1 Antenna Basics A

Antenna Basics
Theory
Basic terms
Basic antenna types
©Kathrein/Scholz 07/01
Antenna Basics / Theory
What is an antenna ?
An antenna is the converter between two kinds of electromagnetic waves :
cable bounded waves ⇔ free space waves
dual-pole
Categorizing RF components into
dual-pole (one termination) or quad-
pole (two terminations) devices
example for a dual-pole device :

50 Ohm load quad-pole
examples for a quad-pole device :

amplifier, filter
the antenna is a quad-pole device with

the second termination connected to
free space
Coaxial cable
Antenna
antenna principle shown by bending a coax

1
cable open
the pulsing electrical field, created by the

transmitter‘s high frequency power, cannot
leave the cable
2
the field lines become longer and are
orthogonal to the wires
the field lines have reached the maximum

length and allow a wave to free itself from
3
the cable
⇒ basic radiating element : λ/2 dipole
4
The resonance frequency of the dipole is determined by its

mechanical length, which is half of the corresponding wave length
Max. Frequency :
Number of cycles per second
Wavelength :
Length of one cycle
Zero
t [sec]
wavelength
λ [m] =
300
f [MHz ]
Relation between frequency and wave length :
Example : f =935 MHz ⇒ λ = 0.32 m ⇒ dipole length ~ 160 mm 5
Electrical and magnetical field on a dipole
maximum voltage is between the ends

of the dipole; the electrical field lines
occur between these two charge
voltage (U) current (I)
centers
the current on the dipole causes a

magnetical field with an opposite
amplitude distribution (max. at the
feeding point, min. at the dipole ends
electric field (E) magnetic Field (H) 6
Antenna Basics / Reality
Electrical and magnetical field on a dipole (Simulation of the original dipole)
Voltage (e-plane) Current (h-plane)
Wave propagation :
Permanent conversion from electrical into magnetical energy
and vice versa
Antenna Basics / Impedance
For an optimized system performance, all

components have to be matched
professional applications use a nominal

impedance of 50 Ohms
exact value only for one frequency; over

the operating band deviations from 50
Ohms are specified by the VSWR
Antenna Basics / VSWR
A generator will generate a frequency and send it to a termination.
Input signal
Generator Termination
Reflected signal
The termination may not accept the entire input power (green
line), and therefore will reflect some of the input power (red line)
back to the generator.
10
The forward running signal together with the

return running signal create a standing wave
(VSWR = voltage standing wave ratio)
U max
VSWR( s ) =
U min
(range 1 to ∞)
Return loss attenuation
ar[ dB ] = −{20 log UR − 20 log UV } 11
12
Standard values for mobile communication networks

VSWR < 1.5
return loss < 14 dB
mismatch loss
The loss which is effecting the system performance due to the reflected/
returned power
VSWR 1.5 1.3 1.2
Missmatch loss (dB) 0.18 0.08 0.04

13
7 Sep 2000 15:38:18

CH1 S11 SWR 100 m / REF 1 1 : 1 . 5450 1 690 . 000 000 MHz
Example :
PRm CH1 Markers
VSWR measurement
2 : 1 . 2869
1 . 71000 GHz
3 : 1 . 2455
GSM 1800 antenna
1 . 79500 GHz
4 : 1 . 0848
739 494
1 . 88000 GHz
Cor 5 : 1 . 1922 (65° 18 dBi 1710-1880 MHz)

1 . 90000 GHz
VSWR 1.4
START 1 690 . 000 000 MHz STOP 1 900 . 000 000 MHz
14
Spezified frequency range
comparison of measurements directly

at the antenna and at the end of the
feeder cable
theoretically the VSWR and return loss

is improved by the feeder cable
attenuation
(providing an ideally matched cable
with VSWR = 1)
in reality this improvement is

compensated by mismatches due to
bad connector installations, bending of 15
the cable and other reflection points
Antenna Basics / Polarization
The polarization is defined as the direction of

oscillation of the electrical field vector
dipole orientation vertical :

vertical polarization ⇒ mainly used for mobile
communication
dipole orientation horizontal :
horizontal polarization ⇒ mainly used for
broadcasting
dipole orientation +/-45° slanted :
cross polarization ⇒ used for polarization
diversity with digital cellular networks
16
Antenna Basics / Radiation Pattern
for symmetrical antennas the 3-dimensional pattern can be described by

a vertical and horizontal cut
vertical polarization : horizontal pattern = H-plane (magnetic field)
vertical pattern = E-plane (electric field)
half power beam width
opening angle of the beam determined by the half power
points (reduction by 3 dB)
Vertical pattern
17
Horizontal pattern
Antenna Basics / Antenna Gain
to concentrate the radiated power into

the area around the horizon, half wave
dipoles are arranged vertically and
combined in phase
with every doubling of the dipoles

number
- the half power beam width approx.
halves
- the gain increases by 3 dB in the main
direction
18
gain references
Vertical pattern Horizontal pattern
half wave dipole (dBd)
isotropic radiator (dBi)
relation : dBi = dBd + 2.15 19
Standard omni gain antenna for cellular application

(gain 11dBi / 9 dBd)
Horizontal pattern Vertical pattern 20
accordingly also in the

horizontal plane a beam
can be created
with each halving of the
beam width the gain is
increased by 3 dB (the
shown patterns are
theoretically)
the resulting gain of an

antenna is the sum of the
„vertical“ and „horizontal“
gain
21
Antenna Basics / Panel Antenna
Standard directional panel antenna

for cellular networks
65° / 15.5 dBi
gain benefit from both planes
22
Horizontal pattern Vertical pattern
Three-dimensional radiation pattern

of a directional antenna
23
Horizontal cut : Vertical cut :

horizontal pattern (magn. field) vertical pattern(electr. field)
24
Antenna Basics / Panel Construction
25
Antenna Basics / Yagi Antenna
Yagi antenna
only one active dipole, low side lobe
suppression, low front-to-back-ratio,
mainly used for inexpensive receiving
applications
F/B ratio
Side lobes
26
Antenna Basics / Log.per. Antenna
Log. Per. Antenna (logarithmic periodic)

all the dipole structures are active,
excellent side lobes, specific application
in cellular networks
27
Antenna Basics / Patch Antenna
Patch antenna
printed board technology, instead
of a dipole a patch above a ground
plane creates the electrical field lines
28
Antenna Basics / Near-Far Field
spezified patterns and gain are only provided in the far field of the antenna
far-field (F) : plane wave front at the antenna antenna
small antennas (dimensions below one wave length) :
F [m ] > 10λ
bigger antennas :
2 L²
F [m ] >
λ Near field
position
Example : 900 MHz Omni

L = 2,8m
λ = 0,325m
F = 48,25m 29
Antenna Basics / Isolation
1 2
Isolation (decoupling) between 2 antennas 1800 MHz 65° 18 dBi

30
signal level difference between 1 and 2

1 Antenna Basics A

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Antenna Basics

 Basic antenna types

An antenna is the converter between two kinds of electromagnetic waves :

cable bounded waves ⇔ free space waves

 example for a dual-pole device :

 examples for a quad-pole device :

 the antenna is a quad-pole device with

 antenna principle shown by bending a coax

 the pulsing electrical field, created by the

 the field lines have reached the maximum

 The resonance frequency of the dipole is determined by its

Example : f =935 MHz ⇒ λ = 0.32 m ⇒ dipole length ~ 160 mm 5

 Electrical and magnetical field on a dipole

 maximum voltage is between the ends

 the current on the dipole causes a

electric field (E) magnetic Field (H) 6

 Electrical and magnetical field on a dipole (Simulation of the original dipole)

Voltage (e-plane) Current (h-plane)

 For an optimized system performance, all

 professional applications use a nominal

 exact value only for one frequency; over

A generator will generate a frequency and send it to a termination.

 The forward running signal together with the

 Return loss attenuation

ar[ dB ] = −{20 log UR − 20 log UV } 11

 Standard values for mobile communication networks

VSWR 1.5 1.3 1.2

Missmatch loss (dB) 0.18 0.08 0.04

7 Sep 2000 15:38:18

Cor 5 : 1 . 1922 (65° 18 dBi 1710-1880 MHz)

 comparison of measurements directly

 theoretically the VSWR and return loss

 in reality this improvement is

 The polarization is defined as the direction of

 dipole orientation vertical :

 for symmetrical antennas the 3-dimensional pattern can be described by

 to concentrate the radiated power into

 with every doubling of the dipoles

half wave dipole (dBd)

isotropic radiator (dBi)

relation : dBi = dBd + 2.15 19

 Standard omni gain antenna for cellular application

Horizontal pattern Vertical pattern 20

 accordingly also in the

 the resulting gain of an

 Standard directional panel antenna

 gain benefit from both planes

Three-dimensional radiation pattern

Horizontal cut : Vertical cut :

 Log. Per. Antenna (logarithmic periodic)

Example : 900 MHz Omni

 Isolation (decoupling) between 2 antennas 1800 MHz 65° 18 dBi

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Basic antenna types

example for a dual-pole device :

examples for a quad-pole device :

the antenna is a quad-pole device with

antenna principle shown by bending a coax

the pulsing electrical field, created by the

the field lines have reached the maximum

The resonance frequency of the dipole is determined by its

Electrical and magnetical field on a dipole

maximum voltage is between the ends

the current on the dipole causes a

Electrical and magnetical field on a dipole (Simulation of the original dipole)

For an optimized system performance, all

professional applications use a nominal

exact value only for one frequency; over

The forward running signal together with the

Return loss attenuation

Standard values for mobile communication networks

comparison of measurements directly

theoretically the VSWR and return loss

in reality this improvement is

The polarization is defined as the direction of

dipole orientation vertical :

for symmetrical antennas the 3-dimensional pattern can be described by

to concentrate the radiated power into

with every doubling of the dipoles

Standard omni gain antenna for cellular application

accordingly also in the

the resulting gain of an

Standard directional panel antenna

gain benefit from both planes

Log. Per. Antenna (logarithmic periodic)

Isolation (decoupling) between 2 antennas 1800 MHz 65° 18 dBi