1-Concept of Stress and Strain (Sept

Faculty of Mechanical Engineering
MEC411 Engineering Mechanics Centre of Studies
V{tx D
Concept of Stress & Strain
Materials for this chapter are taken from :
1. Ferdinand P. Beer, E. Russell Johnston,Jr, John T. Dewolf, David F. Mazurek Mechanics of Materials 5th Edition in SI units
2. R.C.Hibbeler Mechanics of Materials Seventh Edition
Ch 1 - 1
Introduction
Mechanics of materials is a study of the relationship between the

external loads on a body and the intensity of the internal loads within
the body.
This subject also involves the deformations and stability of a body when
subjected to external forces or in other words; the behavior of materials
and structures under load. The way in which they react to applied forces,
the deflections resulting and the stresses and strains set up in the bodies
will be the main concern in this scope of study.
Ch 1 - 2
External Forces
External Forces
caused by direct contact of

Surface Forces other bodys surface
other body exerts a force

Body Forces
without contact
Ch 1 - 3
Reactions
Surface forces developed at the supports/points of contact between bodies.
Type and direction of
Constraints Description
forces produced
The connection point on the bar can

not move downward.
joint can not move in vertical and

horizontal directions.
The support prevents translation in

vertical and horizontal directions
and also rotation, Hence a couple
moment is developed on the body in
that direction as well.
Ch 1 - 4
Equation of Equilibrium
The condition of statics are:
the algebraic sum of all forces (or components of forces) in any

direction must equal to zero or F = 0
the algebraic sum of the moments of the forces about any axis or
point must equal to zero or M = 0.
These two conditions can be expressed mathematically as:
F x =0 F y =0 M( at any point ) =0
Ch 1 - 5
Equilibrium of a Deformable Body
Objective of FBD is to determine the resultant force and moment acting

within a body.
In general, there are 4 different

types of resultant loadings:
Normal force, N
Shear force, V
Torsional moment or torque, T
Bending moment, M
Ch 1 - 6
Example 1.1
Solution
Determine the resultant internal loadings
540 N
acting on the cross section at C of the
beam. MA
NA
A C B
2m 1m 3m
540 N VA
Solve support reactions at A

A C B
F = 0;
2m 1m 3m
y
V = 540 N
F = 0;x
N =0
M = 0; A
540 ( 2 ) M A = 0
M A = 1080 Nm
Ch 1 - 7
Example 1.1
Apply Method of Section at point C

540 N
540 N
MC
1080 Nm A C NC
2m 1m
VC
F = 0; V = 540 540 = 0 Ans.

y
F = 0; N = 0 Ans.
x
M = 0; 1080 + 540 (1) 540 ( 3) + M

C C
= 0; M A = 0 Nm Ans.
Ch 1 - 8
Example 1.2
Solution
Determine the resultant internal loadings
acting on the cross section at C of the beam. 540 N
180 N/m
MC
270 N/m
NC
C B
2m 4m
VC
A C B
Distributed loading at C is found by
3m 6m proportion,
w 270
= w = 180 N m
6 9
Magnitude of the resultant of the
distributed load,
F= (180)(6) = 540 N
1
2
which acts 1
3
(6) = 2m from C
Ch 1 - 9
Example 1.2
Free Body Diagram
540 N
180 N/m
MC
NC
C B
2m 4m
VC
Applying the equations of equilibrium we have
M = 0; 540 ( 2 ) M = 0; M
C c c
= 1080 Nm Ans.
F = 0; V 540 = 0; V = 540 N
y
Ans.
F = 0; N = 0 Ans.
x
Ch 1 - 10
What is Stress ?
Distribution of internal loading is important in mechanics of materials.
We will consider the material to be continuous.
This intensity of internal force at a point is called stress.
Ch 1 - 11
Stress (Cont.)
Normal Stress ,
Force per unit area acting normal to A
Fz F
z = lim ; =
A0 A A
Shear Stress ,
Force per unit area acting tangent to A
Fx
zx = lim
A0 A V
=
Fy A
zy = lim
A0 A
Ch 1 - 12
Example 1.3
Each of the four vertical links has an 8

x 36 mm uniform rectangular cross
section and each of the four pins has a
16 mm diameter. Determine the
maximum value of the average normal
stress in the links connecting (a)
points B and D, (b) points C and E.
Ch 1 - 13
Example 1.3
Use bar ABC as a free body diagram.
Solve for FBD and FCE
M C = 0; ( )
0.04 FBD (0.025 + 0.04 ) 20 *103 = 0
FBD = 32.5 103 N [Tension]
M B = 0; ( )
0.04 FCE 0.025 20 *103 = 0
FCE = 12.5 103 N [Compression]
Ch 1 - 14
Example 1.3
Calculation of net area Calculation of stress
for one link (tension) = 0.008(0.036 0.016) FBD 32.5 *103

BD = = = 101.56 10 6
6
= 160 10 m 2 Anet 320 *10 6
for two links (tension) = 320 106 m 2 = 101.6 MPa [ans]
for one link (compression) = 0.008(0.036) CE =

FCE 12.5 *103
= = 21.7 10 6
6
= 288 106 m 2 A 576 *10
for two links (compression) = 576 10 6 m 2 = 21.7 MPa [ans]
Ch 1 - 15
Average Shear Stress

The average shear stress distributed over each sectioned area that develops a shear
force.
V
avg =
A
= average shear stress

V = internal resultant shear force
A = area at that section
2 different types of shear:
a) Single Shear b) Double Shear
Ch 1 - 16
Example 1.4
The inclined member is subjected to a compressive

force of 3000 N. Determine the average compressive
stress along the smooth areas of contact defined by AB
and BC, and the average shear stress along the
horizontal plane defined by EDB.
The compressive forces acting on the areas of contact are
+ Fx = 0; FAB 3000( 53 ) = 0 FAB = 1800 N

+ Fy = 0; FBC 3000( 54 ) = 0 FBC = 2400 N
Ch 1 - 17
Example 1.4
o The shear force acting on the sectioned horizontal plane EDB is
+ Fx = 0; V = 1800 N
o Average compressive stresses along the AB and BC planes are
1800
AB = = 1.80 N/mm 2 Ans.
( 25)( 40 )
2400
BC = = 1.20 N/mm 2 Ans.
( 50 )( 40 )
o Average shear stress acting on the BD plane is
1800
avg = = 0.60 N/mm 2 Ans.
( 75 )( 40 )
Ch 1 - 18
What is Strain ?
Normal Strain
The elongation / contraction of a line segment per unit of length is referred to as

normal strain.
Average normal strain is defined as;
s 's
avg =
s
If the normal strain is known, then the approximate final length is:
s ' (1 + )s
+ line elongate
- line contracts
Ch 1 - 19
Strain (Cont.)
Units
Normal strain is a dimensionless quantity since it is a ratio of two lengths.
Shear Strain
Change in angle between 2 line segments that were perpendicular to one another
refers to shear strain.

nt = lim '
2 B A along n
C A along t
<90 + shear strain

>90 - shear strain
Ch 1 - 20
Example 1.5
The plate is deformed into the dashed

y
shape. If, in this deformed shape, 3 mm
horizontal lines on the plate remain B D

2 mm
horizontal and do not change their
250 mm
length, determine (a) the average
normal strain along the side AB, and (b) x
A C
300 mm
the average shear strain in the plate
relative to the x and y axes.
Ch 1 - 21
Example 1.5
the average normal strain along the side AB
Line AB, coincident with the y axis,

becomes line after deformation, thus the
length of this line is
AB ' = ( 250 2 )2 + 32 = 248.018 mm
The average normal strain for AB is

therefore
The Negative Sign

AB ' AB 248.018 250
( AB )avg = =
Indicates The Strain
Causes A Contraction
AB 250 Of AB.
( )
= 7.93 103 mm/mm (Ans)
Ch 1 - 22
Example 1.4
the average shear strain in the plate relative to

the x and y axes.
As noted, the once 90angle BAC between the

sides of the plate, referenced from the x, y axes,
changes to due to the displacement of B to B.
1 3
xy = tan = 0.121 rad (Ans)
250 2
Ch 1 - 23
Deformation due to Stress & Strain

When a force is applied to a body, it will change the bodys shape and size.
These changes are deformation.

P
Change of length on
horizontal and vertical
lines as well as change of
Before
After
angle for inclined line
proves that deformation
occurs.
Schematics arrangement for tensile test P

P
Ch 1 - 24
Stress strain Curve (from tensile test)
Ductile Materials Brittle Materials
Ch 1 - 25
Factor of Safety
Many unknown factors that influence the actual stress in a member.
A factor of safety is needed to obtained allowable load.
The factor of safety (F.S.) is a ratio of the failure load divided by the allowable load.
F fail fail fail

F .S = ; F .S = ; F .S =
Fallow allow allow
Ch 1 - 26
Example 1.6
The two wooden members shown, which

support a 20 kN load, are joined by plywood
splices fully glued on the surfaces in contact. The
ultimate shearing stress in the glue is 2.8 MPa
and the clearance between the members is 8
mm. Determine the factor of safety, knowing
that the length of each splice is L = 200 mm.
Ch 1 - 27
Example 1.6
There are 4 separate areas of glue. Each Allowable shear stress
glue area must transmit 10 kN of shear
load. V P/2 10 103
all = = =
= 0.87 MPa
A A 11.52 10 3
P = 10 103 N
Length of splice Factor of safety
L = 2l + c U 2.8 106
F .S = = = 3.22 Ans.
1 all 0.87 10 6
l= (L c ) = 1 (0.2 0.008) = 0.096 m
2 2
l = length of glue ; c = clearance.
Area of glue
A = lw = 0.096 ( 0.120 ) = 11.52 103 m2
Ch 1 - 28
Stress-strain Relation
= G
y lateral
= E = =
x longitudinal
Linear Elastic
Material
Behavior
E = modulus of elasticity , G = modulus of rigidity or shear modulus, and v = Poissons ratio
Ch 1 - 29
Supplementary Problem 1
1) Determine the resultant internal loadings acting

on the cross section through point D of
member AB.
[MD = 8.75 Nm (ccw); ND = 131.25 N ();VD = 175 N ()]
2) The beam AB is pin supported at A and supported by

a cable BC. Calculate the resultant internal loading at
1200 N
point D. [MD = 0; ND = 2235.5 N ;VD = 0] 1.6 m
D
0.6 m
A
C
1.2 m 0.8 m
MEC411 MECHANICS OF MATERIALS Ch11- -30

Ch 30
C
3) The two-member frame is subjected to the distributed a

load w = 8 kN/m. The cross-section of member CB is 35
b
x 35 mm. Determine the average normal stress and 4m
a
average shear stress acting at section a-a and b-b.

[ FBC = 15 kN, a-a: = 12.24 MPa, = 0 ; b-b: = 4.41 MPa, =
A b
3m
5.88 MPa ] B
2 kN/m
4) Beam is subjected to the uniform distributed load.

The pin at A is double shear and has an ultimate A B
shearing stress of 25 MPa. Find the diameter of the 1.5 m
pin A. Given the factor of safety is 2.0.[0.0177 m]

C 2m 1m

Ch 31
4) Part of a control linkage for an airplane consists of a
rigid member CBD and a flexible cable AB. If a force is
applied to the end D of the member and causes it to
rotate by = 0.3, determine the normal strain in the
cable. Originally the cable is unstretched. [0.00251]
5) The square deforms into the position shown by the

dashed lines. Determine the shear strain at each of its
corners, A, B, C, and D. Side D'B remains horizontal.
[-26.18 x 10-3 rad; -205.2 x 10-3 rad; 204.7 x 10-3 ; 26.18 x 10-3 rad]

Ch 32
Previous Exam Questions
OCT2009/MEC411/KJM454
In the hanger shown in Figure Q3(b) the upper portion of link ABC is 10 mm thick and the
lower portions are each 6 mm thick. Epoxy resin is used to bond the upper and lower
portions together at B.The pins at A and C are 10 mm and 6 mm diameter respectively.
Determine:
a) the shearing stress in pin A and C. [42.5 MPa; 59.02 MPa]
b) the shearing stress on the epoxy bonded area B. [1.24 MPa]
c) the largest normal stress in link ABC. [16.69 MPa]
2225 N Figure Q3(b)

Ch 33
APR2010/MEC411/KJM454
A steel rod, 10 mm diameter is 2.2 m long elongates 1.2 mm under a 8.5 kN load applied to it.
Determine the Youngs modulus of this steel rod and the corresponding diametral contraction. Use
Poissons ratio, = 1/3. [a) 198.4 GPa; b) 0.00182 mm]
APR2011/MEC411/KJM454
The steel truss shown in Figure Q1(b) is subjected to load P = 50
kN at joint C. Determine;
i. the support reactions at joints A and E, [75 kN, 75 kN, 50 kN]
ii. the stress in member AD if the area of its cross section is 220
mm2, and [284.1 MPa]
iii. factor of safety of member AD if the failure stress of this
member is 400 MPa. [1.41] Figure Q1(b)

Ch 34
JUN2011/MEC411/KJM454 (Intersession)
A brass tube 50 mm outside diameter and 40 mm bore, 0.3 m long is compressed between two ends
by a load of 25kN. The reduction in length measured is 0.2 mm. Assuming Hookes law to apply,
determine the Youngs Modulus of the hollow tube. [53.05 GPa]
JAN2012/MEC411/KJM454
The hanger assembly is used to support a distributed
B
loading of w = 15 kN/m. Determine the average shear
stress in the 10-mm diameter bolt at A and the average
tensile stress in rod AB, which has a diameter of 12 mm. If 0.9 m
the yield shear stress of the bolt is y = 175 MPa and the
yield stress for the rod is y = 260 MPa, determine the
C A
factor of safety with respect to yielding in each case.
w
Assume double shear at the pinned joint A and B.
1.2 m 0.6 m
[bolt : 0.814, rod AB: 0.871 ]

Ch 35
JUN2012/MEC411
A vertical load P = 20 kN is applied at B for the assembly of the strut BC and rod AB as shown in
Figure Q1 (b). The diameter of rod AB is 14 mm and 20 mm for strut BC. For the assembly
shown, determine;
i. The normal stress AB and BC in the rod and strut, [118.05 MPa; 54.7 MPa]
ii. The normal strain AB, if the rod elongates 1.3 mm, and [6.5e-4]
iii. The final length of strut BC if the normal strain in the A
strut is -3.175 x 10-4.[1.88 mm] rod

1.2 m
1m
strut
C P
1.6 m
Figure Q1 (b)

Ch 36
SEP 2012/MEC411 (Intersession) 24 kN
Figure Q1 (a) below shows two wooden members, A and B

that are joined together vertically to support a 24 kN load, by
A
plywood splices, C and D. The surface of contact between the
wooden members and plywood splices are glued together, L
where the ultimate shearing stress in the glue used is 800 kPa. C
D
The clearance between the members is 8 mm. Determine the
8 mm
smallest allowable length, L of each splice and the factor of
B
safety of the design. [308 mm; 1.0]
100 mm
24 kN
Figure Q1 (a)

Ch 37

1-Concept of Stress and Strain (Sept

Transféré par

Informations du document

Description originale:

Titre original

Copyright

Formats disponibles

Partager ce document

Partager ou intégrer le document

Options de partage

Avez-vous trouvé ce document utile ?

Ce contenu est-il inapproprié ?

Droits d'auteur :

Formats disponibles

1-Concept of Stress and Strain (Sept

Transféré par

Droits d'auteur :

Formats disponibles

Faculty of Mechanical Engineering

MEC411 Engineering Mechanics Centre of Studies

Materials for this chapter are taken from :

Mechanics of materials is a study of the relationship between the

caused by direct contact of

other body exerts a force

The connection point on the bar can

joint can not move in vertical and

The support prevents translation in

The condition of statics are:

the algebraic sum of all forces (or components of forces) in any

These two conditions can be expressed mathematically as:

Equilibrium of a Deformable Body

Objective of FBD is to determine the resultant force and moment acting

In general, there are 4 different

Solve support reactions at A

Apply Method of Section at point C

F = 0; V = 540 540 = 0 Ans.

M = 0; 1080 + 540 (1) 540 ( 3) + M

Applying the equations of equilibrium we have

Distribution of internal loading is important in mechanics of materials.

We will consider the material to be continuous.

This intensity of internal force at a point is called stress.

Each of the four vertical links has an 8

Use bar ABC as a free body diagram.

Solve for FBD and FCE

Calculation of net area Calculation of stress

for one link (tension) = 0.008(0.036 0.016) FBD 32.5 *103

for one link (compression) = 0.008(0.036) CE =

for two links (compression) = 576 10 6 m 2 = 21.7 MPa [ans]

Average Shear Stress

= average shear stress

2 different types of shear:

a) Single Shear b) Double Shear

The inclined member is subjected to a compressive

The compressive forces acting on the areas of contact are

+ Fx = 0; FAB 3000( 53 ) = 0 FAB = 1800 N

o Average compressive stresses along the AB and BC planes are

The elongation / contraction of a line segment per unit of length is referred to as

<90 + shear strain

The plate is deformed into the dashed

horizontal lines on the plate remain B D

Line AB, coincident with the y axis,

AB ' = ( 250 2 )2 + 32 = 248.018 mm

The average normal strain for AB is

The Negative Sign

the average shear strain in the plate relative to

As noted, the once 90angle BAC between the

Deformation due to Stress & Strain

These changes are deformation.

Schematics arrangement for tensile test P

Stress strain Curve (from tensile test)

Ductile Materials Brittle Materials

Many unknown factors that influence the actual stress in a member.

A factor of safety is needed to obtained allowable load.

F fail fail fail

The two wooden members shown, which

Length of splice Factor of safety

A = lw = 0.096 ( 0.120 ) = 11.52 103 m2

E = modulus of elasticity , G = modulus of rigidity or shear modulus, and v = Poissons ratio

1) Determine the resultant internal loadings acting

2) The beam AB is pin supported at A and supported by