Psychology 310 - Midterm review

Psychoanalysis Group 1
1. Which theorist is considered the father of psychoanalysis?
Sigmund Freud
2. What were Freuds unique and enduring contributions to the field of psychology?
Therapeutic relationship
Emphasis on childhood
Defense mechanisms
Conscious and unconscious
Etiology of psychopathology

3. Define Id, Ego, and Superego. What is the function of each?

Id: presents at birth and resides completely at the uncurious level Ego: Regulating
mechanism which enables the individual to delay gratifying immediate needs and function
effectively in the real world Superego: The moralist and idealistic part of the personality.
Function:
Id: immediate gratification, not willing to compromise, It is illogical, amoral and has as its
primary goal to satisfy instinctual needs.

Ego: Focuses on long term gains rather than short term pleasures.

Superego: Controls our sense of right and wrong and guilt

4. What is the main goal of psychoanalysis?

Increase adaptive functioning by reducing symptoms and resolving internal conflicts.

5. What is transference and countertransference? Give an example of each.

TransferenceRelationshipUnconsciousshiftingof clients feelings and fantasies that are
reactions to significant others to the therapist. Involves the unconscious repetition of the past.

Example: when the client view the therapist as a all knowing person so healing is believed to be more
likely to occur Countertransference A therapists own reaction to the client. Can be a result of a loss of
objectivity. Can also be a source of data to understand the role of the client.

Example: countertransference might occur when a person in treatment triggers a therapists issues with
the therapists own child. The person being treated, for example, might be defiant with the therapist and
may transfer defiance felt toward a parent onto the therapist.
6. Psychoanalytic techniques purport to make the unconscious conscious. Discuss what
free association: the patient could talk about anything freely,
protective tests: The patient will see 32 pictures (ink blots) and tell a dramatic story from what they see,
and analysis of resistance: anything that the patient would do to prevent progress in therapy.
and Freudian slips: its when the patient says something accidently and it shows whats in his
unconscious
and how these relate to making the unconscious conscious: they are all techniques used to make the
unconscious conscious.
7. Describe at least three weakness of psychoanalysis:
affective with certain disorders such as anxiety, depression, phobia and it takes a long time which costs a
lot. Its not goal directed and focuses on self-actualization rather than community.
8. What are defense mechanisms and how do they work? Name and give examples of five of them.
Denial: when a person would not accept an uncomfortable thought or fact
Example: A person was told that he had cancer, but he denied the fact
Compensation: covering weakness through being good in another area
Example: A person who didnt have any beloved one so he buys expensive items
Acting-out: Getting angry and start behaving extremely
Example: a man had a bad day at work and he had a fight with his employer
Reaction formation: when a person feels negatively but acts in a positive way (the opposite)
Example: a person feels jealous from his peer but acts friendly
Regression: When a person gets under stress and gets back to an early development stage
Example: a man got stressed out because of work so he started to act like a toddler who is in need of
comfort
9. Each student should come up with two multiple choice questions based on psychoanalysis and
psychodynamic theory.
What is dream analysis?
What is preconscious?
10. What does psychodynamic theory assume about the nature of people?
Deterministic and their behavior driven by instinctual drives and unconscious motivation that is rooted
from childhood
Person-Centered Therapy Group 2
1. Who is considered the father of person centered therapy?
Carl rogers
2. What are the fundamental assumptions of person centered therapy?
Question 9
3. Name and define the three conditions for promoting growth in person centered therapy.
Congruence / empathy / unconditional positive regard
4. What are the goals of person centered therapy? (eg congruence vs. incongruence and self
actualization)
5. Help the client achieve greater independence and integration
6. Assist clients with their own growth process
7. Clients can better identify their own problems and solve them
8. Purpose is not for the counselor to solve problems
9. Counselors thus help clients to SELF ACTUALIZE

5. What are the characteristics of self-actualizing people? Which theorist studied self actualization?
1. Efficient perceptions of reality.
2. Comfortable acceptance of self, others, nature
3. Reliant on own experiences and judgment.
4. Spontaneous and natural.
5. Task centering.

6. What did Carl Rogers think is the origin of psychological distress?

Incongruence
7. Which of the following is more important for the person-centered therapists:
a. Personal Characteristics
b. Knowledge of therapeutic techniques
8. Each student should come up with two multiple choice questions based on person centered therapy.
1. Noora is a healthy child, fit and healthy, lives in a house with 3 other siblings and her parents who
continuously fight over the smallest thing and theyre rarely around spending any time with their children,
it vibrates discomfort and keeps her anxious, what need in the Maslow hierarchy of needs is noora not
getting to climb up the ladder?
a. esteem need
b. love and belongingness
c. psychological need
2. which of the options below is false regarding goals of Person centered therapy?
a. focus on the problem, not the person
b. general goal is not to simply solve the clients problems
c. increase the independence and integration of the client

3. Which of the answers is not belong to Maslows hierarchy of needs?

a. Self actualization
b. love and belonging needs
c. educational needs
d. safety needs
4. As clients experience personal growth, they:
a. more realistic
 b. unable to accept others
c. tend to compare themselves with others.

Which one of the below are important with therapeutic core conditions in Person centered therapy?

a) Congruence
b) Empathy
c) Unconditional Positive Regard
d) All of the above

who is the founder of person centred therapy

a) Carl Rogers
b) Albert Bandura
c) Abraham Maslow
d) Sigmund Freud

9. What does person centered therapy assume about the nature of people?
Intrinsic nature is good / capable of self-directed growth / naturally seek growth
Behavior Therapy Group 3
1. According to behavior therapy, how do psychological disorders develop? Name and discuss
these three learning mechanisms.
1) psychological disorders, according to behavioral therapy, are developed as a consequence of
learning experiences.
2) Classical conditioning: a form of associative learning; it occurs when a previously neutral
stimulus becomes associated with another stimulus through repeated pairing with that
stimulus.
3) Operant conditioning: type of learning; behavior is strengthened or weakened by the
consequences of the behavior.
4) Modeling: learning new behavior by watching how a model behaves.

2. What is the role of the therapeutic relationship in behavior therapy?

Therapeutic relationship is not emphasized in behavior therapy. The focus is on the techniques
used to treat the problem. The techniques are assumed to be the active ingredient for the change
rather than the relationship itself.

3. Summarize Pavlovs experiment. Make sure you define: a) a conditioned stimulus

b) an unconditioned stimulus c) an unconditioned response d) a conditioned response
a. Conditioned stimulus: when a neutral stimulus has been paired with a unconditioned stimulus, the
neutral stimulus will eventually elicit the same response.
b. Unconditioned stimulus: an event that constantly and automatically elicits a particular response.
c. Unconditioned response: the response that the unconditioned stimulus elicits.
d. Conditioned response: action that conditioned stimulus elicits.
Pavlov showed the existence of the unconditioned response by presenting a dog with a bowl of food and
the measuring its salivary secretions. He found that they would produce saliva when they heard or smelt
food in anticipation of feeding. However, the dogs also began to salivate when events occurred which
would otherwise be unrelated to feeding. By playing sounds to the dog prior to feeding it. He showed that
they could be conditioned to unconsciously associate neutral, unrelated events with being fed.

4) Summarize the Little Albert study. How does this help us to understand phobia?
(John B.Watson) Albert was a 9-month-old baby who didn't have any fear of rats before. In the
beginning of the experiment, Albert wasn't afraid to be front the rat he did not react. After that, John starts
to make a loud noise while showing the rat to Albert. After multiple time Albert start cried when he saw
the rat even if there are no loud noises.

5) What is behavioral shaping?

(The method of successive approximations) Simple behavior are reinforced sequentially until more
complex behavior are learnt.

6) Discuss operant conditioning including both positive and negative reinforcements and punishments.
Operant conditioning focus on the relationship between the behavior and their consequences and
how those consequences in turn influence the behavior
positive: something is being added
negative: something begins take away
 positive reinforcements: a stimulus is provided contingent on the behavior which leads to an
increase of behavior in the future.
negative reinforcements: a stimulus is removed contingent on the behavior, which lead to an
increase of behavior in the future.
positive punishment: a stimulus is provided contingent on the behavior, which leads to a decrease
of behavior in the future.
negative punishment: a stimulus is removed contingent on the behavior, which leads to a decrease
of behavior in the future.

7) Summarize Banduras bobo doll study and the implications of this for modeling.
The experiment involved exposing children to two different adult models; an aggressive model and a
non-aggressive one. After witnessing the adult's behavior, the children would then be placed in a
room without the model and were observed to see if they would imitate the behaviors they had
witnessed earlier.

8. Each student should come up with two multiple choice questions based on behavior therapy.
What is not a learning mechanism?
A) classical conditioning
B) modeling
C) A B C model
Who did the little albert experiment?
A) Skinner
B) Pavlov
C) Watson
Relationship is emphasized in behavior therapy
True
False
What was skinners experiment?
A) Classical conditioning
B) Modeling
C) Operant conditioning
Giving the individual something of value for maintaining the desired behavior
A) Negative reinforcement
B) Positive punishment
C) Positive reinforcement
Shaping is the teaching of a new behavior by reinforcing closer and closer approximations to the
desired behavior.
True
False

10. What does behavior therapy assume about the nature of people?

- it is neutral, people are shaped by behaviors, positive and negative.

Cognitive Behavioral Therapy Group 4
1) Who are the two theorists we discussed associated with CBT? What were the names of their
own personal theories?
-Albert Ellis, an American psychologist, is called the godfather of cognitive behavioral therapy.
He developed rational emotive behavior therapy (REBT)
-Aaron Beck, an American psychiatrist, developed cognitive therapy, his views were similar to
Albert

2) What are the three parts of the cognitive triad? Explain each one and give an example of each
as it applies to depression.
-The self: negative views about one self. e.g. Im worthless and ugly.
-The world: negative views about the world. e.g. People ignore me all the time.
-The future: negative views about the future. e.g. Im hopeless because things will never change.

3) What does CBT assume about the nature of people?

-That humans have potential for both rational and irrational thinking and both constructive and
destructive behavior. It encourages self-acceptance and that its not possible to not make mistakes.
-It also assumes that distress is a result of disturbance in the cognitive process.
-Changing your cognitions can change your emotions and behavior.
ABC model: Example:

A= activating Event Pain

B= beliefs I cant live with this pain

must be something wrong
C= consequences: Emotions Feeling anxious - nervous

C= consequences: Behaviors Going to Doctor

C= consequences: Physical Tired sweating

4) What is the ABCDE model? Make sure you include all parts of the C. Give an example of
each part for a specific case.

5) Name five cognitive distortions (negative automatic thoughts), define them and give an
example of each.
-All or nothing thinking: If Im not perfect I will fail
-Overgeneralization: nothing good happened ever in my life
-Emotional reasoning: I feel embarrassed so I must be an idiot
-Disqualifying the positive: I have been always failing (good thing doesn't count)
-Personalization: This is all my fault (blaming yourself)
6) What are the differences between REBT and CT?
REBT therapist is directive, teacher like
CT poses open ended questions to help client find his or her on answers and the client therapist is
important.
7) Each student should come up with two multiple choice questions based on CBT.
What is structure of therapy in CBT?
1-foucs on the client perception
2-being in the present
3-blank screen approach
4- transference relationship
choose the right answer that represent cognitive schema?
1- Im good and I can do it
2- Things will get better tomorrow
3- Things will only get worse tomorrow
4- Im worth it
What are the types of consequences on ABC model?
1- Emotional & behavioral & psychological
2- beliefs & behavioral & physical
3- Emotional & behavioral & physical
4- feelings & physical & behavioral
what does the cognitive triangle consist of:
- thought, emotion, guilt.
- Emotion, thought, behavior.
- Thought, physical, emotion.
Whos the scientist that called godfather of Cognitive Behavioral Therapy?
1- Albert Ellis
2- Sigmun frued
3- Carl Rogerz
4- Abraham Maslow
Is the cognitive behavioral treatment a short treatment approach?
- True
- false

8) What are the differences between demands and preferences?

Preference Tech the client how to change a demanding attitude to preferring one
Words that related to preferring or allowing: wish, want, desire, prefer.

But, Demands is word like Must, ought, should, Never, always, have go to, required to or We can change
a demanding attitude to a preferring one.