January 2015 %30 MATHEMATICS pectrum AVS Plan J ee Quick Review of Concepts Complex Number Quadratic Equations, Inequalities Sequence and Series TSS TTT RELATION FUNCTION CONTINUITY AND DIFFERENTIABILITY TEST RIDER Test Series for JEE Main & Advanced JEE Main Test Ride 1 JEE Main Test Ride 2 JEE Advanced Test Ride 1TT TRL) PHYSICS | CHEMISTRY| MATHEMATICSHEMATICS pectrum Publisher PARULIAL Chairman YEN Eira Head Publishing Manager Coordinator SANIAY SHARMA MOT VERMA SVAM MITIAL Production Manager SHISHBAL SINGH Circlaion & Aavertienent General Manager ANIL KUMAR GUPTA “si snissisais ipestttpmacm SHANU MANSOOR SHUBODH KUMAR, AMIT BANSAL BRAIIAMPAL SINGIE -MAYANK, SANDEER VIPIN, ARJUN Cover Layout Design Page Designer Diagran pe senting Copy tors ProofReader DINESHE KUMAR, PRACHLBISHT ‘MOHANVEER ARIHANT MEDIA PROMOTERS KALINDL TP NAGAR, MEERUT-2 121-2401478, 2512870 121 2401648 spectrum@ariantbooks com snwaraabooks om ead Ofc Phone Fox Emil Website Gireation Conpoate Ofc ARIHANT MEDIA PROMOTERS, 4577/15, AGARWAL ROAD, ARYA GAN}. NEW DELET2 HL :011-47630500, © Publisher Printed and Published by Parl fui or ‘Arihant Media Promoters Printed at Arbant Publications (nd) Td ‘TPNagar Meerut (U2) + Alsighs eee. Nopat ofthis again canbe printed | vel orn prt without the writen permieion a the publher + Theor a publisher ofthe again do the est0 verify teinfrmation published, ut not take any ‘espns fr the abv accuracy ofthe inforeation abled + Al dpe objeto Mert (LP) jection ony fave vor MATHEMATICS ey a. Dear Aspivants, like january, because iis the month in which, can see a whole year stretching out ahead of me Sow, 2014 is winding down, and 2015 is knocking at our doors. A New Year aay brings new ‘hopes new plans, new sratepes, and new resolutions to our ie. In thelast ge I vold you that we are planning something spcil for you.As the 90 days countdowa fr your exams begin, we came up with certain new features to make your tsk seheble These atures inde ‘A°90 days countdown’ to plan up the studies of nex 90 days inthe subject + "Quick concep review” is designed to strengthen up your learning in faster way or the TEE final lap + "Test Rides” isa test series of total 14 Lest (8 for mains and res for advanced) to be covered upinnext issues + “Test Drive is another test series of teste (5@elass 1th, and 9@class 1208) tobe covered upin next 3 issues. + A’brush up article with revision tpe covering do's and don't related to Revision: the arto deliver, ‘This last ap of 90 day every crucial for any aspirant and from the side of spectrum family T personally assute you that we willty to create more and more to help you ott, Along with all ‘these one personal piece of advice fom my sde i "Iry to manage our time as you manage Your Money’ The spectrum team wil be anxiouely waiting fr your feedbacks and comments GOOD LUCK Cos COntents 90 DAYS COUNTDOWN TOWARDS JEE 2015 (2) JEE FINAL LAP (Quick Concept Review @ Clas ith Syllabus (6) JEE FINAL LAP. Quick Concept Review @ Class 12th Syllabus (18) MATHEMATICS SPECTRUM FOR YOU (39) BRAIN TEASERS (42) ‘TEST RIDER : JEE Main Ride 1 (4 ‘TEST RIDER : JEE Main Ride 2 (52) REVISION THROUGH CONCEPT MAP (54) ‘TEST RIDER : JEE Advaneed Ride 1 (56) JRE ADVANCED CORNER Graphs of functions and their applications (61) PRACTICE SESSION FOR JEE ADVANCED ‘Veetor and 3-D Geometry (67) ‘TEST DRIVE : SCHOOL PRACTICE RIDE 1 (73) ‘TEST DRIVE : SCHOOL PRACTICE RIDE 2 (75) oes DRIVE: BOARD EXAM RIDE 1 PARTICIPATE AND WIN (79)90 DAYS COUNTDOWN towards JEE 2015 1. Set, Relation & Function DAY + Sets, Venn Diagram Algebra pay 2 «Types of Relation, Equivalence Relation Daya + One-one, Ino and Onto Function, Taverse Function DAY 4 = Composition of Function and Binary Operations 2, Matrix and Determinants DAYS + Matrices, Algebra of Matrices, ‘Transpose of Matrix Daye + Symmetric & Skew-symmetic ‘Maisiees, Transformation of a Marin, Inverse of Matrix DaY7 «= Determinants & Properties of Determinants, Minor and Cofators pays + Adjoint of Matrix, Solution of inest Equations by Cramer's Rule 3, Trigonometry (9 to 14 Days) Days + Trigonomettc Basics, Trigonomettic Ratios, Ratios of Compound Angles Day 10 + Maximusm-Minimum Values and ‘Trigonometre Periodic Functions pay tt + Trigonometrc Equations, ‘Transformation Formulae Day 12 + Inverse Trigonometric Functions, Inverse Hyperbolic Function Day 13 + Solutions of Triangle, Radi of Inscribed & Cxcumseribed Circles of Regula Polygon, pay 14 += Heights and Distances EXPERTS SPEAK Toc 1, day Tie ta from bata point of view. Topic 2 4ay 1, veo agra is very helpful in solving practical sets, owover, this very elu o understand te corcept of grobabityas wolLnJEE usualy 1 question 's asked from topics 1 & 2of day 4. Topic & ay 8is useful song practical problems fased on aplcation of navi. Topics 1&2 ay 12 are very important for JEE specially 97408 of Trgonometric and inverse vigonometr ur faling cuestons in vor sho san afin Topics 2 & 3 day 13 and Tee also portant specially fr fining incor a texcener a in circle and ecribed and in ining the height of ‘ower or building in tere stuatons. ‘As most of tho part of fist 14 days serves asthe basis or ripping tho subject, thus, tis advisable nat to rmovo on day 15th opts util you evel comdenoe in these tpi, 4. Caleulus (15 to 35 Days) DAY 15 + Limite pay 16 «Continuity and Diferentiabiity Day 17 + Differentiation Formulae, Dieretiation by Substitution DAY 18 « Higher Order Derivatives and Paral Derivative pay 19 + Mean Value Theorems, ‘Maxima-Minims of Functions of One Variable DAY 20 «= Maxima-Minims Tangents& Normals Day 21 «Indefinite Integrals, Pendamental Day 22 + Integration by Substitution Parts &cPartl Puncsone Day 23 + Fundamental of Definite Intel Day 26 + Definite Integration by Substitution Parts and Partial Penctions Day 25 + Properties of Summation of Series of Definite Integration DAY 25 + Definite integration by Gamma Fonction, Lebnitz Rule, Wali’ Formulae DAY 27 + Area of Curves DAY 28 + Volume and Surface Area of Solide Day 29 «= Concept of Ordinary Dien Equations and thei Order and Degree DAY 30 + Formation of Diferential Equation and Solution of Differential Equations Day 31 + Homogeneous & Linear Diffrenil Equations Application and Standard Results of Solutions Day 32 «Revision of Caeulus pay a3 + TestofCaeulus EXPERTS SPEAK Topic 1 day 15 & day 16 are important for JEE as ‘generally question i asked every Year nowever, this portion af sylabus ferioe asthe base mood ai the iferenal calcul. Tops 1 day 18is important andhas wie appliaton suchas in finding th oot of polmomial whi the given interval Topics 1 and? day 20 are important, ‘tom board as wal ar JEE point ot view. Asptats are advised to focus on these topics. Tonics 1 and2of day 22 are very basis of| 5. Tho topics related to alo days 2,25 & 76 are very important for JE ard has several aplication based cuestions such an finding the sum of aqven series, while Litnitrule ae useful {or differentiation under es based on apalication of devine icegation are very portent fr direct ustins whl all pics of day 31 ae important or direct a wells lication basec questons Random and plannod testing is required to Judge ne exact leaming. For epics underlined above learning with direct solved vxamples wll e bonefial 5, Mathematical Induction DAY 34 += Mathematical Induction andits Applications 6. Binomial Theorem DAY 35 «Binomial Theorem andi Simple Applications DAY 36 «Properties of Binomial Cocli ents and Multinomial Theorem Day 37 + Practice Test of Binomial & Mathematical induction 7. Permutations & Combinations DaY 38 «Permutation & Simple Applications Day 39 = Combination as Selection DAY 40 «Practice ofPermitation& ‘Combination 8 Sequence & Series Day a1 = Concept of AP.GP & HP Day 42 + Relations between AP,GP &cHP, Relation between AM snd GM Day 43 + Sum of pecil Series Day 44 = Logatithmic & Exponential Sevies DAY 45 + Practice of Sequence & Se EXPERTS SPEAK Topic 2 es imgortat fom JEE point of vow but imsorant ‘ar dis ty based problems Topics of biramial theorem, Ail day 37, aro impart and has several application based problems also helps in sohing the problems based en combinations, Topics on day $38 and 39 ar important as hey have ‘wid applatin and are useful to soko robs of probability, Topic after day belongs to class Nth ané need to recall more han once Alto tapi TH day 42nd have robles related 0 riysum to ater and ao su of inte term are important be askeg a direct ad aplication based questions ll te toi till day 44 are required essentially or basics of logarithm and exponential functions Students ao aavsed ta acu on same special setes ie arithmetic geometric sree an elescopiesum, Uso random tsting fo topics tl day 45% for set analysis and use planned tess in two section, {ah Day 1st to 28d fo) Day 2th to 5th Tor proper assorsmont arto gain confidence9. Coordinate Geometry DAY 46 «Cartesian System of Rectangular Coordinates Day 47 + Straight Line DAY 48 « Cirle its Equation, Tangent & Normal oa Cirle Day 49 + Chord of Contact of Tangent Pole ‘Polar System of icles Day so « Parabola&its Equation to Tangen DAY 51 + Director Circle, Poe & Poa, Length of Tangent Normal pay 52 The Blipee DAY 53 + Hyperbola, Chord , Tangent DAY 54 += Asymptote Conjugates, Rectangular Hyperbols DAY 55 + Pracice Test of Coordinate Geometry DAY 56 = Coordinate of «Point in Space, Direction Ratios and Dizecton Cosines Angle between Two Tatersecting Lines DAY 57 + Skev-lines, Shortest Distance between Them sits Equation DAY 58 «= Equation ofa Line Plane in Different Forme, Intersection of a Line & Plane, Coplanat Lines 10, Vector Algebra DAY 59 + Vector Seals, Algebra of Vectors in 20 &3D DAY 60 + Sealar & Vector Products, Sala & Vector Triple Products payer + Testof 3D & Vector Algebra 11, Statistics & Probability DAY 62 + Mean, Median & Mode of Grouped ‘x Ungrouped Data Day 63 + Standard Deviation, Variance & ‘Mean Deviation for Grouped & Ungrouped Data DAY 64 += Practice Test of Statistics DAY 65 + Probability ofan Bvent Addition & ‘Multiplication Theorem DAY 66 «Bay's Theorem & Probability Distribution DAY 67 + Bernoulli’ Trial & Binomial Disiibution DAY 63 + Practice Test of Probability EXPERTS SPEAK Ail the topics tllday 58th aro vory important as 1 or2 {questions ae asced in JEE specially deta ciel, pole and pla, lnath of tangent normal elated to diterent cs, three dimensional georety, skaweles, shortest stance between ‘hom, Inersecton of lines and planes, coplanar, lines, Stents are zi “aus an these is Vand 2ot ay 60 are important and have direct and aplication based question. Al the Ul day 81 have wide appiaton inmathematis as well asin physics Topic 2 day day 88 and topic 1 day 67 are very mportant as every year 1 question i asked in JEE from thom of airect ae wol as agaication based nature Begin his complete section everyday with randomized check through random tst to analysis yo points ofemghasis for your preparat 412. Linear Programming DAY 69 + Lineat Programming Invoduction, Objective Function, Optimization Day 70 + Types of LPP, Mathematical & aphical Solution for Problems in ‘Two Variables DAY 71 + Feasiles&lnfeaible Region & ‘Optimal Feasible Solutions DAY 72 «= Practice Test 19. Complex Numbers & ‘Quadratic Equations DAY 73 «= Complex Numbers Representation ina Plane Argand Diagram DAY 74 + Algebra of Complex Numbers, ‘Modulus & Argument DAY 75 += Square Root & Triangle Inequality of| Complex Numbers DAY 76 = Quadratic Equation in Rel &e ‘Complex Numbers System sth Solution DAY 77 + Relation between Roots & Coefficients Day 78 ‘Natute of Roots & Formation of| adratic Equations with Given Roots DAY 79 « Practice of Complex Numbers & ‘Quadratic Equations DAY 60 = Testof Algebra 14, Mathematical Reasoning ing Logic & DAY 2 + Tautlogy, Contradiction, Converse ‘& Conteapositve Quantiers DAY 3 Unit Test of Calculus st of Trigonometry Day es + Unit Test of Coordinate Day 86 + Unit Test of Vector 30) Geometry Day 67 + Uait Test of Probability Mathematical Reasoning Day. + Practice Set (ull Syllabus ) Day eo + Practice Set (Full yabus) Day 90 + Revision of Important Points EXPERTS SPEAK Tis lst segment of your preparations important as ansiderable rumber of questions is ask in JEEgonoaly rom thot praperis of modulus and argument ‘iangle inequalty rotation of complex umber Ate topes il day 78 have cect and aplication bared quesins opr of day 81 and 8s important from JEE Mains poit of view as ‘vor yoarT question ao asked Concepts of these topics are useful in boolean algebra as well as in compat orgarisatin. ry to complet the schedule of last 20 days in 17 days apex) as some Toose days (days with esse yl are given in between Inthe lst 3 days use randomized testing ot complete syllabus to fier your weaker potion and uslze these days plug your woa points lt For gaining the confidence after wards ure 2 simulator papers of full syllabus and try to complete them approximately 15min before th stipulated te, so that you achieve the same under examination fondton: of sess within the stipulated tre Deals, Offers € More... Shop at arihantbooks.com Cash on Delivery (COD) Facility Available nowRevision The Art to Deliver Human mind is very complicated and have an unlimited capacity to learn, whichis almost similar in all ofus. Inspite of such a huge capacity most of us deliver or perform only up to average or near about levels. Only a very few show ‘out of box’or ‘extra ordinary’ performances. Terms like success, toppers etc, are associated with these very few persons only. Do you know, usdo not have? When we lookin to the answers i.e. "Toppers areiin the habit of doing the things revision or reconciliation of learning in its basis Why Revision Revision playa prominent role in preparation of schoo, cllege or other ealrance exams, Once syllabus ie covered, revision i a smandatory requirement for beter scoring, even, if one had not covered 100% of ylabus but only 70% oro, stillhe as to revise what syllabus hasbeen covered tmay even be welese to have covered vastsllbus and going for test, ‘orexams without proper revision, Because all that vast topics one hae ‘covered might have erased out of memory or les remembered, thus require zeconcliaion to deliver properly Further more, Revision has certain qualities like + Themore umber of times you revie the beter i your confidence and scoring chances + You got farther lan, hough, understanding and also intereetin the sujet or tepi you stud by revision ‘Revision enhances memory of the subject in terms of formulas, structures (Biology. Chemistry, diagrams (in Biology, Physics, ‘Geography etc), steps of derivations (in Physics, Maths), topic et + Te gives you command over the topics which are complex, vaguely ot incompletely known to you. Your standards may ie tothe extent that ‘yournaybeableto derive the formula youorgojuebelore answering + Rerisonincreasestherat of robe solving ie. your silty to answer the numberof problem of Physics, Maths, Chemistry cc in Kimited| smountoftime Thishelpeyoubuyimetoanewermore queens inthe ‘ven ime and alo think of way a salve unaneterabe questions + TF you think all he attributes mentioned above due to revision are equized, then one might ot ask why revision is necessary. For Maths and Stats Revision "Then best way at everyone says, practice-pracce practice. Bu some more ipso conser + Foxmulas:makeanotofthemonaplain paper andfishem before yout bed orsortoasto view them eqaeay al memos them Beetee i yosremberthe form posi the eeblem acsng hal done. + In mathematical problems you need to understand the ow of eps towardstheaneverbtoot g- tests Beas you fngteren singe tp you may stop sang ou ty to ov ep onde Sewer youcan ind one way on our own and ale remeber the ep bate, "Tryevenanswering new problems rom quesionbanks pest papersct Mathematical logics ar developed with more and more exposure, sory touslinemere nd more ofyourtudy mein he deveopmenteflopce. ‘This ensures higher suces rate + Thisnot only bud your confidence but lo trans your ming tocalve the problems fase. 4 JANUARY 2015 what makes these different? What they have which most of of these questions, one sentence strikes always in my mind differently." Here, surely the word differently has the art of especially for the toppers of entrance examinations. Concepts-misconcepts @ revision Remember, revision snot something that stat inthe end of academic session ratherit fs what you do daily. It stats very first day when you lear something new. veryting ‘hat is taught in your lass needs tobe revised on the very same day. Many a times, we tend to mis out on writing some point when the teacher speaks Its best to pen them down when they areal fresh in the memory. Techniques to Revise Effectively le going for revisions keep following pints in ind leis always better to prepare a revision schedule on dll basis ad after making ‘the schol it's mus togossoss tho will to abide by tat Its nat nocessaryto revise large numberof chaptersevery day. Revision mus be slaw and steady, k must be inthe order to get firm grip onal ‘types of questions asked on shat tpi. Fevise as many tines as possible te entire subjects. There is ahuge derence between revision andepettion ie. eisinisnat going through all te notes over ard over again. ‘Tho specialize feature of rovsion is lessning af timo in each and ovary attompt ie. time consumed in revising the same content everytime is less than the previous one. A potential aspirant can revise the complete content of Physics syllabus about two anda al hours ints tho Sth revision Decrease inthe time of revisions gasibe only when you nave a rope analysis of What to revise and whatnot to reise’. Such an anayss canbe done onthe basis of ‘what you know" and What is whined otf ftom your memory after leaming’ Everytime when you go for only those pars which are whipped of, you finda lesser content to revise. This, in tum, certainly requires leser time to rezone, Understand the concept and con't just mu. This is a big mistake made by many schoo going students il the mind matty Understanding the concept shows you ‘the actual swoetnoss ofthe subject and makes you presive even mote ofthe subject with enthusiasm, The diference between mugging ard understanding is that, mugging is a remorising aspect while understandings realsing the facts about the subject ot topic with its elated prior knowledge * Once you revise try to answer a previous question paper Le. past papers to see your progress + Some subjects mayntbe liked by us butt accept that hey are tobe mastered for good scaring, * Uso same notes or books or study material forall tho rovisions bocauso the page of ‘the book also stkes in memory duting answering the questions asked * Thee ino substitute for hard preparation and excitement and enthusiasm in Lastbut rt least you ar the best to know your situation, anahzeit throughly and ‘workout he best method for your revision, Think for yourself, you are mature enough tw organize your own study plan Use your discretion to judge what will work fo you and int willey Cac SUCCESS PACKAGES MCE ema Cre ire Engineering Entrances JEE MAIN & ADVANCED 1M Year TT TE Solved Papers 14 Year IT JRE Objective Questions wth Solutions Years IT TEE Unsolved Questions ‘36 Years ITT JEE Physics (Chapterwise) ‘6 Years" ITTJEE Chemistry (Chapterise) ‘6 Years IIT JEE Mathematics (Chapterwise) ‘ora 36 aah sremraTe TIT YEE we a sans A Two Fold Resource for JEE Main Solved Papers ‘aera eas @ Ofte $e JEE Main ® foe JEE Main Chapterwise Solutions Physice JEE Main Chapterwise Solutions Chemistry JRE Main Chapterwise Solutions Maths ANDHRA PRADESH 23 Year Chaperwise BAMCET Physic Selved 28 Yeats’ Chaperwise FAMCET Chemisty Solved 23 Years Chaperwise FAMCET Matemates Solved EAMCET Engineering Eneance Exam, 2 edge Solved Papers & Mock Tests BIHAR CECE Engincring Entrance Exam, 2 Edge Soied Papers & Mock Tete ea Sled Papers BCECE Maine Entrance Exam JHARKHAND Solved Papers & Mock Tests CECE Enginerng (PT) Entrance Exam KERALA Soved Papers & Mack Tests CEE Engineving Entrance KARNATAKA Solved Papers & Mock Tests 15 Years K CET Engineering Entance Exam eas ras us ois 3330 r05 us eas 65 uss ess uss e185 r185 es a3 ens ay MAHARASHTRA Solved Papers & Mock Tests -MIIT-CET Engineering Etrance Exam ODISHA & PUNJAB 1 Yeas OJEE Med /Engg Entrance Solved Papets ‘Punjab PME Solved Papers RAJASTHAN Complete Sucess Packages per gitraten ster a8 TEs Rajasthan RPET 2014 Success Package Solved Papers & Mock Tests per eters Bel 2g Solved Papers & Mock Texts RPE um Solved Papers UTTAR PRADESH Complete Sucess Packages SEE.GETU gE mer wen era hot Stuy Guide Physics for EE-GBTU Stuy Guide Chemistry for SEE-GBTU Stuy Gide Mathematics for SEE-GBTU Solved Papers SER-GBTU WRT WET 4 Yeas Solved Papers SEE-GBTU Entrance am 1 Yer'Solved Py UTTARAKHAND. MPT Solved Papers WEST BENGAL [WE JEE Engineering Solved Papers & Mock Tests neering Beane x26 eis 285 ens 0 eo es ens £355 es is 330 e385 e295 95 OTHER PREMIER ENGINEERING & MEDICAL ENTRANCES ‘VE (Vlore) 15 Mock Tess & Slved Papers Jamia Milla Rngneerng 6 Practice Sets & Solved Papers [BVP Engineering 5 Mock Ite & Soled Papers AMU Engineering 1 Year's Solved Papers ‘Manipal Engineering 10 Mock Tests Solved Papers zs 330 2365 es 2360JEE FINAL LAP QUICK CONCEPT REVIEW Te eS A number of the form x + iy, where x, y € Rand i = V1, is called a complex number. If7 = x + iy, then xis called real part of z and denoted as Re(z) whereas y is called imaginary part of z and denoted as Im(). Note Complex number may be defined as an ordered palr of real numbers written as (xy). A complex number is purely real, if Im(2)= Oand itis purely imaginary, if Re(z) = 0. Key Concept «= [a+ ib}(< or > |e isnot defined. order elation in complex number is not defined (comparison is only possible, imaginary partis 20) = Va xb = Jab is valid, if atleast one of aand bis non-negative. Ita and b both are negative, then Va x /b ~— ab. Integral Power of lota (i) [As we know square of every square number is positive, hence solution of the equation x? = -9 is not possible in real number system. i=V=1 is known as iota which is introduced in complex number system. Also, i= Voi, # ==1,? =~ i, =1 Bega," = tand 4? = secutive power of ' is zero yin a0, SPEED BOOSTER The sum of fou Conjugate of Complex Number Complex numbers z=a+ ib and = a~ib are called conjugate to each other (here, complex conjugate are obtained by just changing the sign of). Also, Re(7 6 JANUARY 2015 |METOPMENPaTa Properties of Conjugate of a Complex Number Ifzis a complex number, then following are the properties of conjugate @ @=z (ii) 247 =2Re(, 2-7 =21mi) (ii) 24Z=0 © z is purely imaginary; exis purely real Gav) 2Z =[Re(a)? + [Ime)P ) GF A= + BiG —A)= wi) Ga) =22, (2)-2 Modulus and Argument of Complex Number If complex number 2=x+ iy, then modulus of complex number z is |z|, which is distance of point ‘2’ from the origin and inclination of OP with positive X-axis is called argument of the complex number, Hence, Ja|= 52 + ¥F and arg (2) = tan” | +2kn, kel Note 2s a point, whereas|2|is distance of his point rom origin, Properties of Modulus and Argument () [z]=0 2 =0;|2=171=I-z1=i-z1 (i) -|2| sRe@ =|z| Im) <|z| =lall2 {al ita, 20 Vall 7 = ee laf tll +B + 2% =laP +12 +2Rel2,) Gd 4% (iv) |, + af(la, 2 “12, +12 ~2Rele,Z,) (La + AP Hy 2 P =2UKF +P) (vi) arg 2) =-argte) (vi) [2 +P =F +12 +21 ,[1241c0800, 0) (ix) |, = F +12 -212[lz,1cos®, -@,) SPEED BOOSTER {i) If|z|=a.then maximum and minimum values of|z + ¢-+ id] isan feed andjeye=d | (int 1 +4 4, then largest and smallest values of2| are ae i Principal Value of Argument Ifz= a+ ib,a, be R, then arg (2) = tan” (2) always gives the principal value. It depends on quadrant in which the point (a,b) lies. 220,520 Prncipal al alo a9) ac0b0 Principal vat eter Ze <0, boo ~ Prin valu ofzna ae tar (8 Note ()~ #-< 8 x, amplitude of complexnumber Dis not defined (Fz, = 2, La] =[24 anc.amp (2) = ame @) Important Facts Based on Arguments () Locus of, ifarg(2)=0 is ray exeluding origin aaa | i) Locus of , ifarg (2 = a) =8 (fixed) andat > Disa ray. | fh. at-# (i) Angle between two lines =, ~8, JEE FINAL LAP (iv) Angle between line joining bi a my h and % is | vate” | fe IMPORTANT POINTS (i) 2-2 =|2P ti) |az, + ba +1b2, ~ a7 Nay) | foe) Pate + by IIzF +1261 (iii) If 2, 2 0, then |7, + af imaginary. (iv) arg tz.) = argle,) + argte,) (v) arg (%,%,)= arg (z,) - arglz,): Jaf +12,P «4 is purely z arg| 4 = arglz,) - argiz,) SPEEDBOOSTER (0 ay able, -evarale = atae,) = (ila, +2, I-Lad= Lz, levata 2,)=aralz,)=0 Triangle Inequalities It is an important concept to find maximum and minimum, values. Ifz, and z, are two complex numbers, then Oly +alslal+lel Le. sum of two sides greater than third side. (ii) |z, + 1 212 -Iz,] i.e. difference of two sides is always smaller than third side. s always (i) [Iz] -lall slz +2) +lal Polar Form Ifz=x + iy, arg(a)=0, 2] =r, then z= r(cos@ + isin 0) is, known as polar form. Note Euler's form of complex number zis re", where] z| = rand is an argument. 8 is postive when itis measured clockwise and is negative when it measured anti-clockwise, Square Root of Complex Number Let 2 a+ ib, then the square root of zis, (Ree varik a+ 2} woo = erro i RVe TF =a, b &-DO +x+=0 =1-N3 z > xXeLx= > x=10,0° ee Nsdedangtageng =O i" e hae Some Important Results on hod Cube Root of Unity a © {When a complex runbers mute byte nal. f Caayty »( ) 7 Gi 2 is contid/ortacentcicumcantrefncanve and, 2 and z, are verticos of the equilateral trianglo, then = 6 —ay)(e—u"y) he oqulatral tran (ii) 2 —xy + ¥ =( + ay)& + @y) Begs y=3y (ii) a” Also, if 2, at origin, then 22 + 2! + 2! =Oie. Bet = (iv) Sum of pth power of cube root of unity is Also, 2a, + hy + 2,20 18. B22, = ifp is not multiple of 3 OP + OF +O = 1. i¢pis multiple of 3 = Ifz, z,,2, and 2, are vorticos of square takon in ordor, thon the (v) 3 cube roots of unity when plotted on argand plane —_ following vesuks are true constitute the vertices of equilateral triangle. (j 22 ipurety imaginary (i) 222s purl real aa an% una 2 2 ‘id is purely imaginary. fr . =% ti 24% 2y De-Moivre’s Theorem It states that cosn@ + isinn® is one of the values of (cos + ising)", ¥n€Q. Ifnis an integer, then (cos n0 + {sin n0) is the direct value, if ‘nis rational which is not an integer, then it is one of the values of (cos® + isin 6)" {) If nis any rational number, then (cos0 + isin6)" =cos n0 + isin n0. X (i) Ifz=(cos®, + isin0,)(cos®, + isin®,) (cos0, + isin0,) then z=cos®, +0, +...+0,)+ isin®, +8, +...+8,) where, 8,,8,, 8, €R Let z be a complex number such that z= re". Ifzis rotated through an anglea, then ¢ =r > fare" ores ea oe) a Important Applications of Rotation () If] #2’ Then, above result is oe ee offi la-al lana where, k =0,1,2,3,...,(n—1) 8 January 2015 |MEOPMENrasaFour Basic Steps to Determine Roots of Complex Number Lot us learn thse stops traugh an example find all four, Ath root (+i) Step| Write polar form of {1+ i}i.e. ‘Step W dé 2nm to argument -rfofenss) noms) ‘Apply Do-Moivre's theorem f ‘Stop It yam cos] 4 (4iF 2 Stop Here, put Putn=0, 12, 123 (1-1) Shortcut Method ‘Observe the question in which product of root is asked, Que, Find continued product of all § values of 1+ i}? Sol. Let = Poets Usipt=2 > 2 =(4i) 02" +02" + 07—(1 14+ iF T V4 iP = 1-14 21 =2 Hence, product of 22,2424 nth Roots of Unity Let 2" =1 be a complex number, then z 1", here nth Haze", roots of unity are 1,e",e'", ..., then roots can be written as 1,0, 07, a’, ..., Properties of nth Roots of Unity (i) nth roots of unity lie on a circle whose centre is (0, 0) and radius is 1 (ii) nth roots of unity constitute geometric progression with common ratio =e * and a” =1 (ii) Sum of pth power of n, nth roots of unity Veahtol+..+08_, __ | 0.if p is not integral multiple of n | nif pis integral multiple of n JEE FINAL LAP iv) 1114, 6, 64, «Oty, are nth roots of unity, then (=a) @-a,)0-a,)...0-a,_,)=2 eg. a) (1-0")=3. Here, 1, o, w* are cube roots of unity. fo, ifn is even W) Ota) Ora) dah. dra, e.g. Cube roots of unity are 1, @, w’. Hence, 1+ @)(+ 0") =1but for fourth root of unity 1, ~1, and we havell + -H](+ ill + 3] =0 { 1 ifmis odd Gh rat tty 1, if mis even ‘SPEEDBOOSTER I eosor + cosps + cosy =0=sinc. + sinf+ siny, then (i cos3ex. + cos 3B + cos3y=Scoslar +B +7) (il sin 30+ sin3-+ sin3y=3 ine ++) (ii) c0s20.+ cos 28 + cos2y=0 (iv) sin 201 sin2B + sin? (0) costa — - y1+ cos(2p—y—ae)+ cos\2y-a—B)=0 (ul sin(2ee -B— y+ sinl2B—y—cr)+ sinl2y-«.-B)=0 (ull cosla.—B) + cos(B —}+ easly —ax)= (vi) Allroots of equation 2 + 1 =z" arecolinear in complex plane (aI 2, F=123....2m meN are roots of equation leet 2 ea2=0.ten Eh ao Application of Complex Number in Coordinate Geometry (i) Distance between two points Distance 9%) between two points Piz,)andQl,)is P&L —~ PQ =|, -a (i) Section formulae Let R() divides a join of Ple,) and Q(z,) in the ratio m: n. Oe) (a) If R@) divides the line segment PQ. PEL mz, ny mn internally, then (b) If RW) divides the line segment PQ _r mz, ~ ni ge externally, then 2 =~, +E, * mn ates Pia IPORTA\ INTS IMPORTANT POINT: {Distance of point tz} from te origin is 2. (it 1 (2)is 9 mid-point of PO, then 2= 2% {iil Tor points will be colineay, i for Al) B12, 1.C(2,) ABs BC= AC wey Bie) Cea 9JEE FINAL LAP Equation of Perpendicular Bisector If P) and Q(q) are two fixed points and Riz) is an equidistant point from P and, then [z-a)=|2-2 Also, s&-%, > HG, -2)+ 20, - 2, Fe) lz- Equation of Straight Line Following are equation of straight line in different forms: () Parametric form Equation of line joining points Pt,) and Qe,)isz=t2, + 0-02, wheret €R. (i) Non-parametric form Equation of line joining points Ple,) ae and Qtz)isle, Zz 1-0 le % (Git) General equation General equation of straight line is Gz.+ az + b=0, where ais a complex number and bis a real number, IMP ANT POINTS a4 {i Three points 2,25 and z, willbe collinear it f, % 1)=0 i) Slope of ine az 27+ b=Ois—3 mB Ui) ex, and x, are slopes of two lines in a complex plane, then (a}lines willbe parallel, fx, =or, (bj lines will be perpendicular, fer, ot, =O {iv} Slope of line PO joining two points Py) and tz, His (x) Length of perpendicular from a point P (2,10 the line [at + a2, + b] 2+ bl lal+la} al a4 a+ b=0is Equation of a Circle Acircle is the locus of all those points which are ‘equidistant from the given fixed point. This fixed point is called the centre and fixed distance is called radius. bey | centre is Cl), is] 2—7| =r. If the centre of — the circle lies on the origin, then equation of circle is|2| =. (ii) The general equation of circle is 27 + aZ + Zz + b=0, where aeC and beR. Centre of circle is at ~a and radius is viaf -o. (ii) If Plz,) and Ql) are the vertices of diameter of circle, then the equation of circle is (2 - 2)(@ -%) + 2-2) Z-Z) =0. 10 January 2015 | EOREn asa Nature of Circle The general equation of circle 22 + a7 + Gz + b=0 represents (i real circle|a[’>b (ii) point circle |a| (iii) imaginary circle| al 0, k #1 is a real number, then 221 repasnt cle. = represents perpendicular bisector of ine sogment joining 2, (il 2-2]+[2-2,]=k, then k >[2,—25) represents elinse with foci z, and 2, k=[2,~ 25} represents segment joining 2, and 2, k<|2,—2) it does not represent any curve in argand plano. (ill [2-2,[-[2-21=k, then k#2,—Z, represents hyperbalak =[2, ~z,| represents straight line joining Az, ) and Bz, ut excluding the segment AB. (il [raz 12-4 FA2,— 48. if 2, and 2, are two ted points, then it represents a circle with z, and z, as extremities ofa diameter (v} Lotz, and , be two fixed points ando. be areal umber such those smth aa(=2) represents a pes (clam represents straight line joining 2, and 2, excluding segment between z, and z, Sy (d) «=O represents the segment joining 2, and 2, (al 0 Gaza | [p= Here, A= A” PHSa ae aT Roots are in pai | Roats are eine Fools a eaTarG| ratloral |. aos re aistines eas ae eT a ‘atonal Fools ae equal Fools are unigue, ‘= Irrational and complex roots always occur in pat. If one root is (a + vb} then other root will be (a ~ vB}. Similarly, if one root is (a+ ib), then other root wil bea ~ ib} ‘= Both the roots ofthe equation(x— alx—bl-+{x—lix ~ch+lx—el {x a}=Uare always real, where a,b, ceR. ‘> Both the roots ofthe equation(x—a}° +(x bl? +(x— are always imaginary, where a,b, c=. SPEED BOOSTER ‘An expression (a+ VY"! + (a - BY" =K, where k = 2a and {a+ J) [a—vB}= 1 then solve the equation f(x} JEE FINAL LAP By using above, xt -3=1 and x! -3=—1 > at? = xan? Hence, the roots are +2, + v2. Caution In case of quadratic equation wit real coefficients, imaginary roots always occur in conjugate pairs, however itis nat tue for quadratic equation with complex coefficiants Relation between Roots and Coefficients Letax? + bx +c =0,a # 0be a quadratic equation having roots « and. Then, u(x — at) (x - B) sete Br +o ax’ +bx te 2, bebe = a(x Coefficient ofx a Coefficient of x" Constant ter Coefficient of x* Sum of roots =a + B= ¢ Product of rots = of = £ = 6 a Some Important Shortcuts {) Hfeoots of ax? + bx + ¢= Daren the ratiom:n, thon mnb = acl + ni. 9, Conttion forthe roots inthe ratio 1:2is2b" = ac(l +2) => 26° = Sac. {i} If one root of ax? + + ©= 0s rth power of tho other, than (ech +c + <0 2g one roots square of ther 0 FS SOLVED PAPERS 10 Mock Tests JEE MAIN 2015 JANUARY 2015 | [EORneirseassn 17JEE FINAL LAP Sign of Quadratic Expression and its Graph Let fx) = ‘Then, there are following six possible graphs! ax’ +bx+cory=ax +bx+e () When a>0andD>0 0) y>0,when ex, and > Le, graph of the Curve is above X-axis, i) y-<0, hen x (5, 4) (i) y=0, when x= 0%.) ( When a> 0 andD=0 AZ! i) Whena>0andO<0 _{) Graphis always above te Yauesiny>0vneR \ 7 1 magnates (69 When a <0 and D> 0 y>0.when xe(%,. #3) ( y=0, when x= (4, 9) (i) y<0, when ex, oF x ay “w Whena Graph is always below the Yeamisie. ye0.VxeR yeoatx Graph neither touching intersecting and le atways below Xa i. yeovxeR (Imaginary roots Lan 1, af positive, then least value ax’ + br whore Dis discriminant, (i) H2-<0, then maximum value of fac~ b= ax’ + ox where Dis discriminant. (il Hae Hae Ofna tay +t) 12 JANUARY 2015 | [ETRE reason) Formation of Quadratic Equation A quadratic equation whose roots are. and B, is given by bc-@) &- B= = x=(e+$)x+0f=0 =» x-(sum of roots) x + product of roots = 0 @ PROBLEM SOLVING STRAY TRANSFORMATION OF QUADRATIC EQUATION Rule 1. To form an equation whose roots are k(#0) times roots of ax? + bx +c =0, replace x by 7. Rule 2. To form an equation whose roots are the negative of the roots in equation, replace x by ~x. Rule 3. To form an equation whose rgots are reciprocal to given equation, replace x by ~ Rule 4. To form an equation whose roots are k more than the roots of equation, replace x by xk. Rule 5. Roots are square roots of given equation, replace x byvx. Rule 6. Roots are cube roots of given equation, replace x by Condition for Common Roots () One root common Let « be the common root of quadratic equations. = ax’ + bx+=0 and ax +0x+¢=0. = ao? +ba+e=0and da? +ba+e =0 be-We de-ca abba cd-ca_be-be > “b-bd dce-ae Hence, condition for common roots is(ca’—aj? = (aby - bat\(be’ - be) (i) Two roots common If two roots are common, then Often in JEE and other engineering competitive exams, an unknown constantis asked to find when they have either one common rational rot or an imaginary rat Since, irtional and imaginary roots ahvays exist in pat, hence both the roots are known, sa use the condition SPEED BOOSTERPosition of Roots Let ax? + bx + ¢=0 bea and as roots, then Case I Roots with respect to one real number peau ease OSs ioe Case II Roots with respect to two real numbers k, and k, Staion eRe raha stuaton roots are atthe) 3 yy ks fe to Biy between k, eee 7 ROBE and k, & 2a he JEE FINAL LAP SPEEDBOOSTER fi) Whe adr— aK ahaa, is the given expression say px) and px} is a polynomial of degree n, then Coefficient of x°- (a+ a,+a+.4,) 0g, Cootciont of x” in (x= Th 2)fx— 3}... (x - 100) (ME 2434... + 100) 00% 101 2 5080 (i) Coeticietof x°~? (+ a+ at. +a,P _(altalsti+ a a 24. Coefficient of x* in (x= Wx 2M = 3} tx — 100) =(142434...4 100) UPA 43 + ot 1008) W ack —b (iv) Ifa0, then ac> be (vi) Ifa be (vii) 1€0.0 Ja > b’, when r <0 22, V a> Oequality exists, if a=1 (viii) Joe e-a vacua uit : a Caution ita 9 Observe the pattern (i)lfa>3=a" >Sbut fora <3-32" 20 (il W200 or f(x) <0, we follow the following algorithm: Step 1 Mark the numbers (a) in real line in ascending order and assign extreme right as positive sign tie. right of a). Step WW Sign of left interval will remain same, if m, is even, otherwise you will alter the sign. This rule is true for cother interval as well Lc. you will only alter the sign (positive to negative or negative to positive) when m, is ‘odd. It will retain, ifm, is even for next interval in left. IF (9) >0, then consider those interval which are positive and if fix) <0, then consider those interval in ‘which f(x} is negative. e.g: (x X= 3) — 4)" = 6)" 30 Step 14. JANuARY 2015 Find all values of x in the interval for which above inequality is true. 1. BP gees ge Q™ ong" One for Inequalities based on Absolute Value ( [x|=a>x-2a (i) |xlsa-asxsa (ii) [x]2 a x Gv) as|x|a1 Note into GP has doit value only whon [|< t * eet), (ates say ‘onan (ii) Tn numbers G,,,,G,, Properties of GP (i) If4,,4,,a,,..,arein GP, then (a) ak, ak, ak, ... are also in GP. (o) S,%, 2. are also in GP. Kk () 4,4, 4... are also in GP. aaa (€) at, af, a... are also in GP. (ii) Ia, a, a,... and by, by, by... are two GPs, then (@) a:b,,a,b,, a,b... are also in GP. () £2... are also in GP. BBB (0) a, + b,,a, + b,,a, +d,.... are not in GP. (ii) Thay, a, a, (@) aa, =, 4,_, =a, 4,.,= () a, =a,,-a,,,, Sksn 14, are in GP, then Ai) IC ay, 2,,a,,... are in GP of positive terms, then loga,,loga,,loga,,... are alse in AP and vice-versa (ita, a, 2%,...a" arein GP, then n,,.,.,. i) Product of GP Case II number of terms is odd, then product of terms 1, willbe in AP. rms is even, then product of terms = [geometric mean of mide terms" Mean ( Ifa and b are two numbers, then geometric mean of two numbers is G=Vab. It is to be noted that the resultant sequence a, G, bis in GP, Gi) If a,,,4, ‘these numbers is given by G = (a,q,q, 14, are nnumbers, then the geometric mean Gof a.) G, are said to be geometric means between aand b, if G,, G,,G,,....G, are in GP, then 6, <0(2) er (2) Tanto. a a Key Points {i) Tho a numbers 6,6, G,...8, are m geometric mean between a and b then G,.6,,6,,...G, =[abl"” {iD IA and G are respectively arithmetic and geometric means between two positive numbers @and 6, then fa) A> 6 {o)the quadratic equation having a, bas roots is v= Axe =D {c}two postive numbers are At YA" —@? Wtex22 16 JaNuaRY 2015 | [EOREn SasaHarmonic Progression ‘The sequence @,, @,,...,4,,...,(a, #0) is said to be an HP, it ifthe sequence+,+,,...+,...isan AP. Then, nth term a," a" a, + whore a=+ and a, of an HP is a,=——+_, a+ ad a Harmonic Mean Ifaand bare two non-zero numbers, then the harmonic ‘mean of a and bis a number H such that the numbers 4, H, bare in HP. We have, tlt (¢ + 3) SH Ho 2a’ Harmonic Mean of n Numbers If @.d),...4, aren non-zero numbers, then harmonic mean H of these numbers is given by a lif(a a4 1 tetft ett, yt Honla a” a 4 Insertion of Harmonic Means between a and b ‘The n numbers H,, H,,...,H, are said to be m harmonic means between and b, if, H,,Hy,...H,,b arein HP. 2ab a+b the Key Points IAG and H are respectively AM, GM and HM between a and b ‘both being unequal and positive, then (i) = AH ie. A.Gand H ate in geometric progression {il Az G2 H equality only old when all terms are equal Method of Difference Suppose, a,,4,,d,,... is a sequence such that the sequence a, ~ a, d, ~4,,... is either an AP or GP. ‘The nth term a, of this sequence is obtained as follows Step | Denote the nth term and sum of the series upto n terms by a, andS,. S,=4 +a, tah. t a, Step Rewrite the given series with each term shifted by cone place to the right S,2tatatota, Step INI Subtract the above two terms of the series, find a, 0-4 + (a —a)t (a —a)t #18, a9), JEE FINAL LAP a4 +(@naltla alt. +44, Step IV Find the sum of the series, 5 =) a, Arithmetico-Geometric Progression ais the first term, dis the common difference and r is the common ratio, then a(a+dr,(a+2a 2, a+ (n-1)dr""',... is known as AGP. (i) The nth term of AGP, T, =[a+ (n-tdjr"~* (ii) Sum of first n terms of AGP is + drQ=r""')_ [a+ (n—td)r" a-rF a-n (ii) Sum of the AGP containing infinite many terms is dr SPEEDBOOSTER ee 243444 feet pt ot 2a +n=3n ere € erste eee ay SEB +S 47+... + (2 T= (nF #2444 64...+[2n)=nn+ + dk=kn see ee Db Se + To obtain the sum E a, la,+a,+ BCECE Engineering SOLVED PAPERS Baas BCECE sfloxP')-lexxeB,then AgB and read as Ais not a subset of B.IMPORTANT POINTS = Null setis a subset of each set = Each sets a subset of itselt. = If Ahasm elements, then number of subsets of set Ais” Proper Subset If each element of A is in set B but set B has atleast one element which is not in A, then set A is known as proper subset of set B. If Aisa proper subset of B, then it is written as'A cB’ and read as ‘Aisa proper subset of B eg. N={1,2,3, 4). and P= {0 -3,-2,-1,0,1,2,3, 04) Nel If Ahas melements, then number of proper subsets is 2” = 1 Comparability of Sets ‘Two sets A and Bare said to be comparable, if either Ac B or BC A or A=B, otherwise A and Bare said to be incomparable. Universal Set If there are some sets under consideration, then there happens to be a set which is a superset of each one of the given sels. Such a set is known as the universal set and it is denoted by S or U, This set can be chosen arbitrarily for any discussion of given sets but after choosing it is fixed, Power Set Let A be a non-empty set, then collection of all possible subsets of set A is known as power set. It is denoted by P(A). IMPORTANT POINTS = Each elemant ofa power setis a set. = Power sot of any stis always non-emply_set * set Ahasm elements, thenP(Ahas2” elements + I into sot has 9 elements. Then, number of subsets having r elements = °C, JEE FINAL LAP Venn Diagram Statements involving sets ‘can be easily understood with pictorial representation of the sets. A set is represented by circle or a closed geometrical TIP a)|] E 2 YY by rectangular region. Elements ofa set Aare represented by points ‘within the etcle which sepresents A Operation on Sets Now, we introduce some operations on sets to construct new sets from the given ones. ()) Union of sets Let A and Bbe two sets, then union of Aand Bisa set of all those elements which are in A or in Bor in both Aand B. It is denoted by A U Band read as A union B. Symbolically, AU B= (x:x A orx eB} Clearly, xe AUB => xe AorxeB Ir x€AUB = xeAandxeB The Venn diagram of A UB is as shown in the figure and the shaded portion represents AU B. (Orr) COs) a = The union of a finite numberof sats A, 4, AA UA UWA UA A, s represented by Symbolially, © A = (x: €4 for atleast one) (i) Intersection of sets The intersection of two sets A and Bis the set of all the elements which are common in A and B. This set is denoted as A> Band read as A intersection B. AN B=(x:xe Aand xB} = (x:x¢ AAx eB) (a denotes and) xeAnBexeAandxeB (oe \O) AcBraBeA Ww aba no shaded region WenBEAANG=B8 whenAand Bare asjoi' sets JANUARY 2015, Mathematics SPECTRUM ME)JEE FINAL LAP > Tho intersection ofn sets A, A, A, is writ as NA nrAn ann. a(x: 4,Wi,1Sism) (iil) Difference of two sets The difference o! two sels A and B is the set of all those elements of A which are not elements of B. Itis denoted by AB. A-B=(x:x ¢ Aand x eB) Thus, x¢A-B=>xeAandxeB A ~ Bean be represented by Venn diagram (shaded region) as below (Ge) LY A-B=8 @O© AnB=A vwnem A anc are cin sets A=B when neher AcBrobea (iv) Complement of a set Complement of a set A is defined as U- A, when U is the universal set and is denoted by AS or A’ie. AS =U-A or AS = ber eU,x A} ©) UF HAUS =9, ANA =0,AU A =U, e (v) Symmetric difference For two sets A and B, symmetric difference is the (A~B) U(B- A) denoted by A AB. a A set x AB a BA Laws of Algebra of Sets For three sets A, Band C (@ Idempotent law : (a) AUA=A fb) AN A=A (ii) Identity law (a) AUO=A (b) ANU=A (iii) Commutative law (a) AUB=BUA fb) ANB=BOA (iv) Associative law (a) (AU BUC = AU BUC) (b) ANBNC)=(AN BNC (¥) Distributive law () AVIBNC)=(AUB)N(AUC) ©) AN BUC =(AN BLANC) (vi) De-Morgan’s law (Av Bye aoe (b) (An BY =A UB () A~(BNC)=(A-B) a (A-C) (a) A-(BUC)=(A-B)U(A-C) (vii)(a) A-B= ANB (b) B-A=BO A (J A-B=A@ANB=6 (d) (A~B)\UB=AUB (6) A-B)nB=6 () AM BcAand ANBCB (@) AVIAN B=A (h) AN(AU BEA (vill) (a) (A -B) U (BA) =(AU B)-(A NB) (b) An (B-C) =(AnB)-1A nC) (©) AN (BAC)=(AN BAAN) (@) (An BUlA-B)=A () AU(B-A)=(AUB) (x) (@) =o (b) =U (Ay=Aa @ ANA = fe) AVA =U WAcBOB CA Some Important Results on Order of a Finite Set ILA, Band C are finite sets and Uiis the finite universal set, then (0) (A.V B)= 114) + n(B)— (AB), HAN BEG = n(A —B) + n{B - A) > nA B) (ii) nA UB) = nA) + 1B), TAN B= (Gil) (A ~ B) = nf) - nA. B) (Gv) nB - A) = nB) - nfm B) (v) n{A - B) + nB- A) =n{A) + n{B) -2n(A 9 BY = nA. B) + n{B mA) or number of elements which belongs to exactly one of A or B. (vi) Atleast one of the three = n(A U B UC) = nlA) + n{B) + nC) [MA 9 B) + 1B AC) + AC mA) BCH (vii) nlonly A) = (A 9B C}=n|A BUCY] =nlA) = nA. B)~ nA AC) +A BNC) the results nfonly B) and n(only C) are left for the reader. (viii) None of the elements A, B,C =n(A’ 9 BAC) =n(AUBUCY (U) ~ (AU BUC) 20 JANUARY 2015 | [EIRENE aa](ix) Number of elements exactly two of the three sets, ABC = MAN B)+ BAC) + nC 9 A)—3nA BAC) =NA BAC) + ANC OB)+ BOC A) (x) Number of elements exactly or only one of the sets ABC = nA) + n{B) + nC) -2n(A 9 B) -2n1B AC) =2n(C A A) + 3nlA A BAC) (xi) Number of elements of A and B but not C given by nA 9 BAC) = nA. B)—A BNC) (xii) Number of elements of BandC but not Ais given by AIBC 0 AY= IB AC)= ANB AC) (xiil) Number of elements of and A but not Bis given by nC A AM B)=nC A A)- AIAN BOC) Note Byadding fx), (xi) bi) we get exactly two ofthe three sets A, B ‘and C which is given in resut (x) Gv) nf(A By] = nla’ 9 BY = nU) ~ nA B) (ev) nA Bi) = nA vB) = m0) — (A 9 B) IMPORTANT POINTS For any two sots maximum and minimum number of elements in AUB By fact n(AvB}=n1A)}+0(8) n\n 8) = nlAWB} wll be maximum, ifn Bis minimum. = n(Ar 8 will be minimum, i|AB)=9 a5 nlAB)=0 = nlAr Bill be maximum, if AUB #8 Maximum of nj B}=nlA) + nlB) Minimum of als 8)can be determined withthe given values of A and. Ordered P: A pair of objects (elements) taken (listed) in a definite (specific) order, is known as an ordered pair. In the ordered pair (x, y;), x; is known as first element and y; Is called second element. Two ordered pair (x, y) and (0,4) are said to be equal =>x =p, y=4. ‘= Two ordered pairs are equal i and only if their corresponding frst elements are equal and second elements are also equal Cartesian Product of Sets For two sets A and B (non-empty sets), the set of all ordered pairs (a,b) such that ae A and be B is called cartesian product of the sets A and B, denoted by Ax B. Ax B={(a,b):a¢ Aand b< BY If there are three sets A,B,C and ae A, be Band ceC, then we form an ordered triplet (a,b,c). The set of all ordered triplets (a, b,c) is called the cartesian product of these sets A, Band C. ie. AXBxC={(abd:aeAbeB,ce } JEE FINAL LAP SPEED BOOSTER = If Aand contain mand elements respectively, then there willbe _mxn of rin) elements in AX ie. if n{A)=m and nl@)=n, then nAxB)= mn, = The cartesian product of elements in 4? ={r), when n()= mm. Simialy, the number of clomants in Ax Ax Ave. Awith itself is denoted 4. So, the number Properties of Cartesian Product (i) Ax B=4, ifeither A or Bis an empty set. (ii) Axe =(AxB)U(AxC) (ill) A x (BC) =(A xB) (AxC) (iv) Ax (B-C)=(Ax B)-(AxC) (vy) (AX BOE xD) =(ANC) x (BAD) (vi) If Ac BandC cD, then(AxC)c(B xD) (vii) If ACB, then AXA C(A x B) 9 (Bx A) (vill) AxB=Bx Ae A=B (ix) If either A or B is an infinite set, then Ax B is an. infinite set (x) Ax (BUCY =(AxB)O(AxC) (xi) Ax (BA CY =(AxB)U(AxC) (xii) If A and B are any two non-emply sets having n elements in common, then AxB and Bx A have 1 elements in common. (xiii) If A # B, then Ax B# Bx A (xiv) 11 A=B, then AxB=BxA (xv) ACB, then AxC XC for any set C. = Ifa elements are comman to Aand 8, Then, number of commen lomonts in Ax B and B x Aare n? Relation (R) Let X and ¥ be two non-emply sets, A relation from the set X to set ¥ is subset of X x. If Ris a relation from X to Y, then we write RX xY. Ifan ordered pair (x,y) © R, then we write xRy. Domain and Range of Relation If Ris a relation from X to Y, then the set of first entries in distinct ordered pairs in R is called domain of R and set ofall second entries in R is called range of R. In other words, R is subset of X xY. Finally, we say domain ¢X and range cY. Number of Relations Let X and ¥ be two non-empty finite sets having mand n clements, respectively then number of ordered pair in X xY is mxn, so the number of subsets of X x ¥ =2™*" i.e. number of relations from X toY =2* eg. EX = (4,5, 6}, ¥=(7, 8) then number of relations from X to Y =number of subsets of X x ¥ =2° =64 JANUARY 2015 | [TRUPmEtEasan 21JEE FINAL LAP Inverse Relation ‘The inverse relation R of a relation Ris the set obtained by reversing each of the pairs of R and is denoted by R™ ‘Thus, if Ris a relation from a set Ato set Band R={(,ylixe Ay ©B} Ro = (ly, xy €B.x € A} IMPORTANT POINTS If any ordered par (x,y belongs to R, thon the ordered pair y, x) belongs to A" Symbolically, (x,y) (y,x}_eR™ Domain #~'= Range R Domain Range A The Inverse of an Inverse Relation Let Rbe a relation in A.B, then = {lx y)ix © Ay © BY B= (ly) :y €B,x eA The inverse of Ris (RY? = (0 y)ixe Ay © A}=R Note The inverse of an inverse relation isthe orginal relation, Types of Relations Ident Relation A relation R in a set X is called identity relation in X, R=((x,x) |x EX} or A relation R is said to be identity relation, if in the set o distinct ordered pairs (x, y), x €X, y €¥ and x=y, which ‘means in the set of distinct ordered pairs first and second elements are symmetrical (identical/equal). Universal Relation A relation R in a set X is called universal relation, i R=XxX, ie. if X=(,2}, then X = (01), 2), 2.1), 2,29} Void or Null or Empty Relation in a Set Let X be a non-empty set, then every subset of X xX is a relation and empty set, § or {} is subset of X xX is a relation in X such relation is called void or null relation Special Types of Relation Reflexive relation A relation R is said to be reflexive relation, if every element of A is related to itself Thus, ‘Symmetric relation A relation R is said to be symmetric relation, iff be = baeRVabeA ie. Rb = bRa,V a,be A = Ris symmetric Py MANY AE Mathematics SPECTRUM| universal relation in (Ga) e RV ac A> Ris reflexive. Anti-symmetric relation A relation R is said to be anti-symmetric relation, iff (a,b) Rand (b,a)eR > a=b,VabeA Transitive relation A relation R is said to be transitive relation iff (a, b) € R and (b,c) R = (a, che R,VabceA Equivalence relation A relation R is said to be an equivalence relation, if it is simultaneously reflexive, symmetric and transitive on A. Partial order relation A relation R is said to be a partial order relation, if iis simultaneously reflexive, symmetric and anti-symmetric on A. Total order relation A relation R on a set Ais said to be a total order relation on A, if R is a partial order relation ona Equivalence Class Let Abe a set and be an equivalence relation on the set A. Ia. A, then the set of al those elements, which satisly xRa, is called the equivalence class of a, denoted by (al Symbolically, the equivalence class [a] = (x :x € A, xRa} IMPORTANT POINTS "= Here, may be other equivalence [6] =[e]=. Tho sot of all such equivalance classos in the quotient sot (al [b, [].} and is denoted by A/R which is read as “A modulo R ot Amod R. * If Ris an equivalence elation defined onthe set Aanda and b are any two elements of A, then {i)aelalie. .[a]isnotempty set i) fb <[a}, then [6] =fa] (i a= [6] =a, 6) 2 (iv) Either [a] > (b] = or [a] = [0] Composition of Relation Let R and $ be two relations from sets A to Band BtoC, respectively, then we can define relation SoR from A to C such that (a,0 ¢SoR 3b eB such that (a,b) ¢R and (b, eS. This relation SoR is called the composition of R and S, (i) Ros # Sor i) (SORT! = R oS known as reversal rule. IMPORTANT POINTS * lfands are wo squivalence relation onaset Athan Sisal an equivalence relation on A = Tho union of two equivalence rolatins on sot AB, then nat nocossarily an equivalonce rolationon tho sot A * IF Fis an equivalence relation on a set A, then R~ is also an squivalonco relation on * Ifaset Ahas nelements then numberof reflexive relation fom Ato Ais2"°"Function) A relation R from a set A toa set B is called a function, if () each element of A is associated with some elements of B (ii) each element of A has unique image in B. Function Relation Thus, a function f froma set Atoa set Bisa subset of AxB in which each a belonging to A appears in ‘one and only one ordered pair belonging to f. Hence, a function f is a relation from A to B satisfying the following properties. Every function from A B satisfies the following conditions () fc AxB (i) Vae A(t (a)efand (iit) (@,b) efand (a, jef=b=c Thus, the ordered pairs of f must satisfy the property that each element of A appears in some ordered pair and no two ordered pairs have same first element. Note Every function is @ relation but every relation is not necessarily function. Domain, Codomain and Range of a Function Let f: A> B, then the set A is known as the domain of fand the set Bis known as codomain of f. The set of all f images of elements of A is known as the range of f. Thus, Domain of f = {al a € A, (a, f(a)) € f} Range of f ={i(a)|a€ A, fla) < B}. IMPORTANT POINTS It shouldbe noted that range is a subset of codomain. f only the rule of function is give, then the domain ofthe function isthe set of those real numbers, where function is defined Fora continuous funtion, the interval from minimum to maximum value of function gives the range. (Give domain and range of all common function) If domain of ftxhis D, and domain of glx)is ,, then domain of f(x} + glx)=0, 0, JEE FINAL LAP Important Types of Functions Polynomial Function If a function f is defined by f(x)=qx"+a,x""? 4ax""? +... +a,_, X+a,, where n is a non-negative integer and a, dy... 4, are eal numbers and dy #0, then fis called a polynomial function of degree n. = A polmomial of degree one with no constant function. ie. (el =ax,a #0 ‘= There are two polynamial functions, satisfying the relation fx} fe) = flu) + Ye). They ar) fe} = x? + Yand (ifod= rm is called an od linear =x", where is a positive integer. Algebraic Function yis an algebraic function of x, if its a function that satisfies an algebraic equation of the form F(x) y"+P,(x) y"-"+ +P, :0)y +P,0)=0, where n is a positive integer and P,(9),P,G),... are polynomials in x. e.g. x° +y! —3xy=0 or y=[x| is an algebraic function, since it satisfies the equation y =x =0 Note All polmomial functions are algebraic but not the converse. A function ‘snot algebraic is called ranscedental function, Fractional Rational Function Arational function isa function ofthe form y = 6) = 22, where g(x) and h(x) are polynomials and his) +0 Exponential Function A function ffx)=a =e*™(a>0, az1xeR) is called an ‘exponential function. The inverse of the exponential function is, called the logarithmic function. , y toate> - \ en cif dinatocet (1,0) * (1.0) ” gh) -box g%)=baye i.e. g(x) = 10g, x . For fix) = e* domain is R and range is R*. For (x) = e* domain is R - {0} and range is R* Absolute Value Function A function y = f(x) =|x] is called the absolute value function or modulus function. It is defined as i x20 bf eeo JANUARY 2015 | [TEUEEasan 23JEE FINAL LAP For fx) =|x, domain is Rand range is R* U {0} For fix) = a domain is R - (0) and range is R* Signum Function ‘A function y = f(x) = Sgn (x) is defined as follows " , 1, for x>0 ys tes y=t09=10, tor x=0 | Jt, tor x—= to find whether y is asymptotic or nol y If denominator vanishes say at x = a and (x — a) is not factor between and lim and lim, to find i) a common numerator denominator, then examine ‘whether f approaches « or ~ «». Now, plot the graphs of the following functions,JEE FINAL LAP Equal or Identical Function IMPORTANT POINTS. Any continuous function which has atleast ane local maximum or ‘Two functions f and g are said to be equal, if local minimum, then fx) is many-one. in othor words, if a line o me Gomain of a comain og parallel to Xcaxis cuts the graph of the function atleast at two ii) The range of f= The range of g an pois, thn is mang one (iil) f(x) = g(x), for every x belonging to their common «= jf a function is one-one, it cannot be many-one and vice-versa. domain, One-one+ Manone Total ruber of mappings. 1 x e.g. f(x) and <= are identical functions. 9:10) = and gh) = Onto Funetion (surjective mapping) If the function 1; A> B is such that each element in B Classification of Functions (codomain) is the f image of atleast one element in A, then One-one Function {injective mapping) we say that fis a function of A onto B. Thus, f:A-» Bis A function f: A B is said to be a one-one function or Surective, iff ¥ b © B, 3some ae A such that f(a) =b. injective mapping, if different elements of A have Diagrammatically surjective mapping can be shown as different f images in B. Thus, for x,,x, €A and fx), A 8 1(¥,) € B,Tx,) = 10) ©; =X, OFX #X, € £0) # £04) Examples RR f(x) = x° + 1; f(x) =e; f(x) = - In x Diagrammatically an injective mapping can be shown as A 8 a @ If range =codomain, then f(x) is onto. Into Function If: A Bis such that there exists atleast one element in codomain which is not the image of any element in IMPORTANT POINTS domain, then f(s int. * Acontiuous function which is aways increasing or decreasing in Diagrammatically into function can be shown as whole domain, thon Fx)is one-one A 8 "= If anyline parallel to Xaxis cuts the graph ofthe function atmostat ‘one point, then the function is one-one. Many-one Function (not injective) A function {: A Bis said to be a many-one function, if two or more clements of A have the same / image in B. Thus, /: A Bis many-one, if for XX € A, HO) = fx) But x, # X, Examples R > R f(x) =[xl; foe) =| xh; f(x) = ax’ + bx + ¢; f(x) =sinx ‘= Ifa function onto it cannot be into and vice-versa ‘Apalynomial of degree even define from A» R will always be Diagrammatically a many-one mapping can be shown as int and a polynomial of degree odd dafined from R will 4h ia always be onto ‘Thus, a function can be one of these four types: {a) one-one onto (injective and surjective) (> 8) JANUARY 2015 25JEE FINAL LAP {b) one-one into (injective but not surjective) 95) (0) many-one onto (surjective but not injective] ($7) IMPORTANT POINTS "IF Fis both injective and surjective, then itis called a bijective mapping. The bijective functions are also named as invertible, non-singular or biuniform functions. = Ifa set A contains n distinct elements, then the number of different functions defined from A> Aisn® and aut of itlare one-one, General Defi Identity Function ‘The function f A+ A defined by ffx) =x, ¥ xe A is called the identity of A and is denoted by I,. It is easy to observe that identity function defined on R is a bijection Constant Function A function f A~ B is said to be a constant function, every element of A has the same f image in B. Thus f A+B;fx =c,¥xeA,ceB isa constant function. Note that the range of a constant function is a singleton and @ constant function may be one-one or many-one, onto or into. Number of Functions Let X = 0% %2 1%, and ¥ = {Y/Y ¥su ,} (ie, m elements) y,} (ie. r elements) fay (i) Total number of functions = (Number of elements in codomain)"™ #"*" wi) Taal mmberotonetoonefuntions={C* mu ren RAs 26 JANUARY 2015 (Gi) Total number of many-one functions ir" —'C,-nl, ren (iv) Total number of constant function: (v) Total number of onto functions P* Cyr —10 + Cyr 2)" — Cyr -3)" + en 0, ron (vi) Total number of into functions (r —1)" —'C, (r —2)" + 'Cylr -3!" sn rn ron Composite of Uniformly and Non-uniformly Defined Functions Let f: A> B and g:B->C be two functions. Then, the function gof: A C defined by (gof) (x) = glftxl), Vx € Ais called the composite of the two functions f and g. Diagrammaticaly > (| 2 [gi—> 9 ox) Thus, the image of every x ¢ A under the function got is the g image of the f image of x Note gofis detined only, iV xe A, f(x)I8 an element ofthe domain (fg, so thal we can take is g image. Hence, forthe product gof ‘of two functions f and g, the range of f must be a subset of the domain of g. Note that gof in general not equal to fog. Properties of Composite Functions = The composite of functions isnot commutative ie. go fog. = The composite of functions is associative eg. iff, h are three functions such that flgohl and fogloh are defined, then felgoh = fog) oh Associatvity FN lp, fx)=2e 9: I> O.gie=—h: O98 hix}=er x (hoglof= hogan =e"* "= The composite of two bijections isa bijection. if fand gare two bijections such that gofis defined, then gafis also a bijection, Homogeneous Functions {A function is said to be homogeneous with respect to any set of variables when each of its terms is of the same degree with respect to those variables. eg. 5x2 43)! ay is homogeneous in x andy. Symbolically, if ftx,ty)=£"-flx,y), then fly) is homogeneous function of degree nInverse of a Function Letf: A> Rbea one-one and onto function, then there exists a unique function g:B > A sach that f60 = y-¢2 ayi=x,¥x< A andy ©, Then, gis said to be inverse of f. Thus, g=f7!: B—> A={ (f(x), x)| (, fb) ef Properties of Inverse Function = The inverse ofa biection is unique = IFF:A-s Bis a bijection and g:8—> Ais the inverse off, then fog =I and gof =! where 1, and Jy are identity functions onthe sets A an 8, respectively. Note. Thegraphs off and gare the mirorimages ofeach other in the ine y = x. As shown in the figure given below a Point (xy) corresponding to y= x°(x 0) changes to (2x")gortesponding to y = + VZ, the changed form of eo e Fork OO Fae Fo. = The inverse ofa bijection is also a bijection, = If fand g ate two bijections > 8, g:B-> C, then the inverse of gof exists and gof "=f "og~ Bounded Function A function is said to be bounded, if| (x) fix) is even and ify) + 1x) =0 = f(s) is odd (i) A function may neither be odd nor even. fx) = cos x; gle) =x? +3 #09) = sin x; glx) =x? +x JEE FINAL LAP (iii) Inverse of an even function is not defined and an even. function cannot be strictly monotonic. (iv) Every even function is symmetric about the Y-axis and every odd function is symmetric about the origin (v) Every function can be expressed as the sum of an even and an odd function, 109+ fh 2 x) , fhe) fx) eg. F)= (vi) The only function which is defined on the entire number line and is even and odd at the same time is f(x) =0. (vil) Iffand gboth are even or 044, then the function f-g will, be even but ifanyone of them is odd, then {-gwill be odd. Foy ate) fle) + ate) #02) = 9) odd odd odd odd oad nether addnar even nether oddinar even even nether odd nor even nether odd nar even Flag) Fee atx) (gon (x) (fog) (x even even ___odd oda aad odd en even ai sdb eve eve Periodic Function ‘A function f(x) is called periodic, if there exists a positive number T (>) called the period of the function such that f(c+T) = f(x}, for all values of x within the domain of x. e.g The function sin x and cosx both are periodic over 2x and tan x is periodic over 1. IMPORTANT POINTS = (7 }=10}=f{-1), where T's the perio. = Inverse ofa periodic function does not exist ry constant function is always periodic, with no fundamental period "= IF flx}has a period Fand g(x) also has @ period , then it does not mean that f(x] + glx} must have a period T. eg flx)=|sinx|+ eos} = ff{xdhas a period p, then 1 and FT alo has paid "= If lx}has a period F, then flax + b)has a period /a (a > 0) General Ifxand y are independent variables, then (i) fly) = F601 + fly) = f68) = kn x oF fx) =0 Gi) flay) = 169)-11y) — 108) =x", ne R (ii) 1¢ + y) = £00) fy) = #69 ~ a!™ (iv) f+ y) = 108) + fy) 9108) = hx, where Kis a constant. JANUARY 2015 |[TRUPmEUeasan i 27JEE FINAL LAP Transformation of Graphs wo (x)to y = — fx) Flip about the X-axis y= fontoy= flex) Flip about the Y-axis Wi) y=f0010 y= Mla) +k. Shitthe graph A unis upwards or downwards depending on whether kis poslive ornegalve, respectively. (W y=" y= Fix K) © Advance (shift let) or delay (shi right) the graph by|{ units depending on whether k is positive or negative, respectively. y= faite y= M0) ‘Siretch or compress the graph along the Y-ax’s depending on whether|H > To] < |, respectively Also, flo it about the Xan, if kis negative (ths latter statement follows from part ) y= fentoy = 109 ‘Sretch or compress the graph along the X-axis depending on wihether|k| < tor] M|> ¥, respectively. Also, flip it about the Y-axis, if k is negative (the latter statement follows from part i) Reflect the parts ofthe graph that lie in the lower haf (negative parts) into the upper half ofthe axes. left half of the axes. Discard the let part ofthe graph ((or x< 0) and take a reflection ofthe right part ofthe graph into the ® y=fetolyl= fo) Discard the lower part ofthe graph (f(x) < 0) and take reflection of the upper par ofthe graph into the lower half of ta axes. SAMPLE QUESTION PAPERS FOR CBoE EXAMINATIONS 2015 CLASS XII Available in all Subjects ‘Physics, Chemistry, Mathematics Biology, English Core etc. WG arihant Inspiring Minds- Inspiring Lives sample Question Papers Chemistry Mathematics English Core @: = Buy online@ arihantbooks.com 28 JANUARY 2015JEE FINAL LAP EU CEL TL Limit of Function Let fx) be defined on an open interval about x except possible at x itself. If (6) gets arbitrarily close to L for all x sufficiently close to %, we say that f approaches the limit L as x approaches X) and we write nm fx) = Formal Definition of Limit Let f(x) be defined on an open interval about x, except possible at x, itself and let L be a real number. %. lim f{x)=1 means that 1 for each real e>0there «| exists areal 8>0such_ | fe that for all x with O<|x-x <8, we have | ~ [a [io [60 - L] 0, ¥ 3B>0 VeO<[x-m1<5 Hi) <9) Caution Point Normally student would have the perception that limit should be a finite number. But itis not really, so it is quite possible that f(x) had infinite limit as xa. If lim/ix)==, it would simply mean that functions ‘has tendency to assume to very large positive values in the neighbourhood of x 1 eg. lim > =~, 9 [x] DO YOU KNOW? Neighbourhood (nbd) of a Point Lot ‘x bea real number and let be a positive real ruumbsr. Then, th sot of all real numbers ling betwoon Xq—B and xy +3 is called the neighbourroad of x5 of radius6 and is denoted by NBlxah Thus, NBlxg)=[x9~B, % +8) = {x eRltg—3 <4 < Xp +8} Tho sot xy—8 xis called te left nbdof xy and the sot (5% +8) is called the right nbd of xe, Right Hand Limit If limflx)=h for every number e>0, there exists a corresponding number > 0 such that forall x. % <¥ 2% +8 1) -L0, there exists a corresponding number 8 >0 such that for all x. my -8 lim fx) = lim, fx) Reasons for non-existence of the limit Here, student should aware about reasons for non-existence of Limit. From the discussion, so far it is clear that lim (x) will not exist due to any of these three reasons we (i) (69 is not defined in the neighbourhood of x =a e.g, Consider, im, sec™*(sin x) (ii) £69 does not have a unique tendency. es: Comer mca?) JANUARY 2015 | [TRUmEasan 29JEE FINAL LAP Gi) Left and right eg. Consider, limbs}, where ( tendencies of f(x) are not same. fe ot ‘= For the existence ofthe limit atx =a, flx) need nat be defined at x=a. However, if fa)exists limit need not exist or even, if itexsts, then it need not be equal to fla}. denotes { fractional part. Indeterminancy of Functions If a unique value cannot be assigned to f(a), then f(x) is said to be indeterminate at x = a. xn4 eg. f0) =“ is indeterminate at ° 2) =9 is indeterminate (2) => is indeterminate. In this section, we list the various type of indeterminancy Indeterminant Forms Meo + oxen! Veo 70 © y=0" = logy =log(0°) => 0xlog/0) =0 e2 ye" logy =logle") = 0 x logo = y=T =logy =logl" }=> © xtoglt) ‘= 22;~ =, is also an indeterminate form a necessarily approach tothe same infinity xe x0 and, does not Algebra of Limits Let lim f(x) =1 and limg(x) =m. If and mexist, then {G) im g) 9 = Lim fly) = Lim gfx) = (i) irsig) = Tim) lim gt) = em Gai) “a BEN) _ 1 provided mao ai) im( 4p - 2° — 1. provided me oft Timgts) mm? (iv) limk (69 = K-lim,ty), where kis constant. (9) tim | =| im) |= 11 (vi) die)? = tim yy = (vii) lim fog(x) = fim 969) = fm, only if f is continuous at gtx) =m Im particular, (a) lim og f(s) = log lim f(x)) = log 1 ta (0) lime! = er ET NA ee Mathematics SPECTRU! © or—=, then lim. (viti) If Lim fx) = + wit ° 252 76) (ix) If {6 < g(x) for every x in the nbd of a, then im/(y) s lim gt. IMPORTANT POINTS Ie lim Flrighe) exists, then we h * Both lim flr} and lim glx)exist. following cases: + lim fAxdonists and lim glx} dos not exit. * Both fim f(x} and fim glx) do not exist. Wim [FUc1+ glx] exists, then we can have the following cases Him flx} exists, then lim glx) must exist. * Both lim flr)and lim glx) donot exist Sandwich Theorem for Evaluating Limits Let f, gand hbe real functions, such that f(x) < g(x) < h(x) for all x in the common domain of definition, For some real number a, if lim/tx 1=limh(x), then “Timg(x) = yon This is illustrated in figure. ‘Some Important Results on Limits "= If plx)is a polynomial, then tim ptx} la} = Tim xf 1 hn . tin + aby tans = lin lim im SE tim 2% — fi cos.x = I(where, x is in radians) 0 ra eae 1y¥ + = lim[1+—] =e . lim, sinlaack © tim 2” + fg OMY pg, 0.0 20.21 IF fim flx)=0, then te following results willbe holing tue =m SOE jy SF _ fn cos x)= 1 IVT) 8 fa) sin""flx} fan“"f\x} = im 1 re fds Fx) iat = lim (1+ Fla = im =Inpio>o) * £m aoe fix) : !JEE FINAL LAP Evaluation of Limits Algebraic Function of » Type There are many problems which cannot be (a) ~ form First we should know the limiting values of a*(a >0) reduced to any one of the standard limits. In such 45x «. See the graphs of these functions. cases, the following rules may prove useful: 5 5 J fina Series Expansion when a> Following are some of the frequently used series expansions: Now, see the graph for a* when a>1. This graph appears to touch X-axis in the negative side of X-axis and thereafter it increases rapidly. This's why because lim a» 0, again you will also find the result, lim a’ =. ou oF aot px . Thus, we have lima" =}1, = @ =14 (Ing) x+ (ina? T+...aeR ° coe ‘= This type of problem are solved by taking the highest power ofthe terms tending t infinity common numerator and denominator. That i ater they ae cancelled and the rest output isthe result or (apply ' Hospital's rule), (+ og"=14 mx Inf@+x)= (b) »-« form Such problems are simplified (generally rationalised) first, thereafter they generally acquire “ form, L’ HOSPITAL'S RULE | fll 9 Important Points © Hp hasan ndeteminancy at=0 of the t=5 or | If m,n are positive integers and a, hj #0 and non-zero real than fm 2. jn PO aipore tris called tho | MUMPERS: Then ane oe) egy him Et a erate off A Be + CPA aber anindeteminareyatx aah tenpe 00) pn Pad then lim LO = tin rea) = 4b, = This can be done continued till we find a determinate =, m>nwhen aby >0 result ee, m +) can take any value between —1 to 1 or we can say when x0, f(x) oscillates between -1 and Las shown in figure. yen) Theorems on Continuity Theorem 1 Sum, difference, product and quotient of two continuous functions is always a continuous function. However, h(x) = 9 ig continuous at x = aonly if gla) 40. ts) Theorem 2 If/(x) is continuous and glx) is discontinuous atx = a, then the product function (x)= fix): g(x) is not necessarily be discontinuous at x =a Theorem 3 If (x) and g(x) both are discontinuous atx = a, then the product function o(x)=f{x)-gix) is not necessarily be discontinuous at x = a 10 =f? “s MS Y-1x <0 H-Lx20 and ato = fee (8) = f69)-glx) =-1.V x ER => 6(x) is continuous, whereas f(x) and g(x) are discontinuous at 0. Continuity of Composite Functions If the function u = f(x) is continuous at the point x=a and the function y=glu) is continuous at the point x= (a), then the composite function y = (gof)(x) = glf{x)) is continuous at the point IMPORTANT POINTS * If Fis continuous on a closed interval a,b, then itis bounded * A continuous function whose domain is some closed interval must have its range also in the lased interval, = ff{a}andf{b)possess opposite sign, then there exists atleast one solution of the equation f1x)=0 in the apen interval a, 8) provided fis continuous in fa, BL * IfFis continuous on [a,b then fis also continuous. Intermediate Value Theorem If f is continuous on (a,b) and f(a) #/(b), then for any value € (ila), f(), there is atleast one number x, in (a,b) for which bs) = 6. 34 _JANUARY 2015 | METMMENPE ara0) a) From figure (c) and figure (@), itis clear that continuity in interval a,b] is essential for the validity of this theorem. Differentiability Let f(x) be a real-valued function defined on an open, interval (a,b), where ce (a,b)-Then, f(x) is said to be differentiable or derivable at x=c, if and only if its) = fle) lim exists finite a) ¥ This limit is called the derivative or differentiable coefficient of the function f(x) at x =¢ and is denoted by , me £(0 or Dilo) or FUE, sm {0-H _ = timfe=h = He ti A is called the left hand derivative of f(x) at x=¢ and is denoted by f (C7) or LI (a. 108) e+ h\- Ho) ta «-0) hand derivative of f(x) at x RE (0) If Lf ( #RE (0, we say that f(x) is not differentiable at Differentiability in a Set {) A function f(x) defined on an open interval (a b)is said to be differentiable or derivable in open interval (a,b) if itis differentiable at each point of (a,b. {il) A function fix) defined on [a,b] is said to be differentiable or derivable at the end points @and b, if itis differentiable from the right at a and from the left While lim i is called the right and is denoted by /'(c') or JEE FINAL LAP £13) = HQ. jy HX = 10) at b. x=b In other words, lim: both exist IEfis derivable in the open interval (a, b) and also the end points a and b, then [is said to be derivable in the closed interval {a, bl Note A function f is said to be diferantable function, if it is Continuous * Continuous =» May or may not be differentiable = Not continuous = Not differentiable How can a function fail to be differentiable The function {(x)is said to be non-differentiable at x = a, if () both Rr’ (a) and Ly" (a) exist but are not equal. {ii) either or both RF’ (a) and Ly (a) are not finite. ii) either or both RF (a) and Lf (a) do not exist Key Points If f(x) is a function such that RHD = f(a") =1 and LHD =s(")=m some finite value, then the function f(x) is le as well as continuous. Case Il fl ¢m=but have some finite value, then the function f(x) will not be differentiable but twill be continuous. JANUARY 2015 | [TRUTEESasan 35JEE FINAL LAP Case Ill f atleast one of the or m Is infinite, then the function Is non-differentiable but we cannot say about continulty of f(x). o + Continuous a aferentae Corinuous aut ne dereniabke Nether continuous not ‘Serena Theorems of Differentiability Theorem 1 I(x) and g(x) are both derivable at x=4, fs) gts), £6)-9(s) and 8 wit also be ate) 00) derivable at x = afonly if g(a) 0 for 2 {ony ta xosor ‘Theorem 2 If ix) is derivable at x = a and gix) is. not differentiable at then f(x) + gtx) will not be derivable at Theorem 3 If both f(x) and glx) are non-derivable, then nothing can be said about the sum/difference/product function eg. fix) =sin|x} not derivable at x =0 (8) =[x} not derivable at x =0 ‘Then, the function F(x) =sin|x|+|x| not derivable atx =0 Gly) =sin|x|-|x| derivable at x =0 ‘Theorem 4 If/(x)is derivable atx = aand f(a) =0 and g(x} is continuous at x = a:Then, the product, function Fx) = f(x) glx) will be derivable at Note It y= f(x) is difrentiable at x = a, then itis not necessary that the corivatve is continuous at Differentiation The rate change of a quantity y with respect to another quantity x is called the derivative or differential coefficient of y with respect to x ay Itis denoted by 2 ax Some Differentiation Formulae (i) If f69 and g(x) are differentiable functions and a ¢R, then d a a ¢ a Lines ooo) = “10601 + £fgoo] ana Laren] =a 169 (i) Product rule If) and glx) are differentiable functions, then d d a Lite: gt] = a) se = #0) 2 fatal (it) Quotient rule a {149 )]_ 900 Li) - 109-2 60) ‘dx| ge] oF (iv) Chain rule If y = h{u) and u ~ f(x), then = If atall points ofa certain interval, (x}=0, a constant value within this interval. Ths f function, he function f(x} preserves nis said to be constant Differentiation of Some Elementary Functions ( The trigonometric functions have the following derivatives a a Sin = cox d Floss) =-sinx a (cots) scorn) a 4 (seex) =seex tanx Flseex) a (cosecx) = -coseexcot x Fr kosees) Gi) If ffx) is a differentiable function 4 (e") = nx"! and in general rkftx)}" "768. a using chain rule {ft} (Gi) If f(9) is a differentiable function Zz (log x) -+ and in general a 1, tog t= ro 1 gt) a loga. ) Zte@)~a! tog 4 igs) e* and 4 fe") = lp In particular, & (e4) a Stel) = oF 0 36 JANUARY 2015 | [ETRnENre aaa]for-1. cs we nF Differentiation of Composite Functions If f and g are differentiable functions in their domain, then fog is also differentiable and (ogy (x) = £ {g'x)} gb. Differentiation Using Substitution In order to find differential coetficients of complicated expression involving inverse trigonometric functions some substitutions are very helpful, which are listed below. SNNo._ Function Substitution 1 Sin oracos® 2 Talend oraccto a ene a= asec ora cosee Taran ees acest S__asinx + boos 25 reose, b= sina 6__Jx-awana Bx sin’ 0+ Boos"® 7 Par x= all 0050) Differentiation of Implicit Functions If f(x, y) =0, differentiate with respect to x and collect the terms containing 2 at one side and find ©, ax ax Differentiation of Parametric Functions Ifx=ft],y~ gl, wheret is parameter, then ay) ad ay (@) a” _¢ a (de) 4) PH @) a Logarithmic Differentiation Function The process of taking logarithms of both sides and then differentiating them is called logarithmic differentiation. Ilis useful in the following cases: {i) If the given function consists of three or more factors which are function of x. (ii) Ifthe given function is of the form [/(x)]" ‘lel x) Ay bh, (0) (aii) If the given function is of the form JEE FINAL LAP Higher Order Differentiation Let y = f(x) be a differentiable function such that 2 =f (x) is, also differentiable. Then, the second derivative of y = f(x}is yd (2) ax ax ax Similarly, we can define #y_ 4 (4Y)_ pup we 42) b) dy an (= a 109 = or in general, ay a(ay a for any nN, ax (Se v Note Most of the functions tke, polynomial, trigonometric ‘exponential and logarithmic functions are differentiable at each point of their darnain, Leibnitz Theorem and nth Derivatives Let u(x) and véx) be functions possessing derivatives upto nth order. Then, uv), =u pl)VO0) + "Cytt, 1 60¥, 00 + FAC tly pV OR) + oa + MC abK) v8) snr «fea eae othe nto lh dm a” . and 56) =0,ifn>m ins eso) © on sco ee 7 e (e™) =m" e™ dx" Speed Booster 0) Zsinax+ 0) =a" sin( + x ~ 9) a ", PR ox 19 Llc eaten +043) a = m a \m=n Gi) a x + by mani? (ax + by JANUARY 2015 | [TRUPEEUeasan 37JEE FINAL LAP x) 2 flogtaxe + 5) = EDT" Geometrically Under the assumptions of Rolle’s theorem, the a Os ax graph of f(x) starts at point (a,0) and ends at point (b, 0) as shown in figures (9 () Zhe sing +9]= re sinix + 6+ m8) - (b) —[e™ cos(bx to) Fle costbx + 4 where, r=\a +b ma geam-(*) Differentiation of a Determinant cos(bx + c+ né) To differentiate a determinant, we differentiate one The conclusion is that there is atleast one point c between aand row (orcolumn) at a time, keeping others h, such that the tangent to the graph at (c,f(o)) is parallel to the unchanged, X-axis 6) ate eg. thay =) rap then ‘= Between any two rots ofa polynomial f(x), there is always @ root fits x) vix} derivative #” {x}. a ©) ob [too gtx) Busr-[e) oa fe, vol Lagrange’s Mean Value Theorem Let fbe areal function, continuous y on the closed interval [a,b] and differentiable in the open interval (a,b). Then, there is atleast one Note. Similarresul holdforthe diferentiaton of determinants ‘of higher order. IMPORTANT POINTS point cin the open interval. o ttyetiay"l* = then 700 aees FT er Fala rq Bate Da Flt e = Het? ert! arin hen = Geometrically Any chord of the curve y~ f(s, there is point ae oh te (tat ‘on the graph, where the tangent is parallel to this chord. ety = [ESET thon 9 ote) Ea - WW Sopa ae gna” VT ote) - Inte patra, where a=) the exressin =F) ay flare =m, then = FU becomes zero, Thus, when fla)=1b} f"(e)=0 for some cin a,b) Thus, Yi Ralle's theorem becomes a particular case ofthe mean value theorem. fe ir(qepel ett=0 then HF Uelot ae FW Togo TITTAD DDANECL | = CAG =Caly "then UTTAR PRADESH oy _ alyh Feil Flxtlog atv! atv) | SCS ae And Fil allot Rolle’s Theorem Let Fhe a real-valued function defined in the closed interval{a,b], such that (i) f is continuous in the closed interval [a, b]. (ii) £(9)is differentiable in the open interval (a,b). Solved Papers eqD teenie Ei Gi) a = 10) Solved Papers Teer Then, there is some point cin the open interval (a,b), %, = ceindt 38 _JANUARY 2015Mathematics SPECTRUM fam In this section, we invite our readers to send their problems, we will publish the best r explanation of them. Sir, I usually got problems in finding the equation of asymptotes. Please explain it. (Neha Singh, Meerut) Horizontal asymptle % Dear Neha, first of all you have to aware of concept of asymptotes. straight line is said to be an asymptote of a curve y = f{xhit the perpendicular distance of the point Px, y) on the curve from the line tends to zero when x and y or both tend to Infiity. An asymptote parallel to Y-axis may be referred to as a verical asymptote and that parallel to X-axis as a horzontal asymptoe. An asymptote which is rot paral 19 =e-ne+%) ‘thorax may be described as an oblique asymptote. {@) Vertical asymptotes Ano x = 2's a veical = @=ne+n=0 asin ep y= oh false 2 en ar Also, P(-2) and Pi2)#0. So, x=2 and -2 are For polynomial Suppose that f is a rational function vertical asymptotes, mH f) Horizontal asymptotes A line y= is a horizontal Ho) ES where P(x) and Q(x) ae polynomial functions henna Nien miner ae are ee of x Then, the ne x= ais @ vertical asymptote of the Im sn=-b ae graph of y = f(x), ifQla) = Obut Pla) # 0. Example Find the horizontal asympots of fn) == Example Find the vertical asymptote offs) = z Sol. Let fy = 2 a) Here, Pla) = JANUARY 2015 39MATHEMATIC; (©) Oblique asymptotes A line y= mx +e is an oblique asymptote of the curve y = f(x) i 100) andi (9) = hn (9) mx] = 6 I am facing problems in solving questions based on conditional probability. Please clear my doubt by taking example (Sudhir Rawat, Mumbai) % Dear Such; fst of all you have io awere of concept of conditional probabity The probability of occurrence ofan event A, gven that 8 has ateady occured is caled the conditional probabily of occurence ofA kis aerate by (2) ithe even Bas akeady occurred. then the sample space reduces to B Now. be outcomes Tavourable to the cvourence of A (gen that B has ekeady occured) ave thove tha are cornmeon to both A and thats those which belong te ANB Tous, (8) tes 5) shee, Nyogis the number of elemenis in AB an Np # the numb of elements B and Nis the Total maiber of elements ins. = °(8)= Ses N _ P(ANB) B)-NgIN PIB) A PB) P|] it PIB) #0 pon |p (8) wrmeo Example & die is thrown twice and the sum of the numbers appearing is observed to be 7. What isthe conditional probability thatthe number 2 has appeared atleast once? Sol. Adieis thrown twice. Therefore, niS) = 6 x 6 = 96 Event = The sum of the numbers appearing is 7. E = {11,8 6,1), 2,9). 6,2. 8.4), 49) = nel Evont F = The number 2 has appeared atleast once, F = 402.1), 2,2), 2,3), 2,4, 2,8), 2,6). (1,2), 8.2), (4,2), 6.2), (6,2)} = ne)=11 Now. EF =42,5). (5.2) 2 = penry=2 ten Ae F) PENA) Required probabil = P() = ated robabiy = P(E) = PE 2 B.-L o3 36 40 JANUARY 2015 SPECTRUM FOR YOU Sir, I am confused in solving the problems based on reduction formulae. Please explain by taking an example. (Mayank, Meerut) % Dear Mayank, irs of all you have to aware of conceot of reduction formula, Any formula which express an integral in terms of another Inlegral which ‘simpler and is of the same class as the fist, 's called a reduction formula forthe first integral Tne successive application of the reduction formula enables Us to express integrals of a particular class in torm of the simplost intagra of tne class. Example Evaluate [cosecvc cosec" sek = Jeosec?xcosec!"-? xo mh, = cotxcosec!’“*x-+ f(cotxin ~2) [-eoseo"”xcoseo xcot sbi ko (n— 2Iftesee eae = (n= 2)fooseo"xde + (9 2}fcosec- aie Hi, = = cotxcasee!™“ x (9 = 23, + (= 2p. 9 Ail, + (9-2), = ~cotxcosee"""K + (9 =2)hy_a Sills n= 2) = —cotxoosee"= 9x + (n= 2p ay lo =1) = = cot xcosee!"= 7x + (0 = 2p = cotxcosec”™ x (=) 1 =1 not oy, = gots == ‘Some Important Results We can use direct some important resus. 3h, =~ cotxcosec 3h, =~ cotxcosec she (by fsin’xax (wnere, ne 17 seceasite ant 19 n= [cose where ne = SEUSS TH. (BN Wi) t= flaneak where, me /*)= (9-1) ", 4) ~ oot" 8x “9 Nc where,ne = SO, i) by foot"xck where, ma () y= Js0c” ace (where, me 1") = fenxsect "Ox (0 Ino = fsitxc0s" sok where, mn J") in *? xcos!”"" x \ —men Hing n= 25 (m+n) men, (i) Ign = Joos" cos mak (where, m.n-€ I") cost™=9 x.MATHEMATICS SPECTRUM FOR YOU. Sir, In which type of problems in limits we will use L’Hospital’s rule, iva Sharma, Delhi) Dear Aya, we wil use Lihospita's rule in case of indeterminate for (3 =) I{a)and g(x)are two functions of om xsuch that © im x)= fim gtx = 0 (i) both are continuous at (i) both are diferente at (iv) 0) and g(x) are continuous at the point x= a, then im £0 = tin £0) provides that g(a) + si ~ i og romea hat ota «0 Above rule is also applicable, it im f(x) == and img == me E18) gg £700 ra When we solving the such types of problems we follow the steps below: ‘Step | Whenever, we soe the limit based problem, we see thatthe problem form indeterminate form or not. Step any fm gen, en we cack te or (2) (2) Example Find lim Sol. Here, lim Step Ill If the form either both of these forn, we apply U hospital's rule e, differentiate the function numerator and denominator separately until the forms (3) or () resolve Indoterminate farm. ‘Stop IV Finally. we apply the limit and get the desired result, log togtt — x2) Tog og cosx log toatt TV Tog logeosx ofthe form =} tim ato9tt= 22) jp, oat = 2) Fh Mo"egiogsesx 8 1 iogcosx tosx [atforentating numerator and denarrinator separately] xc08 xlog cosx =2 ln = ein t= ott) 2 him A ty 228% pn ooo when Te biog (i=) = 21% 1x Jy 208084 ogi = 95 Form 2 ens) 1 t-sinx) =2 ln S08x woe Ten) 7 [sitferentiting numerator and denerrinater separataly] Deals, fers E More... Shop at arihantbooks.com Cash on Delivery (COD) Facility Available now JANUARY 2015 415. 6. 2 8 10. BRAIN Teasers \ To boost up your ranks in JEE Main and Advanced cos(x + 4a) — 4cos(x + 3a) | Ifa real-valued function fis defined as 1) = lim Ue Seostes Behm feasts ahs corn value of| fin ~ fou Ifthe quadratic polynomial fi) ~ kx! — Qk + 3)x + 6,¥x # 01s always positive for exactly three different nogative integral values of x, then find the set of values of k Find the number of ordered pairs (a, f), which satisfies the system of equations cot” (0. f) ~ t+ V3) cot(ar—p) + V3 =0 and cos; WW0 Ris continuous and strictly increasing, defined as f" (x)= {tf () dt anda normal dsawntoy = wheteslopeis-} the fh nhl eintecep may isto nx If f(x) =x° + log, x + Lis a real-valued function of x, whose inverse is g(x), then determine the value of g'0) or (=). Let a,b and cbe three vectors in a plane such that] a bl=[el=|a+b]=1,c-a=0,b-e>0. Ifa vector p=xa + ycsatisfies the condition 0 < p-a <1, 0 and (0) = Since, f(x) should be positive for exactly three negative Intogral values of x Theretore, graph of (x) must be a downward parabola passing trough x =2andx= Sands 3 <- a . Wenave, cos 32 > p= E cotta B)=t VB + V3 =0 > tt -1)-V3E-1)=0 t- 1 -V3)=0 = cotla-B)=1 oF cot(a-B)= VF ae(0n) Hence, 2 ordered pairs exist 4. Let =cosec"| 3x2 4144] 4 8007] ax? + 1 4. a | 2,1 =f 241) = te[oxe +t weed cosec’ | [oe 2) see eed whore [32 + | Bt a Now, M willbe minimum, when [ee + Lis minimum. = [? + i = a Mg = cosec"'? + sec" = & 6 Hence, 2, mR 8 5. By raph tis clear hat 52 = -3.=2 =? Alsod =2 By simplifying above, wo gota = Hence, Hoie[ar ape * 42 Ho)=x2+ 51-6 = (x4 6-1) sovenae ction [2 -9} 6. Given, x)= ft tat, where y=ttx) 0 On differentiating both sides of Eq. (') by using Leibnitz rule, BFF (= XP) As fis strictly increasing, so f(x) # 0. Wi) x > FO)= (On integrating both sides wrt. x. we get But f(0)= 0 09-2 x20 Slope fhe tanger Px othe cue) =H. a % JANUARY 2015 43 ‘Slope of norrralBRAIN TEASERS oven} So, equation of normal is (y ~ 6) («= 6), 2 Fory.intorcept, put x = 0, we get y= 9 7. Given, x)= 2+ log, x+ 1.88 gfx) 6 the inverse off then {soo} = x 1 = ie) Maat ott) = ai} ate 7a o 1H) = fy} == atte = — Ts ra) When x= 1.9K} = 0% on = 94K) = 97) = Sofi) = 3x + Lort)= + 6x =1g"@)=-2 Aix=tg"@)=-5 8 paxa+ yowhen0 yy 44 January 2015 | MERE nese (oc ~ sJanditintersect axis, whore y = 0 10. > yaw 2x = (2) =f 2x 0 [replacing (x,y) by (x yi Substituting y* =1 => 2y% =H = o From Ees.() and (i), we get 3. +S -21 + 4x= 0.wniehstinear diferent equation win Feel oem Suton of ferent equation s gen by = fanerar=C ne gh ee pte tote af RET | poe = Hee EC = x4 14 Co™ Since, the curve passes through origin. = ca-1 ws =2x~e™ + Tis the required equation of curve, For apantcular game, let A, = number of heads obtained by Awnen he tosses two coins {and B, = number of heads obtained by B when he tosses three games. HE = (Awins a particular game}, then PAE) = PU, By oF Ay By OF As 8) (A, By) + Ply Ba) + PAs VB.) (A )P(B) + PIAIPIB) + PUAa)PCE) Tdepondent eves] (1 AY(1) 4. LY 1) ae 2? ~e(a)(a}13) *f3) 2) +) oH) at, a8 eee UF = (Aan Bie a parcler gare} ten PU) = Pay mB oF h M8 oF fe 8) = PlAG)P(B,) + PLA,)PIB,) + P(A,)P(Bs) “Bi -*OBOE) “Geel 1,8,3_5 BD Re Hence, P(A finally wins the game} = P{E of FE or FFE oF.) = PIE) + PIF)PLE) + (PUP) PIE) + PE) ast6 3 PR) 15/16 itTEST RIDER The Simulator test series towards JEE Main and Advanced JEE MAIN RIDE 1 Instructions This question paper contains 30 questions each having four options, out of which only one option is correct choose the correct option. 1. Let a,band cbe real numbers and a#0. If is a root x4 Sby + bz= of Gx + bx*c=0, Pisa root of @ x —bx- and xtdey+cz=0 and 0 (lal [cosasino sinto [72° ® if B e rs 10. If the equation of the locus of a point equidistant odd multiple of F, then E@)E(@)is a from the points (aj,b,) and (@,) is fomioaee (0) ent moix (a, -)x + (6, ~byly + ¢=0, then the value of cis {(¢) diagonal matrix {d) None of these (55+ b2- af bf) (ay - 98 + bf - bs 6. If the system of linear equations to) flaP+ ab + bf + 03) (fab + P= a8 05 x+2ay +az-0 2 JANUARY 2015 45‘equation of the circle is (a)? + y+ 2x-2y- 6220 (b) 2+ y°-2x+2y-62=0 (xe + ye -2x+2y-47 =0 (x + y+ 2x-2y-47 =0 [4 ixjen function fd) = 41x! jax? + by|x| <1 differentiable forall x, are (a ma 22 (d) None of these wa-Z 13. Consider Statement I (p. .~q) A (~p 4 q)is a fallacy. Statement IT (p> q) © (~q—> ~p)is a tautology. correct explanation for Statement| correct explanation for Statement| (o) Statement I's ue, Statement His false (@) Statement lis false, Statement His true Ris (act (i3 (xe 4orxe3 16, The value of 2} cb, then (b) x<-30rx>2 (d) None of these sinx dx of the eens is true? (a> 2 anay>2 (oyr<2andJ<2 3 3 2 2 (le Zandd>2 (a) l>ZandJ<2 that the AM of the numbers taken is 25, is 4G JANUARY 2015 11. I the lines 3x ~ 4y —7 =0 and 2x —3y-5 =Oare two diameters of a circle of area 49x sq units, then the 12. The values of constants a and b so as to make the continuous as well as, (@) Statement | is tue, Statement IIs tue; Statement Wis & (b) Statement is tue, Statoment Ils true; Statement lis not a 14. The range of values of a for which the function x) =x! + (a+2)x! +3ax +5 may be monotonic in 15. a band care three distinct real numbers and they (0) x+ log eos (-4)]+c 1 2-Woo]sn(x- 2)|+e (ox+leg sin(x-4) +0 (x= bog cos(x- 4) ee 17. r=; SX acandy = jj 2% dx then which one 18. Three natural numbers are taken at random from the set A={x:1 [0, =) be a continuous function such that 6d = ffx) for all x €[-12} 1 = x 160) a and R, are the area of the region bounded by x =2and X-axis, then (0) 3R, = Re 29. The normal at 30. If y@) is a solution of a+ Shy = JEE MAIN RIDE 1 point P on the ellipse x” + 4y? =16 meets the X-axis at Q . If Mis the mid-point of the line segment PQ, then the locus of M intersects the latusrectum of the given ellipse at the points WB 2 WE, V5) [28.22 oS 287 (228 +3) (22848) then y(t) is equal to 4 @ a west 2 4 1 we-Z oy Answer with Explanations (a) Let f(x) =a"x? +26% 420 =0 Given wa Now, and 1B) =aB? +268 +20 > rom eae, =20 +30 = 3008 se) 29 * [Tpratpre) ocasp xan ae el Now fa)<0,4R)20 Hence, (9) =0, wherea a? +a? ~2a.0 +8° +6} -28, Wa eae a +4320, +B" +83 2B, = 2(a,~2,)4+2 (0,-B)B+(al +? 08 -2)=0 On apoling A, > Ry Rand Ay» Ry ~P, we get i [ 2a “| = (22a) (by BIBI Saf ¥ BE “0 f)=0 0 8-28 b-a Vic Boa ee Thus, the equation of locus (a8) 8 (a,aipe tb —b)y + La? +8 a3 6 > (ab ~2a)(¢ a) -(40 ~2a)(b-a)=0 = ‘be - aba —2ac +22” = Abe -2ab - 420 42a" Sul he given equation ise ~a,)x-+(b, —b)y+0 =0 = ap ~2ae = abe -2ab - She + 2ab Va? 4b? a2 —b2a 0 +82 0? bf ee la? +0 ~a —b2)= Jal +f -af ef) (On aivaing by abo, we get 11. (¢) The ntesection point of lameters ofa circles the contre ofa rel Hence, a,b ande aren HP. ‘The given equations of ciamaters are 7. (b) The numberof ways nwhich almost n books can be selected ox=4y-7=0 ® outta cotecton atf2n-+1)b00ks is ard 2x=3y-5=0 oO 2G, C4, ‘On soking Eqs.) and (i), we get Verio, Hey 4emtoga 6, x=tandy weg era oH ae Cs) So, conte of exeo is, 1. + HG, C= 68 Lotr bo the ads of cela, thon OG + HOH eC By.) we =49n 97 =7unis $e, the equation of requted cicleis FH y t= 49 = Hay -axs2y tet = way -2ni2y-47=0 Het PNC, FNC, I} 16 12, (a) Since, (x)is continuous for al x, herelor is continuous at x=lalso, _ Wh=fms0-m) Qe) fino ten, —_ =F MOPS ~n @tr 9}9(~4->~p)=(2-»9) (0-99) hich is always tuo, so statomont I is ru, ‘Statement |p 0~a) a(~pag)=pa~qa~paq pa~panqagatatal Hence tis a fallacy statement. So, Statement lis tus. ‘Aternatve Solution ‘Statement II(p->9) >(-a>~p) —4->— pis contraposiive of p+q Honce, (p>) (p>) ill be a tautology. ‘Statement |p «~a)(~p.0g) [a [~p[~a[pa~a] ~pag|@a~@atpn@ TIT]F/F] & | F F tlefefr} or fe F eit{rfe] e | F ele|r[r] ele = O(a s2)xe +3ac45 E42 (942) 408 fx) is monetonic in FajcavxeR or F)>OvxeR Since, the costicient of x? =3> 0 tharelore (x) €0,¥ xe Fanner Disctiminant = 4(a +2)? 4-3. 3a<0 = af -5a+4<0 = (@-na-4)<0 ie. teacs 1 ande =a, so that a,b ande are in GP atbic=x = Paden His real, then discriminant of Ea. () 20 = (ex -a tte 0 = x? -2x-320 = (r+ Tx-3)20 ~ xs-tore2s oT 17. 18, 19. 20. fala) “og [sin because inx (01) x>8i% Jef, Vio Hence, Zand <2 3 wa dal an ef 1% (e)nis)=""0, Since, the AM of three numbers is 25. Their sum =75 _{E)=The numberof integral solution of where, % 21% 2142 patient of x” in (x +x? +30 +..)° Coeticient of x” inl +x x2 +..)® oaticient of x72 int = x) Cy We, Pe} (2) (4,n)is the point intros to both the curves, 12? + uP —16-<0 ang y= 4h <0 Now, # theo (8 2 tu =0,thena =12.3, Hu =Vthena 12.8, itu =2, hana =2,3, Iu =3,thona =3,4, Also, 28 =? -16<0 tw is hw tty =3, thon Now, 2 has no integral valu, Hence, (1,0) @, 0} (3.01.1, 2,1) (8,1) 2.2)(8.2)are the 8 possible points (0) (2)eSbute, 14s ‘S's not symmetric. Henoe, Sis not equivalence relation. Given, T={ixyhix-yel) Now, x= x=0 eis ellexve lation, xoyel y-xeI, tis symmetic ration. JANUARY 2015 49JEE MAIN RIDE 1 Let x-y=h and y-2=lp Now woz =[x-y)Hy-2) hthel Tis also transite. Hence, is an equivalence relation. 21. (a) Gwen, beitjande =j+k ‘The equation of bisector of b and eis Soe, point Des on bisector of Bande Fiat oiad edn de) ‘On equating he costcient of f both sides, we get Since, the given vector a represen the same bisector equation r andB=1 cot it cotx<0 Orr et cae Case tcot x20 cotx=cotxt 1 a -o-ssin This snot possible Case leat x<0 1 = wcobe=cote + = Poote+ + Peosx t= o,sne#0 23, (g 3 p=qand p:JEE MAIN RIDE 1 28. (oR =f tae Forghenaipsee? 1-42 Using realm ff rear 0 i f ea Pen)Nl-nde loon) an rete Baaad fexeade) rye finn ® Given, Ai i¢ area bounded by (x), x=—Tand x=2 Gn cong Ege (ano ost aa ae= [tone io wey (On adaing Eqs.) and (i). we get = ya 2A, = [eho ow From Eas. i) and (i), we got 29. 64 Here, a= and b=2 Equation of normal 30. 4xs000 u(t 4 2 = 20088 5 ec a prune yer (141) fhe tener +c = Senet frcose +sin?@= 1) et aye Hence,tocusis gy? = i st oy Deals, Offers € More... Shop at ee arihantbooks.com Cash on Delivery (COD) Facility Available now JANUARY 2015 51TEST RIDER The Simulator test series towards JEE Main and Advanced JEE MAIN RIDE 2 Instructions This question paper contains 30 questions each having four options, out of which only one option is correct echoose the correct option. 1. 7 The Ho) =e is {a} many-one and onto {(6) one-one ana onto function f:(-«,-1]> @,e°] defined by (b) many-one and into {6} one-one and into The solutions of the equation 2@—Zi =20+ i) are (a) 3+i,3-7 (dO) 1+ 3i,1- 3i f+ 3i1-1 (1-104 The number of real roots of the equation BaP aad sie (a2 (o)t {¢) infinite () None of these ul listobethe square root of two rowed unit ly -a matrix, then 4 and 7 should satisfy the relation (a) 1+ 02+ By=0 (o)1-0? —py=0 (o)1~a* + By=0 (do? + By-1=0 ‘The domain of the function 1x) ==3R +3c0s"(% ) $eleris 2) O)I-N2) m=) Let 4, a and fy, be the roots of ax* + bx+e=0 and px’ + qx +1=0, respectively. If the system of equation ay+a,2=0 and By+f)z=0 has a non-trivial solution, then (4) None of these eas ope 7 ? wa {0} None of these P The number of positive integral solutions of 15 0, b>0, ¢>0, then the greatest value of 25°C is 28 ‘28 oi ow © If ix) =x [x], where [] denotes the greatest integer sxcand gto) = im 27" —1 tren gfe is equal to x 2 The line * 5 makes an isosceles triangle with the planes x+y +3z- and x+2y —3-1=0, then the value of k is at (2 woe aa Let a and © be unit vectors and |b|=4 with avo -taxe Tieafebeveensendesc(2) Itb -2c=2.a, then } is equal to 1 1 tat zl © ya at ot 4 (0) If @=sin“"(sin V2), where z (80,140) and z is cubes of first n natural numbers, then @g=(n+ Dr -10 ) ()o=(n= tm +10 @ fp, qand r are simple propositions with truth values TT, F, T, then the truth value of (~p vq) a~r=pis (ate (0) falso (6) te, iris false (0) tu, fq is tue If in an obtuse angled triangle, the obtuse angle is 3 ana to other te angles areca too vas of satisfying atan® + bseco [bls y+ ¢, then @ ~¢ is equal to where (aac fo) 2ac ot (@) None of these xix? 410x-5 , xt 1 69 | then the set of be eee jet ea all possible values of b such that f(x) has greatest value at x=1 is, (a) (-V730,-v2) u (92, VT30) (b) [-VT40, - V3) (v3, \740) (6) [-W90, VT30] (@) None of these A tangent and a normal are drawn at the point = (16,16) of the parabola y* =16x which cut the axes of the parabola at the points A and B, respectively. If the centre of the circle through P, A and BisC, then the angle between PC and X-axis is ar(3) (bj tan"2) oar (3) (aran(3) The solution of these questions are available on hp://wwwarihantbooks.com/Mathematics%20Spectrum.pat JANUARY 2015 53ReVISION through Oa c A Scientific way to learn quickly. Inatriangle ABC, the angles are denoted by capital letters 4, Band Cand the lengths of the sides opposite to these angles are denoted by small letters a,b and c respectively Semi-perimeter of the triangle s written as. =24246 angits area denoted by Sof A, Area o tiangle a = (Sa) SB) =e) Some basic Rule Mf Auxiliary Formulae STL a ETT TE Sine rule The three sides, and the three angles, and are called the elements of the ‘When any three ofthese sx elements (except al the three angles) af a ‘tiangle are given the triangle is known completely; thats the other three ere Fle ie racks ft econ) ‘elements can be expressed in terms of the given elements and can be jira oils Ihe SABC: ‘evaluated. This process is called the solution of triangles. Cosine rule [S=S=B Three sides and one angle is given fot at Ey I the thoe sides a,b, © © gen, hen ZA's obtained om [S=BE=2) oy cosa a re =a ‘s(s - a) ‘2be Two sides b and a and the included angle is given cosa = e Tie aepeccautiernea nes guatien cost a (B-C)\_b-c 4) B-C _ Ea lear =F Zeal Foes m4 sel) (SH) (ALB) 2b w(**)-F(5) Area of a Triangle A=2besina =tcasin8 = 2 2 = Jas - a)is—b)(s 0) where, R and r are the radii of the circum circle and the incircle of the 1082S <0: soettaneCcanoe slated ‘The third side is given by a = 08 ora? = 68 +0 -2becosA ‘Two sides and opposite angle is given (Miwa sides 6 ance and te 28 (opposite to side 1) are given, thon sinc = ena give the remaining elements —- one - 4 sinB, A= 180°— (8+ C)and 2 I = csind and B is an acute angle, then there is only ‘one triangle possible AABC respectively (i) losin §) are roots of the equation x? -2x+ {3-22 =0, then the value of (cosa + tan“ a + tan Bis ae Sx Tx x a) SE wy 5 7% fa we oF oe ot . The value of the definite integral Pia ssinage™?* + 0+ xsin2ne" dei fer re @xe-) e+ { ef 2 sv 7. Let the) =} xe . ind + We) su : ix=0 If f(s) is continuous at x =0, then the value of kis (ais 2 CO 2 we oz 8. A circle is drawn circumscribing an equilateral triangle with side of length 2 with its controid at origin, A square is drawn circumscribing the circle. ‘Then, the equation of a circle circumscribing the square is fara ye (0) 3x? + 3 =8 (©) 5x2 + 57 (xs Pate 9. Ifthe variable line y = ax + bis tangent to an ellipse 3x7 + dy? =6, then locus of point P(a, b) is a conic, whose eccentricity is equal to B (V3 ow as OW WW Kell eat atc. Wxel——DUlls) (i) Graph of 769 = 2"! ifn €N, then the function f given by ffx) =x2"~" is an odd function. So, its graph is symmetric about origin or opposite quadrants, ¥ yoxs Yo yard vs erorox® 5 >onWxeltt) <..Vxebe,- tulle) (ii) Graph of f(x) = Since, f(x) is an odd clas yeaa function, so its graph is symmetrical in opposite quadrant. vate yon? ak { JANUARY 2015 61JEE ADVANCED CORNER. (iv) Graph of f(x) We observe that the 1 function ffx) = is an even function, so its x. graph is symmetric about Y-axis, Irrational Function w) Here, f(x) =x?" is defined for ¥ x all x¢[0,«) and the values 1 taken by f(x) are positive. Lens So, domain and range of f(x) are [0, =). Graph of f(x) = x2. is mirror image of graph #69) = x2" about the line y =x. Greatest Integer Function fx) =[x] indicates the integral part of x which is nearest and smaller integer tox. Itis known as floor ofx wi) Fractional Part Funct Here, {} denotes the fractional part of x. Thus, if y=(2:5}=0-5, Also, x=[x]+ 4x}, where, I=[x] and f ={x). Drawing the Graph of Transformation of a Function Consider, the graph of y = f(x) shown alongside, % 62 JANUARY 2015 Using above basic graph, now we will learn how to find the graphs in different cases of f(x). When there are some transformation which is introduced in f(x), then read the cases given below (i) The graph of v -D= fx -0) To get the graph of above function, shift the graph to (o, B) and then translate the graph of y with respect to the new axes (ii) The graph y =~ f{x) drawn by taking the mirror image of the graph of y = (x) in X-axis or flip the graph along Xaxis, (ii) Graph y =[F09)| can be drawn by taking mirror image of the graph which lies below the X-axis and retaining original graph above X-axis The graph of y =/(|x1) ' is drawn by deleting the graph of f{x) which lies left of Y-axis and taking . the mirror image of the a graph lying right of Y-axis (s) The graph of |y|=f0x) is drawn by deleting those portions of the graph which lies below X-axis and then taking mirror image of the remaining portion in the X-axis, as shown in figure. x ww) h NY, (vi) The graph of x= fly) is drawn by taking the mirror image of y = f(x) in the line y = x as shown in figure,Wii) (vii) (x) ) ‘The graph of y = f(-x) is drawn by taking the mirror image of the graph of y = f(x} in the Y-axis as shown in figure y 3 x The graph (y~B)= -(¢—a)) is drawn by taking mirror image of f(x) with respect to Y-axis and then shifting the origin at (« ) and then translating the graph y = 1(-x) with respect to new axes. om The graph of y =[f0e)] (where, [J denotes the greatest integer function) In order to draw y=[/(x)] mark the integer on Y-axis. Draw the horizontal lines through the integrals till they intersect the graph. Draw vertical dotted lines from these intersection points finally draw horizontal line parallel to X-axis from any intersection point to the nearest vertical dotted lines with blank dot at right end, tele Free From the graph y = f(x) to draw graph y=A(lx)). Since, input is an integer, to draw the graph mark the integers on the X-axis, Draw vertical lines till they intersect the graph of f(x) from these intersection points draw horizontal lines to meet the nearest right vertical line. JEE ADVANCED CORNER (xi) From the graph y = f(s) to draw graph y = f{{(x}), to obtain graph ofy = f({x}). We retain graph of f(x) for the value of x in between {0, 1) and repeat it in the period of 1, (On) output les between -xe(1-0)lltan (sii) From the graph y = f(x) to draw y =i), here () represents fractional part function. Hence, output is always lies between (0.0. To plot the graph draw horizontal lines for all integral values of y, from intersection point draw vertical lines and shift (translate) the graph in between y €[01) Application of Graphs Here, we are giving examples in which we will use the graph to find the solution of questions based on continuity differentiability, domain and range. Graphical approach reduce time in great extent and it also helps to visualise the problem. Cxample? IF flx)=[x—1]+]x +1} then discuss the continuity and differeniability ofthe function, eae a xed Sol. H)= [x= te [xe te Lanne vee) | asxst [exit 9 seal ox ed te} 2 | -texst Lee xe From the graph, tis lear ha fnctionisconinuou tel pos, Also! a Thee I e sharp edge, hence hncton le aot diferrabe a LHD=0 2, RHD=0 (Example (Example? er 14x) = mintx, x4} for every real number of x, then (UT JEE 1998) (a) his not continuous for all x (b) his not diferentable for all x (0) H'(x) = Hor allx (6) his rot differentiable at two values of x % Sol. () For htx)= minx, x2), we plot the graph y = xand y = »" and for mmin(x, x7} consider that par of the raph which has smaller output for same nput value ox Which shows that is continous but not litforentiable at two valuos of x (0 and 1), JANUARY 2015 63 Dark cogion nas {minimum ouput for [same input vale of xJEE ADVANCED CORNER 2 (Ceample? ij.) =||x| -1) then point where fis not differentiable, is/are {WT JEE 20051 (ajo. wos (oo oi Sol. (a) Wehave, x)= IIx! ~1 Draw graph y= x. 1, then transform it into y =x] ~ 1 and find f(x) =|[|x|~ 1], observe the graph formed, it sharp edges are there then function is not diferential at those points. Hence, at x = ~ 1, 0and 1 function is not diferentiable. Example? (Examp! ‘The function f(x) =1+| sin x] is (a) continuous nowhere (6) continuous everywhere (0) aiforontiable at x = 0 (d) not differentiable at infite many points Sol. (d) To chock continuity and diforontiabilty, we need to Craw the graph using transformation. 1. Drawy = sinx 2, Transform to y =| sin x] 3. Then, translate 1 unit above the origin to get Ho) = 14+ [sin x] yosine yelsinxl x 64 JANUARY 2015 (Example? Example Sapte ct: R—> Roe defined by fx) = 2x + sin, ¥xER, ur EE 2002) (©) one-one but not onto (@)neter one-one nor onto then fis (@) one-one and onto {6) onto but not one-one Sol. (a) To draw{(x) = 2x + sin x fist draw the graphs y = 2x and thon to draw f(x) move the graph of y = 2xupward, when sin x > dand ‘downward, when sin x < 0. From the graph, tis clear tha fx) s one-one and onto. Note Function is one-one, if a line drawn parallel to X-axis intrsoct the ‘graph only once and onte when codomain is equal to range of the function. Column Column Af) = L418 . continuous in 1, 1) 8 = ps @_dTferentablein E71) © fx)=|sin™ xis ——r._iferentiable in (0, 1) D. {x)= cos"] xis 's. not differentiable atleast at one point in A9(0.4,, B90, ,9),C(p,4,8), 01.48) Let us draw graph of above function to get whether they are ditferentiable or notin said intervals Sol A x x This is continuous and diferensiabl 8 (00) = abt \ a re x CClealy, ror the graph f(x) is non-aferentable at x = 0.©. x)= [sio“" x1 {{x)is not ciferentiable at x = 0 D.y = cos" w2 aot 13) is non-ailfereniable atx = 0 JEE ADVANCED CORNER (Example? ‘The number of real solutions of the equation fogas|x]= 21x] @1 we @o (@) None of these Sol. (b) Draw graph of y = log os [x]and y =2|x] By graph, itis clear that it has only two solutions. Ey =loggs [x]and y = 2] [intersect at 2 points] Smart Practice Only One Correct Answer 1. 16 f(x) = [&]~ G0 (where, (} denotes the fractional part of x) and x, y are its domain and range respectively, then wxe(-—2]eayefd. +} wyxe(-s-Z]u 10 ansye|}. =) (oxe(- ive Jandy €[0,©) (@) None of the above 2. If fh) =x+ 2p +1]+2 fet} If fh) =k has exactly ‘one real solution, then the value of k is (3 (oo or 2 3. The number ofthe solutions of 2cos x =|sin x] 0 t 0, R-(0,1) HO), Vx Hh x ‘Which ofthe following is necessarily true? (@) 40) = 0), v x O) ALY = — H{-x). Vx ()REM=h OY x — AO) Kb 5. Let ile) = a) 2), x, 6. The sum of roots of the equation cos“! (cos x) =[x1.l1 denotes the greatest integer function, is (@2n+3 Orr (on-3 (@en-3 7. Discuss the differentiability of f(s) = max (x? ~3x+2,2-fx -1}, then number of points of discontinuity is @t 2 8. Discuss the differentiability of fx) = max {2sin x,1 cos}, ¥ x € @, n), then number of points of discontinuity @t 3 More than One Correct Answer 9. 1) =I|x), where [J denotes the greatest integer function, then which of the following is not true? os (@) infinite 2 @o JANUARY 2015 65.DVANCED CORNER. {@) fxs continuous, ¥ x ER {©} f(x)is continuous from right and discontinuous from lett, W xe! {© fais continuous from left and discontinuous from right, ¥ xe! {€) f(s continuous atx = 0 10, #0) =" for o3}>(-3} tai where [] represents the greatest integer function and () represents the fractional part of x, then which of the following is true? (a) (2's injective discontinuous function (b) (x)is surective non-diferentiaole function fei i 9) (6) max values of pot of discon) =) Bree 11. The function tix) ={4., 4 brajt+a-to=aa=-2 2 (@) One of a, and a, is positive and other is negative. (b) fa) = 2a” -a-4 ()=2-1-4=-8 fe)=8-2- So, one value ofa Hes in (1,2). (c)@"? + 3) number of rational terms is 6. (6) Sum of GP = 12. Assuming the planedx + 72=0to be horizontal, the equation of the line of greatest slope through the point (2, 1, 1) in the plane 2x + y ~5z =Ois/are x-2 yotlzst yrtlz-1 () x yo os Ts oT Sol. (a,¢) Tne required ne passing trough the point 1 1)n theplare2x > y-- 2 0and's haung greatest slope, soi must be perpendicular tne line of intersection of the planes 2x4 y-5z=0 0 and ax ays 72-0 w Let the direction ratios ofthe line of intersection of Eas. () and (i) tea, b and. 3 at b-S0=Oand 4a—ab +76 =0 {as normal to both the planes perpendicular tothe ine of intersection] = a.bac a7 3 Now, let the direction ratio of required line be proportional to mn thenits equation be 2=2 = 2 VE ‘OR AND 3-D GEOME’ where, 2/ + m—Sn=Oand 4! + 17m + §=0 So, L Thus, the required line is *—* = Paragraph (Q. Nos. 13-14) A plane [Tis determined by three points A (0, 0, 1); B (2,0, 0) and C (0, 3, 0) anda line Lwhose vector equation +key ai 2] + ig intersects the plane [at P. 13. Distance of the point P from the origin is oy avo ae (0 (ay 20 Sol. (b) Equation of uation ofLis r orks ae -2) +k) Oo) ca, ison» 2) Coordinate of any point on Eq. (is(2a +2) 28,241 W 9. ie(2h+ 5 This les on 9x + 2y + 62= 6 afea a+ Bay = Oh + B- Ah 4 G4 O=8 Dha-Boh=-1 Hence, cstance of origin trom Pis [E 4 = 240 3 3 14, A unit vector along the line of intersection of the plane Iland the plane 2x + y ~22 185+ fe (oy 0h 18) + ie BAT aT (08) = c= (ibaa sshsie | ais Sol. (a) Voctor perpencicular to given planeisn, = Si + 2] + 6k Vector perpendicular to plane 2x4 y-22=5'8 n,=2i Vector along the Ine of intersection ofthese plane ijk nyxn=|3 2 6 fi (4-6) ](6- 12+ k- 4) pi 2 101 + 18) - Hence, unit vector along the line of intersection , oi 18) +k a7 JANUARY 2015| [EORnEnsasa nd 69Paragraph (Q. Nos. 15-16) Consider, a plane ax~ VZby + ca+d=0. where a, b, cand dare in GP. 15. Number of possible planes is (ao wt (2 (a) Sol. (6) The plane wilbecome ax + Bary + arta ar? origin) i 1 a+ tre (62 cat Sol. (b)r=1=a= Planeisx+ V2y + 2+ 1 A109) f0.- ojandcra.o, -1 a ae Matching List Type (Only One Option Correct) (c) and (d) out of which one is correct, 17, Uist! A a bare unt vectors and To (@ + 2b) 4. (Sa ~ 4b} then 2fa bis equal to B. Tho points (1,0,3),4,4),(,21), [2-1 (& 2,9) ate coplanar, then kis equal to ©. Tho vectors (1, 1,),(1,1,m+ Jand [3.1 (1-1. m)are coplanar, then number of values of mis D.ax(bxe)+bx(exajrextaxblis |4. 2 equal to Codes ABCD ABCD fj123 4 2413 foi 324 3214 PL BANU eem| Mathematics SPECTRUM perpendicular distance of the plane from (0, 0, 0 is 3 16. If the given plane cuts coordinate axes at A, B, C, then volume of tetrahedron AOBC is (where, O is ‘This section contains two questions, each having two matching lists. Choices for the correct combination of elements from List I and List II are given as option (a), (b), stl Sol, 18. [e| angle between each pair Sol. List| JEE Advanced (0) (8) a andb are unit vectors (a + 2b}-(5a - 4b)=0 = slal? + 6a-b ~ Alb] = eab=3 = a 2a (Bla = (1,0,3),.= 6 13,4).6 = (1,2, 1)andd coplanar, i [dbe]~ [dea|+ dab]= [abe] 25] k 2 5] |k 25] [1 03 atta asf 2 aero sf=bi a 4 2i| fo sf fia a] fr at = kent (1m) (4.1) 04 = tere coplanar, i 1 om om h 1 m+i=osf 0 meq i om 20m ° 3 2 = 0, whichis absurd, “Thereis novalue of mfor which the vectors are coplanar. © a x(bxe)=(@-c)b (a bje bx(exa)=-a)e-(b-cla cx(a xb)=(c-bja -(c-ajb Since, dot products commutative, so we have the sum = 0 List a Fal a of vectors is $andla + b+ c= V6, then 2Ial is equal to B. fas a porpencicular ob + ¢, bis 22 perpendicular toc + a, cis perpendicular toa +b, al =2,[b| = 3andje| = 6. Then, Ja +b +e] 2's equal to ©. Na =2i+ 3j-kb=-i +2) 34 e=i+]+kandd=3i +2] +k then 1 dia xb)-(¢ x d)is equalto 7a xb): x d)is oq D. lel = 2 and 4.8 ‘=a =2, then abe]cos 45° is equal to Codes ABCD ABCD fa)1 234 2413 91324 Ws412 (0) Ala + b+ Sat tb?+c?+ 2a-b+2b-c+ 20a =6 lal=+ or 2lal=2 (B)a is perpendicular tob + ¢. > ab+ac=0 co)JEE Advanced bis perpendicular toa + c. = basb w is perpendicular toa + b. = cascb=0 i) From Eas. () i) and (il, we gat a-b=b-c=c-a=0 latbed= or fas beel- (©) fa-c)(b-d) - fo-eV/a-d) = (0) We know that, ja x bb xe e xa. jaa ab ac and [abc =|b-a bb bcl=|2 4 2 Joa cb ovo] 2 2 abe} = 4v2 =[abe]oos 45° = 4y2 x cos 4s* = ay? x Integer Type Questions 19. If the length of shortest distance between the two 1 1 tines 4-1) =1(y-3)=24 2andax-y-22+4=0 ZO -M=T0-3) y then the value of a+ b-30is Sol. (9) Any plane through the second lines gven by (x= y-22+ 4+ A@xs ys 241-0 (8 2a Qty + -2)24 (44 FF this plane is parallel to fist ine, then its normal must be at right angles to fist line (84 20)2 + A= 14s A-2)= - Equation of plane through the second line an oarallelto fist lines ax y-224 4=0, ‘Shortest distance ($0) = Perpendicular distance of a point (1, 3,=2) on the fist ne tothe plane 3x y~2z+ 4=0 oma=0 oot, 2. ee e+ +oe via Via 7 Vb 2-82 and b=7 Now fa+b)=39 = a+b-30=8 20. Let the image of straight line $+ =-¥=2 = 2 with plane 2x-y+z+$=0 is L and one plane Tx +by+cz+d=0 is such that it contains the straight line L and is perpendicular to the plane 2x -y+2+3=0, then b+ c+ d-26is equal to Sol. (4) Image of P(1, 3,4) of the line with respect tothe plane is Q(- 3.5, 2) and point of intersection of plane and line is Si 5.7, 0). 21. Sol. TOR AND 3-D GEOMETRY z-2 x3 Equation ofS isl: A= = yee @ Equation of planes containing tne ¢ are ax + 8}+ bly-5)+elz-2)=0 0 and atébto= fw) This plane is perpendicular to2x-y+ z+ 9=0 2a-bee=0 abe onsobing, $=2 = msoMna, FT ag 9 Txt B+ Wy 8-182 -2)= Txt yn19z4 42-0 be ergata 194 209022644 7 brerd-2 Let a=@ + sin Oi + cos 6j + sin 20k b=sinfo+ 22} coo 22)j + sin[ 20+ 3 3 3 and e=sin( 0-22} 4 cof 0-22) + sn( 20-2 3 3 3 be three vectors, where @(0,) Ifthe volume of tetrahedron, whose coterminus edges are represented by the vector 2b x ¢ 3c x aand ax 4b is hu, then the value of « ~3is 2esin0 cos sinzo (9) fabe]= ef 2 colo) si(20+ 2) e(o- 2) cos( -) seo 4) WB JEE NGINEERING Solved Paper (2014-2006) 5 Complete Practice Sets for WB JEE 2015 WB JEE Engine Solved es Sy JANUARY 2015 71VECTOR AND 3-D GEOMETRY JEE Advanced ‘On applying R, -» R, + Ra + Ry Sol. (0) a-c=x'+2x+ 6and-a-b=siny 2+ sno 2sinoos2® oxs0+ 2cosoces2 Ws 0x4 Omsiny = 4 a (x P+ Tesiny =| sirfow 22 cos(o + 2) 2 tae tEesiny—1 3 erg) Gs treo sio- 2 cosfo - 2%) > siny-120 3) (0-3) > oes sin20 + 2sin2ecos 4 | = siny 3 > (ae foo « 4 si(20s =) 23. Let a-A+2j-3% b-i+2aj-2e and srfo0-42) A-A}+K Mt the value of for which ° {faxb) xb xo}x(exa)=0 is 2, then the value of 2 ° ° prais « 2n) 2n) an 028) coos 25) soso sot. dena: (ab)xiexe))xtexa)-0 0-28) coo sef20- 3} = {labe]b - [bbe] e} x ie xa)= 0 3 3 3 > [abe] {b x (¢ xa)} = 0 + 28) sinf20- 42)~sin(20 + 4 Jcos(o - 2% ° labe}~ 0 0+ Fela0- SF) -anf2ns ho) pes 22) _ singer ~ 8) sin 30+ 2©|-sin(a + 2m iad 1} 24 -2)=0 E]-siner - 8) si{0 4) n+ 2n) bm =- [ecoss0sn2z) =-Weos38 s [abe = V3 pequgiees > 30=n nk 24. 1f a,_b and c are unit vectors such that z a+ Vib +e=0, then the value of [a+ 3b -2q] (where, [] denotes greatest integer function) will be - Required volume = 1 b xe 3¢ xa.a x 4b] 6 Sol. (d)a-c=0,b-a= 4 2 =u2epxeexaa xb) ala be: 4x28 }= 4a be} Maximum value = 4 3= 12 .¢.n=12 = una9 22. Suppose b and e are non-collinear vectors. If a is ipa + 86-24) any vector such that a-(b+o=4 and ax(b xe) = (x? +2x + 6)b + (sin yle. then the value of (Ha is 12a + ab —2of= 4 Deals, Offers & More... Shop at ee arihantbooks.com Cash on Delivery (COD) Facility Available now = la? + 97 + da? = Tea b= 120-6 - Bo. = VT 72 JANUARY 2015 |[IEGRneneeiassifor Class XI TEST DRIVE The Simulator test series towards Schoo! Practice and Board Exam SCHOOL PRACTICE RIDE | General Instructions 1, All questions are compulsory. 2. The question paper consists of 26 questions divided into three sections A, B and C. Section A comprises of 06 questions of one mark each, Section B comprises of 13 questions of four marks each and Section C comprises of 07 questions of six marks each. 3. All questions in Section A are fo be answered in one word, one sentence or as per the exact requirement of the question, 4. There is no overall choice. However, internal choice has been provided in 04 questions of four marks each and 02 questions of six marks each. You have to attempt only one of the alternative in all such questions. 5. Use of calculator is not permitted. You may ask for logarithmic table, if required. Section A andC ={7, 8, 9, 10, 11), then compute , then find sin® 6 + cosec 8. MAnUnBLO. GiIC-B. ii) B-c. (iv) (B-Cy, 1, Ifsin® + cosecé 2. fn{A) =4, n(B) =5, n(U) =7 and nfm 8) =2, then find the value of nlA U By. 9. ity =ftx)=22%, then show that x= 19) Find x and y, if +6,y -2)=.6. we 20! 10. Draw the graph of the function Compute 20! _ pute Tego -18)! £:R— Reuch that fl) =|x ~ 2]. 5. If a parallelopiped is formed by planes drawn 14, In any ABC, prove thattiMB=O) _ b= through the points (5, 8, 10) and (3, 6, 8) parallel to ‘sinB+C) @ the coordinates planes, then find the length of of diagonal of the parallelopiped. Solve the equation sind + sin 30+ sin50 =0. Evaluate Jimis! +30? +2. 12, Prove by mathematical induction that the sum of aera first n odd natural numbers is r? The angles of a triangle are in AP, The number of degree in the least isto the number of radians in the greatest is as 60%. Find the angles in degree. or Tind the distance from the eye at which a coin of diameter 2m should be held so asjust to conceal the 14. Write down the negation of each of the following: 13. A committee of 3 persons is to be constituted from a group of 2 men and 3 women. In how many ways can this be done? How many of these committee ‘would consists of 1 man and 2 women? Identify the value being highlighted in this question. [BQ] full moon, whose angular diameter is 31. () 3+5=Band2+4>7 8. Prove that A ~(B UC} =(A-B) (A -C), Gi) Ifhe works hard, he will pass the examination or IU ={2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11}, (iii) [fit rains, he will not go for a walk {2, 4, 7), B={3, 5, 7,9, 11) (iv) Preeti is tall and therefore she is slim JANUARY 2015 | [ERERERES Rn 73SCHOOL PRACTICE RIDE 1 15. The probability that a student will pass the final examination in both English and Fiindi is 0.5 and the probability of passing neither is 0.1. Ifthe probability of passing the English examination is 0.75, then what is the probability of passing the Hindi examination? 16, solve 2d -23x+ 24-0, of Solve xt Six ~| =0. 17. Two unbiased dice are thrown. Find the probability that neither a doublet nor a total of 10 will appear. 18, The sum of frst three terms of a GP is and their product is ~ 1. Find the terms. 19. Evaluate lim “—7* + 4x-8 Pe ax-8 Section 20. Two consecutive sides of parallelogram are 4x + Sy = and 7x +2y=0. If the equation of one diagonal is 11x + 7y =8, then find the equation of other diagonal 21. Find the equation of the cixcle which is circumscribed about the triangle, whose vertices are (-2, 3), (5, 2) and (6,-. 22, Solve the system of inequalities graphically. xtys4, Bx+y23 x+4y2d, x<3ys2 Solve graphically the following system of inequalities: x+2y <3, 3x + dy 212, x20, yet 23. The AM and SD of 100 items was recorded as 40 and 5.1, respectively. Later on, it was discovered that one observation 40 was wrongly copied down as 50. Find the correct SD, 24, Find the term independent of x in the expansion of 3 1) +x+20)(20-4). sexeaei(fe 3 25. Find four numbers in GP, whose sum is 85 and product is 4096, Find thesumotseries? + 443.4 4 ate 26. A college awarded 38 medals in football, 15 in trskatbll and 20 models im ercket. It those medals vetra ayayiotal of $8 men end only tres men gat pease gal ules rpars, then howenany wosived aati co the three epoca + ..+2nterms, ‘The solution of these questions are available on hittp:/www.arihantbooks.com/Mathematics%20Spectrum.pat 74 JANUARY 2015 TWO Edge Study Resource Solved Papers & Mock Tests 8 ay 2015 CHAPTERWISE SOLUTIONS JEE MAIN & AIEEE 2014-2002 + 1 (Practice SETS on Oe hapeerwise nets Get An Insight of JEE Main by Practicing All Questions of Last 13 Years "Examinations and be ready for JE Main 2015 with 10 Real Practice Setsfor Class XI TEST DRIVE The Simulator test series towards Schoo! Practice and Board Exam BOARD EXAM RIDE 1 General Instructions (i) All questions are compulsory. (ii) The question paper consists of 26 Questions divided into three sections A, B and C. Section A comprises of 06 questions of one mark each, Section B comprises of 13 questions of four marks each and Section C comprises of 07 questions of six marks each. (iil) All questions in Section A are to be answered in one word, one sentence or as per the exact requirement of the question, (iv) There is no overall choice. However, internal choice has been provided in 04 questions of four marks each and 02 questions of six marks each. You have to attempt only one of the alternatives in all such questions. (W)_ Use of calculators is not permitted. You may ask for logarithmic tables, if required. Section A Consider /:R, 14, =) given by ffx) =x! + 4 1. Find the principal value of Show that f is invertible with the inverse ("4 of £ nfs 2R) veil a, 28 given by f*ly)=Jy—4, where R, is set of all cr(ow in?) non-negative real numbers. Prove that 2. 1{°8? 2\-(2 2) then find the value of a an 5 a \s 9 Lint 2x) 1 tan[Ssir( 2) Les 3. Find the projection of vector i+] over fe + i je 1 2 3] es 4. Using the third row of the determinant Jo 1 9), 7. 5. Find the number of parameters. in y=asinx + beos be + 0. 9. If abande are in AP, then show that the +2 x+3 x+2d determinant} +3. x+4 x +2b)=0 +4 x45 x42¢ 6. Show that the tines 54 x+1_y+2_2+3 xet ys? are perpendicular. Feveeieer ttetn'y wesceeteii 10. Find the values of a and b such that the function f Section B + aitxd JANUARY 2015 | [EERE 75BOARD EXAM RIDE1 11. Verify Rolle's theorem for the function (x) =sinx + cos x, where x e[o. 3 12. If cosy =xeos (a+ y),cosa#1, then prove that dy _cos*(a+y) a sina 13. Solve the following differential equation [1 ‘ dy Solve the differential equation &* + 2y tanx=sinx, given that y =, if 14. Evaluate fil xsin (nx) | dx. 15. A company has two plants for manufacturing scooters. Plant I manufactures 70% of the scooters and plant II manufactures 30% of the scooters. At plant I, 30% of the scooters are rated of standard quality and at plant II, 90% of the scooters are rated of standard quality. A scooter is chosen at random and is found to be of standard quality. Find the probability that it has come from plant IT. Write the features of a place, where a manufacturing plant ‘can be started 16, If a+ b+e=0 and |a|=3,|b|=5 and |e|= show that the angle between a and b is 60°, , then 17. Evaluate J ax. + 2x)? or x Evaluate f ———_* _ Same arcor =) 18, Find the distance from the point @, 4,5) to the point, where the line meets the plane xtytz= 19. Find the equation of tangent to the curves x=14cos andy sin @at Section C 20. Using the method of integration, find the area of the region bounded by the following lines 5x ~2y -10=0,x + y-9 =O and2x -5y-4=0 21. Solve the following system of equations by matrix method when x #0, y #0and z#0 2 1 3 22. Suppose, 6% of men and 0.25% of women have gray hair. A gray haired person is selected at random. What is the probability of this person being male? Assume that there are equal number of males and females, or An insurance company insured 2000 scooter drivers, 4000 car drivers and 6000 truck drivers. The probabilities of an accident involving a scooter, a car anda truck are 0.01, 0.03 and 0.15, respectively. ‘One of the insured persons meets with an accident. What is the probability that he is a scooter driver? 23. Find the maximum and minimum values of x + sin 2x in the interval [0,2] or A given quantity of metal is to be cast into a solid half circular cylinder with rectangular base and semi-circular ends. Show that in order that the total surface area may be minimum the ratio of the length of the cylinder to the diameter of its circular ends is a(n +2) 24. David wants to invest atmost® 12000 in bonds Aand B. According to the rule, he has to invest atleast 2000 in bond A and atleast € 4000 in bond B. If the rates of interest on bond A and B respectively, are 8% and 10% per annum. Formulate the problem as linear programming problem and solve it graphically for maximum interest. Also, determine the maximum interest received in a year. 25. Find the equation of plane passing through three points (1, 0, 0), (2,1, 9) and 1,42. 26. Evaluate f+ x. cost x4 sin” x The solution of these questions are available on htp://www.arlhantbooks.com/Mathematics%20Spectrum.pat 76 JANUARY 2015TEST DRIVE for Class XII The Simulator test series towards Schoo! Practice and Board Exam BOARD EXAM RIDE 2 General instructions {@) All questions are compulsory. (ii) The question paper consists of 26 questions divided into three sections A, B and C. Section A comprises of 06 questions of one mark each, Section B comprises of 13 questions of four marks each and Section C comprises of 07 questions of six marks each. (iii) All questions in Section A are to be answered in one word, one sentence or as per the exact requirement of the question, (iv) There is no overall choice. However, internal choice has been provided in 04 questions of four marks each and 02 questions of six marks each, You have to attempt only one of the alternatives in all such questions. (¥)_ Use of calculators is not permitted. You may ask for logarithmic tables, if required. Section A 1. wnte the prinipa value ofsin“(sin 2) isa singular matrix? 3. Find the angle between the vectors a=i—j+ i and b=itj-k 4. Find whether yegeb is a solution of fy, 2(a) dx x\dx. 5. tx? )+y)7']=/12 | men tind x and txts ty] y [= |g f then find xand y 6. Find the distance of the point (a, b,c) from Y-axis. Section B 7. Iff:R Risa function defined by f(x) =2x" ~5, show that the function fis a bijective function. Find the intervals in which the f(x) =2x* - 9x7 + 12x +15 is (i) increasing (i) decreasing. or Prove that the curves x=? and xy =k cut at right angles, if8i? =1. function 9. Using clementary transformations, find the sana 3 Using properties of determinants, show that aye, xy l= aval yl ly —2) @- 3». xy a Evaluate f (/tanx + Veotx) dx. 1ssinx) ay 1+ cosx 10. Evaluate se( 11.1f the function f(x) Bax+b, if x>1 f=} 1, if x= Sax -2b, if x<1 then find the values of aand b. or given by is continuous at x=1, | Find the derivative of tan’ [re] respect to tan’ JANUARY 2015 | [ERESERTS 77