Gyroscope

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

For other uses and non-rotary gyroscopes, see Gyroscope (disambiguation).

A gyroscope

A gyroscope (from Greek gros, "circle" and skop, "to look") is a device for
measuring or maintaining orientation, based on the principle of preserving angular
momentum.[1] Mechanical gyroscopes typically comprise a spinning wheel or disc in which the axle is
free to assume any orientation. Although the orientation of the spin axis changes in response to an
external torque, the amount of change and the direction of the change is less and in a different
direction than it would be if the disk were not spinning. When mounted in a gimbal (which minimizes
external torque), the orientation of the spin axis remains nearly fixed, regardless of the mounting
platform's motion.[citation needed]
Gyroscopes based on other operating principles also exist, such as the electronic, microchip-
packaged MEMS gyroscope devices found in consumer electronic devices, solid-state ring
lasers, fibre optic gyroscopes, and the extremely sensitive quantum gyroscope.[citation needed]
Applications of gyroscopes include inertial navigation systems where magnetic compasses would
not work (as in the Hubble telescope) or would not be precise enough (as in intercontinental ballistic
missiles), or for the stabilization of flying vehicles like radio-controlled helicopters or unmanned aerial
vehicles. Due to their precision, gyroscopes are also used in gyrotheodolites to maintain direction in
tunnel mining.[2]

Contents
[hide]

1 Description and diagram

2 History
3 Properties
4 Variations
o 4.1 Gyrostat
o 4.2 MEMS
o 4.3 FOG
o 4.4 HRG
o 4.5 VSG or CVG
o 4.6 DTG
o 4.7 RLG
 o 4.8 London moment
5 Modern uses
6 See also
7 References
8 Further reading
9 External links

Description and diagram[edit]

Diagram of a gyro wheel. Reaction arrows about the output axis (blue) correspond to forces applied about the
input axis (green), and vice versa.

Within mechanical systems or devices, a conventional gyroscope is a mechanism comprising a rotor

journaled to spin about one axis, the journals of the rotor being mounted in an inner gimbal or ring;
the inner gimbal is journaled for oscillation in an outer gimbal for a total of two gimbals.[citation needed]
The outer gimbal or ring, which is the gyroscope frame, is mounted so as to pivot about an axis in
its own plane determined by the support. This outer gimbal possesses one degree of rotational
freedom and its axis possesses none. The next inner gimbal is mounted in the gyroscope frame
(outer gimbal) so as to pivot about an axis in its own plane that is always perpendicular to the pivotal
axis of the gyroscope frame (outer gimbal). This inner gimbal has two degrees of rotational freedom.
The axle of the spinning wheel defines the spin axis. The rotor is journaled to spin about an axis,
which is always perpendicular to the axis of the inner gimbal. So the rotor possesses three degrees
of rotational freedom and its axis possesses two. The wheel responds to a force applied about the
input axis by a reaction force about the output axis.
The behaviour of a gyroscope can be most easily appreciated by consideration of the front wheel of
a bicycle. If the wheel is leaned away from the vertical so that the top of the wheel moves to the left,
the forward rim of the wheel also turns to the left. In other words, rotation on one axis of the turning
wheel produces rotation of the third axis.
A gyroscope flywheel will roll or resist about the output axis depending upon whether the output
gimbals are of a free- or fixed- configuration. Examples of some free-output-gimbal devices would be
the attitude reference gyroscopes used to sense or measure the pitch, roll and yaw attitude angles in
a spacecraft or aircraft.[citation needed]
Animation of a gyro wheel in action

The centre of gravity of the rotor can be in a fixed position. The rotor simultaneously spins about one
axis and is capable of oscillating about the two other axes, and, thus, except for its inherent
resistance due to rotor spin, it is free to turn in any direction about the fixed point. Some gyroscopes
have mechanical equivalents substituted for one or more of the elements. For example, the spinning
rotor may be suspended in a fluid, instead of being pivotally mounted in gimbals. A control moment
gyroscope (CMG) is an example of a fixed-output-gimbal device that is used on spacecraft to hold or
maintain a desired attitude angle or pointing direction using the gyroscopic resistance force.
In some special cases, the outer gimbal (or its equivalent) may be omitted so that the rotor has only
two degrees of freedom. In other cases, the centre of gravity of the rotor may be offset from the axis
of oscillation, and, thus, the centre of gravity of the rotor and the centre of suspension of the rotor
may not coincide.

History[edit]

Gyroscope invented by Lon Foucault in 1852. Replica built by Dumoulin-Froment for the Exposition
universelle in 1867. National Conservatory of Arts and Crafts museum, Paris.

Essentially, a gyroscope is a top, a self-balancing spinning toy, put to instrumental use. Tops were
invented in many different civilizations, including classical Greece, Rome, Indus and China, and the
Mori culture a thousand years later.[3] Most of these, though using the same conservation of angular
momentum as a gyro, were not utilized as instruments.
The first known use of such a top as an instrument came in 1743, when John Serson invented the
"Whirling speculum" (or Serson's Speculum), a spinning top that was used as a level, to locate the
horizon in foggy or misty conditions.
The instrument used more like an actual gyroscope was made by German Johann Bohnenberger,
who first wrote about it in 1817. At first he called it the "Machine".[4][5] Bohnenberger's machine was
based on a rotating massive sphere.[6] In 1832, American Walter R. Johnson developed a similar
device that was based on a rotating disc.[7][8]The French mathematician Pierre-Simon Laplace,
working at the cole Polytechnique in Paris, recommended the machine for use as a teaching aid,
and thus it came to the attention of Lon Foucault.[9] In 1852, Foucault used it in an experiment
involving the rotation of the Earth.[10][11] It was Foucault who gave the device its modern name, in an
experiment to see (Greek skopeein, to see) the Earth's rotation (Greek gyros, circle or
rotation),[12] which was visible in the 8 to 10 minutes before friction slowed the spinning rotor.
In the 1860s, the advent of electric motors made it possible for a gyroscope to spin indefinitely; this
led to the first prototype heading indicators, and a rather more complicated device,
the gyrocompass. The first functional gyrocompass was patented in 1904 by German
inventor Hermann Anschtz-Kaempfe.[13] The American Elmer Sperry followed with his own design
later that year, and other nations soon realized the military importance of the inventionin an age in
which naval prowess was the most significant measure of military powerand created their own
gyroscope industries. The Sperry Gyroscope Company quickly expanded to provide aircraft and
naval stabilizers as well, and other gyroscope developers followed suit.[14]
In 1917, the Chandler Company of Indianapolis, created the "Chandler gyroscope", a toy gyroscope
with a pull string and pedestal. Chandler continued to produce the toy until the company was
purchased by TEDCO inc. in 1982. The chandler toy is still produced by TEDCO today.[15]
In the first several decades of the 20th century, other inventors attempted (unsuccessfully) to use
gyroscopes as the basis for early black box navigational systems by creating a stable platform from
which accurate acceleration measurements could be performed (in order to bypass the need for star
sightings to calculate position). Similar principles were later employed in the development of inertial
navigation systems for ballistic missiles.[16][full citation needed]
During World War II, the gyroscope became the prime component for aircraft and anti-aircraft gun
sights.[17] After the war, the race to miniaturize gyroscopes for guided missiles and weapons
navigation systems resulted in the development and manufacturing of so-called midget
gyroscopes that weighed less than 3 ounces (85 g) and had a diameter of approximately 1 inch
(2.5 cm). Some of these miniaturize gyroscopes could reach a speed of 24,000 revolutions per
minute in less than 10 seconds.[18]
Three-axis MEMS-based gyroscopes are also being used in portable electronic devices such as
Apple's current generation of iPad, iPhone and iPod touch.[19] This adds to the 3-axis acceleration
sensing ability available on previous generations of devices. Together these sensors provide 6
component motion sensing; acceleration for X,Y, and Z movement, and gyroscopes for measuring
the extent and rate of rotation in space (roll, pitch and yaw).

Properties[edit]
A gyroscope in operation with freedom in all three axes. The rotor will maintain its spin axis direction regardless
of the orientation of the outer frame.

A free gyroscope maintains its axis. Gyroscopes can be used to construct gyrocompasses, which
complement or replace magnetic compasses (in ships, aircraft and spacecraft, vehicles in general),
to assist in stability (Hubble Space Telescope, bicycles, motorcycles, and ships) or be used as part
of an inertial guidance system. Gyroscopic effects are used in tops, boomerangs, yo-yos, and
gyroscopic exercise tools. Many other rotating devices, such as flywheels, behave in the manner of
a gyroscope, although the gyroscopic effect is not being used.[citation needed]
When the gyroscope is not free (under the influence of torques), it exhibits a number of behaviors
includingprecession and nutation. The fundamental equation describing the behavior of the
gyroscope is:

where the pseudovectors and L are, respectively, the torque on

the gyroscope and its angular momentum, the scalar I is its moment
of inertia, the vector is its angular velocity, the vector is its
angular acceleration, D is the differential in an inertial reference
frame and d is the differential in a relative reference frame fixed with
the gyroscope.
It follows from this that a torque applied perpendicular to the axis
of rotation, and therefore perpendicular to L, results in a rotation
about an axis perpendicular to both and L. This motion is
called precession. The angular velocity of precession P is given by
the cross product:[citation needed]
 Precession on a gyroscope

Precession can be demonstrated by placing a spinning

gyroscope with its axis horizontal and supported loosely
(frictionless toward precession) at one end. Instead of falling, as
might be expected, the gyroscope appears to defy gravity by
remaining with its axis horizontal, when the other end of the
axis is left unsupported and the free end of the axis slowly
describes a circle in a horizontal plane, the resulting precession
turning. This effect is explained by the above equations. The
torque on the gyroscope is supplied by a couple of forces:
gravity acting downward on the device's centre of mass, and an
equal force acting upward to support one end of the device. The
rotation resulting from this torque is not downward, as might be
intuitively expected, causing the device to fall, but perpendicular
to both the gravitational torque (horizontal and perpendicular to
the axis of rotation) and the axis of rotation (horizontal and
outwards from the point of support), i.e., about a vertical axis,
causing the device to rotate slowly about the supporting point.
Under a constant torque of magnitude , the gyroscope's speed
of precession P is inversely proportional to L, the magnitude of
its angular momentum:

where is the angle between the vectors P and L. Thus, if

the gyroscope's spin slows down (for example, due to
friction), its angular momentum decreases and so the rate
of precession increases. This continues until the device is
unable to rotate fast enough to support its own weight,
when it stops precessing and falls off its support, mostly
because friction against precession cause another
precession that goes to cause the fall.
By convention, these three vectors - torque, spin, and
precession - are all oriented with respect to each other
according to the right-hand rule.
To easily ascertain the direction of gyro effect, simply
remember that a rolling wheel tends, when it leans to the
side, to turn in the direction of the lean.
Variations[edit]
Gyrostat[edit]
A gyrostat is a variant of the gyroscope. It consists of a
massive flywheel concealed in a solid casing.[20][21] Its
behaviour on a table, or with various modes of suspension
or support, serves to illustrate the curious reversal of the
ordinary laws of static equilibrium due to the gyrostatic
behaviour of the interior invisible flywheel when rotated
rapidly. The first gyrostat was designed by Lord Kelvin to
illustrate the more complicated state of motion of a spinning
body when free to wander about on a horizontal plane, like
a top spun on the pavement, or a hoop or bicycle on the
road. Kelvin also made use of gyrostats to develop
mechanical theories of the elasticity of matter and of the
ether;[22] these theories are of purely historical interest
today.
In modern times, the gyrostat concept is used in the design
of attitude control systems for orbiting spacecraft and
satellites.[23] For instance, the Mir space station had three
pairs of internally mounted flywheels known
as gyrodynes or control moment gyros.[24]
In physics, there are several systems whose dynamical
equations resemble the equations of motion of a
gyrostat.[25] Examples include a solid body with a cavity filled
with an inviscid, incompressible, homogeneous liquid,[26] the
static equilibrium configuration of a stressed elastic rod
in elastica theory,[27] the polarization dynamics of a light
pulse propagating through a nonlinear
medium,[28] the Lorenz system in chaos theory,[29] and the
motion of an ion in a Penning trap mass spectrometer.[30][need
quotation to verify]

MEMS[edit]
A MEMS gyroscope takes the idea of the Foucault
pendulum and uses a vibrating element, known as
a MEMS (microelectromechanical system). The MEMS-
based gyro was initially made practical and producible
by Systron Donner Inertial (SDI). Today, SDI is a large
manufacturer of MEMS gyroscopes.
FOG[edit]
A fiber optic gyroscope (FOG) is a gyroscope that uses the
interference of light to detect mechanical rotation. The
sensor is a coil of as much as 5 km of optical fiber. The
development of low-loss single-mode optical fiber in the
early 1970s for the telecommunications industry enabled
the development of Sagnac effect fiber optic gyros.[citation needed]
HRG[edit]
The hemispherical resonator gyroscope (HRG), also called
wine-glass gyroscope[contradiction] or mushroom gyro, makes
using a thin solid-state hemispherical shell, anchored by a
thick stem. This shell is driven to a flexural resonance by
electrostatic forces generated by electrodes which are
deposited directly onto separate fused-quartz structures
that surround the shell. Gyroscopic effect is obtained from
the inertial property of the flexural standing waves.[citation needed]
VSG or CVG[edit]
A vibrating structure gyroscope (VSG), also called a
Coriolis vibratory gyroscope (CVG),[31] uses a resonator
made of different metallic alloys. It takes a position between
the low-accuracy, low-cost MEMS gyroscope and the
higher-accuracy and higher-cost FOG. Accuracy
parameters are increased by using low-intrinsic damping
materials, resonator vacuumization, and digital electronics
to reduce temperature dependent drift and instability of
control signals.[32]
High quality wine-glass resonators are used for precise
sensors like HRG[33] or CRG.[34][contradiction]
DTG[edit]
A dynamically tuned gyroscope (DTG) is a rotor suspended
by a universal joint with flexure pivots.[35] The flexure spring
stiffness is independent of spin rate. However, the dynamic
inertia (from the gyroscopic reaction effect) from the gimbal
provides negative spring stiffness proportional to the square
of the spin speed (Howe and Savet, 1964; Lawrence,
1998). Therefore, at a particular speed, called the tuning
speed, the two moments cancel each other, freeing the
rotor from torque, a necessary condition for an ideal
gyroscope.
RLG[edit]
A ring laser gyroscope relies on the movement of a light
source and a co-located color detector, since the constant
velocity of light waves from a moving platform will cause the
beam to change phase in a manner similar to the color
change known as redshift
London moment[edit]
A London moment gyroscope relies on the quantum-
mechanical phenomenon, whereby a spinning
superconductor generates a magnetic field whose axis lines
up exactly with the spin axis of the gyroscopic rotor.
A magnetometer determines the orientation of the
generated field, which is interpolated to determine the axis
of rotation. Gyroscopes of this type can be extremely
accurate and stable. For example, those used in the Gravity
Probe B experiment measured changes in gyroscope spin
axis orientation to better than
0.5 milliarcseconds (1.4107 degrees) over a one-year
period.[36][need quotation to verify] This is equivalent to an angular
separation the width of a human hair viewed from 32
kilometers (20 mi) away.[37]
The GP-B gyro consists of a nearly-perfect
spherical rotating mass made of fused quartz, which
provides a dielectric support for a thin layer of niobium
superconducting material. To eliminate friction found in
conventional bearings, the rotor assembly is centered by
the electric field from six electrodes. After the initial spin-up
by a jet of helium which brings the rotor to 4,000 RPM, the
polished gyroscope housing is evacuated to an ultra-high
vacuum to further reduce drag on the rotor. Provided the
suspension electronics remain powered, the
extreme rotational symmetry, lack of friction, and low drag
will allow the angular momentum of the rotor to keep it
spinning for about 15,000 years.[38]
A sensitive DC SQUID is able to discriminate changes as
small as one quantum, or about 2 1015 Wb, is used to
monitor the gyroscope. A precession, or tilt, in the
orientation of the rotor causes the London moment
magnetic field to shift relative to the housing. The moving
field passes through a superconducting pickup loop fixed to
the housing, inducing a small electric current. The current
produces a voltage across a shunt resistance, which is
resolved to spherical coordinates by a microprocessor. The
system is designed to minimize Lorentz torque on the
rotor.[39][not in citation given]

Modern uses[edit]

A digital gyroscope module connected to an Arduino

Uno board

Main article: Accelerometer Consumer_electronics

In addition to being used in compasses, aircraft, computer
pointing devices, etc., gyroscopes have been introduced
into consumer electronics. Since the gyroscope allows the
calculation of orientation and rotation, designers have
incorporated them into modern technology. The integration
of the gyroscope has allowed for more accurate recognition
of movement within a 3D space than the previous lone
accelerometer within a number of smartphones.
Gyroscopes in consumer electronics are frequently
combined with accelerometers (acceleration sensors) for
more robust direction- and motion-sensing. Examples of
such applications include smartphones such as
the Samsung Galaxy Note 4,[40] HTC Titan,[41] Nexus
5, iPhone 5s,[42] Nokia 808 PureView[43] and Sony Xperia,
game console peripherals such as the PlayStation 3
controller and the Wii Remote, and virtual reality sets such
as the Oculus Rift.[44][not in citation given]
Nintendo has integrated a gyroscope into the Wii console's
Wii Remote controller by an additional piece of hardware
called "Wii MotionPlus".[45] It is also included in the 3DS and
the Wii U GamePad, which detects movement when
turning.
Cruise ships use gyroscopes to level motion-sensitive
devices such as self-leveling pool tables.
Described as a "motorbike-car" hybrid, the Lit Motors C-1
two wheeler uses a set of futuristic electronic gyroscopes,
or control momentum gyroscopes, to ensure it remains
upright and balanced, similar to the positioning technology
used in the International Space Station and the Hubble
Space Telescope. A similarity the Lit C-1 shares with the
Segway is an IMU. A similar device has been used in the
RYNO and Honda UX3 monocycles.[citation needed]
An electric powered flywheel gyroscope inserted in a
bicycle wheel is being sold as a training wheel replacement.

See also[edit]
Aerotrim
Anti-rolling gyro Ship gyroscopic roll stabilizers.
Attitude indicator
Balancing machine
Bicycle and motorcycle dynamics
Countersteering
Euler angles
Eric Laithwaite
Gyro monorail
Gyrocar
Gyrotheodolite
Gyroscopic exercise tool
Heading indicator
Hemispherical resonator gyroscope
Reaction wheel
Rifling
Rigid body dynamics
 Top
Turn and bank indicator
Turn coordinator
LN-3 Inertial Navigation System
Stabilizer (ship)
Vibrating structure gyroscope
Molecular gyroscope

References[edit]
1. Jump up^ "Gyroscope" by Sndor Kabai, Wolfram
Demonstrations Project.
2. Jump up^ Discover magazine 20 things you didn't know
about tunnels (Number 8).
3. Jump up^ Brief History of Gyroscopes
4. Jump up^ Johann G. F. Bohnenberger (1817)
"Beschreibung einer Maschine zur Erluterung der
Gesetze der Umdrehung der Erde um ihre Axe, und der
Vernderung der Lage der letzteren" (Description of a
machine for the explanation of the laws of rotation of the
Earth around its axis, and of the change of the
orientation of the latter), Tbinger Bltter fr
Naturwissenschaften und Arzneikunde, vol. 3, pages 72
83.
5. Jump up^ The French mathematician Poisson mentions
Bohnenberger's machine as early as 1813: Simeon-
Denis Poisson (1813) "Mmoire sur un cas particulier du
mouvement de rotation des corps pesans" [Memoir on a
special case of rotational movement of massive
bodies], Journal de l'cole Polytechnique, vol. 9, pages
247262. Available on-line
at:http://www.ion.org/museum/files/File_2.pdf .
6. Jump up^ A photograph of Bohnenberger's instrument
is available on-line here: [1]ION Museum: The Machine
of Bohnenberger .
7. Jump up^ Walter R. Johnson (January
1832). "Description of an apparatus called the rotascope
for exhibiting several phenomena and illustrating certain
laws of rotary motion", The American Journal of Science
and Art, 1st series, vol. 21, no. 2, pages 265280.
8. Jump up^ Drawings of Walter R. Johnson's gyroscope
("rotascope") were used to illustrate phenomena in the
following lecture: E.S. Snell (1856) "On planetary
disturbances," Board of Regents, Tenth Annual Report of
the Board of Regents of the Smithsonian
Institution.... (Washington, D.C.: Cornelius Wendell,
1856), pages 175190.
9. Jump up^ Wagner JF, "The Machine of Bohnenberger",
The Institute of Navigation
10. Jump up^ L. Foucault (1852) "Sur les phnomnes
dorientation des corps tournants entrans par un axe
fixe la surface de la terre Nouveaux signes
sensibles du mouvement diurne" (On the phenomena of
the orientation of rotating bodies carried along by an axis
fixed to the surface of the earth New perceptible signs
 of the daily movement), Comptes rendus hebdomadaires
des sances de lAcadmie des Sciences (Paris), vol.
35, pages 424427. Available on-line (in
French): http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k2992n/f428.i
mage .
11. Jump up^ Circa 1852, Friedrich Fessel, a German
mechanic and former secondary school teacher,
independently developed a gyroscope. See: (1) Julius
Plcker (September 1853) "ber die Fessel'sche
rotationsmachine", Annalen der Physik, vol. 166, no. 9,
pages 174177; (2) Julius Plcker (October 1853) "Noch
ein wort ber die Fessel'sche
rotationsmachine", Annalen der Physik, vol. 166, no. 10,
pages 348351; (3) Charles Wheatstone (1864) "On
Fessel's gyroscope", Proceedings of the Royal Society
of London, vol. 7, pages 4348.
12. Jump up^ L. Foucault (1852) Comptes rendus..., vol.
35, page 427.
13. Jump up^ Hermann Anschtz-Kaempfe and Friedrich
von Shirach, "Kreiselapparat"(Gyroscope) Deutsches
Reichspatent no. 182855 (filed: 27 March 1904 ; issued:
2 April 1907).
14. Jump up^ MacKenzie, Donald. Inventing Accuracy: A
Historical Sociology of Nuclear Missile Guidance.
Cambridge: MIT Press, 1990. pp. 3140. ISBN 0-262-
13258-3
15. Jump up^ Anon. "TEDCO Toys - Cool company history,
great science kits". TEDCO Toys company website.
O'Reilly Media Inc. Retrieved 23 December 2010.
16. Jump up^ MacKenzie, pp. 4042.
17. Jump up^ The Little Top That Aims a Gun by Gold
Sanders, Popular Science July 1945
18. Jump up^ "Midget Gyros to Guided Missiles" March
1954, p. 148, bottom page.
19. Jump up^ iPhone 4 Gyroscope Teardown, iFixit
20. Jump up^ William Thomson (1875). Proc. London Math.
Soc., vol. 6, pages 190194.
21. Jump up^ Andrew Gray (1959). A Treatise on
Gyrostatics and Rotational Motion: Theory and
Applications (Dover, New York)
22. Jump up^ Robert Kargon, Peter Achinstein, Baron
William Thomson Kelvin: "Kelvin's Baltimore Lectures
and Modern Theoretical Physics: Historical and
Philosophical Perspectives" The MIT Press, 1987, ISBN
978-0-262-11117-1
23. Jump up^ Peter C. Hughes (2004). Spacecraft Attitude
Dynamics ISBN 0-486-43925-9
24. Jump up^ D. M. Harland (1997) The MIR Space
Station (Wiley); D. M. Harland (2005)The Story of Space
Station MIR (Springer).
25. Jump up^ C. Tong (2009). American Journal of
Physics vol. 77, pages 526537
26. Jump up^ N.N. Moiseyev and V.V. Rumyantsev
(1968). Dynamic Stability of Bodies Containing
Fluid (Springer, New York)
27. Jump up^ Joseph Larmor (1884). Proc. London Math.
Soc. vol. 15, pages 170184
 28. Jump up^ M.V. Tratnik and J.E. Sipe (1987). Physical
Review A vol. 35, pages 29652975
29. Jump up^ A.B. Gluhovsky (1982). Soviet Physics
Doklady vol. 27, pages 823825
30. Jump up^ S. Eliseev et al. (2011). Physical Review
Letters vol. 107, paper 152501
31. Jump up^ H. Sternberg; C. Schwalm
(2007). "Qualification Process for MEMS Gyroscopes for
the Use in Navigation Systems". International Society for
Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing Proceedings.[dead
link]

32. Jump up^ Ash, M E; Trainor, C V; Elliott, R D;

Borenstein, J T; Kourepenis, A S; Ward, P A; Weinberg,
M S (1415 September 1999). "Micromechanical inertial
sensor development at Draper Laboratory with recent
test results". Symposium Gyro Technology Proceedings.
33. Jump up^ Lynch, D.D.: HRG development at Delco,
Litton, and Northrop Grumman. In: Proceedings of
Anniversary Workshop on Solid-State Gyroscopy, 1921
May 2008. Yalta, Ukraine. Kyiv-Kharkiv. ATS of
Ukraine, ISBN 978-976-0-25248-5(2009)
34. Jump up^ Sarapuloff S.A. High-Q Sapphire Resonator
of Solid-State Gyroscope CRG-1glass[dead link] or from
single-crystalline sapphire.
35. Jump up^ David May (1999). "Modeling the dynamically
tuned gyroscope in support of high-bandwidth capture
loop design". Proc. SPIE 3692: 101
111.doi:10.1117/12.352852.
36. Jump
up^ http://einstein.stanford.edu/content/fact_sheet/GPB
_FactSheet-0405.pdf
37. Jump up^ Gravity Probe B Extraordinary
Technologies
38. Jump up^ Gravity Probe B Extraordinary
Technologies World's Most Perfect Gyroscopes
39. Jump up^ Gravity Probe B Extraordinary
Technologies
40. Jump up^ [2]
41. Jump up^ HTC Titan Specifications and Features
42. Jump up^ [3], CNN Tech.
43. Jump up^ 808 PureView
44. Jump up^ .http://www.oculus.com/blog/building-a-
sensor-for-low-latency-vr/
45. Jump up^ Frank Caron (Aug 2008). Of gyroscopes and
gaming: the tech behind the Wii MotionPlus, ars technica

Further reading[edit]
Felix Klein and Arnold Sommerfeld, "ber die Theorie
des Kreisels" (Tr., About the theory of the gyroscope).
Leipzig, Berlin, B.G. Teubner, 18981914. 4 v. illus.
25 cm.
Audin, M. Spinning Tops: A Course on Integrable
Systems. New York: Cambridge University Press,
1996.
 Proceedings of Anniversary Workshop on Solid-State
Gyroscopy, 1921 May 2008. Yalta, Ukraine. Kyiv-
Kharkiv. ATS of Ukraine, ISBN 978-976-0-25248-
5 (2009)
E. Leimanis (1965). The General Problem of the Motion
of Coupled Rigid Bodies about a Fixed Point. (Springer,
New York).
Walter Wrigley, Walter M. Hollister, and William G.
Denhard (1969). Gyroscopic Theory, Design, and
Instrumentation. (MIT Press, Cambridge, MA).
Provatidis, C. G. (2012). Revisiting the Spinning
Top, International Journal of Materials and Mechanical
Engineering, Vol. 1, No. 4, pp. 7188, open access
at http://www.ijm-me.org/files/pdf/1397.pdf (ISSN
Online: 2164-280X, ISSN Print: 2162-0695).

External links[edit]
Wikibooks has a book on
the topic of: High School
Physics/Rotational
Motion

The Royal Institution's 197475 Christmas

Lecture Professor Eric Laithwaite
One-Wheeled Robot-Gyrostat by Olga Kapustina and
Yuri Martynenko Wolfram Demonstrations Project
The Little Top That Aims a Gun by Gold
Sanders, Popular Science July 1945
Apostolyuk V. Theory and Design of Micromechanical
Vibratory Gyroscopes
Categories:
Gyroscopes
1852 introductions
Navigation menu
Create account

Log in
Article
Talk
Read
Edit
View history
Go

Main page
Contents
 Featured content
Current events
Random article
Donate to Wikipedia
Wikipedia store
Interaction
Help
About Wikipedia
Community portal
Recent changes
Contact page
Tools
What links here
Related changes
Upload file
Special pages
Permanent link
Page information
Wikidata item
Cite this page
Print/export
Create a book
Download as PDF
Printable version
Languages

Azrbaycanca

Bosanski
Catal
etina
Dansk
Deutsch
Eesti

Espaol
Esperanto

Franais
Gaeilge
Galego




Hrvatski
Ido
Bahasa Indonesia
 slenska
Italiano


Latina
Latvieu
Lietuvi
Magyar

Mirands

Nederlands

Norsk bokml
Norsk nynorsk

Ozbekcha/

Piemontis
Polski
Portugus
Romn

Scots
Simple English
Slovenina
Slovenina
/ srpski
Srpskohrvatski /
Suomi
Svenska


Trke


Ting Vit

Edit links
This page was last modified on 21 March 2015, at 13:17.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike
License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to
the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia is a registered
trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.

Privacy policy
 About Wikipedia

Disclaimers

Contact Wikipedia

Developers

Mobile view