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Abstract Thermal models can be used to protect induction of the body and c its specific heat. if in the process of heating of
motors from excessive overheating resulting from overloading, the body its temperature rises by z"C with respect to the
failure to start, unbalance and frequent starting. Such a model is surrounding medium, the heat energy dissipated by the body into
adopted for use in a relaying algorithm. The developed algorithm the surroundings by radiation, convection and heat conduction
accurately calculates the change in motor temperature and hence, during the time dt will equal (Akdt), where A is the surface area
protects the motor from excessive overheating. The lab results, of the body and h is the surface heat transfer coefficient.. The
included in this paper, of motor temperature during a loading cycle difference between the heat energy generated in the body (Qdt) and
show high correspondence with the established thermal model. the heat energy dissipated by the body into ambient space (Ahzdt)
is responsible for raising the temperature of the body. Hence, the
1. INTRODUCTION fundamental difference equation of heating can be written as:
Adequate protection of induction motors is routinely achieved
Qit -Akdt = G c d ~ (1)
via locked-rotor, phase unbalance and overload protection.
However, conditions of changing load torque, frequent starts,
temporary phase unbalance and high inertia loading must often be At s,teady state, the temperature rise with respect to the
tolerated. Design of protective schemes for these conditions using surrounding medium attains a final value, ,z, and the body
conventional relays is difficult and sometimes impossible. The on- temperature will cease to rise, i.e. dz=O"C. Hence, (1) becomes:
line computational capability of microprocessor based relays can Qit -A1.~p, dt =0 (2)
bring within the realm of feasibility the design of adequate
protection schemes for induction motors. whence:
7 'Tfi, (l-e 9 + 7 , e TI
National Electrical Code (NEC) requirements for motor
protective devices [I] state that the device(s) selected for "motor
running overcurrent (overload) protection", must, "protect the motor If there is no heat dissipation from the surface of the body, all
against excessive heating due to motor overload and failure to generated heat will cause a rise of temperature. Eliminating
start." By NEC definition, "overload in electrical apparatus is an (Ahzdt)l from (l), the temperature rise equation will then be:
operating overcurrent which, when it persists for a sufficient length
QJt =Gail (7)
of time, would cause damage or dangerous overheating of the
apparatus". Integrating (7) and substituting with, TI= Gc/Ah, T , ~ = Q/Ah and
the initial temperature rise 5, the temperature rise T becomes:
Before overload problem is discussed, it is necessary to review
how temperature rise is calculated in a motor. Motor heating has 7 =rfi x + 7 ,
been analyzed in several references [2,3,4] on the basis of the
theory of heating an ideal solid body i.e. a homogeneous mass where, in this case, T,, is defined as the temperature rise
possessing the property of uniform dissipation of heat from its achieved by a motor developing Q heat units in time t equal to
entire surface and of infinitely large heat conduction. T,, provided that the initial temperature rise T" = 0C.
Consider a body in which Q heat units are liberated in a unit of The .formula for the cooling of a motor can be obtained
time. The heat energy generated in the body during an infinitely from (1) by substituting with Q = 0, hence:
small time dt will then be equal to (Qdt). If during this period the
temperature of the body rises by dT degrees, the heat energy
absorbed by the body will then equal (GcdT) where G is the mass
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The aim of the lab tests is to verify the established thermal
-1 I
ti++-+ Cold curve model of the motor by measuring the variation of temperature of
Hot curve the motor with time during a complete loading cycle, and
companing the measured results with those calculated using the
thermal model. The machine used for these tests is the Universal
Machine set [7], with a squirrel cage rotor. This machine is
provided with thermocouples, embedded in different parts of the
c
stator, tlo measure the rise in temperature.
5.1.2. Results
1) The heating time constant at the slot is 50 minutes (T, = 50
minutes) and the cooling time constant is 105 minutes (T2=105
minutes) as calculated from Figs. 3 and 4 (lab results).
2) Rated current corresponds to a temperature rise of 53.3 OC.
I]//,
0 50 100
,
150
Time (min)
,
200
,
250 300
this permits the use of (17) in the algorithm.
6. CONCLUSIONS
This paper describes a new relaying algorithm that can be used
in induction motor protection. The proposed algorithm adopts an
Fig. 3. Comparison between measured and induction motor thermal model. The relaying algorithm manages
calculated va!ues of rise in
., temperature in slot. to faithfully calculate changes in motor temperature, hence
adequately protecting the motor from overload, failure of starting,
unbalance and successive starting.
7. REFERENCES
[I] ANSI/IEEE, IEEE Guide for AC Motor Protection, The
Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc. 1976.
[2] M. Kostenko and L. Piotrovsky, Electrical Machines, volume
II, Mir. Publishers, 1969.
[3] M.G. Say, The Performance and Design of Alternating Current
Machines, Sir Isaac Pitman and Sons, LTD., 1958.
[ 4 ] A. Still and C.S. Siskind, Elements of Electrical Machine
Design, McGraw-Hill Inc., 1954.
[5] Sprecher -t Schuh, Contactor Selection Made Easy, Sprecher
+ Schuh-Group, 1985.
01
0
I
50 I00 150 200
I [6] S.P. Patra, S.K. Basu and S. Choudhuri, Power System
Time (min) Protection, Oxford and IBH Publishing Co., 1980.
Fig. 4. Comparison between measured and [7] Siemens, A.C. Universal Machine and D.C. Machine, Siemens,
colculated values of cool down
temeperature in slot. E l , E4. 78/49.