Additional

Mathematics
Project Work
2017

Name: Nazarudin Iqzuan Bin

Marzulino
Class: 5 Science 3

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Table of Contents

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Introduction
History of Integration
The path to the development of the integral is a branching one, where
similar discoveries were made simultaneously by different people. The
history of the technique that is currently known as integration began with
attempts to find the area underneath curves. The foundations for the
discovery of the integral were first laid by Cavalieri, an Italian
Mathematician, in around 1635. Cavalieris work centered around the
observation that a curve can be considered to be sketched by a moving
point and an area to be sketched by a moving line.
John Wallis and Pierre De Fermat also contributed to the development
of integral.Their work had laid the groundwork for the modern concept of
the integral. However, what Fermat and Wallis had failed to recognize
was the relationship between the differential and the integral. That idea
would be developed simultaneously by two men: Newton and Leibniz.
The major advance in integration came in the 17th century with the
independent discovery of the fundamental theorem of calculus by Sir
Isaac Newton and Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz.
The theorem demonstrates a connection between integration and
differentiation.This connection,combined with the comparative ease of
differentiation,can be exploited to calculate integrals.In particular,the
fundamental theorem of calculus allows one to solve a much broader class
of problems.Equal in importance is the comprehensive mathematical
framework that both Newton and Leibniz developed.
Given the name infinitesimal calculus, it allowed for precise analysis
of functions within continuous domains.This framework eventually
became modern calculus, whose notation for integrals is drawn directly
from the work of Leibniz. Newton introduced the notation for the
derivative of a function f. Leibniz introduced the symbol for the

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integral and wrote the derivative function of the variable as ,both

which are still in use.
What is Integration?
Integration can be used to find areas,volumes,central points and many
useful things. But it is often used to find the area underneath the graph
of a function like this:

The area can be found by adding slices that approach zero in width:

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 The symbol for Integral is a stylish S (for Sum, the idea of
summing slices):

After the Integral Symbol we put the function we want to find the integral
of (called the Integrand) and then finish with to mean the slices go in
the direction (and approach zero in width).

Definite Integral
A definite integral has start and end values.In other words there is an
interval ( to ).The values are put at the top and the bottom of the
,like this :

Indefinite integral Definite integral

(no specific values) (from to )
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The function we are integrating must be continuous between and :no
holes,jumps or vertical asymptotes (where function heads up/down
towards infinity).

Properties of Definite Integrals:

i)Reversing the interval

Reversing the direction of the interval gives the negative of the original
direction.

( ) = ( )

ii)Interval of zero length

When the interval starts and ends at the same place, the result is zero:

( ) = 0

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iii)Adding intervals

We can also add two adjacent intervals together:

( ) ) = ( ) + ( )

These are some rules of integration:

Rules Function Integral
Multiplication by () ()
constant
Power rule (n-1) +1
+
( + 1)
Sum rule ( + ) +
Difference rule ( )

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Task specification
Part 1
i. Describe the factor that cause flood phenomena to happen.
ii. Explain the effects of the flood phenomena on our lives.

Part 2
Cross section of the river

12 m 6m
P Q

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Given that,equation of curve from P to R can be written as = 24 and equation of curve from
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R to Q can be written as = 4 + 18 , where both and are in metres.
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1. Find the maximum depth of the river.

2. Find the cross-sectional area of the river.
3. Find the volume of water that flows in 1s if the water flows at an
average rate of 1.4 m s-1.
4. Find the amount of water that flows in a day.

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Further question
When the 2.0 m high vertical levee are erected, during a flood the water
level is expected to rise to a height of 1.5 m up the vertical levee and the
flow rate of water to 2.5 m s-1. Find the ratio of the volume of water that
flows in 1 s during such a flood and to its average value on a normal day.

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 Problem solving
Part 1
i. There are a number of things that causes floods. The first such
element is of course the weather. If we experience severe weather then
there are all sorts of associated problems. If there is enough rainfall
(especially over a short period of time) then the streets can become
flooded and riverbanks could burst their banks. This is because as the
banks swell with water from heavy precipitation there is simply
nowhere else for the water to go and so the banks burst of their own
accord due to such overwhelming pressure.
This can cause utter devastation to homes, fields and businesses as
the sheer tide of water streams through the city. It is because the
banks cannot cope with the adverse weather that there is nowhere
for the water to run off and drain away.
Other reasons for floods are natural disasters such as tidal waves
or tsunamis. This is caused by the sea gathering up a tremendous
amount of momentum owing to a displacement of large volumes of
water underneath the sea which can lead to catastrophic
consequences. Two such tragic occurrences were the tsumanis
emanating from the Indian Ocean that struck in December 2004,
killing tens of thousands of people as well as the more recent one
which hit Japan in 2011.
The situation in Japan was so severe because a previous high-
magnitude earthquake caused a displacement of water which
traveled across the sea and onto land, simply engulfing whole towns
and villages. It is the speed of these tidal waves that caused such
immense damage, not only to structures but, more importantly, to
human communities due to the loss of life.
Human activities such as deforestation is also one of the main
factors why floods occurs. Deforestation plays many roles in the

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 flooding equation because trees prevent sediment runoffs and forests
hold more water than farms or grasslands. The flood equation is
simple. If a river cannot handle the load of water it is required to
carry, it will rise above its banks. This is when floods occur. This is
how a single tree can actually help in reducing the effects of
flooding. Other human activities such as urbanization also cause
flooding. The picture below shows an example of severe damage
caused by flood due to excessive deforestation

(Haiti flood in 2004 which was caused by excessive deforestation)

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ii. Floods can have devastating consequences and can have effects on
the economy, environment and people.
During floods (especially flash floods), roads, bridges, farms,
houses and automobiles are destroyed. People become homeless.
Additionally, the government deploys firemen, police and other
emergency apparatuses to help the affected. All these come at a
heavy cost to people and the government. It usually takes years for
affected communities to be re-built and business to come back to
normalcy. The bar chart below shows an example of economic
losses of china due to floods for 2005-2013.

The environment also suffers when floods happen. Chemicals and

other hazardous substances end up in the water and eventually
contaminate the water bodies that floods end up in. In 2011, a huge
tsunami hit Japan, and sea water flooded a part of the coastline. The
flooding caused massive leakage in nuclear plants and has since
caused high radiation in that area. Authorities in Japan fear that
Fukushima radiation levels are 18 times higher than even thought.

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 Many people and animals also died in flash floods. Many more are
injured and others made homeless. Water supply and electricity are
disrupted and people struggle and suffer as a result. In addition to
this, flooding brings a lot of diseases and infections including
military fever, pneumonic plague, dermatopathia and dysentery.
Sometimes insects and snakes make their ways to the area and cause
a lot of havoc. The bar chart below shows the reported medical
consultations in flood affected districts of Pakistan in 2010.

(The number of leading causes of seeking medical consultations reported to DEWS from 29th
July 2010 to 21st July 2011)

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Part 2
1. The coordinate of R is (12, ).Thus,

= 12

Given that equation of curve from P to R is

2
=
24

Substituting = 12 , into the equation above

122
= 12
24

= 6 12
= 6

Thus, the maximum depth of the river is 6 m.

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 2. Cross sectional area of the river
= Area under curve PR + Area under the curve RQ

Thus,
Cross-sectional area of the river
12 2 18 2
=| 0 24 | + | 12 6 4 + 18 |

1 3 12 1 3 18
2
=|[ 24
] | + | [( 6
2 2 + 18)] |
3 2 3
0 12

1 1 3 1 3
123 122 18 12
= |[( 24
) 0]| + |[ ( 6
2(18 )2 + 18(18)) ( 6
2(12)2 + 18(12))]|
3 2 3 3

= |48| + |0 24|
= |48| + |24|
= 48 + 24
=72

The cross sectional area of the river is 72 m2.

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3. Given that water flows at an average rate of 1.4 m s-1
Thus,
The volume of water that flows in 1 s
= 72 m2 1.4 m s-1
= 100.8 m3 s-1

The volume of water that flows in 1 s is 100.8 m3 s-1.

4. 100.8 m3 s-1 is the volume of water that flows in 1 s

Thus,
The volume of water that flows in a day
= 100.8 60 60 24
= 8709120 m3

The volume of water that flow in a day is 8709120 m3

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Further Question
Addition area
= 1.5 18
= 27 m2
Thus,
The total area is
= 27 + 72
= 99 m2

The volume of water that flows in 1 s is

= 99 m2 2.5 m s-1
= 247.5 m3 s-1

Thus,
The ratio of volume of water that flows in 1 s during flood to its average
value on a normal day

247.5
=
100.8

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Conclusion

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