Patients wi Lymphocytic interstitial pneumonitis (LIP). Non-Hodgkin pulmonary lymphoma.

Ankylosing Young to middle-aged man with spine changes (kyphosis, spinal ankylosis). Increased lung volumes. Upper lobe fib
These histoUIP. Acute interstitial pneumonia (AIP). COP. Respiratory bronchiolitis-associated interstitial lung disease (RB-ILD). D
Usual Inter Most common of the idiopathic interstitial pneumonias. Most cases are sporadic. 30% of cases associated with colla
Acute InterDiffuse ground-glass opacity and consolidation with air bronchograms. Linear opacities, honeycombing, and tractio
Conditions Viral infection (influenza, adenovirus, measles). Toxic fume inhalation (sulfur dioxide, chlorine). Collagen vascular di
Cryptogeni Idiopathic form of organizing pneumonia. Most common finding: Patchy consolidation or ground-glass opacity with
RespiratoryTypically young, heavy smokers. Scattered ground-glass opacities. Small centrilobular nodules with upper lobe pred
Desquamati95% are cigarette smokers. Cannot be radiologically distinguished from UIP. Bibasilar reticular opacities. Normal or
NeurofibroGenerally asymmetric upper lung bullae. Generally symmetric lower lung interstitial fibrosis.
Tuberous ScIndistinguishable from LAM. Symmetric bilateral reticular or reticulonodular opacities. Scattered lung cysts. Normal
Lymphangi Exclusively in women. Lung cysts separated by interlacing bundles of smooth muscle. May obstruct lymphatics caus
Alveolar SeSimulates silicosis or lung sarcoidosis. Upper lung reticulonodular opacities.
Chronic As Irregular reticular interstitial opacities.
3 major p Asbestosis. Silicosis. CWP.
Asbestosis Pleura: Parietal pleural plaques. Pleural effusion. Localized visceral pleural fibrosis. Diffuse pleural fibrosis. Mesothe
Silicosis Mining, ceramic work, and sandblasting. Upper lobe and parahilar nodules. Nodule calcification may occur. Egg she
Coal WorkePredominantly upper lung reticulonodular or small nodular opacities.
Rare Pneu Berylliosis. Aluminum. Hard metal (cobalt, tungsten).
HypersensiInhaled antigenic organic dusts: Farmer's lung (moldy hay). Humidifier lung (thermophilic bacteria). Bird-fancier's lu
Lung Sarcoi0 Normal chest radiograph. 1 Bilateral hilar lymph node enlargement. 2 Bilateral hilar lymph node enlargement and
SarcoidosisCommon findings: Symmetric hilar adenopathy allows distinction from malignancy and TB. Symmetric mid and upp
LangerhansVery high association with cigarette smoking. Mid and upper lung centrilobular small nodules. In late stages may de
Wegener GNecrotizing granulomatous vasculitis involving upper and lower respiratory tracts and kidneys. Discrete nodules or m
Chronic Eo Symptoms and radiographic abnormalities last longer than 1 month. Predilection for women. Responds to corticost
HypereosinMale predominance. Blood eosinophilia. Cardiomegaly. Pulmonary edema. Pleural effusions. Pulmonary parenchym
Eosinophil Wegener granulomatosis. Sarcoidosis. Rheumatoid lung disease. Polyarteritis nodosa. Allergic angiitis and granulom
Eosinophili Drugs (Nitrofurantoin and Penicillins). Parasites (Ascaris lumbricoides, Strongyloides stercoralis).
Pulmonary Lipoproteinaceous material deposits within alveoli. Predilection for males in their 20s to 40s. Bilateral symmetric pe
Alveolar miDeposition of minute calculi within alveolar spaces. Confluent bilateral dense micronodular opacities. So-called blac
Diffuse pul Formation of bone within lung parenchyma. Associations: Mitral stenosis. UIP. Amyloidosis.
Tracheocel Paratracheal air cysts. True diverticula. Occur at weakened posterior membrane of cervical trachea.
Tracheal b Bronchus suis. Accessory bronchus to all or a portion of right upper lobe. Arises from right lateral tracheal wall with
Primary ne Malignant: Squamous cell carcinoma. Adenoid cystic carcinoma (cylindroma). Benign: Chondroma. Fibroma. Squam
Tracheal N Saber-sheath trachea. Amyloidosis. Tracheobronchopathia osteochondroplastica. Relapsing polychondritis. Wegene
Tracheal di Tracheobronchomegaly (Mounier-Kuhn syndrome). Tracheomalacia. Interstitial pulmonary fibrosis.
Saber-sheaCoronal diameter is less than two thirds of sagittal diameter. Affects older men with chronic obstructive pulmonary
TracheobroMultiple submucosal osseous and cartilaginous deposits within trachea and central bronchi of elderly men. Spares
Relapsing pSystemic autoimmune disorder. Affects cartilage of earlobes, nose, larynx, tracheobronchial tree, joints, and large e
Tracheobr Congenital. Associated with Ehlers-Danlos syndrome. Men under age 50. Trachea and central bronchi measure grea
Tracheobr Diffuse tracheal and central bronchial dilation. Congenital or acquired (COPD, Chronic bronchitis, Cystic fibrosis, Rel
Fallen lung Subtended lung remains collapsed against lateral chest wall. Secondary to bronchial injury. Responds poorly to ches
BroncholithCalcified material within bronchus. Usually from eroding calcified lymph nodes (Histoplasmosis or TB).
Asthma Transient bronchial narrowing. Peribronchial cuffing and tram tracking. Air trapping: Hyperinflation, Flattening or in
Chronic broExcess production of sputum on most days for at least 3 months in 2 consecutive years. 50% have normal chest rad
Bronchiect Permanent dilation of bronchi. Cylindric bronchiectasis: mild diffuse dilation. Varicose bronchiectasis: cystic dilation
Cystic fibroProduction of abnormally thick, tenacious mucus. Recurrent infection commonly with Pseudomonas aeruginosa or
Dysmotile May result in Rhinitis. Sinusitis. Bronchiectasis. Dysmotile spermatozoa and sterility. Situs inversus. Dextrocardia.
KartagenerSinusitis. Situs inversus.. Bronchiectasis.
Allergic br Hypersensitivity reaction to Aspergillus. Asthma, blood eosinophilia, bronchiectasis with mucus plugging, and circul
EmphysemPermanent enlargement of airspaces distal to terminal bronchiole. Destruction of alveolar walls without obvious fib
Centrilobu Airspace distention in central portion of lobule. Spares distal portions of the lobule. Upper lobe predominance. Ass
Panlobula Distention of airspaces throughout lobule. Destruction of central respiratory bronchioles and peripheral alveolar sa
Parasepta Distention of peripheral airspaces adjacent to interlobular septa. Spares centrilobular region. Generally involves su
Paracicatri Lung destruction associated with fibrosis. No consistent relationship to a given portion of the lobule. Commonly as
EmphysemaDiffuse hyperlucency (panlobular). Flattening and depression of hemidiaphragms. Increased retrosternal airspace (
Arterial d Arterial deficiency: Predominantly panlobular emphysema. Hyperinflated lungs with peripheral vascular attenuatio
Bulla defin Thin-walled cystic space > 1 cm in diameter. Found within lung parenchyma.
Bullae may Sarcoidosis. Pulmonary Langerhans cell histiocytosis. Ankylosing spondylitis.
Primary buIsolated bullae without intervening emphysema or interstitial lung disease. Associated with: Marfan or Ehlers-Danl
CT findingsTree-in-bud opacities. Generally due to infection: Viral. Atypical. Mycobacterial.
CT findingsTree-in-bud opacities. Bronchial dilation and thickening.
CT findingsCentrilobular and geographic ground-glass opacities. Cigarette smoking.
CT findingsCentrilobular ground-glass nodules. Air trapping on expiratory scans. Inhaled organic antigen.
CT findingsCentrilobular ground-glass nodules. Rheumatoid arthritis. Sjgren syndrome.
CT findingsMosaic attenuation with air trapping on expiratory scans. Bronchial dilation (late). Transplant patients. Drug reactio
TransudativPleural/serum protein ratio less than 0.5. Pleural/serum LDH ratio less than 0.6. Pleural LDH less than 200 IU/L.
Infectious Bacterial/mycobacterial. Viral. Fungal. Parasitic.
CardiovascuHeart failure. Pericarditis. Superior vena cava obstruction. Postcardiac surgery. Myocardial infarction. Pulmonary em
Neoplastic Bronchogenic carcinoma. Metastases. Lymphoma. Pleural or chest wall neoplasms (mesothelioma).
ImmunologiSystemic lupus erythematosus. Rheumatoid arthritis. Sarcoidosis (rare). Wegener granulomatosis.
InhalationaAsbestosis.
Trauma caus Blunt or penetrating chest trauma.
Abdominal Cirrhosis
d (hepatic hydrothorax). Pancreatitis. Subphrenic abscess. Acute pyelonephritis. Ascites (from any cause). Sp
MiscellaneoDrugs. Myxedema. Ovarian tumor.
Pleural eff Transudative. Bilateral, right larger than left. Isolated right effusion twice as common as isolated left effusion.
Findings onThickening and enhancement of parietal pleura. Loculations. Soft tissue lesions along parietal pleura outlined by ple
Tumors most Lung carcinoma. Breast carcinoma. Pelvic tumors (ovarian fibroma = Meigs syndrome). Gastric carcinoma. Lymphom
Lung absceEmpyema: Oval. Oriented longitudinally. Thin. Smooth (split pleura sign). Obtuse chest wall angle. Compresses lung
Most commo Pleural effusion.
Most commo Malignancy. Iatrogenic trauma. TB
Left chylot Left chylothorax: Injury to upper duct. Right chylothorax: Injury to lower duct.
Bronchopleu Communication between lung and pleural space. If bronchus involved, may result in empyema. If peripheral airspac
Primary s Often occurs in young or middle-aged men. Predilection of taller individuals. Results from bleb or bulla rupture, usu
Secondary COPD. Asthma. Valsalva (cocaine, marijuana, labor). Sarcoidosis. Langerhans cell histiocytosis. Lymphangioleiomyom
Catamenia Rare recurrent pneumothoraces. Occurs with menses. Pleural endometrial implants. Treated with OCPs.
Most commIatragenic trauma in mechanically ventilated patients.
Causes of pPneumonia. Pulmonary infarct. Trauma. Asbestos exposure (bilateral).
Causes of pVisceral pleura: Hemothorax, Empyema (tuberculosis). Parietal pleura: Asbestos exposure (bilateral).
Causes of pBenign: Fibroma. Lipoma. Neurofibroma. Malignant: Metastases (usually multiple). Mesothelioma (usually diffuse
Fluid withi Active empyema. Most commonly within patients with prior TB.
Fibrothora Pleural thickening extending over more than one fourth of the costal pleural surface. Commonly results from resolu
Malignant pMetastatic adenocarcinoma (lung, breast, ovary, kidney, GI tract). Invasive thymoma or thymic carcinoma. Mesothe
Benign andBenign: Pleural plaques. Pleural effusions. Diffuse pleural fibrosis. Malignant: Mesothelioma.
When viewed Geographic opacities. Llikened to a holly leaf.
Poland sy Autosomal recessive disorder. Unilateral absence of sternocostal head of pectoralis major. Ipsilateral syndactyly. Rib
Most commo Lipoma
Most commo Fibrosarcomas. Liposarcomas.
A rare mali Askin tumor. Arises from primitive neuroectodermal rests. Very aggressive with a poor prognosis.
Benign chesAbscess. Hematoma. Lipoma. Hemangioma. Desmoid tumor.
Inferior ri Coarctation of aorta. Aortic thrombus. Takayasu arteritis. SVC syndrome. Neurofibromatosis.
Suprior rib Paralysis.
Benign rib Osteochondroma. Enchondroma. Osteoblastoma.
Most commo Chondrosarcoma.
Rib malign Most common: Myeloma. Metastatic carcinoma. Primary malignancies: Chondrosarcoma. Osteogenic sarcoma. Fibr
Most commo Breast cancer. Lung cancer.
Expansile Renal cell carcinoma. Thyroid carcinoma.
Sclerotic Breast cancer. Prostate cancer.
Pleuropulmo TB. Actinomycosis. Nocardiosis.
Sprengel d Congenital hypoplastic and elevated scapula.
Klippel-Fei Sprengel deformity (hypoplastic, elevated scapula). Omovertebral bone. Fused cervical vertebrae. Hemivertebrae. K
Erosion of tRheumatoid arthritis: Well-defined pointed distal clavicle. Hyperparathyroidism: Irregular and wide distal clavicle.
H-shaped orSickle cell anemia.
Rugger jersRenal osteosclerosis.
Pectus excaMarfan syndrome. Poland syndrome. Osteogenesis imperfecta. Congenital scoliosis.
Pectus car Outward bowing of sternum. May be congenital or acquired.
Eventratio Congenital absence or underdevelopment of diaphragmatic musculature. Localized elevation of anteromedial hemi
Unilateral Surgical injury or neoplastic involvement of phrenic nerve.
Bilateral D Neuromuscular disturbance. Intrathoracic or intra-abdominal disease.
Bochdalek Herniation through embryonic pleuroperitoneal canal. Neonates present with large hernias with lung hypoplasia an
Morgagni HParasternal diaphragm defect. Invariably right sided. Asymptomatic cardiophrenic angle mass.
Primary di Benign: Lipomas. Fibromas. Schwannomas. Neurofibromas. Leiomyomas. Echinococcal cysts and extralobar seques
Cystic ade Usually seen in infancy. One or several large cysts lined with respiratory epithelium with scattered mucous glands, s
Bronchial aCentral bronchial mucocele with peripheral hyperlucency in a young, asymptomatic patient.
Intralobar Intralobar sequestration: Single large artery from infradiaphragmatic aorta. Pulmonary vein drainage. Extralobar se
HypogenetiVariant of hypoplastic lung with abnormal venous drainage to the IVC just above or below right hemidiaphragm. Sm
Three radioExtensive bilateral airspace opacification. Diffuse but discrete airspace nodular opacities. Irregular parenchymal opa
Exogenous Older patients with swallowing disorders or gastroesophageal reflux. Use mineral oil as a laxative or inhale oily nose
Drug that Lupus-like syndrome (procainamide, isoniazid, hydralazine). Nitrofurantoin. Bleomycin. Methotrexate. Amiodarone.
A confiden Nodule less than 2.5 cm with a smooth or lobulated border and containing focal fat. May have popcorn calcification
Benign neop Granular cell myoblastoma.
BronchogenMost common type of lung cancer (nonsmokers, too). Arise from bronchiolar or alveolar epithelium. Irregular or sp
BronchioloaGrows along bronchiolar and alveolar walls (lepidic growth). May appear as: Solitary nodule. Focal ground-glass opa
Squamous cArises centrally within lobar or segmental bronchi. Central necrosis with cavitation may be seen. Generally presents
Small cell Arises centrally within main or lobar bronchi from bronchial neuroendocrine (Kulchitsky) cells. Hematogenous disse
Large cell Large peripheral mass.
In addition Asbestos exposure. Previous Hodgkin lymphoma. Radon exposure. Viral infection. Diffuse interstitial or localized lun
Most commo Resorptive atelectasis. Obstructive pneumonitis.
Majority ofSCC. Adenocarcinoma.
Pancoast Arm pain and muscular atrophy due to brachial plexus involvement. Horner syndrome (ptosis, anhydrosis, miosis) fr
CT angiogr Filling of airspaces with mucoid material produced by malignant cells creates low-density airspace opacification sur
Typical rad Linear and reticulonodular opacities. Peribronchial cuffing. Subpleural edema or pleural effusion.
Helps disti Unilateral or asymmetric involvement of lungs suggests lung cancer rather than an extrapulmonary site.
Two patientDisease limited to one hemithorax (limited disease). Contralateral lung or extrathoracic spread (extensive disease).
Two most cSCC > Adenoid cystic carcinoma
Tracheal m Masses > 2 cm are likely to be malignant. Less than 2 cm are more likely benign.
Other, les Mucoepidermoid carcinoma. Carcinoid tumor. Adenocarcinoma. Lymphoma. Small cell carcinoma. Leiomyosarcoma
Primary maSquamous cell carcinoma. Small cell carcinoma. Carcinoid tumor. Bronchial gland tumors (adenoid cystic carcinoma
Carcinoid r Prefers right upper and middle lobes. Well-defined smooth or lobulated nodules or masses. Iceberg tumor: small in
A benign n Pulmonary hamartoma.
A feature t Thickened septal lines of lymphangiti carcinomatosis do not distort the pulmonary lobule.
Lymphocytic Infiltration of pulmonary interstitium by mature lymphocytes. CT findings: Diffuse ground-glass opacity. Poorly defin
PosttransplSpectrum of entities. Ranging from benign polyclonal lymphoid proliferation to aggressive non-Hodgkin lymphoma.
Pulmonary Rare malignant tumor affecting children and young adults. Histology simulates fetal lung at 10 to 16 weeks gestatio
Lobar pneuTypical of pneumococcal pulmonary infection. Inflammatory process spreads via pores of Kohn and canals of Lambe
BronchopnMost common pattern of pneumonia. Typical of staphylococcal pneumonia. Inflammation centered around lobular
Interstitia Viral and mycoplasma infection. Inflammatory thickening of bronchial and bronchiolar walls and pulmonary intersti
Pneumatoce Thin walls. Rapid change in size. Generally develop during late phase of infection.
Ranke comCalcified parenchymal focus (Ghon lesion) and lymph nodel calcification. Primary TB.
PostprimarReactivation occurs in apical and posterior segments of upper lobes and superior segments of lower lobes. Ill-defin
RasmussenErosion of cavitary focus into pulmonary artery branch can produce an aneurysm.
Miliary TB May complicate primary or reactivation disease. Hematogenous dissemination. Diffuse bilateral 2- to 3-mm pulmon
OpportunisAspergillus. Candida. Cryptococcus.
Aspergillus Aspergilloma or mycetoma within preexisting cavities. Semi-invasive (chronic necrotizing) aspergillosis in mildly imp
Pulmonary Inside out: Endocyst, produces daughter cyts. Exocyst (chitinous layer), protective membrane. Pericyst, surrounding
CT halo sig Decreased attenuation surrounding a dense, mass-like opacity. Relatively specific for invasive aspergillosis in a neut
Most commo PCP
InterlobulaThin, short, 1- to 2-cm lines oriented perpendicular to and intersecting costal pleura.
Interlobula Interstitial edema. Lymphangitic carcinomatosis. Sarcoidosis. Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) (other forms of
Intralobula IPF (UIP). Asbestosis. Alveolar proteinosis. Hypersensitivity pneumonitis.
Thickened Pulmonary edema. Sarcoidosis. Lymphangitic carcinomatosis.
PeribronchoPulmonary edema (smooth). Sarcoidosis (nodular). Lymphangitic carcinomatosis (smooth or nodular).
Centrilobu Hypersensitivity pneumonitis. Bronchiolitis obliterans with organizing pneumonia (BOOP)/cryptogenic organizing p
Subpleural Asbestosis. IPF (UIP).
ParenchymaAsbestosis. IPF (UIP). Sarcoidosis.
HoneycombIPF (UIP). Asbestosis. Hypersensitivity pneumonitis (chronic). Sarcoidosis.
Thin-walledEosinophilic granuloma (EG). Lymphangioleiomyomatosis. Tuberous sclerosis. Neurofibromatosis (pneumatocele).
MicronodulMiliary tuberculosis or histoplasmosis. Hematogenous metastases. Silicosis/coal worker's pneumoconiosis (CWP).
MicronodulSarcoidosis. Lymphangitic carcinomatosis. Silicosis/CWP.
Ground-glaDesquamative interstitial pneumonia. Acute interstitial pneumonia (AIP). Hypersensitivity pneumonitis. BOOP/COP
Traction br Sarcoidosis. Silicosis/CWP.
ConglomeraSarcoidosis. Silicosis. CWP. Radiation fibrosis.
Subpleural 5- to 10-cm-long curvilinear opacities are found within 1 cm of the pleura and parallel the chest wall. Most often se
ParenchymNontapering linear opacities, 2 to 5 cm in length. Extend from lung to contact pleural surface. Asbestosis. IPF. Sarco
HoneycombSmall (6 to 10 mm) cystic spaces with thick (1 to 3 mm) walls. usually have shared walls . Usually in posterior subple
Thin-walledSlightly larger in diameter (10 mm) than honeycomb cysts. Uniform in size. Thinner walls. Do not share walls with a
Micronodu1- to 3-mm. Sharply marginated. Round opacities seen on HRCT. Represent conglomerates of granulomas or tumor
Ground-GlaGranular appearance with maintained visibility of pulmonary vessels. Absence of air bronchograms. Desquamative
Traction br Fibrosis causes traction on the walls of bronchi, resulting in irregular dilation.
ILDs Upper Tuberculosis (postprimary). Chronic fungal infection (Histoplasmosis, Coccidioidomycosis). Sarcoidosis. Eosinophil
ILDs Lower Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Asbestosis. Rheumatoid lung. Scleroderma. Neurofibromatosis. Dermatomyositis/
ILDs normaSarcoidosis. Eosinophilic granuloma. Lymphangioleiomyomatosis. Tuberous sclerosis. Interstitial disease superimp
ILDs Hone Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Sarcoidosis. Eosinophilic granuloma. Rheumatoid lung. Scleroderma. Pneumoconi
ILDs miliar Tuberculosis. Fungi (Histoplasmosis, Coccidioidomycosis, Cryptococcosis). Silicosis. Metastases (Thyroid carcinoma
Hilar/medi Sarcoidosis. Lymphangitic carcinomatosis. Lymphoma. Hematogenous metastases. Tuberculosis. Fungal infection.
ILDs Pleura Asbestosis (plaques). Lymphangitic carcinomatosis (effusion). Rheumatoid lung disease (effusion/thickening). Lym
Manifestat Pleural effusion. Pleural thickening. Pericarditis. Pericardial effusion. Pulmonary fibrosis (basilar predominance). N
Caplan sy Thick walled cavitating lung nodules. Rheumatoid arthritis patients with hypersensitivity to inhaled dust particles (c
SclerodermInterlobular septal thickening. Ground-glass opacities. Honeycombing. Lower lung predominance. Patulous esopha
Interstiti Intrapulmonary vascular shadows. Peribronchial cuffing. Tram tracking.
Kerley A anKerley A lines thickening of central connective tissue septa. Kerley B lines thickening of peripheral interlobular septa
Alveolar puSevere mitral regurgitation.
Causes of LV failure. Mitral valve disease (Mitral stenosis, Mitral insufficiency). LA myxoma. Cor triatriatum. Obstruction of cen
RadiographEnlargement of pulmonary veins (progressive dilation of horizontally oriented pulmonary veins). Redistribution of p
ARDS Respiratory failure due to increased capillary permeability edema. Associated with increased lung stiffness (noncom
Common caShock. Severe trauma. Burns. Sepsis. Narcotic overdose. Pancreatitis.
ARDS radioPatchy peripheral airspace opacities (12-24 hrs). Confluent bilateral airspace opacities with air bronchograms (days)
Causes of Head trauma. Seizure. Increased intracranial pressure.
Hemorrhage Trauma. Bleeding diathesis. Infections (invasive aspergillosis, mucormycosis, Pseudomonas, influenza). Drugs (penic
GoodpastuDamage to alveolar and renal glomerular basement membranes by cytotoxic antibody.
Idiopathic Indistinguishable from Goodpasture syndrome. Pulmonary hemorrhage and anemia in patient with normal renal fu
Vasculitid Wegener granulomatosis. Systemic lupus erythematosus. Rheumatoid arthritis. Polyarteritis nodosa.
D-dimer Sensitive, but not specific marker of venous thrombosis.
Most commo Localized peripheral oligemia with or without distended proximal vessels (Westermark sign). Peripheral airspace op
RadiographiSmall pleural effusion and pleura-based wedge-shaped opacity (Hampton hump).
NonthrombAir embolism. Macroscopic fat embolism. Methylmethacrlate embolization from vertebroplasty. Radioactive seed e
PAH is defi 30 mm Hg.
Typical rad Enlarged main and hilar pulmonary arteries that taper rapidly toward lung periphery. RV enlargement.
PAH measurInterlobar pulmonary artery > 16 mm. Main pulmonary artery > 28.6 mm.
In addition High cardiac output (anemia, thyrotoxicosis). Left-to-right shunts (ASD, VSD, PDA, PAPVR).
Shunt vascuEnlargement of both central and peripheral pulmonary arteries.
Disorders Chronic PEs. Vasculitis. Pulmonary arteriopathy resulting from long-standing increased pulmonary blood flow from
Multiple p Metastases. Granulomas.
Pulmonary Round or oval opacity 4 to 30 mm in diameter.
Pulmonary Round opacity greater than 3 cm.
Differentia Granuloma. Hamartoma, Inflammatory lesion.
An SPN in aBenign pattern of calcification. Presence of intralesional fat.
Studies ha Between 1 month and 2 years.
Presence ofBenign disease, particularly granulomatous infection.
Presence oInvasive pulmonary aspergillosis.
Comet tail Round atelectasis.
Complete orHealed granuloma from tuberculosis or histoplasmosis.
Concentric Granuloma and allows confident exclusion of neoplasm.
Popcorn calPulmonary hamartoma.
Fat within Pulmonary hamartoma.
Enhancemen 15 H.
Most commo Thyroid masses. Lymphomatous nodes. Lymphangiomas.
IntrathoracWell-defined margins. Continuity of mass with cervical thyroid. Coarse calcifications. Cystic or necrotic areas. Baseli
Lymphangi Tumor of dilated lymphatic channels. Cystic or cavernous form (cystic hygroma) is commonly discovered in infancy a
Anterior m Thymic neoplasms. Lymphoma. Germ cell neoplasms. Primary mesenchymal tumors.
Thymoma ve Thymomas may be encapsulated (noninvasive) or invasive. Thymic carcinomas, epithelial component shows signs o
Thymoma-aMyasthenia gravis. Pure red cell aplasia. Graves disease. Sjogren syndrome. Hypogammaglobulinemia.
Thymic cys Congenital: Remnants of thymopharyngeal duct. Contain thin or gelatinous fluid. Acquired: Postinflammatory. Asso
Thymic ma Thymoma. Thymic cyst. Thymolipoma. Thymic hyperplasia. Thymic neuroendocrine tumors. Thymic carcinoma. Thy
Germ cell Teratoma (benign and malignant). Seminoma. Embryonal cell carcinoma. Endodermal sinus tumor. Choriocarcinom
Mesenchyma Lipoma. Hemangioma. Leiomyoma. Liposarcoma. Angiosarcoma.
_________ Anterior
i mediastinum.
A key in di Retroperitoneal lymph node involvement in metastatic gonadal tumors.
Benign andBenign: round or oval and smooth in contour. Malignant: irregular, lobulated, or ill-defined margin.
Middle medForegut and mesothelial cysts. Tracheal and central bronchial neoplasms. Diaphragmatic hernias. Vascular lesions.
Differentia Mycobacteria. Fungus.
Differentia Silicosis. Sarcoidosis.
Differentia Carcinoid tumor/small cell carcinoma. Kaposi sarcoma. Metastases (RCC. Thyroid carcinoma). Castleman disease.
Differentia Mycobacteria. Fungus. Metastases (SCC. Seminoma. Lymphoma).
Difference Sarcoidosis: Lobular lymph nodes that do not coalesce. Lymphoma/mets: May form conglomerate enlarged nodal
Castleman Angiofollicular lymph node hyperplasia.
Pericardial Anterior cardiophrenic angles. Right-sided lesions being twice as common as left-sided lesions.
Three grou Intercostal nerves: Neurofibroma. Schwannoma. Sympathetic ganglia: Ganglioneuroma. Ganglioneuroblastoma. Ne
Most commo Neuroblastoma. Ganglioneuroma.
Most commo Neurofibroma. Schwannoma.
Multiple le Neurofibromatosis.
Posterior Esophageal lesions. Foregut cysts. Vertebral lesion. Lateral thoracic meningocele. Pancreatic pseudocyst.
Causes of cHistoplasmosis (most common). TB. Radiation therapy. Drugs (methysergide). Idiopathic (autoimmune).
SVC syndroHeadache. Epistaxis. Cyanosis. Jugular venous distention. Edema.
Ludwig angSubsternal chest pain caused by intramediastinal extension of infection.
Causes of Poststenotic dilation from valvular or postvalvular pulmonic stenosis. Pulmonary artery aneurysms. Distension of pu
Rare vascu Behet disease and Hughes-Stovins syndrome
Sarcoidosis1: Right paratracheal. 2. Right hilar. 3. Left hilar lymph node enlargement
Coronary ca 75%
A_____% dia 50% diameter narrowing. Roughly predicts a 75% cross-sectional area reduction.
Cardiac MRDefine location and size of previous myocardial infarctions. Demonstrate complications of previous infarctions. Esta
Myocardial3 to 14 days.
Dressler s Onset is typically 1 week to 3 months postinjury. Fever, chest pain, pericarditis, pericardial effusion, and pleuritis, w
Hibernatin Hibernating: High-grade stenosis resulting in chronically ischemic myocardium. May act like postinfarction scar. Imp
Causes of Ischemic cardiomyopathy (most common cause): Chronic ischemia. Prior infarction. Anomalous coronary arteries. L
VentricularLV thin. LV dilated. Decreased contractility. Normal to decreased compliance.
VentricularLV thick. LV normal to decreased. Increased contractility. Decreased compliance.
VentricularNormal LV wall. Normal LV cavity. Normal to decreased contractility. Severely decreased compliance.
VentricularRV thin. RV dilated. Decreased contractility. Normal to decreased compliance.
HypertrophiConcentric hypertrophy: may be diffuse, midventricular, or apical in distribution. Asymmetrical septal hypertrophy
HypertrophMay be familial (60%). Autosomal dominant with variable penetrance. Associated with neurofibromatosis and Noon
Features o Hypertrophy of the interventricular septum (>12 to 13 mm). Abnormal ratio of thickness of interventricular septum
Restrictiv Infiltrative disorders: Amyloid. Glycogen storage disease. Mucopolysaccharidosis. Hemochromatosis. Sarcoidosis. M
What otherConstrictive pericarditis.
MR finding high signal in the myocardium on T2WIs.
Defined as Cor pulmonale.
Etiologies destructive pulmonary disease (pulmonary fibrosis and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease). hypoxic pulmonary
Uhl anomaAcquired disorder in infants or adults. Also called arrhythmogenic right ventricular dysplasia. Dilation of RV with m
EnlargemenLeft-to-right shunts. Poststenotic dilation secondary to pulmonary stenosis. Pulmonary arterial hypertension. Marfa
Differentia Long-standing pulmonary venous hypertension (mitral stenosis). Eisenmenger physiology (long-standing left-to-righ
Increased Left-to-right shunts. High output states: Volume loading. Pregnancy. Peripheral shunt lesions (arteriovenous malform
Decreased Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Hypovolemia. Malnourishment. Addison disease.
Mitral sten Rheumatic heart disease.
Causes of Left ventricular failure. Mitral stenosis. Mitral regurgitation. Aortic stenosis. Aortic regurgitation. Pulmonary veno-o
Left atrial Mitral regurgitation.
Cardiac th Intra-atrial thrombi are usually associated with atrial fibrillation, often secondary to rheumatic heart disease. Comm
Intracardia High T1 signal and fat suppression. Second most common benign cardiac tumor.
Atrial myx 50% of primary cardiac tumors. Most common primary benign cardiac tumor. Most (75% to 80%) are in LA. May mi
Benign car Atrial myxoma. Lipoma. Rhabdomyoma (50% to 85% of tuberous sclerosis). Fibromas (12% may calcify). Rare terato
Metastatic 10 to 20 times more common than primary cardiac tumors. Breast. Lung. Melanoma. Lymphoma.
Primary maAngiosarcoma (most common). Rhabdosarcoma. Liposarcoma. Other sarcomas.
Constrictiv Fibrous or calcific thickening of pericardium. Compromises ventricular filling through restriction of cardiac motion.
Differentia Pericardial cyst. Fat pad. Lipoma. Enlarged lymph nodes. Diaphragmatic hernia. Ventricular aneurysm.
Congenital Complete left-sided absence (55%). Foraminal defects (35%). Total absence (10%). M > F. Complete absence: Heart
NoninfectioPneumoconioises (silicosis). Eosinophilic granuloma. Sarcoidosis. Metastases (Thyroid. Melanoma.)
Minimal pleFrontal (200 mL). Lateral (75 mL). Decubitus (5 mL)
Which junctPosterior junction line.
Define pul Refers to a lucency located wtihin a nodule, mass, or focus of consolidation.
Order of thAnteromedial, Lateral, Posterior (ALP).
DDx of sub Lymph node enlargement. Bronchogenic cyst. Left atrial enlargement.
Classic pri Parenchymal consolidation with mediastinal and hilar lymph node enlargement.
Ranke compCombination of calcified lung nodule and calcified lymph nodes.
Ghon lesio Lung nodule that is a residum of primary TB. Usually is calcified.
At what pulNormal 12 mm Hg. Kerley lines 17 mm Hg. Effusion 20 mm Hg. Airspace opacity 25 mm Hg.
ComplicatioRecurrent infections. Hemoptysis. Mucoid impaction. Atelectasis.
Hereditary Telangiectasias. AVMs. Aneurysms in multiple organ systems (Pulmonary. GI. Cutaneous. CNS)
ParenchymaWedge-shaped peripheral foci of consolidation. Linear bands.
Focal areasLipoid pneumonia. Bronchoalveolar cell carcinoma. Lymphoma.
Diffuse chr Bronchoalveolar cell carcinoma. Alveolar proteinosis. Sarcoid. Lipoid pneumonia.
Kartagener'Situs invertus. Bronchiectasis. Sinusitis.
Wegener's Multiple lung nodules or masses. Cavitation occurs 50%. Local or diffuse consolidation due to hemorrhage.
Help disti LCH: Usually associated with nodules and variable appearing cysts. Spares costophrenic angles.
PCP findin Extensive ground glass opacities in a patchy or geographic pattern. 1/3 have upper lobe predominant cysts of varyin
BronchoplePneumonectomy space fails to fill with fluid. Abrupt decrease in air-fluid level in the pneumonectomy space. New c
Superior s Shoulder pain. Horner's syndrome (ptosis, miosis, anhidrosis). Weakness and atrophy of hand muscles.
Deems a suAny involvement of vertebral body, brachial plexus, subclavian artery.
Satellite n Smaller nodules adjacent to a lung mass. Suggests an infectious etiology.
MediastinaCushing's syndrome. Steroid therapy. Obesity.
Rounded atForm of peripheral lobar atelectasis that develops with pleural disease (commonly asbestosis). Volume loss. Comet
Diameter o4 cm. 6 cm significant risk of rupture.
Bulla versu Bulla, sharply demarcated area of emphysema greater than 1 cm. Bleb, gas-containing space within visceral pleura
Chest radioDiffuse discrete pulmonary calcifications.
Nodal stat N0, No metastatic lymph nodes. N1, Metastatic ipsilateral hilar lymph nodes. N2, Metastatic ipsilateral mediastinal a
Causes of Neoplastic: Lung cancer (especially small cell carcinoma). Lymphoma. Metastatic carcinoma. Benign: Long-term IV d
Neoplastic 90% Malignant lung neoplasms. Nonneoplastic: Cystic fibrosis. IPF. Localized fibrous lesions of the pleura
Epicardial Double lucency sign. Displacement (>4 mm) of anterior and posterior (epicardial) pericardial fat by pericardial fluid.
What obvioInterlobar fissures. Pulmonary vessels. Bullae. Areas of severe emphysema.
Peripheral Chronic eosinophilic pneumonia.
Sloughed luPulmonary gangrene. Closely associated with Klebsiella.
Mosaic lun Small airways disease. Chronic pulmonary embolism.
DistinguishExpiratory images demonstrate air-trapping in small airways disease.
Congenital Mounier-Kuhn syndrome.
Allergic br Central bronchiectasis. Mucous plugging (finger-in-glove). Atelectasis. Patchy migratory foci of consolidation.
Pulmonary Nocardia.
a Aspergillus. Mucormycetes.
Localized Intense and homogeneous contrast enhancement.
Calcified f Healed varicella. Healed histoplasmosis. Silicosis. Calcified metastases.
CT finding Areas of decreased lung attenuation with associated reducting in number and size of vessels. Bronchiectasis. Air tra
Cardiac br Blind-ending diverticulum arising from medial wall of bronchus intermedius. Rarely presents with recurrent infectio
Bronchiolit Patchy bilateral airspace consolidation with peripheral, subpleural distribution. Poorly defined lung nodules in a per
Triad of p Severe pulmonary artery hypertension. Evidence of pulmonary edema. Normal wedge pressure.
Water lily Echinococcus cysts: Endocyst ruptures its contents within the ectocyst, floating on top of debris, like a water lily.
Differentia Tricuspid regurgitation. Pericardial effusion. Dilated cardiomyopathy.
Common pred Hypertension. Annuloaortic ectasia: Marfan or Ehlers-Danlos syndrome. Bicuspid aortic valve. Aortic aneurysm. A
Anatomic stLeft subclavian artery. Distal type B. Proximal type A.
Chest bonePectus excavatum. Scoliosis.
Pectus exc Marfan syndrome. Ehlers-Danlos syndrome. Mitral valve prolapse. Homocystinuria. Hunter-Hurler syndromes.
4 life thre Coronary artery dissection (myocardial infarction). Carotid artery dissection (stroke). Pericardial hemorrhage (tampo
Helps dist Pseudoaneurysm: Inferoposterior location. Narrow neck (less than 50%). Aneurysm: Anteroapical location. Wide n
Which aberrRight aortic arch with aberrant left subclavian artery. Left-sided ligamentum arteriosum completes the ring.
Causes of Neoplastic: Bronchogenic carcinoma. Metastases. Lymphoma. Infectious: Fungal infection (histoplasmosis, fibros
Persistent ASD. Tetralogy of Fallot. P(T)APVR.
Tetralogy oOverriding aorta. VSD. Pulmonar infundibular stenosis. Right ventricular hypertrophy.
Thoracic veAorta. Right common carotid.Subclavian arteries. Pulmonary arteries.
Causes of cCardiac surgery. Radiation therapy. Uremic pericarditis. Viral pericarditis (coxsackie). Tuberculous pericarditis.
Treatment Similar to aorta dissections: type A (surgically) type B (medically).
Sinus of va Sinus of valsalva aneurysm is focal dilation of one sinus of Valsalva, not entire root.
TAPVR typeType I: Supracardiac drainage. Snowman heart. Type II: Cardiac. Coronary sinus or right atrium drainage. Type III: I
Aortic pse Atherosclerosis (penetrating ulcer). Infection. Trauma. Iatrogenic.
Mirror-imagTetralogy of Fallot. Truncus arteriosus.
4 componen Right lung hypoplasia. Hypoplastic right pulmonary artery. Right lower lobe systemic arterial supply. PAPVR from rig
Partial con Leftward deviation of the heart without deviation of mediastinum. Prominent left atrial appendage. Lung located b
HeterotaxyBilateral left-sidedness/polysplenia syndrome.
Features t Invasiveness. Extension outside of heart. Involvement of more than one chamber. Central necrosis or cavitation. L
Pulmonary Left pulmonary artery arises from right pulmonary artery and courses between esophagus and trachea.
ng volumes. Upper lobe fibrobullous disease. Simulates postprimary fibrocavitary Tb or mycetoma formation.
al lung disease (RB-ILD). DIP. Nonspecific interstitial pneumonia (NSIP).
cases associated with collagen vascular or immunologic disorder. Findings: Irregular septal or subpleural thickening. Intralobular lines. Hon
honeycombing, and traction bronchiectasis are uncommon.
orine). Collagen vascular disease (rheumatoid arthritis and SLE). Organ transplantation (bone marrow, lung, and heart-lung). Drug reactions
r ground-glass opacity with subpleural or peribronchial distribution. Scattered nodular opacities may be present.
dules with upper lobe predominance.
cular opacities. Normal or midly decreased lung volumes. May have ground-glass opacities. Honeycombing is rare.

attered lung cysts. Normal to increased lung volumes. Pneumothorax is common

y obstruct lymphatics causing chylothorax. Poor prognosis.

e pleural fibrosis. Mesothelioma. Lung parenchyma: Interlobular septal thickening. Interstitial fibrosis (asbestosis). Rounded atelectasis. Bro
fication may occur. Egg shell calcification of hilar lymph nodes. Silicoproteinosis like alveolar proteinosis has increased susceptibility to TB.

c bacteria). Bird-fancier's lung (avian proteins). Acute and chronic forms. Chronic disease findings: Interlobular and intralobular interstitial th
mph node enlargement and parenchymal disease 3. Parenchymal disease only. 4 Pulmonary fibrosis.
B. Symmetric mid and upper lung reticulonodular opacities. Perilymphatic interstitial nodules, 3 to 10 mm.
dules. In late stages may develop cysts or bullae. Risk of pneumothorax. Nodule-cyst evolution: Nodule to Cavitated nodule to Thick-walled
neys. Discrete nodules or masses with central necrosis and cavitation. May mimic Goodpasture syndrome and idiopathic pulmonary hemo
men. Responds to corticosteroid therapy, improving within 4 to 7 days. Peripheral, homogeneous, ill-defined areas of consolidation that ma
ons. Pulmonary parenchymal infiltration with eosinophils may produce interstitial or airspace opacities.
ergic angiitis and granulomatosis.

40s. Bilateral symmetric perihilar airspace opacification. Crazy paving CT finding: Geographic ground-glass opacities with thickened interlob
lar opacities. So-called black pleura sign. Apical bullous disease is common.

ht lateral tracheal wall within 2 cm of tracheal carina. Associated with congenital tracheal stenosis and aberrant left pulmonary artery.
ondroma. Fibroma. Squamous cell papilloma. Hemangioma.
ng polychondritis. Wegener granulomatosis. Tracheal scleroma.

nic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD).

chi of elderly men. Spares membranous posterior wall of trachea.
hial tree, joints, and large elastic arteries. Diffuse smooth wall thickening of the wall of trachea and central bronchi with luminal narrowing.
ntral bronchi measure greater than 3.0 cm and 2.5 cm.
onchitis, Cystic fibrosis, Relapsing polychondritis).
y. Responds poorly to chest tube evacuation.
smosis or TB).
erinflation, Flattening or inversion of diaphragm, Attenuation of peripheral vascular markings. Prominence of the retrosternal airspace. Com
0% have normal chest radiographs. Some patients show peribronchial cuffing or tram tracks.
 onchiectasis: cystic dilation interrupted by focal areas of narrowing. Cystic bronchiectasis: localized saccular dilation. Caused by chronic infl
eudomonas aeruginosa or Staphylococcus aureus. Severe bronchiectasis. Hyperinflation with predominantly upper lobe bronchiectasis an
inversus. Dextrocardia.

mucus plugging, and circulating antibodies to Aspergillus antigen. Proximal upper lobe bronchiectasis with mucoid impaction. Finger in glo
ar walls without obvious fibrosis.
er lobe predominance. Associated with cigarette smoking.
and peripheral alveolar sacs and alveoli. Predilection of lower lobes. Associated with alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency.
gion. Generally involves subpleural regions of upper lobes.
f the lobule. Commonly associated with old granulomatous inflammation.
sed retrosternal airspace (panlobular > centrilobular). Bulla. Enlarged central pulmonary arteries. Right heart enlargement (centrilobular).
ipheral vascular attenuation and bullae. Pink Puffers. Increased markings: Increased linear parenchymal markings. Small airways thickening

ith: Marfan or Ehlers-Danlos syndromes. Intravenous drug use. HIV infection. Vanishing lung syndrome.

lant patients. Drug reactions. Inhalation injury.

DH less than 200 IU/L.

al infarction. Pulmonary embolism.

Ascites (from any cause). Splenic vein thrombosis.

solated left effusion.

ietal pleura outlined by pleural fluid.
astric carcinoma. Lymphoma.
all angle. Compresses lung. Requires drainage. Abscess: Round. Thick and irregular wall. Acute chest wall angle. Consumes lung. Antibiotic

yema. If peripheral airspace (bronchiole) involved, may result in intractable pneumothorax.

m bleb or bulla rupture, usually within upper lungs.
tosis. Lymphangioleiomyomatosis. Necrotizing pneumonia. Abscess. Mechanically ventilated patients.
ated with OCPs.

re (bilateral).
othelioma (usually diffuse pleural thickening). Other: Loculated pleural effusion/empyema. Hematoma.
mmonly results from resolution of an exudative pleural effusion (including asbestos-related effusions), Empyema, or Hemothorax. Pleurecto
hymic carcinoma. Mesothelioma. Rarely non-Hodgkin lymphoma.

r. Ipsilateral syndactyly. Rib anomalies.

a. Osteogenic sarcoma. Fibrosarcoma.

ertebrae. Hemivertebrae. Kyphoscoliosis. Rib anomalies.

r and wide distal clavicle.

tion of anteromedial hemidiaphragm in older individuals.

as with lung hypoplasia and respiratory distress. Adults present with small hernias, mostly on the left side (liver thought to be protective).

ysts and extralobar sequestrations may be found within the diaphragm. Metastatic invasion more common than primary malignancy (Fibro
scattered mucous glands, smooth muscle, and elastic tissue. Round, air-filled masses that compress adjacent lung and mediastinum.

ein drainage. Extralobar sequestration: Small branches systemic arteries and occasionally pulmonary arteries. Systemic venous drainage (in
w right hemidiaphragm. Small right hemithorax with diaphragmatic elevation or eventration. Dextroposition of heart. Herniation of left lun
Irregular parenchymal opacities that are not obviously airspace.
laxative or inhale oily nose drops. Fat density opacity.
Methotrexate. Amiodarone.
have popcorn calcification.

epithelium. Irregular or spiculated appearance. ccur in the lung periphery.

ule. Focal ground-glass opacity. May mimic pneumonia or bilateral nodular airpsace processes.
e seen. Generally presents as hilar mass and atelectasis.
cells. Hematogenous dissemination. Hilar/mediastinal mass.
e interstitial or localized lung fibrosis.

tosis, anhydrosis, miosis) from involvement of sympathetic chain. Shoulder pain from chest wall invasion.
airspace opacification surrounding enhanced pulmonary arteries.

pulmonary site.
pread (extensive disease).

arcinoma. Leiomyosarcoma. Fibrosarcoma. Chondrosarcoma.

(adenoid cystic carcinoma, mucoepidermoid carcinoma).
es. Iceberg tumor: small intrabronchial and large extraluminal soft tissue component.

d-glass opacity. Poorly defined centrilobular nodules. Thin-walled cysts. Associations: Sjogren syndrome. Hypogammaglobulinemia. Multice
e non-Hodgkin lymphoma.
at 10 to 16 weeks gestation. Tend to be extremely large at presentation.
f Kohn and canals of Lambert to produce nonsegmental consolidation. Air bronchograms are common.
on centered around lobular bronchi. Multifocal opacities produce patchwork quilt of scattered normal and diseased lobules. No air broncho
alls and pulmonary interstitium. Peribronchial cuffing and reticulonodular opacities.

nts of lower lobes. Ill-defined patchy and nodular opacities. Cavitation usually indicates active and transmissible disease.

ilateral 2- to 3-mm pulmonary nodules.

) aspergillosis in mildly impaired immunity. Invasive pulmonary aspergillosis in neutropenia. Allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis in hyp
rane. Pericyst, surrounding compressed, fibrotic lung.
sive aspergillosis in a neutropenic patient.

brosis (IPF) (other forms of usual interstitial pneumonia UIP).

oth or nodular).
P)/cryptogenic organizing pneumonia (COP). Respiratory bronchiolitis-associated interstitial lung disease (RB-ILD).

romatosis (pneumatocele). (emphysema).

's pneumoconiosis (CWP). EG.

ty pneumonitis. BOOP/COP. RB-ILD. Hemorrhage. Pneumocystis jiroveci pneumonia. Cytomegalovirus pneumonia. Alveolar proteinosis.
e chest wall. Most often seen in patients with asbestosis and, less commonly, IPF.
face. Asbestosis. IPF. Sarcoidosis.
Usually in posterior subpleural regions. End-stage pulmonary fibrosis: IPF (UIP). Chronic hypersensitivity pneumonitis. Occasionally sarcoid
Do not share walls with adjacent cysts. Cysts of LCH and LAM are usually evenly distributed from central to peripheral portions of upper lo
es of granulomas or tumor cells within the interstitium.
nchograms. Desquamative interstitial pneumonia (DIP). Pneumocystis jiroveci (formerly P carinii) pneumonia. Acute hypersensitivity pneum

s). Sarcoidosis. Eosinophilic granuloma. Silicosis. Ankylosing spondylitis. Hypersensitivity pneumonitis (chronic). Radiation fibrosis from t
matosis. Dermatomyositis/polymyositis. Chronic aspiration.
nterstitial disease superimposed on emphysema.
cleroderma. Pneumoconiosis. Hypersensitivity pneumonitis. Chronic aspiration. Radiation fibrosis.
astases (Thyroid carcinoma, Renal cell carcinoma, Bronchogenic carcinoma, Melanoma, Choriocarcinoma). Sarcoidosis. Eosinophilic granul
erculosis. Fungal infection. Silicosis.
(effusion/thickening). Lymphangioleiomyomatosis (chylous effusion).
(basilar predominance). Necrobiotic nodules (peripheral cavitating nodules, Caplan syndrome). Bronchiolitis obliterans (Hyperinflation) Pu
to inhaled dust particles (coal, silica, asbestos).
minance. Patulous esophagus.

eripheral interlobular septa.

triatum. Obstruction of central pulmonary veins (fibrosing mediastinitis, pulmonary vein stenosis, pulmonary venous thrombosis). Obstructi
veins). Redistribution of pulmonary blood flow to upper lungs.
sed lung stiffness (noncompliance).

th air bronchograms (days). Coarse reticulonodular pattern (week) that may resolve.

as, influenza). Drugs (penicillamine). Pulmonary embolism. Fat embolism. ARDS. Autoimmune diseases (Goodpasture syndrome, idiopathi

atient with normal renal function and urinalysis. No antiglomerular basement membrane antibodies.
itis nodosa.

gn). Peripheral airspace opacification. Linear atelectasis.

oplasty. Radioactive seed embolization from prostate brachytherapy.

enlargement.

ulmonary blood flow from left-to-right shunt.

tic or necrotic areas. Baseline high CT attenuation (intrinsic iodine content). Intense enhancement (>25 H).
only discovered in infancy and is often associated with : Turner syndrome and trisomies 13, 18, and 21.

component shows signs of frank malignancy.

globulinemia.
d: Postinflammatory. Associations: AIDS, Prior radiation or surgery, Autoimmune conditions (Sjgren syndrome, Myasthenia gravis, Aplasti
ors. Thymic carcinoma. Thymic lymphoma.
us tumor. Choriocarcinoma.

hernias. Vascular lesions.

ma). Castleman disease.

glomerate enlarged nodal masses.

Ganglioneuroblastoma. Neuroblastoma. Paraganglionic cells: Chemodectoma. Pheochromocytoma.

atic pseudocyst.
(autoimmune).

neurysms. Distension of pulmonary artery by thrombus or tumor.

 previous infarctions. Establish presence of viable myocardium for possible revascularization. Differentiate acute versus chronic myocardial

al effusion, and pleuritis, with pleural effusion usually more prominent on the left. Dressler syndrome responds well to anti-inflammatory m
ke postinfarction scar. Improved function with revascularization. At risk for acute infarction. Stunned myocardium: Postischemic, dysfuncti
malous coronary arteries. Long-term sequelae of myocarditis: Coxsackie virus. Toxins: Ethanol, Adriamycin, Doxorubicin. Metabolic conditio

compliance.

etrical septal hypertrophy (ASH), also known as idiopathic hypertrophic subaortic stenosis (IHSS).
eurofibromatosis and Noonan syndrome. Secondary to pressure overload.
of interventricular septum to left ventricular posterior wall (>1.3:1). Narrowing of left ventricular outflow tract during systole.
hromatosis. Sarcoidosis. Myocardial tumor infiltration.

sease). hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction resulting from chronic bronchitis, asthma, CNS hypoxia, upper airway obstruction. Acute and c
asia. Dilation of RV with marked thinning of anterior right ventricular wall. MR may show fatty infiltration of anterior RV free wall. Prematu
rterial hypertension. Marfan syndrome. Takayasu arteritis. Idiopathic dilation of pulmonary artery.
y (long-standing left-to-right shunts). Pulmonary emboli. Vasculitides (rheumatoid arthritis or polyarteritis nodosa). Primary pulmonary hyp
ons (arteriovenous malformations). Hyperthyroidism. Anemia. Leukemia.

itation. Pulmonary veno-occlusive disease. Congenital heart disease.

matic heart disease. Commonly occurs along posterior wall of LA. Left ventricular thrombi are usually secondary to recent infarction or ven

to 80%) are in LA. May mimic rheumatic valvular disease clinically.

% may calcify). Rare teratoma.

riction of cardiac motion. Most common cause is postpericardiotomy. Other causes: Coxsackie B. Tuberculosis. Chronic renal failure. Rheu
ar aneurysm.
Complete absence: Heart is shifted toward the left, with prominent bulge of right ventricular outflow tract, main pulmonary artery, and left
ue to hemorrhage.

predominant cysts of varying sizes and wall thicknesses

umonectomy space. New collection of air in previously opacified pneumectomy space. Contralateral mediastinal shift.
hand muscles.

tosis). Volume loss. Comet tail (whorled bronchovascular structures).

pace within visceral pleura.

atic ipsilateral mediastinal and subcarinal lymph nodes. N3, Metastatic contralateral mediastinal or hilar lymph nodes.
ma. Benign: Long-term IV devices (catheters. pacemakers). Fibrosing mediastinitis (Histoplasmosis).
ns of the pleura
dial fat by pericardial fluid.

oci of consolidation.

sels. Bronchiectasis. Air trapping on expiratory images.

ents with recurrent infections, hemoptysis, cough, and or dyspnea.
fined lung nodules in a peribronchiolar distribution.

f debris, like a water lily.

valve. Aortic aneurysm. Arteritis.

er-Hurler syndromes.
cardial hemorrhage (tamponade). Aortic valve rupture (aortic regurgitation).
teroapical location. Wide neck.
completes the ring.
tion (histoplasmosis, fibrosing mediastinitis).
 berculous pericarditis.

atrium drainage. Type III: Infracardiac. Portal vein, hepatic vein, or ductus venosus drainage (pulmonary edema due to obstruction).

rial supply. PAPVR from right lung.

appendage. Lung located between aorta and pulmonary artery confirms diagnosis.

ral necrosis or cavitation. Large pericardial effusion.

us and trachea.
ning. Intralobular lines. Honeycombing. Traction bronchiectasis. Typically most severe in peripheral and basal lungs.

heart-lung). Drug reactions. Chronic aspiration.

). Rounded atelectasis. Bronchogenic carcinoma. Lower lung predominance.

eased susceptibility to TB.

nd intralobular interstitial thickening. Honeycombing, Traction bronchiectasis. May spare costophrenic angles.

ted nodule to Thick-walled cyst to Thin-walled cyst.

iopathic pulmonary hemorrhage. Tracheal or bronchial lesions may be present. c-ANCA positive.
as of consolidation that may parallel the chest wall

ties with thickened interlobular and intralobular septa. Prone to superinfection with Nocardia, Aspergillus, Cryptococcus, and atypical myco

eft pulmonary artery.

hi with luminal narrowing.

e retrosternal airspace. Complications: Pneumomediastinum. Pneumothorax, Subpleural blebs from expiratory air dissection.
tion. Caused by chronic inflammation with cartilage damage and dilation. Localized bronchiectasis is most commonly a result of prior TB. G
per lobe bronchiectasis and mucus plugging.

id impaction. Finger in glove appearance.

largement (centrilobular). Loss of pulmonary capillary bed.

gs. Small airways thickening of chronic bronchitis. Bullae uncommon. Blue Bloaters.

Consumes lung. Antibiotics and postural drainage to treat.

 or Hemothorax. Pleurectomy (decortication) may be necessary to restore function.

thought to be protective).

primary malignancy (Fibrosarcoma): Lower lobe bronchogenic carcinoma. Mesothelioma.

ng and mediastinum.

stemic venous drainage (inferior vena cava, azygos, or hemiazygos veins).

eart. Herniation of left lung anteriorly into right hemithorax.
mmaglobulinemia. Multicentric Castleman disease. AIDS.

ed lobules. No air bronchograms due to exudate within bronchi.

monary aspergillosis in hyperimmunity.

nia. Alveolar proteinosis.

onitis. Occasionally sarcoidosis.
pheral portions of upper lobes

ute hypersensitivity pneumonitis. Nonspecific interstitial pneumonia (NSIP). Interstitial pulmonary edema.

). Radiation fibrosis from treatment of head and neck malignancy.

idosis. Eosinophilic granuloma.

iterans (Hyperinflation) Pulmonary arteritis. Pulmonary arterial hypertension. Right heart enlargement. Pulmonary hemorrhage

nous thrombosis). Obstruction of intrapulmonary veins (pulmonary venoocclusive disease).

asture syndrome, idiopathic pulmonary hemorrhage, Wegener granulomatosis, systemic lupus erythematosus, rheumatoid arthritis, and po
Myasthenia gravis, Aplastic anemia).
 versus chronic myocardial infarction. Evaluate regional myocardial wall motion and systolic wall thickening. Demonstrate global myocardial

well to anti-inflammatory medications.

m: Postischemic, dysfunctional myocardium without complete necrosis. Potentially salvageable.
ubicin. Metabolic conditions: Mucolipidosis. Mucopolysaccharidosis. Glycogen storage disease. Nutritional deficiencies: Thiamin. Selenium

uring systole.

y obstruction. Acute and chronic pulmonary embolism. Idiopathic pulmonary hypertension. Extrapulmonary diseases affecting pulmonary
rior RV free wall. Premature death from early congestive failure or arrhythmias.

a). Primary pulmonary hypertension.

to recent infarction or ventricular aneurysm. Clots typically have low MR GRE signal, whereas tumors have intermediate signal. Clots will n

Chronic renal failure. Rheumatoid arthritis. Neoplastic involvement. Radiation pericarditis.

n pulmonary artery, and left atrial appendage. Partial absence of the pericardium risks strangulation of cardiac structures. Surgical closure o
due to obstruction).
ococcus, and atypical mycobacteria.

ir dissection.
only a result of prior TB. Generalized bronchiectasis is seen in cystic fibrosis. Central bronchiectasis: Allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillos
ary hemorrhage

eumatoid arthritis, and polyarteritis nodosa).

onstrate global myocardial function with right ventricular and left ventricular ejection fractions. Demonstrate regional myocardial perfusion. E

iencies: Thiamin. Selenium). Infants of diabetic mothers. Muscular dystrophies.

eases affecting pulmonary mechanics such as chest deformities, morbid obesity (pickwickian syndrome), neuromuscular diseases.

mediate signal. Clots will not enhance.

ructures. Surgical closure of partial defects is usually recommended.

nchopulmonary aspergillosis. Cystic fibrosis. Bronchial atresia. Acquired central bronchial obstruction.
 nal myocardial perfusion. Evaluate papillary muscle and valvular abnormalities.

muscular diseases.