NARRATIVE TEXT

Narrative text is a text that serves to tell a story in the past and is intended as entertainment.
Purpose:
To amuse/entertain the readers and to tell a story
Generic Structure:
1. Orientation
2. Complication
3. Resolution
4. Reorientation (optional)
Domain Language Features:
1. Using Past Tense
2. Using action verb
3. Chronologically arranged
Example:
The Ant and the Dove
One hot day, an ant was seeking for some water. After walking around for a moment, she
came to a spring. To reach the spring, she had to climb up a blade of grass. While making her
way up, she slipped and fell unintentionally into the water.

She could have sunk if a dove up a nearby tree had not seen her. Seeing that the ant was
in trouble, the dove quickly put off a leaf from a tree and dropped it immediately into the water
near the struggling ant. Then the ant moved towards the leaf and climbed up there. Soon it
carried her safely to dry ground.
Not long after at that, there was a hunter nearby who was throwing out his net towards
the dove, hoping to trap it in this way.Guessing what he should do, the ant quickly bit him on the
heel. Feeling the pain, the hunter dropped his net and the dove flew away quickly from this net.
The morality: One good turn deserves another.
 RECOUNT TEXT

Recount text is a text that telling the reader about one story, action or activity.
Purpose:
To retell something that happened in the past and to tell a series of past event
Generic Structure:
1. Orientation
2. Event (s)
3. Reorientation
Domain Language Features:
1. Using Past Tense
2. Using action verb
3. Using adjectives recount
Example:
A Trip to Borobudur Temple

Three years ago, I and my classmates visited Borobudur Temple. We went to Borobudur temple
by bus. We left our school at nine oclock. It took us 24 hours to arrive there. I arrived there nine
oclock the next day. Along the road, we saw many vehicles, unique houses, prominent
buildings, and some other tourists.

After we arrived at the Borobudur temple, one of my teachers went to buy tickets. After we
waited him for a moment we entered into Borobudur temple area. Then we went up to the top of
the temple. Borobudur temple was built at Budur Village, Magelang, Jawa Tengah by Syailendra
Dynasty. Borobudur Temple is the biggest temple in the world. It has 504 statues and 1.400
reliefs. From the top of the temple we can see such beautiful scenery. I and my friends went
around the temple together. Finally, after having some visits, we should go to the hotel to stay
and continue our study tour the next day.

We felt tired that day but we felt so happy to visit Borobudur temple which is well-known as one
of the greatest legacies Indonesia has ever had. I hope the temple can be loved by all of the
visitors and the government.
 DESCRIPTIVE TEXT

Descriptive text is a text that serves to explain or describe something like people, objects,
environments, scenery and so forth. At the time describe a thing or object, then we will
mengungkapkanya in detail the color, shape, character and so forth.
Purpose
To describe a particular person, place, or thing in detail.
Dominant Generic Structure
1. Identification
2. Description
Language Feature
1. Using simple present tense
2. Using action verb
3. Using adverb
4. Using special technical terms
Example:
My Rabbit Ponny
My rabbit Ponny, two months ago I celebrated my birthday is the 12th, which I was very
happy at that time because given the gift of a rabbit is very cute, and I give the name ponny,
ponny very funny, his hair is white, and frightening because it often is washed clean, ivana not
like carrots on his general, just like vegetables kale ponny, ponny rabbit that strangeness.
 REPORT TEXT

A report text is a type of text that announce the result of an investigation or announce something.
The information given in a report text is very general information.
Purpose
to present information about something, as it is.
Dominant Generic Structure
1. General Classification
2. Description
Domain Language Feature
1. Introducing group or general aspect
2. Using conditional logical connection
3. Using Simple Present Tense
Example:
Elephant
Elephants are large mammals of the family Elephantidae and the order Proboscidea. Two
species are traditionally recognised, the African elephant (Loxodonta africana) and the Asian
elephant (Elephas maximus), although some evidence suggests that African bush elephants and
African forest elephants are separate species (L. africana and L. cyclotis respectively). Elephants
are scattered throughout sub-Saharan Africa, South Asia, and Southeast Asia. Elephantidae is the
only surviving family of the order Proboscidea; other, now extinct, members of the order include
deinotheres, gomphotheres, mammoths, and mastodons. Male African elephants are the largest
extant terrestrial animals and can reach a height of 4 m (13 ft) and weigh 7,000 kg (15,000 lb).
All elephants have several distinctive features the most notable of which is a long trunk or
proboscis, used for many purposes, particularly breathing, lifting water and grasping objects.
Their incisors grow into tusks, which can serve as weapons and as tools for moving objects and
digging. Elephants large ear flaps help to control their body temperature. Their pillar-like legs
can carry their great weight. African elephants have larger ears and concave backs while Asian
elephants have smaller ears and convex or level backs
 EXPLANATION

Explanation is a text which tells processes relating to forming of natural, social, scientific and
cultural phenomena.
purposes
Explanation text is to say why and how of the forming of the phenomena. It is often found in
science, geography and history text books.
Generic structure of Explanation
1. General statement
2. Explanation
3. Closing
Language Feature
1. Using simple present tense
2. Using action verb
3. Using passive voice
4. Using noun phrase
5. Using adverbial phrase
6. Using technical terms
7. Using general and abstract noun
8. Using conjunction of time and cause-effect

Example:
HONEY

Everybody likes honey. Even, it can be a medicine for most deseases. How is Honey Made?
Honeybees use nectar to make honey. Nectar is almost 80% water with some complex sugars. In
fact, if you have ever pulled a honeysuckle blossom out of its stem, nectar is the clear liquid that
drops from the end of the blossom.
In North America, bees get nectar from flowers like clovers, dandelions, berry bushes and fruit
tree blossoms. They use their long, tubelike tongues like straws to suck the nectar out of the
flowers and they store it in their honey stomachs.
Bees actually have two stomachs, their honey stomach which they use like a nectar backpack and
their regular stomach. The honey stomach holds almost 70 mg of nectar and when full, it weighs
almost as much as the bee does. Honeybees must visit between 100 and 1500 flowers in order to
fill their honeystomachs.
 ANALYTICAL EXPOSITION

Analytical exposition text is a text that elaborates the writers idea about the phenomenon
surrounding.
Purpose:
1. To persuade the reader or listener that there is something that, certainly, needs to get
attention
2. To analyze a topic and to persuade the reader that this opinion is correct and supported by
arguments
Generic Structure:
1. Thesis
2. Arguments
3. Conclusion /Reiteration
Language Features:
1. Focus on generic human and non human participants.
2. Use mental processes. It is used to state what the writer or speaker thinks or feels about
something, for example: realize, feel, etc.
3. Need material processes. It is used to state what happens, for example: has polluted, etc.
4. Use of simple present tense.
5. Use of relational processes.
6. Use of internal conjunction to state argument.
7. Reasoning through casual conjunction or nominalization.

EXAMPLE:
Men Sana In Corpore Sano
The term Men sana in corpore sano means that a healthy body makes a sound mind.
More and more people nowadays are aware of the truth behind the maxim.
As a result, they make sports an integral part of their lives. Some people participate in sports to
release energy and tension, while others do it to make friends. Sports, such as soccer, basketball
or boxing, have become an acceptable way to release energy and aggression.
Other sport like golf, mountain climbing, dancing or bowling can be means of starting or
consolidating friendships. Most sports offer a constructive escape from the pressures of the
everyday life. In fact, you can change your life if you take up and keep up an activity suited to
your character, abilities and lifestyle. It is important to realize that no matter what kind of
exercise you do, you can be sure that its always good for your health and that its fun.
 HORTATORY EXPOSITION

Hortatory exposition is a text which represent the attempt of the writer to have the addressee do
something or act in certain way.
Purpose:
To persuade the readers that something should or should not be the case or be done
Generic Structure of Hortatory Exposition
1. Thesis
2. Arguments
3. Recommendation
Language Feature
1. Focusing on the writer
2. Using abstract noun; policy, advantage, etc
3. Using action verb
4. Using thinking verb
5. Using modal adverb; certainly, surely, etc
6. Using temporal connective; firstly, secondly, etc
7. Using evaluative words; important, valuable, trustworthy, etc
8. Using passive voice
9. Using simple present tense

EXAMPLE:
The Chaotic National Exam
As the national exam is an annual activity organized by the Education and Culture
Ministry, it can be prepared for as early as possible. It is very difficult to understand why the
implementation of this years exam was so chaotic. I think it was caused by poor management
within the central committee, so the minister should be responsible for its implementation. In an
era where all activities can be supported by advanced technology, 11 provinces had to delay the
exams due to the failure in the distribution of exam materials.
The quality of education reflects the progress of the nation. Therefore, the ministry needs to
thoroughly assess its failure.
Well I think the text is easy to understand. However If some of you still do not
understand or get difficulty of some vocabularies, the text can be understood from the following
rough translation.
 PROCEDURE TEXT

Procedure text is a text that is designed to describe how something is achieved through a
sequence of actions or steps.
Purpose:
To help readers how to do or make something completely
Generic Structures
1. Goal/aim
2. Materials/Equipments
3. Steps/Methods
Language Features
1. Simple present tense
2. Using imperatives sentence
3. Using adverbs
4. Using technical terms
Example:
HOW TO MAKE SPECIAL FRIED NOODLE
Ingredients:
1. Onions
2. An egg
3. Cabbage
4. Instant noodle
5. Vegetable oil
6. Chilli
7. Garlics
Steps:
1. First, Slice onions, garlics, chilli, and cabbage
2. Second, heat pan and put vegetable oil in it
3. Third, fry the onions and garlics untill yellowish
4. Fourth, pour water on the pan and wait until boiling
5. Then, put cabbage into boiling water and then put an egg in it
6. After that, add noodle, stir slowly for three minutes
7. While noodle is being cooked, put the seasoning in a bowl
8. Next, take the cooked noodle from the boiling water and drain it
9. Put the cooked noodle and the seasoning into the bowl and mix well
10. Finally, the special fried rice is ready to serve
 DISCUSSION TEXT

Discussion text is a text which presents a problematic discourse. This problem will be discussed
from different points of view. It presents pro and contra opinion on certain issue.
Purpose:
To present different opinions on a particular issue or topic arguments for and against/positive and
negative/good and bad.
Generic Structures:
1. Issue
2. Supporting point
4. Contrastive point
Language Features:
1. Introducing category or generic participant
2. Relating verb/to be
3. Using thinking verb
4. Using additive, contrastive, and casual connection
5. Using modalities
6. Using adverbial of manner
7. Using conjunction/transition
8. Using simple present tense
Example:
Pros and Cons of Abortion
Do you agree with abortion? When someone asks this to the people, there may be many
yes and equal number of no, voicing their opinion over this. Abortion has always been a
debatable subject amongst the masses as people have their own arguments regarding it.
For those who are for, they think that sometimes life can be really harsh on us. In some
cases, medical emergencies make a woman resort to this action because there is a possibility to
be at risk, if she delivers the child. In some other cases, some of the rape victims can be minors.
They wont be mentally or physically prepared to have the newborn baby. Giving life to such an
unwanted child may cause troubles for both mother and the child.
After all, abortion implies denying someone a well-deserved life. Just because the odds
are not in our favor, can we deprive someone the chance to live? Besides, having an abortion
done also carries the risk of not being able to become pregnant ever again in life. Abortion can
also lead to serious health complications or even a death. Whether you agree or not, abortion will
always happen in our society. While for one, having a forced child can be a highly miserable
experience, to the other, abortion can be a highly miserable experience.
 REVIEW TEXT

Review text is an evaluation of a publication, such as a movie, video game, musical composition,
book; a piece of hardware like a car, home appliance, or computer; or an event or performance,
such as a live music concert, a play, musical theatre show or dance show.
Purpose
Review text is used to critic the events or art works for the reader or listener, such as movies,
shows, book, and others.
Generic Structure
1. Orientation
2. Evaluations
3. Interpretative Recount
4. Evaluative Summation
5. The Example of Review Text

Dominant Language Features:

1. Focus on specific participants
2. Using adjectives
3. Using long and complex clauses
4. Using metaphor

Example:
Film Habibie & Ainun
The films title : Habibie & Ainun
Genre : Romantic
Director : Hanung Bramantyo
Production : MD Entertainment
Cast : Reza Rahardian (BJ. Habibie), BCL (Ainun Habibie), Tio Pakusadewo
(Soeharto)
Indonesian film industry finally awakened to offer quality movies. After a long time the people
of Indonesia are served with horror film with semi-pornographic scenes. Film Habibie & Ainun
produced by renowned director Hanung Bramantyo. This film is an adaptation of a novel by Mr.
BJ. Habibie personal story about his life journey with his love Mrs. Ainun. The novel he wrote
after the death of Alm. Ainun Habibie, as a mark of his very deep love for his wife.
The film told about a leader and Indonesian intellect, Mr. BJ Habibie who tried to build up the
nation. The film also tried to unite the romance between a marriage couple in a family with a
bandage of nationalism spirit. The love story between Habibie and Ainun provided valuable
lesson for all Indonesian society. The loyalty and sacrifice they gave to the nation offered a lot of
lessons for us to continue their struggle.
Their conflict and struggle to developed the nation presented in this film is able to make the
audience cry, even the former President Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono and his wife, Ani
Yudhoyono shed tears when watching it for the first time.
The biography of BJ Habibie and Ainun Habibie are elegantly presented. His science and
ambition to create Indonesia Aircraft are the positive values and encourage us to be his
successor.
Unfortunately, this beautiful story of this film is a little tarnished by the unprofessional product
ads. It is very disappointed advertisement. Although it is only a few seconds, but it still disturbs
the story.
Finally, for those who have a high spirit of nationalism and love romance must watch this film
which is one of the best film ever created by the Indonesian.
 SPOOF
Spoof is a text which tells factual story, happened in the past time with unpredictable and funny
ending
Purpose:
To tell an event with a humorous twist and entertain the readers
Generic Structure:
1. Orientation
2. Event(s)
3. Twist
Dominant Language Features:
1. Using past tense
2. Using action verb
3. Using adverb
4. Chronologically arranged
Example:

A smart potato farmer

A potato farmer was sent to to prison just at time when he should have been digging the
ground for planting the new crop of potatoes.
He realized that his wife would not be strong enough to do the digging by herself, but that
she could manage to do the planting, and he also knew that he did not have any friends or
neighbors who would be willing to do the digging for him. So he wrote a letter to his wife which
said Please do not dig the potato field. I hide the money and the gun there.
Ten days later, he got a letter from his wife. It said, I think somebody is reading your letter
before they go out of prison. Some policeman arrived here two days ago and dug up the whole
field. What shall I do now?
The prisoner wrote back at once. Plant the potatoes, of course!