Real Numbers

Properties of divisibility:
1. If a is a non-zero integer and b is any integer, then
a|b a|-b, -a|b and a|-b
2. If a and b are non-zero integers, then
a|b and b|a a=b
3. If a is a non-zero integer and b, c are any two integers, then
a|b c
a|b and a|c { a|bc
a|bx for any integer x.
4. If a and c are non-zero integers and b, d are any two integers, then
a. a|b and c|d ac|bd
b. ac|bc a|b
Lemma: Lemma or helping theorem is a proven statement whose purpose is to help in proving
another statement (or theorem).
Euclids Division Lemma: Given positive integers a and b, there exist unique integers q and r
satisfying a = bq + r, 0 r < b.
Algorithm: An algorithm is a series of well defined steps which gives a procedure for solving a
type of problem.
Euclids division algorithm: The HCF of any two positive integers a and b, with a > b, is
obtained as follows:
Step 1: Apply the division lemma to find q and r where a = bq + r, 0 r < b.
Step 2: If r = 0, the HCF is b. If r 0, apply Euclids lemma to b and r.
Step 3: Continue the process till the remainder is zero. The divisor at this stage will be HCF
(a, b). Also, HCF (a, b) = HCF (b, r).
Example 2,3,4
Ex 1.1 3,4
Fundamental Theorem of Arithmetic: Every composite number can be expressed (factorized)
as a product of primes, and this factorization is unique, apart from the order in which the prime
factors occur. Or the prime factorization of a natural number is unique, except for the order of its
factors.
Example
In general, given a composite number x, we factorise it as x = p1p2 ... pn, where p1, p2,..., pn are
primes and written in ascending order, i.e., p1 p2 . . . pn. If we combine the same primes, we
will get powers of primes. For example,
32760 = 2 2 2 3 3 5 7 13 = 23 32 5 7 13
Once we have decided that the order will be ascending, then the way the number is factorised, is
unique.
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Example 5
LCM and HCF by prime factorization method: By using the Fundamental Theorem of
Arithmetic, we know a method, called prime factorization method, which is used to find HCF
and LCM of two positive integers.
HCF: Product of the smallest power of each common prime factor in the numbers.
LCM: Product of the greatest power of each prime factor, involved in the numbers.
Now, For any two positive integers a and b,
HCF (a, b) LCM (a, b) = a b.
Example 6,7,8
Ex 1.2 6, 7
The product of three numbers is not equal to the product of their HCF and LCM.
Revisiting Irrational Numbers

Any number which cannot be expressed in the form where p, and q are integers and q 0 is
called an irrational number.
The sum or difference of a rational and an irrational number is irrational.
The product and quotient of a non-zero rational number and an irrational number is irrational.

Th 1.3 - Let p be a prime number. If p divides a2, then p divides a, where a is a positive
integer.
Th 1.4 is irrational.
Ex 9 Prove that 3 is irrational.
Example 10, 11
Revisiting Rational Numbers and Their Decimal Expansions
A rational numbers have either a terminating decimal expansion or a non-terminating
repeating decimal expansion.
Examples on p. no. 15
Theorem 1.5: Let x be a rational number whose decimal expansion terminates. Then x can

be expressed in the form where p and q are coprime, and the prime factorization of q is of
the form 2n5m, where n, m are non-negative integers.
Backward calculation of Examples on p. no. 15

Theorem 1.6: Let x = be a rational number, such that the prime factorization of q is of the
form 2n5m, where n, m are non-negative integers. Then x has a decimal expansion which
terminates.

If x = is a rational number, such that the prime factorization of q is of the form 2m5n,

where m and n are whole numbers. If m = n, then the decimal expansion of x will terminate
after m places of decimal. If m > n, then the decimal expansion of x will terminate after m
 Real Numbers

places of decimal. If n > m, then the decimal expansion of x will terminate after n places of
decimal.

Theorem 1.7: Let x = be a rational number, such that the prime factorization of q is not of
the form 2n5m, where n, m are non-negative integers. Then, x has a decimal expansion which
is non-terminating repeating (recurring).