V02 - Fundamentals

Communication Networks Winter 2017/18
Communication Networks
Chapter 2 Fundamentals
Communication Networks: 2. Fundamentals 30
Overview
1. Communication Network
2. Standardization
3. Communication Associations
4. Communication Architectures
5. Telecommunication Services and Protocols
6. ISO/OSI Basic Reference Model
Prof. Jochen Seitz 1

Example of a Telecommunication Network (Repetition)
Backbone
LAN 1
Mobile
Users
URL Web Page
Wireless LAN 3
LAN 2
Components
Terminal Equipment (End Nodes)
User interface to communication service
Host for applications / server
Source and/or sink of information flows
Switching Equipment (Intermediate Nodes)
Forwarding of information
Routing decision
Physical Media
Links between
terminal equipment and switching equipment
switching equipment and terminal equipment
Need for international standards

Communication Service
Tele Service
Bearer Service
Network
Terminal Terminal
Equipment Equipment
User Network Interface (UNI)

Application / User Interface
Main Task
Transmission of information from one terminal equipment to another
Information transmission for different applications / use cases
Information transmission on demand to an arbitrary terminal equipment
Possibly, transformation of information required
Speech Communication
Transmission of Bits
Network

Fully Meshed Network

Direct links between all end nodes of the network
No switching equipment needed
For communication simply select the correct link
For n end nodes: (n * (n-1)) links required End Node
1
End Node End Node

Example: 2 7
Network of 7 end nodes
21 links End Node End Node
3 6
End Node End Node

4 5
Partially Meshed Network

At least one path through the network for all pairs of end nodes
Switching equipment on the path forwards information accordingly
Communication association between end devices / users
Control of communication association required
Resources in the network might be limited
Network

2. Standardization
Standardization Bodies (I)

International Standardization Organizations
International Organization for Standardization (ISO)
ISO Reference Model for Open Systems Interconnection (OSI)
International Telecommunication Union (ITU)
Telecommunication Standardization Sector, ITU-T
Radiocommunication Sector, ITU-R
Telecommunication Development Sector, ITU-D
Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
Regional / National Standardization Organizations
European Telecommunication Standards Institute (ETSI)
American National Standards Institute (ANSI)
Deutsches Institut fr Normung (DIN)
2. Standardization
Standardization Bodies (II)

Standardization of the Internet
Internet Engineering Task Force
large number of working groups and informal discussion groups
(BoF Birds of a Feather)
working groups organized into areas by subject matter
area directors, together with the IETF Chair, form the Internet Engineering Steering
Group (IESG)
Special Interest Groups (SIGs)
Bluetooth-SIG
Ecma International (former European Computer Manufacturers Association)
The Open Group (former OSF and X/Open)
ZigBee Alliance

2. Standardization
Standardization by ISO
ISO Working Groups

Meetings each 6 to 9 months
Technical
National bodies need to agree on
concepts to be standardized
Committee (TC)
Process
SubCommittee
Draft Proposal (DP)
(SC)
Draft International Standard (DIS)
International Standard (IS)
Working Group
(WG) International Reconcilement
2. Standardization
Standardization in the Internet

IETF responsible for standardization Proposal
IESG controls standardization process
Two results Experimental
Request for Comments (RFC)
For Your Information (FYI) Informal
For each draft standard, two

interoperable and independent Proposed Standard
implementations must exist
Draft Standard
Full Standard

2. Standardization
Standards of the Internet Examples

RFC Title Date
RFC 768 User Datagram Protocol (UDP) August 1980
RFC 791 Internet Protocol (IP) September 1981
RFC 792 Internet Control Message Protocol (ICMP) September 1981
RFC 793 Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) September 1981
RFC 959 File Transfer Protcol October 1985
RFC 1945 Hypertext Transfer Protocol HTTP/1.0 May 1996
RFC 2460 Internet Protocol, Version 6 (IPv6) Specification December 1998
RFC 8212 Default External BGP (EBGP) Route Propagation Behavior July 2017
without Policies
see http://www.ietf.org
3. Communication Association
Communication Association
Temporary service provided by the network to transfer information from one UNI
to some freely selected UNI
Requirements:
Addressing of the UNI / user
Fulfillment of user / application requirements:
throughput / goodput
delay / delay variation (jitter)
reliability (bit errors / packet loss / communication breakdown)
security / authenticity / trustworthiness
availability


Communicating Entities
MantoMan
one-way (e-mail) or dialogue (telephony, chat)
text (e-mail, chat) or speech (telephony)
synchronous (telephony) or asynchronous (e-mail, chat)
MantoMachine
client/server-based applications (www, online banking, )
peer-to-peer applications (gnutella, )
MachinetoMachine
distributed processes for smart home, industry 4.0, internet of things
pervasive computing
Number of Communication Entities
Number of Number of Communication Example

Senders Receivers Association
1 1 Unicast lecture (?)
1 1 Dialogue telephony
1 1 < n < all Multicast pay TV
1 all Broadcast normal TV
m>1 1 Concast tele-voting
m>1 n>1 Multipeer video conference
1 n>1 Anycast DHCP

Communication Links
Serial Communication
Universal Serial Bus (USB)
0
(serial transmission)
1 t
1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0
0
0
0 1 bit per time interval,
0
1 physical link
0
1
Parallel Communication
0 t
1
0
0
0
Centronix
0 (8 bis in parallel)
0
1
8 bits per time interval,
8 physical links Communication Networks: 2. Fundamentals 46
Direction of Communication
Simplex Duplex Half Duplex
- Radio / TV Broadcast - Telephony - Citizens Band

- Fire Detector - Internet - Walkie-Talkie
- Sensor Node - Video Game

Order of Delivery
According to sending sequence (First In, First Out (FIFO))
FIFO + Priorities
Random delivery order
3 2 1 3 1 2
Network
Quality of Reliability: Costs:

Transmission Errors Investment Costs
Service Comm. Breakdown Operating Costs
Service Reliability
Many criteria
Optimization of all criteria at
the same time not possible Security:
Information Integrity Performance:
Confidentiality Signal Runtime
Authenticity Response Time
Non-Repudia- Throughput
bility Suitability:
Complexity
Scalability
Usability

Principles
Different components in a communication architecture

with dedicated functionality:
Interface to the physical medium Interface to the
Application / User
Interface to the application / user
Communication
Several communication entities Entities
to realize the required communication service
Interface to the
to provide the required quality of service Physical Medium
Structured in a layered architecture
The Layered Approach

Refinement of Communication Entities layer
arbitrary number of layers Layer X
Each layer Layer X-1

offers service to the upper layer
utilizes service of the lower layer Layer X-2
Communication
Advantages Entities

Concentration on a specific communication

aspect in each layer Layer X-n+1
Exchange of a layer without side effect on the
Layer X-n
other layers

Point-to-Point Physical Medium
Sender Receiver
Medium Access Point Medium Access Point
Physical Transmission Channel
Physical Medium
Shared Physical Medium
Sender A Receiver A1 Receiver B1 Sender B Receiver A2
Physical Medium

The Layers
Application Horizontal Communication Application
Interface
Vertical Communication
Vertical Communication
Horizontal Communication
Service Access Point (SAP)
Layer i
Abstract Medium for Layer i
Physical Medium
5. Telecommunication Service and Protocol
Service and Protocol (I)
Service User 1 Service User 2
Layer i+1
Service
Service
Layer i
Service Provider 1 Protocol Service Provider 2
System A System B

Service and Protocol (II)

Peer entities on one layer
utilize the service of the layer below (if there is one)
offer their service to the layer above (if there is one)
only know the interface to the service beneath, but not its implementation
communicate with each other according to specific rules
receive input
generate events
Service offered by a layer is based on the cooperation of the communicating peer
entities in the layer
Telephony Service (I)
Telephony Service
Pick Up
Dial Tone
Enter the
Telephone Number Ringing
Ringing Tone
Pick Up
End of Ringing Tone
Time
Conversation
Hang Up
Busy Tone
Hang Up

Telephony Service (II)
Telephony Service
Pick Up
Dial Tone
Enter the
Ringing Tone
Pick Up
End of Ringing Tone
Time
Conversation
Hang Up
Busy Tone
Hang Up
Telephony Service (I)
Network
Pick Up
Dial Tone
Enter the
Ringing Tone
Response Pick Up
End of Ringing Tone
Time
Conversation
Hang Up Disconnect Busy Tone
Disconnect
Hang Up

Definition of Service
Service = set of functions in one layer
delivered by cooperating entities of the layer communicating according to a specific
Protocol
offered at the Services Access Point (SAP) of the layer
defined by a set of Service Primitives and rules for their usage
Service Primitive types
Request
Indication
Response
Confirmation
Illustration of a Telecommunication Service
Communi- Communi- Communi- Communi-

cating cating cating cating
Entity Entity
Entity Entity
Ii+11 Ii+12 Ii+1N-1 Ii+1N
Exchange of
Service Service Service
Interface Primitives Access
of Layer i Point (SAP)
Abstract Medium Mi

Service of Layer i
Set of functions offered by
layer i at its Service Access Entity 1 Entity 2
Point of Layer i+1 of Layer i+1
vertical communication Ii+11 Ii+12
Delivered by peer entities in
layer i communication with SAP of Layer i SAP of Layer i
each other utilizing the service
of layer i-1
horizontal communication Entity 1 Entity 2
Entities of layer i+1 only know of Layer i+1 Protocol of Layer i+1
Ii 1 Ii 2
the service interface of layer i
Layer i
Different Kinds of Services

Confirmed Service Unconfirmed Service
Confirmed by service user Initiated by the service user
Request
Request
Indication
Indication
Response
Confirmation
Initiated by the service provider
Indication Indication

Connection-oriented Service
Three phases: Connect
Establishment
Connection
Connection Establishment Request Connect
Creation of context in terminal and
Indication
Connect
switching equipment Connect Response
Confirmation
Data Transmission
Release Transmission
Data
Request Data
Data
Based on established context Data
Indication
Request Data
Indication
Connection Release Disconnect
Deletion of context Connection Request Disconnect

Indication
Deallocation of resources
Connection End Points

Connection End Point (CEP) = Identification of a connection within a SAP
Entity 1 Entity 2 Entity 3 Entity 4

of Layer i+1 of Layer i+1 of Layer i+1 of Layer i+1
Ii+11 Ii+12 Ii+13 Ii+14
Connection End Point

SAP of Layer i SAP of Layer i
Entity 1 Entity 2
of Layer i+1 Protocol of Layer i+1
Ii 1 Ii 2
Layer i

Datagram Service
Connectionless service:
Data.
shoot and pray Request1
no phases for connection setup/release
required Data.
Request2
no creation of context in the network
Data.
no guarantee for ordered delivery Indication2
unconfirmed service Data.
Indication1
Protocol
Entity 1 Entity 2
of Layer i+1 of Layer i+1
Ii+11 Ii+12
Service
Interface SAP of Layer i SAP of Layer i
of Layer i
Abstract Medium Mi
Entity 1 Entity 2
of Layer i Protocol of Layer i
Service Ii 1 of Layer i Ii 2
Interface
of Layer i-1
Abstract Medium Mi-1

The Idea Behind Protocols

Rules for concurrently running cooperating entities
Enhancement of the quality (QoS) and the funcitons of the layer below
Distributed algorithm
Important problem:
Failures and faults in the lower layer must be taken into account
Specification of protocols:
In most cases only for two entities
(Extended) Finite State Machine ((E)FSM)
Message Sequence Chart (MSC)
Protocol Function
Elementary atomic function to be included
in different communication architectures
in different protocols
in different layers
Cannot be further divided into parts

Protocol Function Encapsulation
Entity Ii+11 Entity Ii+12
User Information User Information
Abstract Medium Mi
Entity Ii1 Protocol Entity Ii2

of Layer i
Protocol Function Segmentation and Reassembly
Entity Ii+11 Entity Ii+12
Abstract Medium Mi
Entity Ii1 Protocol Entity Ii2

of Layer i

Protocol Function Connection Management

Connection establishment
Connection maintenance resource allocation
Connection release
Handling of connection breakdowns
Handling of orphaned connection
Further tasks related to connection management
Addressing
Address mapping
Protocol Function Routing

Selection of the optimal physical medium interface and of the next node
Different criteria
(monetary) cost
data rate
availability / reliability
delay / number of intermediate hops to the destination
current load

Optimum might vary according to current network state
Probably duplication of sent information
flooding
multicast

Protocol Function Data Transfer

Desired: ordered data transfer
data is delivered in the same order as it was sent
data might have to be reordered after receiving
Desired: different priorities for different data
normal versus expedited data transfer
no overtaking of important data by normal data
data might have to be reordered before forwarding
Protocol Function Load Control
on terminal in the network

Load Control
environments
reactively Network Overload preventively

Flow Control
Control
Congestion Control Traffic Control

Protocol Function Error Detection and Correction
Error Detection Error Correction

Redundancy Redundancy
Parity Forward Error Correction (FEC)
Checksum Retransmission
Acknowledgements Selectively
Stop & Wait
Go-back-N
Credit-based
Reset
Timeout
Numbering of packets Abort
Sequence control
Protocol Function Multiplex and Bundling
Multiplex Bundling
One entity serves several entities on On entity utilizes the services of
the layer above several entities in the layer below
Entity Ii+11 Entity Ii+12 Entity Ii+11
Entity Ii1 Entity Ii1 Entity Ii2
Layer i Layer i

Protocol Function Shared Medium Access
Controlled Medium Access Arbitrary Medium Access
Alternatives No central control

centrally controlled Each nodes decides whether it may
without central control send
(e.g. token based) Problem: Collisions possible
No collision
Problem: Part of bandwidth might be
unused
Combination: Hybrid Medium Access
Protocol Function Synchronization

Different contexts:
Signal level
clock, sensing,
Medium Access
time slots, start of sending after last transmission
Transmission
start and end (bits, octets, frames, packets, )
Connection
establishment, release
Data transfer
progress of data transfer in case of restart


The ISO/OSI Basic Reference Model

Standardization of protocols and services to implement open systems
(OSI = Open Systems Interconnection)
Base for interoperability of components of different companies
Nota bene: ISO/OSI Basic Reference Model is mainly a framework to explain
and classify communication architectures
Implementation especially in public networks, but not relevant any more
Important standard:
ISO/IEC IS 7498: Information Processing Systems Open Systems Interconnection
Basic Reference Model, International Standard, October 15, 1994
Adopted by CCITT resp. ITU-T in recommendation X.200
Principles
OSI End System
Terminal system that adheres to the ISO/OSI standard
(N)-Layer
All entities/instances in the layer N
(N)-Entity
Implementation of a process providing the service of the layer N
Might be instantiated several times in one open system in one layer
Peer Entities
Cooperating entities in one layer to deliver a certain service
End System A End System B
(N)-Entity (N)-Layer (N)-Entity

Connection and Association
(N)-Connection (N)-Association
Relation between two or more (N+1)-Entities Cooperative relation between two or more
Connection established between (N)-CEPs in (N)-Entities
the (N)-SAPs Can be based on
(N)-Entities offer connection-oriented service (N)-Connection
connectionless service of (N)-Layer
(N+1)-Association
Entity IN+11 Entity IN+12
(N)-Connection
Entity IN1 Entity IN2

Generic Communication over SAP

(N+1)-Layer
(N)-IDU
SAP
(N)-Layer
(N)-PCI (N)-SDU (N)-ICI
(N)-PDU
(N )-PCI (N)-SDU (N-1)-ICI
(N-1)-IDU
SAP
(N-1)-Layer
(N-1)-SDU (N-1)-ICI

Data and Information Units

(N)-IDU Interface Data Unit (N)-PCI Protocol Control Information
exchanged between (N+1)- and (N)-Entities exchanged between Peer Entities of the
via an (N)-SAP (N)-Layer
composed of (N)-ICI and (N)-SDU used to control protocol functions
(N)-ICI Interface Control Information contains e.g. sequence numbers, check
exchanged between (N+1)- and (N)-Layer sums etc.
used to control service delivery (N)-PDU Protocol Data Unit
contains e.g. addresses exchanged between (N)-Entities on
(N)-SDU Service Data Unit utilizing the service of the (N-1)-Layer
consists of information to be transparently composed of (N)-PCI and (N)-SDU
transferred between (N)-SAPs corresponds to the (N-1)-SDU
Exchange of Data Units

(N+1)-Layer
(N)-Service SAP SAP

(N)-IDU (N)-IDU
Entity 1 (N)-PDU Entity 2

of Layer N Protocol of Layer N of Layer N
IN1 IN2
(N-1)-IDU (N-1)-IDU
(N-1)-Service SAP SAP
(N-1)-Layer

The OSI Layers
Layer 7 (A Layer) Application Layer

Application-
oriented Layer 6 (P-Layer) Presentation Layer
Layers
Layer 5 (S-Layer) Session Layer
Layer 4 (T-Layer) Transport Layer
Transport- Layer 3 (N-Layer) Network Layer

oriented
Layers Layer 2 (DL-Layer) Data Link Layer
Layer 1 (Ph-Layer) Physical Layer
Service Primitives
(N)-Service.Primitve
Layer Service Primitive

Ph -Connect .Req (Request)
DL -Data .Ind (Indication)
N -Disconnect .Rsp (Response)
T -UserAbort .Cnf (Confirmation)
-
Note: Service Primitives in Application Layer named according to the related

Application Service Element (ASE)

Communication Example
Establishment
DL-Connect.Req
Connection
DL-Connect.Ind
DL-Connect.Rsp
DL-Connect.Cnf
DL-Data.Req
Transfer
DL-Data.Ind
Data
DL-Data.Req
DL-Data.Ind
DL-Disconnect.Req
Connection
Release
DL-Disconnect.Ind
Transport-oriented Layers
Do not consider the contents of the transported information
Only deal with bit sequences
Apply the same procedures to all transported information
Consist of the following layers
Transport Layer
Network Layer Layer 4 (T-Layer)
Data Link Layer Transport- Layer 3 (N-Layer)

Physical Layer oriented
Layers Layer 2 (DL-Layer)
Layer 1 (Ph-Layer)

Physical Layer
Transfers (unstructured) bit sequences in form of physical signals
Implements channel coding
Defines the physical interfaces (connectors, jacks, sockets, )
Might not be able to deal with transmission errors
Bits Bits
Physical Layer Physical Layer

Entity 1 Entity 2
Physical Signals Eventually Disturbed Physical Signals

Physical Medium
Transmitted Data 0 1 0 0 1 1 0 1
Transmission +V
over Physical Transmitted Signal
Layer -V
Taken from F. Halsall (2000)

Typical Received Signal
Sampling Instants
Received Data 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 1
Bit Error

Data Link Layer

Responsible for detection and correction of bit errors
For detection: adding redundancy (parity bits, cyclic redundancy check, )
For correction: several mechanisms
Forward Error Correction (FEC)
Acknowledgements
Sequence Numbers
Timeout & Retransmission
Flow Control
Reset
Medium Access Control (MAC) for shared medium
Addressing receiver (especially in case of a shared medium) e.g. MAC address
Control information and user information frame structure: Header User Data Trailer
Network Layer
Links several point-to-point associations (of the Data Link Layer) to an and system
association
Network Association
Network Layer Network Layer Network Layer
Entity 1 Entity 2 Entity 3
Data Link Layer Data Link Association DL Layer DL Layer Data Link Association Data Link Layer
Entity Entity
Entity 1 2.1 2.2 Entity 3
End System A Intermediate System End System A
Is responsible for finding the optimal path through the network (routing) and forwarding
the information on this path
Should control network load
Works connection-oriented or connectionless
Is based on world-wide unique addresses (e.g. telephone number or IP address)

Transport Layer
Data transfer between different pairs of applications on the end systems
Abstracts from the underlying networking technologies
Adds Quality of Service (QoS) to the service provided by the Network Layer as
required by the applications
Works connection-oriented or connectionless
Transport Layer Transport Layer

Entity 1 Entity 3
Network Layer Network Layer Network Layer
Entity 1 Entity 2 Entity 3
Data Link Layer Data Link Association DL Layer DL Layer Data Link Association Data Link Layer
Entity Entity
Entity 1 2.1 2.2 Entity 3
End System A Intermediate System End System A
Application-Oriented Layers
Depend on the application and its semantics
Are aware of the kind of information to be transferred (not just bits)
Must be directly controlled by the application
Consist of the following layers:
Application Layer
Presentation Layer Layer 7 (A Layer)
Application-
Session Layer
oriented Layer 6 (P-Layer)
Layers
Layer 5 (S-Layer)

Session Layer
Allows organizing and synchronizing the dialogue of two applications
Is built on sessions which abstract from network connectivity
Session
t
Transport Layer Connections
Controls the exchange of information (which application entity might send

information at a specific point in time)
Provides synchronization points for restarting whenever the connectivity is
interrupted during transmission
Presentation Layer
Provides coding of information so that the receiver understands the syntax and
the semantics of the transmitted bits
Is based on abstract data syntax forms which the application can choose from
Transfers information according to the associated transfer syntax
Overcomes the ambiguity and heterogeneity of different syntaxes in various
operating systems or processor architectures
Presentation Presentation
0110001011001010000110111100001011001
Layer Layer
Entity 1 Entity 2

Application Layer
Provides a set of different services suitable for different applications
File Transfer, Access and Management (FTAM)
Message Handling System (MHS, ISO/OSI E-Mail)
Remote Operations (ROSE)
Association Control (ACSE)
Consists of several Application Service Elements (ASEs) forming an application layer
entity
Common Application Service Element (CASE)
Specific Application Service Element (SASE)
Single Association Control Function (SACF) to control the cooperation of ASEs
Multiple Association Control Function (MACF) to control several SACFs
The Seven Layers
Network
Layer 7 Entity Layer 7 Entity

Layer 3 Entity Layer 3 Entity Layer 3 Entity
Layer 2 Entity Layer 2 Entity Layer 2 Entity Layer 2 Entity
Layer 1 Entity Layer 1 Entity Layer 1 Entity Layer 1 Entity


AH Application Header NH Network Header
PH Presentation Header DLH Data Link Header
Encapsulation SH Session Header DLT Data Link Trailer
TH Transport Header
Data
Application Layer AH Data Application Layer
Receive
Send
Presentation Layer PH Data Presentation Layer
Session Layer SH Data Session Layer
Transport Layer TH Data Transport Layer
Network Layer NH Data Network Layer
Data Link Layer DLH Data DLT Data Link Layer
Physical Layer Bits Physical Layer
Comparison with the Internet Protocol Suite
Application Layer Application specific functions concentrated in one layer only

(subsumes Session, Presentation and Application Layer)
Data transfer end-to-end
Transport Layer between two applications on two computers
Routing and forwarding in the Internet
Internet Layer layer of the Internet Protocol
Network-to-Host Network to host interface implemented on the network card
Layer in the device (subsumes Data Link and Physical Layer)

Theoretic Model: Three Layer Architecture
Application-oriented Corresponds to OSI layers 5 7

Layer
Transport-oriented
Layer Corresponds to OSI layers 2b 4
Network Access
Layer Corresponds to OSI layers 1 2a
Less processing overhead

Prevention of redundant functions
High performance networking
But: not compatible to current architectures / best practice
References
Halsall, Fred (2005): Computer Networking and the Internet. 5th edition. Harlow,
England: Addison-Wesley.
Halsall, Fred (2000): Data Communications, Computer Networks and Open
Systems. 4th edition, reprint. Harlow: Addison-Wesley.
Kurose, James F.; Ross, Keith W. (2017): Computer Networking. A Top-Down
Approach. 7th edition. Hoboken, New Jersey: Pearson.
Nutt, Gary J. (1992): Open Systems. Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice-Hall (Prentice-
Hall Series in Innovative Technology).
Stallings, William (2014): Data and Computer Communications. 10th edition.
Upper Saddle River, N.J.: Pearson.
Tanenbaum, Andrew S.; Wetherall, David J. (2011): Computer Networks. 5th
edition. Boston: Pearson Prentice Hall.

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Communication Networks Winter 2017/18

Communication Networks: 2. Fundamentals 30

5. Telecommunication Services and Protocols

6. ISO/OSI Basic Reference Model

Communication Networks: 2. Fundamentals 31

Prof. Jochen Seitz 1

Example of a Telecommunication Network (Repetition)

Need for international standards

Communication Networks: 2. Fundamentals 33

Prof. Jochen Seitz 2

User Network Interface (UNI)

Communication Networks: 2. Fundamentals 35

Prof. Jochen Seitz 3

Fully Meshed Network

End Node End Node

End Node End Node

Communication Networks: 2. Fundamentals 36

Partially Meshed Network

Communication Networks: 2. Fundamentals 37

Prof. Jochen Seitz 4

Standardization Bodies (I)

Communication Networks: 2. Fundamentals 38

Standardization Bodies (II)

Communication Networks: 2. Fundamentals 39

Prof. Jochen Seitz 5

ISO Working Groups

Communication Networks: 2. Fundamentals 40

Standardization in the Internet

For each draft standard, two

Communication Networks: 2. Fundamentals 41

Prof. Jochen Seitz 6

Standards of the Internet Examples

Communication Networks: 2. Fundamentals 43

Prof. Jochen Seitz 7

Communication Networks: 2. Fundamentals 44

Number of Communication Entities

Number of Number of Communication Example

Communication Networks: 2. Fundamentals 45

Prof. Jochen Seitz 8

Simplex Duplex Half Duplex

- Radio / TV Broadcast - Telephony - Citizens Band

Communication Networks: 2. Fundamentals 47

Prof. Jochen Seitz 9

Communication Networks: 2. Fundamentals 48

Quality of Reliability: Costs:

Communication Networks: 2. Fundamentals 49

Prof. Jochen Seitz 10

Different components in a communication architecture

Communication Networks: 2. Fundamentals 50

The Layered Approach

Each layer Layer X-1

Concentration on a specific communication

Communication Networks: 2. Fundamentals 51

Prof. Jochen Seitz 11

Point-to-Point Physical Medium

Medium Access Point Medium Access Point

Physical Transmission Channel

Communication Networks: 2. Fundamentals 52

Shared Physical Medium

Sender A Receiver A1 Receiver B1 Sender B Receiver A2

Physical Transmission Channel

Communication Networks: 2. Fundamentals 53

Prof. Jochen Seitz 12

Service Access Point (SAP)