Ethinic Conflicts(origin)

1. After the WW1, Germany lost possession of Rwanda and Berlin took control of the
administration.
2. Decolonization happened in Rwanda in late 1950s primarily due to the Hutu
Political Movement.
3. The democratization would have resulted a govt of Hutus(as they are in majority). So
tutsis were against democratization. (as they would loose priviledges, if democracy).
4. Hutu uprising in 1959, thousands of tutsis killed and displaced to neighbouring
countries). This mareked the Hutu peasant revolution or Social revolution of
1959-1961)- End of Tutsi political domination.
5. The tutsi refugees in Tanzania and Zaire targeted hutu and Hutu govt. ten attacks
between 1962-67. Involved retaliation from Hutu in Rwanda homeland. Which
resulted more tutsi refugee.
6. As to the call return of the refugees, then Rwandan president Habyarimana refuted by
citing reason as Population pressures and economic burden.

ICTR Jurisprudence

1) With its sister international tribunals and courts, the ICTR has played a pioneering
role in the establishment of a credible international criminal justice system, producing
a substantial body of jurisprudence on genocide, crimes against humanity, war crimes.
2) Another landmark was reached in the "Media case", where the ICTR became the first
international tribunal to hold members of the media responsible for broadcasts
intended to inflame the public to commit acts of genocide.
3) the akayeshu judgement:

Jean-Paul Akayesu served as the bourgmestre of the Taba commune from April 1993
through June 1994. In that capacity, he controlled the police and bore responsibility
for executing the communes laws
The judgment marked the ICTRs 1st conviction for genocide.
It cleared the issues in the definition of genocide: whether victims constitute a
distinct ethnic group only if they constitute, in some sense, an objectively existing
ethnic group or, in contrast, if it suffices that the persecutor subjectively perceives
the victims as members of a particular ethnic group.
the ICTR recognized for the rst time that rape could be a modality, or component,
of genocide, as well as a crime against humanit