamic stall model Because of aerodynamical and structural considerations, the
(Larsen et al., 2007) and CFD (Hsu et al., 2014; Bazilevs et al., 2011; blade is twisted and tapered from its root to tip. The cross sections
Sayed et al., 2012). Blade Element Momentum (BEM) theory is of different airfoils along the blade length accompanied with
developed by equating aerodynamic loads applying on the turbine chord and twist distributions are shown in Fig. 2.
62 R. Raee et al. / J. Wind Eng. Ind. Aerodyn. 151 (2016) 6069
2.2. BEM where pitch is the pitch angle and is the inow angle of
attack calculated as below:
BEM combines the Blade Element and one dimensional Va
Momentum theory. BEM is an engineering and quasi-steady arctan 2
V rot
method without considering turbulent inow and dynamic stall
phenomena. It should be pointed out that turbulence phenom- V a and V rot are induced velocities in the rotor plane that are
enon causes uctuations to the wind speed of the inow passing determined by means of axial and tangential induction factors:
through the turbine. This will lead to the time-varying wind speed V a 1 aV 0 3
(Wagner et al., 2010) required to be analyzed by unsteady methods
which is beyond the scope of this article. Kecskemety et al. V rot 1 a0 r 4
(Kecskemety and McNamara, 2016) investigated the effect of tur- The normal and tangential force coefcients are determined by
bulent inow on the aeroelastic behavior of a wind turbine using projecting lift and drag coefcients in corresponding directions
simple model and concluded that the wind turbine power is
C N C L cos C D sin 5
considerably inuenced by this phenomenon at higher wind
speeds.
C T C L sin C D cos 6
In this method the wind turbine blades are divided into a
certain number of independent elements along the length of Finally axial and tangential induction factors are determined
blade. At each section, 2-D force equilibrium is developed con- as:
sidering produced torque and trust. At the same time momentum 1
balance for annular element is applied. Finally a set of equations a 7
4F sin 2
are derived that can be solved for each blade section. This method C N 1
is extensively explained in reference (Hansen, 2008). The airfoil
1
characteristics including lift and drag coefcients using BEM code a0 4F sin cos 8
are determined by means of XFOIL in which viscousinviscid CT 1
analysis methods have been integrated. XFOIL is a design and where is the solidity and dened as the fraction of the annular
analysis program which is used for subsonic isolated ow around area in the control volume covered by the blade. Prandtl presented
airfoil. It was rst developed by researchers at MIT as a design tool a correction factor F to axial and tangential induction factor to
for the MIT Daedalus project and then developed by Youngren correct the assumption of an innite number of blades (Hansen,
et al. (M. Drela, 2001). 2008):
Because of the rotational ow, the angle of attack at each sec-
2
tion of blade is determined as below: F cos 1 e f 12
pitch 1
and
BR r
Table 1 f 13
2r sin
V4760 kW wind turbine information.
Koh and Ng (2016) studied the effect of different tip correction
Operational data Rotor
factors on the accuracy of the BEM. They concluded that Prandtl's
Cut-in wind speed 4 m/s Diameter 47 m tip loss correction factor is more accurate than Goldstein's cor-
Rated wind speed 15 m/s Swept area 1735 m2 rection factor.
Cut-out wind speed 25 m/s Number of blades 3 Moreover, Glauert correction is considered when the axial
Rotational speed 28.5 rpm Maximum chord 2087 mm induction factor becomes large and momentum theory breaks
Rated power 660 kW Minimum chord 282.5 mm
down. The critical value for a is equal to 0.2 and for a 4 ac the
Fig. 2. (a) Cross sections along the blade length (b) chord and twist distribution.
2 0.05
1.8
1.6 0.04
1.4
1.2 0.03
CL
CD
1
0.8 0.02
0.6
0.4 0.01
0.2
0 0
0 10 20 30 0 10 20 30
Radial Position (m) Radial Position (m)
Fig. 3. Aerodynamic coefcients along the blade length.
Inlet Periodic
Stationary Rotary
Table 2 800
Verication of BEM by CFD.
700
BEM Results
Wind speed (m/s) Power (kW) 600
Power (KW)
2.3. CFD
Table 3
The CFD simulation of the blade is accomplished by considering Mechanical properties of the blade materials (Shokrieh and Raee, 2006).
one blade with periodic boundary conditions. This will lead to a
Material Ex GPa Ey GPa xy Es GPa
considerable reduction in simulation. Fig. 4 shows the generated
mesh around the blade. Generally it has two different types of UD 43 9.77 0.32 3.31
mesh which are rotary and stationary parts and near the blade Biax 16.7 16.7 0.06 2.01
Triax 17.6 7.01 0.53 5.075
surface boundary layer mesh is utilized. The computations have
PVC 0.05 0.05 0.32 0.02
been done with 4,500,000 elements after performing grid study. PMI 0.066 0.066 0.32 0.025
SST k turbulence model is employed because of its capability in
predicting separation of the ow on the blade. This model also has
the advantages of both standard k near the wall and k model
away from the wall and considers the effect of free stream tur- Table 4
bulence and pressure gradients (Sayed et al., 2012). Natural frequency of the blade in apwise and edgewise directions.
The diameter of a cylindrical computation is chosen as two
Flapwise frequency (Hz) Edgewise frequency (Hz)
times of the rotor diameter. The one third of mentioned compu-
tational cylinder is simulated and extended along rotor axis, 5 and Finite element (3D) 1.103 1.85
10 times of the rotor diameter in upstream and downstream Experimental 1.09 1.97
regions, respectively. The selected dimensions in computational Error 1.2% 6%
Power (KW)
1200
1000
665
800
600
400 655
200
0 645
0 1 2 3 4 5
Number of Iterations
635
0 1 2 3 4
Number of Iterations
Fig. 9. Power performance reduction arisen from aeroelasticity.
Fig. 10. Locations of aerodynamic centers and C.G's along the blade length.
1400 140
Flapwise Tip Displacement (mm)
400 20
0
200
-20-2 8 18 28 38 48
0 -40
0 10 20 30 40
-200 -60
time (s) time (s)
0
Torsiona Tip Displacement (rad)
0 10 20 30 40
-0.001
-0.002
-0.003
-0.004
-0.005
-0.006
time (s)
Fig. 11. Dynamic response at the tip of the blade at the rated wind speed.
0
Torsional Tip Displacement (rad)
0 10 20 30 40
-0.002
-0.004
-0.006
-0.008
-0.01
-0.012
-0.014
-0.016
-0.018
time (s)
Fig. 13. Dynamic response at the tip of the blade at the cut-out wind speed.
4000 1400
Total Tip Displacement (mm)
Total Tip Displacement (mm)
3500
1200
3000
1000
2500
800
2000
600
1500
1000 400
500 200
0 0
0 10 20 30 40 -2 8 18 28 38 48
time (s) time (s)
Fig. 14. Total tip displacement at the shut-down (a) and rated (b) wind speed.
rated wind speed. Thus, prior to investigating aeroelastic behavior The results of performed FSI analysis for static aeroelasticity are
of the blade, a linear and nonlinear static analysis is performed to presented in Fig. 7 for ve iterations. It can be seen that after four
compare the results. The tip displacement of the blade at rated iterations, static convergence is obtained as the tip displacement
wind speed (15 m/s) is obtained by linear and nonlinear analysis as reports a plateau trend.
1654 and 1658 mm, respectively. Due to the negligible difference To obtain the effect of aeroelasticity phenomenon on aero-
dynamic loading and its consequence on the power performance
between these two values, linear analysis will be employed to
of investigated wind turbine, the pressure distribution with and
reduce computational cost of analysis.
without considering aeroelasticity is illustrated in Fig. 8.
68 R. Raee et al. / J. Wind Eng. Ind. Aerodyn. 151 (2016) 6069
As shown in Fig. 8, at rated speed when the deformation of the The tip displacements of the blade in two different events of
blade is taken into account for updating pressure distribution, normal shut-down (at cut-out wind speed) and power production
applied aerodynamic loading decreases. Subsequently, it causes (at rated wind speed) are depicted in Fig. 14. Considering 4.2 m as
reduction in output power which is shown in Fig. 9. the tip to tower distance, it can be seen that the tip of the blade is
very close to the tower using dynamic analysis.
4.2. Dynamic aeroelasticity
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