2.

1
Given:
Reservoir Temperature = 195
Initial Reservoir Pressure = 5712 psig
To calculate Gas in Solution, :

= ( )

Where,
= 1342 @ 400
= 1541 @ 4566
= 680 @ 2277
= 1.834 @ 4566
= 1.645 @ 400
Therefore,

= ( )

1.645
= 1342 (1541 680)
1.834
= 569.73
To calculate Oil Formation Volume Factor, :

=

Where,
= 1.422 @ 2277
= 1.834 @ 4566
= 1.645 @ 400
Therefore,

=

1.645
= 1.422
1.834
= 1.275
To calculate Total Formation Volume Factor, :
= + ( )5.61 ( )
Where,

= ( ) ( )

Where,
= 0.843 @2277
= 195 = 363.71
= 288 ( )
= 2277 = (2277 + 14.7) = 2291.7
= 14.7 ( )
Therefore,

= ( ) ( )

363.71 14.7
= 0.843 ( )( )
288 2291.7
= 0.0072
= + ( )5.61 ( )
= 1.275 + 0.0072 (1342 569.73)5.61 ( )
= 2.2661

2.4
Constant volume depletion test
(a)
At initial reservoir condition:
=
Hence,

=

Where,
= 1.037 @ initial reservoir condition
= 1
= 8.314 /
= 373.1
= 5632 = (5632 + 14.7) = 38.93
Therefore,

=

1.037 1 8.314 103 373.1
=
38.93
= 0.0826 3

During the test, total volume remains constant; however the number of moles decreases.

For = 37.3 ; = 1 2.33% = 0.9767;

Then,
37.3 0.0826
= = = 1.017
0.9767 8.314 103 373.1
37.3
= = 36.68
1.017
Using the same method to calculate rest, get the table below.
P, MPa n Z P/Z Volume of produced gas (mol %)
37.3 0.9769 1.017 36.69 2.33
32.1 0.9009 0.949 33.83 9.91
27.1 0.8051 0.896 30.23 19.49
22.1 0.6842 0.860 25.69 31.58
17.1 0.5437 0.837 20.42 45.63
12.1 0.3877 0.831 14.56 61.23
7.1 0.2312 0.818 8.68 76.88

Plot P/Z vs. total volume of produced gas

P/Z vs. Total volume of produced gas

40.00
35.00
30.00
25.00
P/Z, MPa

20.00
15.00
10.00
5.00
0.00
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80
Total volume of produced gas (mol %)

(b)
Basis: 100 kgmoles of gas at the initial reservoir pressure of 38.94 MPa, with = 100
25.5 = 2550

From part (a), the constant reservoir volume is calculated, using the measured
compressibility factor, equal to 8.260 m3. Using the reported number of moles and the
compressibility factor at the dew point results in,
= = 97.96 1.017 0.0083144 373.137.3 = 8.285 3

The difference in calculated reservoir volume by two methods is due to the accuracy of
reported data. An average value of 8.273 m3 will be used in the material balance
calculations as follows.

The condensate density, at the jth depletion stage is calculated by,

= [ ( )]

 Where,
=
=
=
= total cell volume
= condensate volume

P, MPa 32.1 27.1 22.1 17.1 12.1 7.1

Mg 25.5 24.1 22.8 22 21.4 21.2
Zg 0.956 0.912 0.875 0.873 0.88 0.914
100*(Vo/V) 3.58 6.52 8.61 9.31 9.09 8.4
cum. Prod. Mole, np 9.91 19.49 31.58 45.63 61.23 76.88
100-np mole in cell, n 90.09 80.51 68.42 54.37 38.77 23.12
np,j+1-np,j mole gas prod., ng 7.58 9.58 12.09 14.05 15.6 15.65
ngjMgj mass gas prod., mg, kg 193.29 230.88 275.65 309.10 333.84 331.78
min-mgj total mass in cell, m, kg 2356.71 2125.832 1850.18 1541.08 1207.24 875.46
V(1-Voj/V) gas vol in cell, Vg, m3 7.976827 7.7336 7.560695 7.502784 7.520984 7.578068
V-Vgj con. Vol, Vo, m3 0.296173 0.5394 0.712305 0.770216 0.752016 0.694932
g=MgP/(ZgRT) gas density, kg/m3 276.014 230.8529 185.6363 138.9148 94.85502 53.08745
gjVgj mass gas in cell, m'g, kg 2201.716 1785.324 1403.539 1042.247 713.4031 402.3003
m-m'gj mass cond. In cell, mo,kg 154.9939 340.5079 446.6406 498.8326 493.8369 473.1597
moj/Voj Cond. den., o, kg/m3 523.3216 631.2721 627.0354 647.6526 656.6843 680.872

Therefore, the density of condensate phase at P=71 bar is 680.872 kg/m3.

The number of moles of gas phase in the cell at any stage is determined as = ,
with the number of moles of condensate calculated as,
= . The number of moles of each component is then calculated as,
= ,

The results are as follows:
Pressure, MPa 7.1
mole gas in cell 18.97643
mole cond in cell 4.143571

Pressure, MPa 7.1

Component total mole in gas mole in cond. Xci(cal.) Xci(measured)
Hydrogen Sulfide 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
Nitrogen 0.082480 0.075786 0.006694 0.160092 0.03
Carbon Dioxide 0.518000 0.475560 0.042440 1.015051 1.29
Methane 16.107870 15.642320 0.465551 11.134710 28.06
Ethane 1.345504 1.405838 0.060330 1.443040 4.94
Propane 0.751456 0.640395 0.111061 2.656270 4.03
i-Butane 0.107104 0.079576 0.027528 0.658400 0.80
n-Butane 0.310448 0.197045 0.113403 2.712297 2.36
i-Pentanes 0.123984 0.060629 0.063355 1.515275 0.85
n-Pentane 0.190168 0.073892 0.116276 2.781010 1.42
Hexanes 0.304792 0.077681 0.227111 5.431874 2.85
Heptanes 0.746408 0.111785 0.634623 15.178740 6.28
Octanes 0.614736 0.053051 0.561685 13.433990 5.66
Nonanes 0.415432 0.020841 0.394591 9.437535 4.75
Decanes 0.251560 0.009473 0.242087 5.790054 3.50
Undecanes-plus 1.257744 0.022736 1.235008 29.538030 33.18
Total 23.12 18.976430 4.143571
Solutions to Question 2.7

Using the Katz-Standing method

To determine the apparent liquid density of natural gas

= 38.52 100.00326 + (94.75 33.93)

Where;
Specific gravity of gas; = 0.689
141.5
= ( 131.5)
.
141.5
= (0.831 131.5)
= 38.78

Therefore;

= 38.52 100.0032638.78 + (94.75 33.9338.78)0.689

= 28.79 6.61
= 22.18 / 3

To determine the apparent density of gas in the liquid state

= [0.07621 + 350 ]/[5.61 + (0.07621 / ]

Where;
Solution gas oil ratio; = 1541 /
Specific gravity of gas; = 0.831

Therefore;

= [0.07621 1541 0.689 + 350 0.831]/[5.61 + (0.07621 1541 0.689/22.18]

= [80.92+290.85]/[5.61+3.65]
371.77
= 9.26
= 40.15 / 3

The apparent oil density is corrected for pressure and temperature as follows;

= +

Where;

= (0.167 + 16.181 100.0425 (/1000) 0.01(0.299 + 263

100.0603 )(/1000)2
 = [0.0133 + 152.4( + )2.45 ]( 60) [8.1 106 0.0622
100.0764( + ) ]( 60)2

Therefore;

= (0.167 + 16.181 100.042540.15 (4566/1000) 0.01(0.299 + 263

100.060340.15 )(4566/1000)2
= 1.62 0.01 1.325 20.85
= 1.34 / 3

= [0.0133 + 152.4(40.15 + 1.34)2.45 ](195 60) [8.1 106 0.0622

100.0764(40.15 +1.34) ](195 60)2
= 4.03 + 0.62
= 4.65 / 3

Hence;

= 40.15 + 1.34 4.65

= 36.84/ 3

Using the Alani and Kennedy method

( + 460
3 ( + ) 2 + =0

Where
= , 3 /
= ,
= ,
= 10.7335, ()( 3 /)/

And;
= /(+460)
= ( + 460) +

*constants read from Table 2.4 in Danesh

Component 100x a b ax bx M Mx
C1 51.54 10068.479 0.72597 5189.294 0.3742 16.043 8.17
C2 6.57 86616.36 0.85986 5690.68 0.0565 30.07 1.98
C3 4.83 27071.82 1.04972 1307.57 0.507 44.096 2.13
i-C4 0.68 39372.52 1.3232 267.73 0.0090 58.123 0.4
n-C4 2.39 41269.98 1.3669 986.35 0.0312 58.123 1.39
C5 2.38 58534.21 10.58023 1393.114 0.0376 72.15 1.72
C6 2.17 76836.01 1.83504 1661.34 0.0398 86.177 1.87
N2 0.9 4313.08 0.6794 38.84 0.0061 28.01 0.25
CO2 1.49 9898.13 0.5063 147.48 0.0075 44.01 0.66
C7+ 27.05 242014.304 4.3247 65481.10 1.16983 218 58.97
82169.513 1.78243 77.64

Therefore;

10.7335 655 82169.513 82169.513 1.78243

3 ( + 1.78243) 2 + =0
4566 4566 4566

3 3.322 2 + 17.996 32.077 = 0

From appendix C; Solution of Cubic equation

3 + 1 2 + 2 + 3 = 0

3 17.996 3.3222
=
9
= 4.772

= 9 (3.322) 17.996 27 (32.077) 2(32.0773 )/54

= 5.057

= 4.7723 + 5.0572
= 113.758

Since > 0

Therefore;
= (5.057 + 113.758)1/3 + (5.057 113.758)1/3 + 3.322/3
= 1.835 3 /

So, = 1.835 3 /

Density is calculated as;

= /
77.64
= 1.835
= 42.3 / 3

Reported density = 623 /3 = 39.45/ 3

Solutions to Question 2.9

Using the Gold et al. correlation

= (1 1 + + 4600 )/(1 + )

Where;
1st stage separator producing gas oil ratio; 1 = 8000 /
1st stage separator specific gravity; 1 = 0.73
Condensate specific gravity; = 0.76

To determine mass of gas produced from stock tank and second stage;

= 1 (1 14.65) 2 13 () 4 (1 460) 5 (2 460) 6

Where;
1st stage separator pressure = 1500
1st stage separator temperature; 1 = 140 = 599.67
2nd stage separator temperature; 1 = 100 = 559.67
1 = 2.99222
2 = 0.970497
3 = 6.80491
4 = 1.07916
5 = 1.19605
6 = 0.553669
141.5
= ( 131.5)
.
141.5
= ( 0.76 131.5)
= 54.68

Therefore;

= 2.99222(1500 14.65)0.970497 0.736.80491 (54.68)1.07916 (599.67

460)1.19605 (559.67 460)0.553669
= 3582.98 0.117 75.06 2.72 103 12.78
= 1096.54

To determine the volume of gas produced from stock tank;

= 0 + 1 1 2 13 ()4 (1 460)5 (2 460)6

Where;
0 = 535.916
1 = 2.62310
2 = 0.793183
3 = 4.66120
4 = 1.20940
5 = 0.849115
6 = 0.269869

Therefore;

= 535.916 + 2.62310 15000.793183 0.734.66120 (54.68)1.20940 (599.67

460)0.849115 (559.67 460)0.269869
= 535.916 + 867.03 0.23 148.08 0.015 3.46
= 1854.52

Hence;

= (8000 0.73 + 1259.78 + 4600 0.76)/(8000 + 2068.51)

= 10595.78/10068.51
= 1.059

But;

Where;
=
= = 28.96

Therefore;
= 1.052 28.96
= 30.66

Solutions to Question 2.12

Using the Lee et al. correlation

= 104 a[( /62.43) ]

Where;
= (9.379 + 0.0160) 1.5 /(209.2 + 19.26 + )
= 3.448 + 0.01009 + (986.4/)
= 2.4 0.2
And;
Molecular weight; = 28.7
Temperature; = 100 = 559.67

Therefore;
= (9.379 + 0.0160 28.7)559.671.5 /(209.2 + 19.26 28.7 + 559.67)
= 130260.82/1321.63
= 98.56

= 3.448 + 0.01009 28.7 + (986.4/559.67)

= 3.448 + 0.29 + 1.76
= 5.5

= 2.4 0.2 5.5

= 2.4 1.1
= 1.3

To determine gas density; , we need to first determine the compressibility factor;

5500
Pseudo-reduced pressure; = 630.1 = 8.729
559.6
Pseudo-reduced temperature; = 432.91 = 1.293

The compressibility factor; is read from the Standing-Katz chart;

= 1.05

Therefore;

=

28.75500
= 1.0510.732559.6
= 25.03 / 3

Hence;

= 104 98.56 [5.5(25.03/62.43)1.3 ]

= 104 98.56 1.676
= 0.0527
2.13
Let the final temperature to be T2
We know that, according to the first law of thermodynamics:
+ + = 0
Where, = , for expansion or contraction is ignored
Plug into the former equation, yields:
(2 ) + (2 ) + (2 ) = 0
Where, is not specified in the question, we assume its as the same as the
temperature of water.
So,
2 0.5 (2 500) + 40 4.18 (2 25) + 5 0.5 (2 25) = 0
2 = 28.15

2.40
Based on the celebrated phase rule, in the system, there are two phases, two components,
so the freedom of the system can be calculated as:
=2+ =22+2= 2
So the system has 2 degrees of freedom, once T and P are fixed (they didnt change after the
addition of propane), the mole fractions of propane in the vapor and liquid would remained
fixed too.

6.4
1) We know that,

= + [ ( ) ]

For the equation of state:
( ) =
So,

( )
( ) =[ ] = =


Plug it into the very first equation, we get
=
So U is a function of T only

2) Ratio of heat capacity:

=
And,

= ( )

For is constant, if we can prove is also constant, then is constant
We know that,
= + () = + +
So,

( ) = + =

So is a function of , then we can say =

3) Since it is reversible process, so dU=dW

So,
( )
= = = = =

( )
=


= dln( )

From b), we got:

= =1

Substitute into the equation before, yields:
= ( 1)dln( )
+ ln( )(1) = 0
[ + ln( )(1) ] = 0
[ln ( )(1) ] = 0

So,
( )(1) must be a constant
where,
( )
=

Thus,
( ) ( )(1)
( )(1) = ( )(1) = =

So,
( )(1) =

6.5
Canonical equation of state:
 = () +
So,

=( ) =

()
= ( ) =

() ()
= + = () + + ( ) = ()

() ()
= = () = ()

For () is related to T only
So,

() () 2 () 2 ()
= ( ) = =
2 2
() () 2 () 2 ()
= ( ) = =
2 2
Thus,
=
From the equations above, especially the last one = , we know that its the model
of ideal-gas behavior.

6.8
2
2 360 7
(1 )7 (1 )
= 1 = = 262.7 0.282 408.1 = 132.138 3
Assume the change of V is too little so that it can be negligible::
360
= = = 0.882
408.1
So from = + = 0, we got:
1 1 (2 1 ) 132.138 (4 2)
= = = = 0.7341
1 1 360