Revision Material Class - XII Physics

A plot of magnetic flux () versus current (I) is shown in the figure for two inductors A and .
Which of the
two has larger value of self inductance?
Inductor A has the larger value of self-inductance.
Figure shows three point charges +2q, q and + 3q. Two charges + 2q and q are enclosed within a surface
S. What is the electric flux due to this configuration through the surface S?
Solution:
The net electric flux through the surface S is , where is the permittivity of free space.
In which orientation, a dipole placed in a uniform electric field is in (i) stable, (ii) unstable equilibrium?
Solution:
A dipole placed in a uniform electric filed is in
i. Stable equilibrium when the electric field is directed along the direction of the dipole i.e., when is parallel to
.
ii. Unstable equilibrium when the electric filed is directed at an angle of 180 degrees with the direction of the dipole,
i.e., when is anti-parallel to .
Which part of electromagnetic spectrum is used in radar systems?
The microwave range of electromagnetic spectrum is used in radar systems.
Calculate the speed of light in a medium whose critical angle is 30.
Speed of light in the medium
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A glass lens of refractive index 1.45 disappears when immersed in a liquid. What is the value of refractive
index of the liquid?
The refractive index of the liquid is 1.45.
Write the expression for Bohrs radius in hydrogen atom.
The expression for Bohrs radius in hydrogen atom is .
A wire of resistance 8R is bent in the form of a circle. What is the effective resistance between the ends of a
diameter AB?
Solution: The effective resistance between the ends of diameter AB is .
Explain the function of a repeater in a communication system.
Solution: A repeater is used for extending the range of a communication system. It consists of a receiver and a
transmitter. The receiver of a repeater collects the signal from the transmitter of another repeater and after amplifying, it
retransmits the signal. Sometimes, it also changes the carrier frequency of the pick-up signal before transmitting it to the
receiver.
Question
(i) Write two characteristics of a material used for making permanent magnets.
(ii) Why is the core of an electromagnet made of ferromagnetic materials?
OR
Draw magnetic field line when a (i) diamagnetic, (ii) paramagnetic substance is placed in an external
magnetic field. Which magnetic property distinguishes this behaviour of the field line due to the substances?
Solution:
(i) The material used for making permanent magnets should have the following characteristics:
(a) High retentivity: It ensures that the magnet remains strong even after removal of the magnetising field.
(b) High coercivity: It ensures that the magnetism of the material does not get easily lost.
Apart from these two criteria, the material should have high permeability.

(ii) The core of an electromagnet should have high permeability and low retentivity. The high permeability of the core of an
electromagnet ensures that the electromagnet is strong. On the other hand, low retentivity of the core ensures that the
magnetism of the core material gets lost as soon as the current is switched off. Ferromagnetic materials have both high
permeability and low retentivity. Hence, ferromagnetic materials are the most suitable for making the core of an
electromagnet.
OR
(i) The magnetic field lines, when a diamagnetic material is placed in an external magnetic field, can be
diagrammatically represented as
(ii) The magnetic field lines, when a paramagnetic material is placed in an external magnetic field, can be
diagrammatically represented as
Diamagnetic and paramagnetic materials are distinguished by the magnetic property called magnetic susceptibility. For
diamagnetic materials, magnetic susceptibility is negative, whereas for paramagnetic materials, magnetic susceptibility is
slightly positive.
What is the range of frequencies used in satellite communication? What is common between these waves and
light waves?
Solution:
The waves used for satellite communication lie in the following two frequency ranges.
(i) 3.74.2 GHz for downlink
(ii) 5.96.4 GHz for uplink
The waves used for satellite communication and light waves are both electromagnetic waves. Both of them travel in a
straight line.
A coil Q is connected to low voltage bulb B and placed near another coil P as shown in the figure. Give reasons
to explain the following observations:
(a) The bulb B lights
(b) Bulb gets dimmer if the coil Q is moved towards left.
Solution:

(a) The A.C. source creates a varying magnetic field in coil P. This varying magnetic field of P is linked to coil Q. Hence, an
induced current is produced in Q, which lights bulb B.
(b) As coil Q moves away from P, the rate of variation of magnetic flux changes. Therefore, the induced e.m.f. inside coil Q
decreases and bulb B gets dimmer.
Find the radius of curvature of the convex surface of a plano-convex lens, whose focal length is 0.3 m and the
refractive index of the material of the lens is 1.5.
Solution:
The focal length of a combined lens can be determined by the formula
An electron is accelerated through a potential difference of 64 volts. What is the de-Broglie wavelength
associated with it? To which part of the electromagnetic spectrum does this value of wavelength correspond?
Solution:

This value of wavelength corresponds to the X-ray region of the electromagnetic spectrum.
Question
(i) Out of blue and red light which is deviated more by a prism? Give reason.
(ii) Give the formula that can be used to determine refractive index of materials of a prism in minimum
deviation condition.
Solution:
(i) Between blue and red light, blue light is deviated more by a prism. This is because the wavelength of blue light is
smaller than that of red light. Therefore, the speed of blue light is lower than that of red light in a medium.
(ii) The formula used for determining the refractive index of materials of a prism in minimum deviation condition,
Where, n21 Refractive index of prism material with respect to the surrounding medium
A Angle of the prism
Dm Angle of minimum deviation
Plot a graph showing the variation of stopping potential with the frequency of incident radiation for two
different photosensitive materials having work functions W1 and W2 (W1 > W2). On what factors does the (i)
slope and (ii) intercept of the lines depend?
Solution:
(i) The slope of the graph is content and equals to . Therefore, the slope does not depend on any factor.
(ii) The intercept of the lines depends on the work function of the metals.
Draw the circuit diagram of an illuminated photodiode in reverse bias. How is photodiode used to measure
light intensity?
Solution:
The circuit diagram of an illuminated photodiode in reverse bias can be represented as

The greater the intensity of light, the greater is the number of photons falling per second per unit area. Thus, the greater
the intensity of light, the greater is the number of electronhole pairs produced at the junction. The photocurrent is, thus,
directly proportional to the intensity of light. This can be used for measuring the intensity of incident light.
A heavy nucleus X of mass number 240 and binding energy per nucleon 7.6 MeV is split into two fragments Y
and Z of mass numbers 110 and 130. The binding energy of nucleons in Y and Z is 8.5 MeV per nucleon.
Calculate the energy Q released per fission in MeV.
Solution:
Total energy of nucleus X = 240 7.6 = 1824 MeV
Total energy of nucleus Y = 110 8.5 = 935 MeV
Total energy of nucleus Z = 130 8.5 = 1105 MeV
Therefore, energy released from fission, Q = 935 + 1105 1824 = 216 MeV
Question
(a) Depict the equipotential surfaces for a system of two identical positive point charges placed a distance d
apart.
(b) Deduce the expression for the potential energy of a system of two point charges q 1 and q2 brought from
infinity to the points and respectively in the presence of external electric field .
Solution:
(a)
(b)
The work done in bringing charge q1 from infinity to is q1V( ).
Work done on q2 against external field = q2 V( )
Work done on q2 against the field due to q1

Where, r12 is the distance between q1 and q2.
By the superposition principle for fields,
Work done in bringing q2 to is .

Thus,
Potential energy of system = The total work done in assembling the configuration
In a meter bridge, the null point is found at a distance of l1 cm from A. If now a resistance of X is connected in
parallel with S, the null point occurs at l2 cm. Obtain a formula for X in terms of l1, l2 and S.

Solution:
Initially, when X is not connected
The equivalent resistance (Req) of the combination of X and S is
On dividing (i) by (ii), we obtain
This is the expression for X in terms of S, l1 and l2.
What is space wave propagation? Give two examples of communication system which use space wave mode.
A TV tower is 80 m tall. Calculate the maximum distance upto which the signal transmitted from the tower can
be received.

Solution:
Space wave propagation is the propagation of waves whose frequencies lie above 40 MHz.
Examples of communication systems which use space wave mode are
(i) Television broadcast
(ii) Microwave links
(iii) Satellite communication
The maximum distance up to which signals can be received,
Hence, the maximum distance up to which the transmitted signal can be received is 32 km.
Question
(i) Define activity of a radioactive material and write its S.I. units.
(ii) Plot a graph showing variation of activity of a given radioactive sample with time.
(iii) The sequence of stepwise decay of a radioactive nucleus is
If the atomic number and mass number of D2 are 71 and 176 respectively, what are their corresponding
values of D?
Solution:
(i) The activity of a radioactive material is defined as the decay rate of a sample containing one or more radio nuclides.
The SI unit of radioactivity is becquerel (B).
(ii)
(iii)
So, the corresponding values of atomic number and mass number for D are 74 and 180.
What is an unpolarized light? Explain with the help of suitable ray diagram how an unpolarized light can be
polarized by reflection from a transparent medium. Write the expression for Brewster angle in terms of the
refractive index of denser medium.
Solution:

An unpolarised light is one in which the vibration of electric field vector is not restricted in one particular plane.
When an unpolarised light falls on the surface, the reflected light is such that the vibration of its electric field vector is
confined to one particular plane. The direction of this plane is parallel to the surface of reflection.
A component of electric field vector is absent from the refracted light. Therefore, the refracted light is partially polarised.
The expression for Brewster angle in terms of the refractive index of denser medium is
Where, is the refractive index of the denser medium with respect to the rarer medium.
Write the principle of working of a potentiometer. Describe briefly, with the help of a circuit diagram, how a
potentiometer is used to determine the internal resistance of a given cell.
Solution:
The working principle of a potentiometer is based on Kirchhoffs voltage law. According to this rule, the algebraic sum of
changes in voltage around any closed loop involving resistors and cells in the loop is zero.
Let be the potential drop per unit length in the potentiometer wire.
When only a cell is connected, the balance point is N1.
Appling Kirchhoffs voltage law,
= l1 [l1 = Length at which the balance point is achieved]
When some current is drawn using the resistance box, the balance point is achieved at N2.
V = l2
This gives,
= I (r + R) [R = Resistance of the resistance box]

V = IR
This gives,
The internal resistance of the cell can be determined by plugging-in the measured values of l1 and l2.

Write the expression for the magnetic moment due to a planar square loop of side l carrying a steady
current I in a vector form.
In the given figure this loop is placed in a horizontal plane near a long straight conductor carrying a steady
current I1 at a distance l as shown. Give reason to explain that the loop will experience a net force but no
torque. Write the expression for this force acting on the loop.
Solution:
The expression for the magnetic moment due to a planar square loop of side l carrying a steady current I in a vector
form is given as
Where, is the unit vector along the normal to the surface of the loop.
The attractive force per unit length on the loop is
The repulsive force per unit length on the loop is
Since the attractive force is greater than the repulsive force, a net force acts on the loop.
The torque on the loop is given as
= 0 ( Area vector is parallel to the magnetic field)

= IAB sin0
=0

The torque acting on the loop is zero.
A long straight wire of a circular cross-section of radius a carries a steady current I. The current is
uniformly distributed across the cross-section. Apply Amperes circuital law to calculate the magnetic field at
a point r in the region for (i) r < a and (ii) r > a.
OR
State the underlying principle of working of a moving coil galvanometer. Write two reasons why a
galvanometer can not be used as such to measure current in a given circuit. Name any two factors on which
the current sensitivity of a galvanometer depends.
Solution:
(i) For r < a
(ii) For r > a

From Amperes circuital law,
OR
The underlying principle for the working of a moving coil galvanometer is that when a current-carrying conductor is placed
inside a magnetic field, it experiences a magnetic force.
The two reasons why a galvanometer cannot be used for measuring current are
The high resistance of galvanometer can disturb the original current flowing through the circuit
The high current present in the circuit can destroy the coil windings present in the galvanometer
The factors on which the current sensitivity of a galvanometer depends are
Number of turns in the coil
Torsional spring constant
Area of the coil
Strength of the magnetic field
A parallel-plate capacitor is charged to a potential difference V by a dc source. The capacitor is then

disconnected from the source. If the distance between the plates is doubled, state with reason how the
following change:
(i) electric field between the plates
(ii) capacitance, and
(iii) energy stored in the capacitor
Solution:
(i)
Q = CV

Therefore, the electric field between the parallel plates depends only on the charge and the plate area. It does not depend
on the distance between the plates.
Since the charge as well as the area of the plates does not change, the electric field between the plates also does not
change.
(ii)
Let the initial capacitance be C and the final capacitance be C'.
Accordingly,
Hence, the capacitance of the capacitor gets halved when the distance between the plates is doubled.
(iii)
Energy of a capacitor, U
Since Q remains the same but the capacitance decreases,
The energy stored in the capacitor gets doubled when the distance between the plates is doubled.
Question
(a) Explain the formation of depletion layer and potential barrier in a pn junction.
(b) In the figure given below the input waveform is converted into the output waveform by a device X. Name
the device and draw its circuit diagram.
(c) Identify the logic gate represented by the circuit as shown and write its truth table.
OR
(a) With the help of circuit diagram explain the working principle of a transistor amplifier as an oscillator.
(b) Distinguish between a conductor, a semiconductor and an insulator on the basis of energy band diagrams.

Solution:
(a) In a pn junction, a p-type and an n-type material are joined together. The concentration of holes is higher in p-type
material as compared to that in n-type material. Therefore, there is a concentration gradient between the p-type and n-
type materials. As a result of this concentration gradient, holes move from p-side to n-side (p n) by the process of
diffusion. Similarly, electrons move from n-side to p-side (n p).
As the holes diffuse from p-side, they leave ionised spaces (negatively charged) on p-side near the junction. These ionised
spaces are immobile. Hence, a negative space-charge region is formed on the p-side near the junction. Similarly, a positive
space-charge region is formed on the n-side. These two space-charge regions on either sides of the junction constitute
what is called a depletion layer.
Since the n-side loses electrons and p-side gains electrons, a potential difference is developed across the junction of the
two regions. This potential difference tends to oppose further motions of electron from the n-region into the p-region. The
same happens for holes too. The reverse polarity of this potential opposes further flow of carriers and is thus called the
barrier potential.
(b) The device is a full-wave rectifier.
The circuit diagram of a full-wave rectifier is represented as
(c) The logic gate represented by the circuit is an AND gate.

The truth table of the AND gate is represented as
A B .B
0 0 0
1 1 1
1 0 0
0 1 0
OR
(a)
The circuit diagram for a transistor amplifier as an oscillator is represented as
In an oscillator, a sustained .C. output is obtained without any input oscillation. For this to happen, the output of a
transistor amplifier is fed back into its input. This is achieved by coupling the winding T1 to winding T2.
When key S1 is closed, the collector current begins to increase, which supports the forward bias of the emitterbase
circuit. Collector current increases until it reaches saturation. When the saturation is reached, the magnetic flux linked to
winding T1 becomes steady. Hence, the forward bias of the emitterbase circuit is no longer supported. The transistor is
now driven into cut-off. This cycle repeats itself and an oscillating output is obtained.

(b) The energy-band diagram of a conductor is represented as
The energy-band diagram of a semiconductor is represented as
The energy-band diagram of an insulator is represented as
Describe briefly, with the help of a labelled diagram, the basic elements of an A.C. generator. State its
underlying principle. Show diagrammatically how an alternating emf is generated by a loop of wire rotating in
a magnetic field. Write the expression for the instantaneous value of the emf induced in the rotating loop.
OR
A series LCR circuit is connected to a source having voltage v = vm sin t. Derive the expression for the
instantaneous current I and its phase relationship to the applied voltage.
Obtain the condition for resonance to occur. Define power factor. State the conditions under which it is (i)
maximum and (ii) minimum.
Solution:
Basic elements of an A.C. generator
An A.C. generator consists of a rotor shaft on which a coil is mounted. A magnetic field is created around an armature coil
with the help of permanent magnets.
The terminals of the coil are connected to two slip rings. Carbon brushes are attached to slip rings so as to make
connection with an external circuit.
Underlying principle of an A.C. generator

The underlying principle responsible for the working of an .C. generator is electromagnetic induction. According to this
principle, if a conductor is placed in a varying magnetic field, then current is induced in the conductor.
Generation of an alternating e.m.f. by a loop of wire rotating in a magnetic field
Expression of the instantaneous value of the induced e.m.f. in a rotating loop

= NBA sint
Where N = number of turns in armature coil
B = Magnetic field vector
A =Area vector of the coil
= Angular speed
OR
v = vm sin t
Let the current in the circuit be led the applied voltage by an angle.
The Kirchhoffs voltage law gives .

It is given that v = vm sin t (applied voltage)
On solving the equation, we obtain
On substituting these values in equation (1), we obtain

Let and
This gives
On substituting this in equation (2), we obtain
On comparing the two sides, we obtain
Or
And
The condition for resonance to occur
For resonance to occur, the value of im has to be the maximum.

The value of im will be the maximum when

Power factor = cos
Where,
(i) Conditions for maximum power factor (i.e., cos = 1)
XC = XL
Or
R=0
(ii) Conditions for minimum power factor
When the circuit is purely inductive
When the circuit is purely capacitive
State Huygenss principle. Show, with the help of a suitable diagram, how this principle is used to obtain the
diffraction pattern by a single slit.
Draw a plot of intensity distribution and explain clearly why the secondary maxima becomes weaker with
increasing order (n) of the secondary maxima.
OR
Draw a ray diagram to show the working of a compound microscope. Deduce an expression for the total
magnification when the final image is formed at the near point.
In a compound microscope, an object is placed at a distance of 1.5 cm from the objective of focal length 1.25
cm. If the eye piece has a focal length of 5 cm and the final image is formed at the near point, estimate the
magnifying power of the microscope.
Solution:
Huygens principle states that
Each point on a wave front behaves as a source of secondary wavelets
The secondary wavelets travel with the speed of light in that medium
The position of new wave front at a later time can be found out by drawing a common tangent to all these
secondary wavelets
Intensity distribution of single slit distribution

For the first secondary maxima (n = 1), only one-third of the slit contributes to its intensity.
Secondly, for n = 2, only one-fifth of the slit contributes to the intensity.
Therefore, with increasing n, the intensity decreases.
OR
Ray diagram for a compound microscope
Total angular magnification,

Angle subtended by the image
Angle subtended by the object
Since and are small,
And
On multiplying the numerator and the denominator with AB, we obtain

Now, magnification produced by objective,
Magnification produced by eyepiece,

Therefore,
Total magnification, (m) = m0 me
fe Focal length of eyepiece
(Separation between the lenses)

What is sky wave propagation?
They type of propagation in which radio waves are transmitted towards the sky and are reflected by the ionosphere
towards the desired location on earth is called sky wave propagation.
Write the following radiations in ascending order with respect to their frequencies:
X-rays, microwaves, UV rays and radio waves.
The given radiations can be arranged in ascending order with respect to their frequencies as:
Radio waves < Microwaves < UV rays < X-rays
Magnetic field lines can be entirely confined within the core of a toroid, but not within a straight solenoid.
Why?
Magnetic field lines form closed loops around a current-carrying wire. The geometry of a straight solenoid is such that
magnetic field lines cannot loop around circular wires without spilling over to the outside of the solenoid. The geometry of
a toroid is such that magnetic field lines can loop around electric wires without spilling over to the outside. Hence,
magnetic field lines can be entirely confined within the core of a toroid, but not within a straight solenoid.
You are given following three lenses. Which two lenses will you use as an eyepiece and as an objective to
construct an astronomical telescope?
Power Aperture
Lens
(P) (A)
L1 3D 8 cm
L2 6D 1 cm
L3 10D 1 cm
Solution:
For constructing an astronomical telescope, the objective should have the maximum diameter. Of the three lenses given,
L1 has the maximum diameter.
The eyepiece should have the highest power for better magnification. Therefore, we use lens L3.
If the angle between the pass axis of polarizer and the analyser is 45, write the ratio of the intensities of
original light and the transmitted light after passing through the analyser.
Solution:I = Im cos2
Where,
I is the transmitted intensity
Imis the maximum value of the transmitted intensity
is the angle between the two polarising directions
The figure shows a plot of three curves a, b, c, showing the variation of photocurrent vs collector plate
potential for three different intensities I1, I2 and I3 having frequencies v1, v2 and v3 respectively incident of a
photosensitive surface.
Point out the two curves for which the incident radiations have same frequency but different intensities.

Solution:
Curves a and b have the same frequency but different intensities.
Two nuclei have mass numbers in the ratio 1: 2. What is the ratio of their nuclear densities?
Nuclear density is independent of mass number. Hence, both the atoms have the same nuclear density.
A cell of emf E and internal resistance r is connected across a variable resistor R. Plot a graph showing the
variation of terminal potential V with resistance R. Predict from the graph the condition under which V
becomes equal to E.
V becomes equal to E when no current flows through the circuit.
The condition under which V will be equal to E is when R =
Question
(i) Can two equi-potential surfaces intersect each other? Give reasons.
(ii) Two charges q and +q are located at points A (0, 0, a) and B (0, 0, +a) respectively. How much work is
done in moving a test charge from point P (7, 0, 0) to Q (3, 0, 0)?
Solution:
(i) Two equipotential surfaces cannot intersect each other because when they will intersect, the electric field will have two
directions, which is impossible.
(ii) Charge P moves on the perpendicular bisector of the line joining +q and q. Hence, this perpendicular bisector is
equidistant from both the charges. Thus, the potential will be same everywhere on this line. Therefore, work done will be
zero.
By what percentage will the transmission ranges of TV tower be affected when the height of the tower is
increased by 21%?

Let the transmission of the tower before transmission be =
Range after increase in height =
Ratio =
Height increase = 21%
Thus,
Derive an expression for drift velocity of free electrons in a conductor in terms of relaxation time.
If there are N electrons and the velocity of the ith electron at a given time is vi where, i = (1, 2, 3, N), then
(If there is no external field)

When an external electric field is present, the electrons will be accelerated due to this field by
Where,
e = Negative charge of the electron
E = External field
m = Mass of an electron
Let vi be the velocity immediately after the last collision after which external field was experienced by the electron.
If vi is the velocity at any time t, then from the equation V = u + at, we obtain
For all the electrons in the conductor, average value of vi is zero.

The average of vi is vd or drift velocity.
This is the average velocity experienced by an electron in an external electric field.
There is no fixed time after which each collision occurs. Therefore, we take the average time after which one collision takes
place by an electron.
Let this time, also known as relaxation time, be. Substituting this in equation (i)
Then,

Negative sign shows that electrons drift opposite to the applied field.
How does a charge q oscillating at certain frequency produce electromagnetic waves?

Sketch a schematic diagram depicting electric and magnetic fields for an electromagnetic wave propagating
along the Z-direction.
An oscillating charge is an example of accelerated charge. We know from Maxwells theory that accelerated charge radiates
electromagnetic waves. These electromagnetic waves are produced because oscillating charge produces oscillating
magnetic field, which in turn produces an oscillating electric field. This process goes on, giving rise to an electromagnetic
wave.
A charge q moving along the X- axis with a velocity is subjected to a uniform magnetic field B along the Z-
axis as it crosses the origin O.
(i) Trace its trajectory.
(ii) Does the charge gain kinetic energy as it enters the magnetic field? Justify your answer.
Solution:
(i)
The direction of magnetic field is along the negative X-direction. Hence, the magnetic force will act in such a way that this
particle describes a circular motion as shown below.

(ii) No, the charge does not gain kinetic energy because the force and velocity are perpendicular to each other.
Thus, force does not bring out any change in the velocity.
The following figure shows the input waveforms (A, B) and the output waveform (Y) of a gate. Identify the
gate, write its truth table and draw its logic symbol.
Solution:
The gate is the NAND gate.
State Biot-Savart law.
A current I flows in a conductor placed perpendicular to the plane of the paper. Indicate the direction of the
magnetic field due to a small element d at point P situated at distance from the element as shown in the
figure.

Solution: Biot-Savarts law states that the magnitude of the magnetic field dB is proportional to the current I, the element
, and inversely proportional to the square of the distance r.

The direction of magnetic field is along the negative X-direction.
Why are high frequency carrier waves used for transmission?

OR
What is meant by term modulation? Draw a block diagram of a simple modulator for obtaining an AM signal.
For transmitting a signal, the antenna should have a size comparable to the wavelength of the signal (at least in
dimension), where is the wavelength.
If the frequency of the signal is small, then its wavelength becomes very large and it is impractical to make that large
antennas for the corresponding large wavelengths. For higher frequencies, wavelength is smaller, which is the reason why
high frequency carrier waves are used for transmission.
OR
The process of superimposing information contained in a low frequency signal on a high frequency signal is called
modulation.
A radioactive nucleus A undergoes a series of decays according to the following scheme:
The mass number and atomic number of A are 180 and 72 respectively. What are these numbers for A 4?
Solution:
A has mass number as 180 and atomic number 172.
Formation of A1 by -decay:

Formation of A2 by decay:
Formation of A4:
In r-decay, mass number and atomic number remain the same.
Thus,
Mass number of A4 = 172
Atomic number of A4 = 169
A thin conducting spherical shell of radius R has charge Q spread uniformly over its surface. Using Gausss
law, derive an expression for an electric field at a point outside the shell.
Draw a graph of electric field E(r) with distance r from the centre of the shell for 0 r .
Solution:
According to Gauss law,
Where,
q is the point charge
E is electric field due to the point charge
dA is a small area on the Gaussian surface at any distance and
is the proportionality constant
For a spherical shell at distance r from the point charge, the integral is merely the sum of all differential of dA on
the sphere.
Therefore,
Therefore, for a thin conducting spherical shell of radius R and charge Q, spread uniformly over its surface, the electric
field at any point outside the shell is
Where r is the distance of the point from the centre of the shell.

The graph of electric field E(r) with distance r from the centre of the shell for 0 r .
Three identical capacitors C1, C2 and C3 of capacitance 6 F each are connected to a 12 V battery as shown.
Find
(i) charge on each capacitor
(ii) equivalent capacitance of the network
(iii) energy stored in the network of capacitors
Solution:
The 12 V battery is in parallel with C1, C2, and C3. C1 and C2are in series with each other while C3 is in parallel with the
combination formed by C1 and C2.
Total voltage drop across C3 = 12 V
q3 = CV
Where, q = Charge on the capacitor
C1, C2, C3 = 6 F (Given in the question)
q3 = 6 12 = 72 C
Voltage drop across C1 and C2 combined will be 12 V.
Let the voltage drop at C1 = V1
Let the voltage drop at C2 = V2
Then,
V = V1 + V2
As both the capacitors are in series,
Then,

Or,
q = 36 micro coulombs
Thus, charge on each of C1 and C2 is 36 coulombs.
Question
(a) The energy levels of an atom are as shown below. Which of them will result in the transition of a photon of
wavelength 275 nm?
(b) Which transition corresponds to emission of radiation of maximum wavelength?

Solution:
Energy transitions for A,B,C, and D are:
A = 2 eV
B = 4.5 eV
C = 2.5 eV
D = 8 eV
Where,
E = Energy transition
= Wavelength
h = 6.63 1034 Js
C = 3 108 m/s
For B, we have
Thus, B will result in transition of a photon of wavelength of 275 nm.

(b)
For maximum wavelength, energy transition should be minimum.

A undergoes minimum energy transition.
A = 2 eV
Thus, photon in A will have the maximum wavelength.
A proton and an alpha particle are accelerated through the same potential. Which one of the two has (i)
greater value of de Broglie wavelength associated with it, and (ii) less kinetic energy? Justify your answers.
Solution:
Kinetic energy gained by the proton = eV
Kinetic energy gained by the alpha particle = 2eV
Let v1 be the velocity of the proton and v2 be the velocity of the alpha particle.
Mass of proton = m

Mass of alpha particle = 4m
Then their kinetic energies are .
Dividing (i) and (ii), we obtain
It shows that velocity of proton is greater than that of the alpha particle
(i) de Broglie wavelength =

de Broglie wavelength of proton
Hence, the de Broglie wavelength of proton will be greater than that of alpha particle.
(ii) For kinetic energy:
K.E. of proton =
K.E. of alpha particle =
By substitution, we obtain
K.E of proton =
As , therefore, K.E of alpha particle will be larger.
In a single slit diffraction experiment, when tiny circular obstacle is placed in path of light from a distance
source, a bright spot is seen at the centre of the shadow of the obstacle. Explain why?
State two points of difference between the interference patterns obtained in Youngs double slit experiment
and the diffraction pattern due to a single slit.
Solution:

A bright spot is observed when a tiny circular object is placed in path of light from a distant source in a single slit
diffraction experiment because light rays flare into the shadow region of the circular object as they pass the edge of the
tiny circular object. The lights from all the edges of the tiny circular object are in phase with each other. Thus, they form a
bright spot at the centre of the shadow of the the tiny circular object.
The two differences between the interference patterns obtained in Youngs double slit experiment and the diffraction
pattern due to a single slit are as follows:
(i) The fringes in the interference pattern obtained from diffraction are of varying width, while in case of interference, all
are of the same width.
(ii) The bright fringes in the interference pattern obtained from diffraction have a central maximum followed by fringes of
decreasing intensity, whereas in case of interference, all the bright fringes are of equal width.
Question
(a) Define self inductance. Write its S.I. units.
(b) Derive an expression for self inductance of a long solenoid of length l, cross-sectional area A having N
number of turns.
Solution:
(a) The phenomenon in which emf is induced in a single isolated coil due to change of flux through the coil by means of
varying the current through the same coil is called self inductance. S.I unit of inductance is Henry.
(b) Magnetic field B inside a solenoid carrying a current i is .
B=
Let n be the number of turns per unit length.
Where,
N is total number of turns
l is the length of the solenoid
Inductance,
Substituting, we obtain
Substituting the value of B, we obtain
Inductance L of a solenoid is:
Question
The figure shows experimental set up of a meter bridge. When the two unknown resistances X and Y are
inserted, the null point D is obtained 40 cm from the end A. When a resistance of 10 is connected in series
with X, the null point shifts by 10 cm. Find the position of the null point when the 10 resistance is instead
connected in series with resistance Y. Determine the values of the resistances X and Y.
Solution:
For a metre bridge:

(1)
Where, it is given that l1 = 40 cm
(2)
When 10 resistance is added in series to X, null point shifts by 10 cm.
Substituting the value of X from equation (2), we obtain
Substituting the value of Y in equation (3), we obtain

X + 10 = 30
X = 20
Position of the null point when 10 resistance is put in series with Y,
Derive the expression for force per unit length between two long straight parallel current carrying conductors.
Hence define one ampere.
OR
Explain the principle and working of a cyclotron with the help of a schematic diagram. Write the expression
for cyclotron frequency.
Two long parallel conductors a and b separated by a distance l and carrying currents Ia and Ib respectively are shown
below.

By Amperes circuital law, we have
Conductor b will experience a sideways force because of conductor a. Let this force be Fba.
By symmetry,
Fba = Fab
1 ampere is the value of that steady current which when maintained in each of the two very long, straight, parallel
conductors of negligible cross section and placed one metre apart in vacuum, would produce on each of these conductors a
force equal to 2 107 Newton per metre of length.
OR
Cyclotron is a machine used to accelerate charged particles or ions to high energies. It uses both electrical and magnetic
fields in combination to increase the speed of the charged particles.
The particles move in two semi-circular containers D1 and D2, called Dees. Inside the metal box, the charged particle is
shielded from external electric fields.
When the particle moves from one dee to another, electric field is acted on the particle.
The sign of the electric field is changed alternately, in tune with the circular motion of the particle. Hence, the particle is
always accelerated by the electric field. As the energy of the particle increases, the radius of the circular path increases.

Time taken for a particle for one complete revolution = T
T=
Where is the cyclotron frequency

Then,
The above expression is the expression for cyclotron frequency.

The oscillator applies an ac voltage across the Ds and this voltage must have a frequency equal to that of cyclotron
frequency.
Three light rays red (R), green (G) and blue (B) are incident on a right angled prism abc at face ab. The
refractive indices of the material of the prism for red, green and blue wavelengths are 1.39, 1.44 and 1.47
respectively. Out of the three which colour ray will emerge out of face ac? Justify your answer. Trace the
path of these rays after passing through face ab.
Solution:
The blue ray will emerge out of the face ac.

The three light rays will go through ab as the three are perpendicular to ab. However, when they will hit ac, they will
refract with an angle of incidence of 45.
Refractive indices for three light rays are given.
Red (R) = 1.39
Green (G) = 1.44
Blue (B) = 1.47
Total internal reflection takes place if the angle of incidence is such that
The refractive indices are from air to prism. To convert them from prism to air, we take their reciprocal.
For red:
sin r = 0.9828, which is less than 1
Thus, red light will pass through the face ac.
Similarly, for green:
This is greater than 1. Therefore, it will not pass through, but reflect back in the same medium.
For blue:

Even this will reflect back because of total internal reflection.
Question
(a) Derive an expression for the average power consumed in a series LCR circuit connected to a.c. source in
which the phase difference between the voltage and the current in the circuit is .
(b) Define the quality factor in an a.c. circuit. Why should the quality factor have high value in receiving
circuits? Name the factors on which it depends.
OR
(a) Derive the relationship between the peak and the rms value of current in an a.c. circuit.
(b) Describe briefly, with the help of labelled diagram, working of a step-up transformer.
A step-up transformer converts a low voltage into high voltage. Does it not violate the principle of
conservation of energy? Explain.
Solution:
(a) Power in ac circuit
Voltage v in an ac circuit is:
which drives through the circuit a current i
i = im sin (t +), where and
Power
Calculating the average power, it is observed that the average of the term
cos (2t + ) is equal to zero.
Thus,
Average power,
(b) The ratio is called the quality factor or Q-factor.
The quality factor has high value in receiving circuits in order to get a sharp gain for the desired channel frequency.
The quality factor depends on the values of the following:
i. Inductance
ii. Resistance
iii. Capacitance
OR
(a) The instantaneous power dissipated in the resistor is

The average value of p over a cycle is:
are constants. Therefore,
By trigonometric identity,

The average value of cos 2 t is zero.
We have:
Thus,
The rms value in the ac power is expressed in the same form as dc power root mean square or effective current and is
denoted by Irms.
Peak current is
Therefore,
(b)

In a transformer with Ns secondary turns and Npprimary turns, induced emf or voltage Es is:
Back emf = Ep =
EP = VP
Es = Vs
Thus, Vs = (i)
Dividing equations (i) and (ii), we obtain
If the transformer is 100% efficient, then
Thus, combining the above equations,

If Ns > Np, then the transformer is said to be step-up transformer because the voltage is stepped up in the secondary coil.
No, the transformer does not violate the principal of conservation of energies. This can be easily observed by the following
equation:
Power consumed in both the coils is the same as even if the voltage increases or current increases, their product at any
instant remains the same.
Question
(i) Draw a circuit diagram to study the input and output characteristics of an n-p-n transistor in its common
emitter configuration. Draw the typical input and output characteristics.
(ii) Explain, with the help of a circuit diagram, the working of n-p-n transistor as a common emitter amplifier.
OR
How is a zener diode fabricated so as to make it a special purpose diode? Draw I-V characteristics of zener
diode and explain the significance of breakdown voltage.
Explain briefly, with the help of a circuit diagram, how a p-n junction diode works as a half wave rectifier.
Solution:

OR
Zener is fabricated such that both the p-type and the n-type are highly doped. This makes the depletion region thin. When
an electric field is applied, a high electric field appears across the thin depletion region. When the electric field becomes
very high, it knocks off electrons from the host atoms to create a large number of electrons. This results in a large value of
current inside the circuit.
Zener has a sharp breakdown voltage and this property of zener is used for voltage regulation.
An ac current has a positive half cycle and a negative half cycle. A pn junction allows current to pass only in one direction
and that is when it is forward biased.
When a positive half-cycle occurs, the p-side has a lower potential. Therefore, the diode is now forward biased and
therefore conducts and this positive cycle is available for the load.
When a negative half cycle occurs, the n-side has a higher potential than the p-side. Hence, the diode is now reverse
biased and thus, does not conduct. As a result, this positive half cycle also does not conduct. Therefore, it does not appear
at the load and is cut-off.
We obtain a waveform, which has only positive half cycles and therefore it is called half-wave rectifier.
Trace the rays of light showing the formation of an image due to a point object placed on the axis of a
spherical surface separating the two media of refractive indices n1 and n2. Establish the relation between the
distances of the object, the image and the radius of curvature from the central point of the spherical surface.
Hence derive the expression of the lens makers formula.
OR
Draw the labelled ray diagram for the formation of image by a compound microscope.
Derive the expression for the total magnification of a compound microscope. Explain why both the objective
and the eyepiece of a compound microscope must have short focal lengths.
Solution:

In the given figure, image is I and object is denoted as O.
The centre of curvature is C.
The rays are incident from a medium of refractive index to another of refractive index .
We consider NM to be perpendicular to the principal axis.
For NOC, i is the exterior angle.

Therefore, i = NOM + NCM
Similarly,
r = NCM NIM
i.e.,
According to Snells law,
For small angles,
Substituting i and r, we obtain
Where, OM, MI, and MC are the distances

OM = u
MC = +R
MI = v
Substituting these, we obtain

Applying equation (i) to lens ABCD, we obtain for surface ABC,
For surface ADC, we obtain
For a thin lens,

BI1 = DI1
Adding (ii) and (iii), we obtain
Suppose object is at infinity and DI = f, then
This is known as lens makers formula.

OR
Show L in figure
Net magnification (m) =
f0 and fe are in denominator.

This formula contains foand fe in denominator. Therefore, both the objective and the eyepiece of a compound microscope
must have short focal lengths.

Name the electromagnetic radiation to which waves of wavelength in the range of 102 m belong. Give one
use of this part of EM spectrum.
102 wavelength lies in the range of microwaves. Microwaves are used in

(i) satellite communication
(ii) radar
(iii) microwave oven
What is ground wave propagation?
Ground wave propagation is the propagation of surface wave, which slides over the surface of the earth. It is used to
broadcast standard AM.
Unpolarized light is incident on a plane surface of glass of refractive index at angle i. If the reflected light
gets totally polarized, write the relation between the angle i and refractive index .
The relation between angle i and refractive index for totally polarised light is tan i =
Draw a diagram to show refraction of a plane wave front incident in a convex lens and hence draw the
refracted wave front.
Solution:
The equivalent capacitance of the combination between A and B in the given figure is 4F.
(i) Calculate capacitance of the capacitor C.

(ii) Calculate charge on each capacitor if a 12 V battery is connected across terminals A and B.
(iii) What will be the potential drop across each capacitor?
Solution:
(i) Let the equivalent capacitance be C. 20 F and C F capacitor are connected.
(ii) Q = CV

= 4 F 12 V
= 4 106 12
= 48 106 C
= 48 C
(iii) Potential drop across 20 F capacitor
Potential drop across 5 F capacitor
State Gausss law in electrostatics. Using this law derive an expression for the electric field due to a uniformly
charged infinite plane sheet.
Solution:
According to Gauss law, the electric flux through a closed surface is times the charge q enclosed by the closed surface.
Assuming the charge density to be on the infinite sheet, we draw a rectangular parallelepiped of cross-sectional area .
The rectangular parallelepiped behaves like a Gaussian surface and is symmetrical about the infinite sheet.
Only the two opposite faces (i) and (ii) contribute to the total flux.
Total flux = 2EA

Total flux =
Equating these, we obtain
2EA =
At what angle of incidence should a light beam strike a glass slab of refractive index , such that the
reflected and the refracted rays are perpendicular to each other?
When angle between reflected and refracted ray is 90,
What is space wave propagation?
Space wave propagation is another mode of radio wave propagation. It travels in a straight line from transmitting antenna
to the receiving antenna.
Space wave propagation is used for line of sight communication and satellite communication.
Name the part of electromagnetic spectrum which is suitable for

(i) radar systems used in aircraft navigation
(ii) treatment of cancer tumours
Solution:
(i) Microwaves are used in radar systems.
(ii) Gamma rays are used in treatment of cancer tumours.
Two nuclei have mass numbers in the ratio 2: 5. What is the ratio of their nuclear densities?
Nuclear density is independent of mass number and is the same for every nucleus. Thus, the ratio of their nuclei is 1: 1.
State Gauss law in electrostatics. Use this law to derive an expression for the electric field due to an infinitely
long straight wire of linear charge density Cm1.
Solution:
According to Gausss law, the electric flux through a closed surface is the charge q enclosed by the surface.

A Gaussian surface, which is cylindrical in shape, is drawn whose axis is the same as the axis of the straight wire.
The symmetry argument implies that electric field has the same magnitudes over the whole curved surface area of the
Gaussian surface. Furthermore, its direction must either be radially outward or radially inward depending upon polarity of
the line charge.
Let the electric field be .

Flux through the Gaussian surface
= E Area of the curved surface
= E (2rl)
According to Gausss law,
Two parallel plate capacitors, X and Y, have the same area of plates and same separation between them. X has
air between the plates while Y contains a dielectric medium of r = 4.
(i) Calculate capacitance of each capacitor if equivalent capacitance of the combination is 4 F.

(ii) Calculate the potential difference between the plates of X and Y.
(iii) What is the ratio of electrostatic energy stored in X and Y?
Solution:
Let the capacitance of X be C.
The capacitance of Y will be
(i)
Capacitance of X = C = 5 F
Capacitance of Y = 4C = 20 F
(ii) Charge on each capacitor, Q = CV
Q = 4 F 12 V
= 48 106 C
= 48 C

Potential difference across X is 9.6 V.
Potential difference across Y is 2.4 V.
(iii) Energy stored in X is .
Energy stored in Y is .
The ratio of electrostatic energy stored in X and Y is 4: 1.
A converging lens of refractive index 1.5 is kept in a liquid medium having same refractive index. What would
be the focal length of the lens in this medium?
Solution:
The lens in the liquid will act like a plane sheet of glass.
Its focal length will be infinite ().
[By lens makers formula]
Here,
How does the angular separation of interference fringes change, in Youngs experiment, if the distance
between the slits is increased?
Solution:
, when separation between slits (d) is increased, fringe width decreases.

Calculate the distance of an object of height h from a concave mirror of focal length 10 cm, so as to obtain a
real image of magnification 2.
Solution:
Here, f = 10 cm, m = 2, u = ?
As the image is real,
Applying the mirror formula,
Object distance = 15 cm
Draw the output wave form at X, using the given inputs A, B for logic circuit shown below. Also identify the
gate.
Solution:
For the given gate, the Boolean expression is
The logic gate is AND gate.

Derive an expression for the potential energy of an electric dipole.
Solution:
Potential energy of a dipole in an external field:
Consider a dipole with charges q1 = + q and q2 = q placed in a uniform electric field such that AB = 2a as shown in
figure.
Since the dipole experiences no net force in a uniform electric field but experiences a torque,
is given by:
Suppose an external torque is applied in such a way that it neutralises this torque and rotates in the plane of paper
from angle at an infinitesimal angular speed.

The amount of work done by the external torque is:
This work is stored as the potential energy of the system.
Prove that an ideal inductor does not dissipate power in an a.c circuit.
OR
Derive an expression for the self-inductance of a long air-cored solenoid of length l and number of turns N.
In a circuit containing inductor L, current I lags behind the voltage E by a phase angle of 90 or .

Work done in one complete cycle is
Average power =
Hence, an ideal inductor does not dissipate power in an ac circuit.
OR
Self inductance of a long solenoid:

Consider a long solenoid of length 1, number of turns N, and radius r. Suppose current I flows through it. Then, magnetic
field set up in the coil is:
Flux through each turn =

Where,
A is the cross-sectional area
Flux through N turns =

However, = LI
Self inductance,

How is a wave front defined? Using Huygens construction draw a figure showing the propagation of a plane
wave reflecting at the interface of the two media. Show that the angle of incidence is equal to the angle of
reflection.
Solution:
Waves spread out from the point of impact. At any instant after the impact, locus of all points, which oscillate in phase and
have the maximum disturbance on them, is called a wavefront.
Huygens principle:
(i) Every point on a given wavefront acts as a fresh source of secondary wavelets, which travel in all directions with the
speed of light.
(ii) The forward envelope of these secondary wavelets gives a new wavefront at every instant.
Laws of reflection by Huygens principle:
By the Huygens principle, secondary wavelets start from B and cover a distance ct in time t and reaches B.
To obtain new wavefront, draw circles with point B as centre and ct as radius. Draw a tangent from
the point .
Then, represents the reflected wavefront.
In ,
[ = Radii of same circle]

[Common]
[Each 90]
[By R.H.S]
[C.P.C.T]
Incident angle i = Reflected angle r
i = r
Therefore, angle of incidence is equal to angle of reflection.
A coil of number of turns N, area A, is rotated at a constant angular speed , in a uniform magnetic field B,
and connected to a resistor R. Deduce expressions for:
(i) Maximum emf induced in the coil
(ii) Power dissipation in the coil
Solution:
(i) The magnetic flux linked with the coil at any instant is = NBA cost
Induced emf will be
= NBA
emf is maximum when sin t = 1
Hence,
(ii)
All calculations have been done considering that the coil has zero resistance.
Therefore, power dissipated in the coil is equal to zero because the resistance of an ideal coil is zero.
Power dissipated inside the coil = Current2 Resistance of the coil
= Current2 Zero
=0

Name the absorbing material used to control the reaction rate of neutrons in a nuclear reactor.
Graphite
State the reason why two independent sources of light cannot be considered as coherent sources.
Two independent sources of light cannot be coherent as their relative phases keep changing randomly.
How does the power of a convex lens vary, if the incident red light is replaced by violet light?
Solution:
According to lens makers formula,
Power of lens,
Power of the lens will be increased.
Draw a ray diagram of a compound microscope. Write the expression for its magnifying power.
Ray diagram of a compound microscope:
When the final image is formed at the least distance of distinct vision,
For the image formed at infinity, and
If the output of a 2 input NOR gate is fed as both inputs A and B to another NOR gate, write down a truth table
to find the final output, for all combinations of A, B.
Solution:
The required circuit is:

Output:
Truth Table
Input
Output
Y=A+B
A B
0 0 0
0 1 1
1 0 1
1 1 1
The oscillating electric field of an electromagnetic wave is given by:
(a) Obtain the value of the wavelength of the electro-magnetic wave.

(b) Write down the expression for the oscillating magnetic field.
Solution:
Given equation is
Comparing by , we obtain
(a) Wavelength of electromagnetic wave, = 0.0067 m
(b)
The required expression for oscillating magnetic field is

An inductor of unknown value, a capacitor of 100 F and a resistor of 10 are connected in series to a 200 V,
50 Hz a.c source. It is found that the power factor of the circuit is unity. Calculate the inductance of the
inductor and the current amplitude.
Here, C = 100 F = 100 106 F = 104 F

R= 10 , L = ?
= 50 Hz, E = 200 V
(i) Power factor, cos = 1 (Given)
Therefore,
(ii) rms value of current at resonance is
To find the amplitude (i.e., the peak current), we multiply the current by 2.
im= I 2 = 20 A 1.41 = 28.2 A
Define resistivity of a conductor. Plot a graph showing the variation of resistivity with temperature for a
metallic conductor. How does one explain such a behaviour using the mathematical expression of the
resistivity of a material?
Solution:
Resistivity:
It is defined as the resistance of a conductor having unit length and unit area of cross-section. The SI unit of resistivity is
m (ohm metre).
Variation of resistivity with temperature:
For metallic conductor:
The resistivity of a metallic conductor is given by:
Where, is the resistivity at temperature T, is the resistivity at temperature T0, and is the temperature coefficient
of resistivity
The graph of plotted against T would be a straight line. At temperature much lower than 0C, the graph deviates
considerably from a straight line.

With increase in temperature, the resistivity increases. This behaviour can be explained in terms of relaxation time . As
the temperature increases, the motion of electrons also increases, thereby increasing the rate of collision. With the
increase in rate of collision, the relaxation time decreases.
Resistivity is inversely proportional to relaxation time. Therefore, it increases.
An electron, an alpha particle and a proton have the same kinetic energy. Which one of these particles has the
largest de-Broglie wavelength?
De-Broglies wavelength is given as, =

Where, h is Plancks constant, m is the mass of the particle, K is the kinetic energy of the particle
The mass of the electron is least among an electron, an alpha particle, and a photon.
, therefore, the electron has the largest de-Broglie wavelength.
Why should the material used for making permanent magnets have high coercivity?
Materials having high coercivity are used to make permanent magnets because magnetisation of such materials does not
get affected by stray magnetic fields or high temperature.
The radioactive isotope D decays according to the sequence
If the mass number and atomic number of D2 are 176 and 71 respectively, what is (i) the mass number (ii)
atomic number of D?
An alpha () particle is a helium nucleus ( ) and a beta-minus decay () is an emission of an electron.
The substance D2 can be represented as .
Hence,

(i) The mass number of D is 180.
(ii) The atomic number of D is 72.
Question
What will be the values of input A and B for the Boolean expression ?
Solution:
The truth table for the Boolean expression is:
A B (A+B) (A.B) (A+B).(A.B)
1 1 1 1 1 0
0 0 0 0 0 1
1 0 1 0 0 1
0 1 1 0 0 1
The output of this Boolean expression is 1 only when both the inputs A and B are 1.
The values of A should, therefore, be 1.
Why is frequency modulation preferred over amplitude modulation for transmission of music?
Frequency modulation gives a better quality of transmission because it has a larger bandwidth and is relatively immune to
noise. The transmission of information of FM signal is in the form of frequency variations. Therefore, the atmospheric noise
causes little harm to it. Frequency modulation is, therefore, preferred over amplitude modulation for transmission of music.
The output of an OR gate is connected to both the inputs of a NAND gate. Draw the logic circuit of this
combination of gates and write its truth table.
Both the inputs of the NAND gates are joined to form a single input. Therefore, it behaves like a NOT gate.
A B
0 0 0 1
0 1 1 0
1 0 1 0

1 1 1 0
Draw a plot of potential energy of a pair of nucleons as a function of their separation. What is the significance
of negative potential energy in the graph drawn?
The plot of potential energy of a pair of nucleons as a function of their separation is given below:
Negative potential energy indicates that the system is bounded.
A convex lens of refractive index 1.5 has a focal length of 18 cm in air. Calculate the change in its focal length
when it is immersed in water of refractive
index .
Solution:
Reflective index of convex lens in air, = 1.5
Focal length of convex lens, fa = 18 cm
Reflective index of water, =

When the lens is in air:
Where R1 and R2 are the radius of curvature of the convex lens
When the lens is in air:
Where, fw is the focal length of the lens, when immersed in water

Change in focal length = fw fa = 72 cm 18 cm = 54 cm
Distinguish between the terms average value and rms value of an alternating current. The instantaneous
current from an a.c. source is I = 5sin (314t) ampere. What are the average and rms values of the current?
Average value of A.C: It is the value of direct current which sends the same charge in a circuit in the same time as is
sent by the given ac in its half time period.
Rms value of A.C: It is the value of a direct current which produces the same heating effect in a given resistance as is
produced by the given ac when passed for the same time.
Given,
I = 5 sin (314)t A
Peak value of current, I0 = 5 A
A cylindrical metallic wire is stretched to increase its length by 5%. Calculate the percentage change in its
resistance.

The electric field E due to a point charge at any point near it is defined as , where q is the test
charge and F is the force acting on it. What is the physical significance of in this expression? Draw the
electric field lines of a point charge Q when (i) Q > 0 and (ii) Q < 0.
OR
Define electric flux. Write its S.I. Units. A spherical rubber balloon carries a charge that is uniformly
distributed over its surface. As the balloon is blown up and increases in size, how does the total electric flux
coming out of the surface change? Give reason.
Solution:
indicates that the test charge q is very small and therefore its presence does not disturb the distribution of source
charge and hence its electric field.
(i) Electric field due to the point charge Q > 0:
(ii) Electric field due to the point charge Q < 0:
OR
Electric flux through a given surface is the total number of electric lines of force passing through the area in a direction
normal to the surface.
Electric flux, E =
[Where E is the electric field, S is the surface area, and Qenclosed is the charge enclosed inside the Gaussian surface]
When a balloon is blown up, the total charge on the balloon surface remains unchanged.
As Qenclosed remains unchanged, therefore, the total electric flux coming out of its surface remains unchanged.
State Kirchhoffs rules of current distribution in an electrical network.Using these rules determine the value of
the current I1 in the electric circuit given below.

Solution:
Kirchhoffs rules for electrical networks are as follows:
(i) Junction rule: The sum of the currents entering a junction is equal to the sum of the current leaving the junction.
(ii) Loop rule: The algebraic sum of potential around any closed loop having resistors and cells is zero.
Applying junction rule at point F,

I1 + I2 = I3 (i)
Applying loop rule to the upper loop,
40 I3 + 20 I1 = 40 (ii)
Applying loop rule to the lower loop,
40 I3 + 20 I2= 80 + 40 (iii)
Adding equation (ii) and equation (iii), we obtain
80 I3 + 20 (I2 + I1) = 160
Using equation (i),
80 I3 + 20 I3 = 160
100 I3 = 160
I3 = 1.6 A
From equation (ii),
40 (1.6) + 20 I1 = 40
20 I1 = 40 64 = 24
I1 = 1.2 A
Therefore, the value of I1 is 1.2 A.
Write the mathematical relation for the resistivity of material in terms of relaxation time, number density and
mass and charge of charge carriers in it.Explain, using this relation, why the resistivity of a metal increases
and that of semi-conductor decreases with rise in temperature.
Solution:
Resistivity, =
Where m is the mass of the charge carrier, n is the number density, e is the charge of the carrier, and is the relaxation
time
When the temperature increases, the thermal speed of electrons also increases. Therefore, the free electrons collide more
frequently with the positive metal ions. The relaxation time decreases. Hence, the resistivity of metals increases.
The relaxation time decreases slightly with rise in temperature in case of semi-conductors, but the number density (n) of
free electrons increases very rapidly with temperature. Hence, the resistivity of semi-conductor decreases exponentially
with the increase in temperature.
Explain with the help of a labelled diagram the underlying principle and working of a step- up transformer.
Why cannot such a device be used to step-up d.c voltage?
OR
Draw a labelled diagram of an a.c generator. Explain briefly its principle and working.
Solution:
Transformer:
Principle: It is a device which converts high voltage AC into low voltage AC and vice-versa. It is based upon the principle of
mutual induction. When alternating current is passed through a coil, an induced emf is set up in the neighbouring coil.

Working: When an alternating current is passed through the primary, the magnetic flux through the iron core changes,
which does two things. It produces emf in the primary and an induced emf is also set up in the secondary. If we assume
that the resistance of primary is negligible, then the back emf will be equal to the voltage applied to the primary.
Where, N1 and N2 are number of turns in the primary and the secondary respectively and V1 and V2 are their voltages
respectively
In a step-up transformer: N2 > N1, therefore, V2 > V1

Such a device cannot be used to step up a dc because a dc voltage cannot produce a changing flux, which is very essential
to the production of induced emf in the secondary.
OR
AC Generator:
Principle: It works on the principle of Faradays law of electromagnetic induction. Whenever a coil is rotated in a uniform
magnetic field about an axis perpendicular to the field, the magnetic flux linked with coil changes and an induced emf is set
up across its ends.
The essential parts of an ac generator are shown in the figure. Initially, the armature coil ABCD is horizontal. As the coil is
rotated clockwise, the arm AB moves up and CD moves down.
The magnetic flux linked with the coil at any instant is:
= NBA cos t
Induced emf will be
Let E0 be the peak value of induced emf.

E = E0 sin t
Where, E0 = NBA

Given below are two electric circuits A and B
Calculate the ratio of power factor of the circuit B to the power factor of circuit A.
Solution:
Power factor of A =
Power factor of B =
Define the term resolving power of an astronomical telescope. How does it get affected on
(i) Increasing the aperture of the objective lens?
(ii) Increasing the wavelength of the light used?
Justify your answer in each case.
Solution:
The resolving power of an astronomical telescope is defined as the reciprocal of the smallest angular separation between
two point objects whose image is resolved by a telescope.
Resolving Power =
D- Aperture of the objective
Wavelength of the incident light
(i) When the aperture of the objective lens increases, the resolving power also increases.
(ii) When the wavelength of the light increases, the resolving power decreases.
Write any four characteristics of electromagnetic waves. Give two uses each of
(i) radio-waves (ii) Micro-waves.
Solution:
Four characteristics of electromagnetic waves are:
(a) They are transverse in nature.
(b) They travel through vacuum with a speed of 3108 m/s.
(c) They do not require material medium for their propagation.
(d) Electric and magnetic fields oscillate perpendicular to each other.
(i) Uses of Radio waves:
(a) Radio transmission
(b) Radio astronomy
(ii) Uses of Microwaves:
(a) Microwave ovens
(b) Radar systems

In a plot of photoelectric current versus anode potential, how does
(i) the saturation current vary with anode potential for incident radiations of different frequencies but same
intensity?
(ii) the stopping potential vary for incident radiations of different intensities but same frequency?
(iii) Photoelectric current vary for different intensities but same frequency of incident radiations?
Justify your answer in each case.
Solution:
(i) The saturation current remains same for different incident radiations of different frequencies but of same intensities. It
does not change with the increase in anode potential. If the intensity remains the same, then the number of photons
incident per second does not change and hence the number of photoelectrons emitted also does not change. Therefore, the
saturation current does not change.
(ii) The stopping potential remains same for different incident radiations of different intensities but of same frequencies.
Stopping potential depends upon the amount of work required to stop the most energetic photoelectron. Since the
frequency of the incident radiation does not change, the KEmax does not change at all. Hence, the stopping potential
remains the same.
(iii) Photoelectric current increases linearly with the intensity of incident radiation of same frequency. As the intensity of
incident radiation increases, the number of photons and hence the photoelectrons increases. Hence, the photolelectric
current also increases.
Calculate the amount of energy released during the decay of
Given: 1. Atomic mass of = 238.05079 u
2. Atomic mass of = 234.04363 u
3. Atomic mass of = 4.00260 u

1u = 931.5 Me V/c2
Is this decay spontaneous? Give reason.
Solution:
The amount of energy released during decay,
No net energy is required for this reaction because energy is already produced by the conversion of lost mass into energy.
This is why this reaction is spontaneous.
What is a digital signal? Write two advantages of digital communication. Give any one difference between Fax
and E-mail systems of communication.
Solution:
A digital signal takes only two discrete values (0 or 1).
Advantages of digital signal are:
(i) It is a reliable mode of communication.
(ii) It offers immunity from noise and external interference.
In fax system of communication, the recipient gets a hard copy of the message.
In e-mail system of communication, the recipient gets a soft copy of the message.
Explain, with the help of a schematic diagram, the principle and working of a Light Emitting Diode. What
criterion is kept in mind while choosing the semiconductor material for such a device? Write any two
advantages of Light Emitting Diode over conventional incandescent lamps.
Solution:
A light emitting diode is an especially manufactured diode which has a forward biased p-n junction, which emits light when
energised.

In a forward biased p-n junction, the electrons of the n-region and holes of p-region are pushed towards the junction
where electron-holes recombination takes place. As the electrons are in higher conduction band on n-side and holes are in
lower valence band on p-side, the energy difference appears in the form of heat or light radiation during the process of
recombination.
The criterion that must be kept in mind while choosing a semi-conductor material is the band gap. The band gap of the
semi-conductor material should be such that the difference in the energy of conduction and valence band must be equal to
energy of the type of photon required.
Advantages of LED over conventional incandescent lamps are as follows:
(i) Low operational voltage and less power consumption
(ii) Fast action and no warm up time required
What are coherent sources? Why are coherent sources required to produce interference of light? Give an
example of interference of light in everyday life.
In Youngs double slit experiment, the two slits are 0.03 cm apart and the screen is placed at a distance of 1.5
m away from the slits. The distance between the central bright fringe and fourth bright fringe is 1 cm.
Calculate the wavelength of light used.
OR
State the condition under which the phenomenon of diffraction of light takes place. Derive an expression for
the width of central maximum due to diffraction of light at a single slit.
A slit of width a is illuminated by a monochromatic light of wavelength 700 nm at normal incidence. Calculate
the value of a for position of
(i) first minimum at an angle of diffraction of 30
(ii) first maximum at an angle of diffraction of 30
Solution:
Two sources of light which continuously emit light waves of same frequency with a zero or constant phase difference
between them are called coherent sources. Coherent sources are necessary to produce sustained interference pattern.
Otherwise the phase difference between the two interfering waves will change rapidly and the interference pattern will be
lost.
A thin film of oil spread over water shows beautiful colours due to interference of light.
Distance of the fourth bright fringe from the central bright fringe =
D = Distance of the slit from the screen = 1.5 m
d = Distance between the slit = 2 102 m
Wavelength,
OR
Diffraction of light takes place when the width of the slit is comparable to the wavelength of light used.
Let yn be the distance of the nth minimum from the centre of the screen and D be the distance between the slit and the
screen. Then, yn is given by:

yn
The first minimum, therefore, occurs at y1

The central maximum extends up to this distance y1 (distance of the first secondary minimum from the centre).
The width of the central maximum will, therefore, be 2y1.
Hence, the width of central maximum will be
(i) Condition for first minimum is, asin =

Where, a is slit width
is the wavelength of light = 700 nm
Angle of diffraction, = 30
(ii) Condition for first maximum is, asin =

Where, a is slit width
is the wavelength of light = 700 nm
Angle of diffraction, = 30
Draw the symbolic representation of a (i) p-n-p, (ii) n-p-n transistor. Why is the base region of transistor thin
and lightly doped? With proper circuit diagram, show the biasing of a p-n-p transistor in common base
configuration. Explain the movement of charge carriers through different parts of the transistor in such a
configuration and show that IE = IC + IB.
Solution:
The symbols of p-n-p and n-p-n transistors are given below:
The base region is made thin and lightly doped so that it contains very few majority charge carriers. This reduces the
recombination rate of electrons and holes across the emitter-base junction. The result is an increased collector current and
hence an increased current gain of the transistor.
Action of p-n-p transistor: The emitter-base junction is forward biased by battery VEE and collector-base junction is reverse
biased by battery VCC.

The positive terminal of the battery VEE repels the holes of the emitter towards the base. About 5% of the holes recombine
with the electrons of the base. The remaining 95% of the holes enter the collector region. They attract the electrons from
the negative terminal of the battery VCC and combine with them. At the same time, covalent bonds are broken in the
emitter region and an equal number of electrons get attracted towards the positive terminal of VEE and holes flow towards
the base. Hence,
IE = IB + IC
If the nucleons bound in a nucleus are separated apart from each other, the sum of their masses is greater
than the mass of the nucleus. Where does this mass difference come from? Explain briefly.
Protons and neutrons are bound together inside a nucleus by means of strong attractive nuclear forces. Therefore, a
definite amount of work is required to be done to break up the nucleus into its constituent particles and to separate them
at infinite distance from one another. This work done gets converted into mass in accordance with Einsteins mass energy
relation, E = mc2. Thus, when the nucleons bound in a nucleus are separated from each other, extra mass is generated
from the energy required to separate the nucleons. Because of this extra mass, the sum of the masses of daughter nuclei
is greater than the mass of the mother nucleus.
Radiations of frequency 1015 Hz are incident on two photosensitive surfaces A and B. Following observations
are recorded:
Surface A: No photo-emission takes place.
Surface B: Photo-emission takes place but photo-electrons have zero energy.
Explain the above observations on the basis of Einsteins photo-electric equation.
How will the observation with surface B change when the wavelength of incident radiations is decreased? (3)
Solution:
(a) The threshold frequency of surface A is greater than 1015 Hz. Therefore, no photoemission takes place.
(b) The threshold frequency of surface is equal to 1015 Hz. Therefore, photoemission takes place, but photoelectrons have
zero kinetic energy.
When the wavelength of the incident radiation is decreased, the kinetic energy of photoelectrons emitted from surface B
increases.
Define the term dielectric constant of a medium in terms of capacitance of a capacitor.
Dielectric constant of a medium is defined as the ratio of the capacitance of a capacitor with dielectric in between the
plates to the capacitance of the same capacitor with vacuum or air in between the plates.
Sketch a graph showing variation of resistivity of carbon with temperature.
The resistivity of carbon decreases with increasing temperature as shown in the figure given below.

The vertical component of Earths magnetic field at a place is times the horizontal component. What is the
value of angle of dip at this place?
Solution:
Angle of dip, = 60
With what purpose was famous DavissonGermer experiment with electrons performed?
Davisson and Germer experiment confirmed the wave nature of electrons.
Name the type of communication in which the signal is a discrete and binary coded version of the message or
information.
Digital communication
State two factors by which the range of Transmission of signals by a T.V. tower can be increased.
(i) By increasing the height of the tower

(ii) By increasing the height of the receiving antenna, so that it may directly intercept the signal from the transmitting
antenna
The electric field and electric potential at any point due to a point charge kept in air is 20 NC 1 and 10 JC1
respectively. Calculate the magnitude of this charge.
Solution:
Here, E = 20 NC1
V = 10 JC 1
And
Dividing equation (ii) by (i), we obtain
Charge,
Write the mathematical relation between mobility and drift velocity of charge carriers in a conductor. Name
the mobile charge carriers responsible for conduction of electric current in (i) an electrolyte (ii) an ionized
gas.
(i) The charge carriers in an electrolyte are positive and negative ions.
(ii) In an ionised gas, the charge carriers are electrons and positively charged ions.

State the principle of working of a cyclotron. Write two uses of this machine.
Solution:
The working of the cyclotron is based on the fact that positively charged particles such as proton, deuteron, etc. can be
accelerated to a sufficiently high energy with the help of smaller values of oscillating electric field by making it to cross the
same electric field time and again with the use of strong magnetic field.
A cyclotron is used
(i) to bombard nuclei with high energy particles and to study the resulting nuclear reaction
(ii) to produce radioactive substances, which may be used in hospitals for diagnosis of diseases in the body
Draw and explain the output waveform across the load resistor R, if the input waveform is as shown in the
given figure.
OR
Explain how the width of depletion layer in a p-n junction diode changes when the junction is (i) forward
biased (ii) reverse biased.
Solution:
When the input voltage is + 5 V, the diode gets forward biased. The output of + 5 V is obtained across load resistance.
When the input voltage is 5 V, the diode gets reverse biased. No output is obtained across R.
OR
In forward biasing, the applied voltage V of battery B mostly drops across the depletion region and the voltage drop across
the p-side and n-side of the p-n junction is negligible small. It is due to the fact that the resistance of depletion region is
very high as it has no free charge carriers. In forward biasing, the forward voltage opposes the potential barrier VB. As a
result of it, the potential barrier height is reduced and width of depletion layer decreases.
When a p-n junction is reverse biased, the majority charge carriers flow away from the junction and the width of the
depletion layer increases as shown below.

Two cells E1 and E2 in the given circuit diagram have an emf of 5 V and 9 V and internal resistance of 0.3 and
1.2 respectively.
Calculate the value of current flowing through the resistance of 3 .
Solution:
Net emf of E2 E1 = 9 5 = 4 V
Total resistance = 0.3 + 1.2 + 4.5 +
Current through the circuit,
Current through the 3 resistance =
How is the mutual inductance of a pair of coils affected when:

(i) Separation between the coils is increased?
(ii) The number of turns of each coil is increased?
(iii) A thin iron sheet is placed between the two coils, other factors remaining the same?
Explain your answer in each case.
Solution:
(i) When the separation between the two coils is increased, the flux linked with the secondary due to the current in the
primary decreases. Hence, the mutual inductance decreases.
(ii) Mutual inductance increases when the number of turns in each coil is increased because M N1 N2.
(iii) When an iron sheet is placed between the two coils, the mutual inductance increases because M permeability (r).
[Where, r is the relative permeability of the iron sheet]

QA convex lens made up of glass of refractive index 1.5 is dipped, in turn, in:
(i) Medium A of refractive index 1.65
(ii) Medium B of refractive index 1.33
Explain giving reasons, whether it will behave as a converging lens or a diverging lens in each of these two
media.
Solution:
(i) Focal length FA in medium A of refractive index 1.65 is given by:
As the focal length (FA) is negative, the lens is diverging.

(ii) Focal length (FB) in medium B of refractive index 1.33 is given by:
As the focal length (FB) is positive, the lens is converging.
Define the terms threshold frequency and stopping potential in relation to the phenomenon of photoelectric
effect. How is the photoelectric current affected on increasing the (i) frequency (ii) intensity of the incident
radiations and why?
Solution:
Threshold frequency:
It is the minimum frequency of the incident radiation for which the photoelectrons are just emitted from a metal surface
without any kinetic energy.
Stopping potential:
Stopping potential or cut off potential is that minimum negative potential given to anode in a photocell for which the
photoelectric current becomes zero.
(i) The photoelectric current is independent of frequency of the incident light. Hence, there is no effect.
(ii) With the increase of intensity of the incident radiations, the number of photoelectrons emitted per unit time increases
and hence photoelectric current increases.
Why is the mass of a nucleus always less than the sum of the masses of its constituents, neutrons and
protons?
OR
Draw a graph showing the variation of binding energy per nucleon with mass number for different nuclei.
Explain, with the help of this graph, the release of energy by the process of nuclear fusion.
Solution:
In the formation of the nucleus, the protons and neutrons have to collect in a very small space whose size is of the order
of 1014 m. The energy required for this purpose is spent by the nucleons at the cost of their masses. As a result of this,
the mass of the nucleus formed becomes less than the sum of the masses of the individual nucleons.
OR

When we move from lighter nuclei to heavier nuclei, we find that there will be gain in the overall binding energy and hence
release of energy. This indicates that energy can be released when two or more lighter nuclei fuse together to form a
heavy nucleus.
A 10 m long wire of uniform cross-section and 20 resistances is used in a potentiometer. The wire is
connected in series with a battery of 5 V along with an external resistance of 480 . If an unknown emf E is
balanced at 6 m length of the wire, calculate:
(i) The potential gradient of the potentiometer wire
(ii) The value of unknown emf E
Solution:
Here, l = 10 m
RAB = 20
V=5V
Rext = 780
Current through the wire
Potential drop across the wire IRAB = 0.01 20 = 0.2 V

Length of wire AB, l = 10 m
(i) Potential gradient is
(ii) Unknown emf,

E = kl = 0.02 6 = 0.12 V

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A plot of magnetic flux () versus current (I) is shown in the figure for two inductors A and .

Inductor A has the larger value of self-inductance.

i.e., when is anti-parallel to .

Which part of electromagnetic spectrum is used in radar systems?

The microwave range of electromagnetic spectrum is used in radar systems.

Calculate the speed of light in a medium whose critical angle is 30.

Speed of light in the medium

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The refractive index of the liquid is 1.45.

Write the expression for Bohrs radius in hydrogen atom.

The expression for Bohrs radius in hydrogen atom is .

Solution: The effective resistance between the ends of diameter AB is .

Explain the function of a repeater in a communication system.

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The focal length of a combined lens can be determined by the formula

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A Angle of the prism

Dm Angle of minimum deviation

The circuit diagram of an illuminated photodiode in reverse bias can be represented as

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The work done in bringing charge q1 from infinity to is q1V( ).

Work done on q2 against external field = q2 V( )

Work done on q2 against the field due to q1

Work done in bringing q2 to is .

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The equivalent resistance (Req) of the combination of X and S is

On dividing (i) by (ii), we obtain

This is the expression for X in terms of S, l1 and l2.

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The maximum distance up to which signals can be received,

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= I (r + R) [R = Resistance of the resistance box]

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The repulsive force per unit length on the loop is

= 0 ( Area vector is parallel to the magnetic field)

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(i) For r < a

(ii) For r > a

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A parallel-plate capacitor is charged to a potential difference V by a dc source. The capacitor is then

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(c) The logic gate represented by the circuit is an AND gate.

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The energy-band diagram of a semiconductor is represented as

The energy-band diagram of an insulator is represented as

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Expression of the instantaneous value of the induced e.m.f. in a rotating loop

The Kirchhoffs voltage law gives .

On solving the equation, we obtain

On substituting these values in equation (1), we obtain

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On substituting this in equation (2), we obtain

On comparing the two sides, we obtain

The condition for resonance to occur

For resonance to occur, the value of im has to be the maximum.

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Total angular magnification,

On multiplying the numerator and the denominator with AB, we obtain

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Magnification produced by eyepiece,

fe Focal length of eyepiece