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LTE Introduction
LTE Architecture
Network Elements and Interfaces
17 launched
networks
RNC RNC
Node B Evolved
Node B Node B +
(NB) Node B
(NB) RNC (eNB)
Functionality
EPS Architecture
Serving Gateway
Manages the user data in the EPC
Receives packet data from the eNodeB and sends packet data to it
S1-MME MME
S6a HSS
eNB S11
S1-U Serving
Gateway
Soc Classification level
11 Nokia Siemens Networks Presentation / Author / Date
EPC Network Elements (2/2)
Packet Data Network Gateway
Connection between EPC and a number of external data networks (comparable
to GGSN in 2G/3G networks)
IP Address Allocation for UE S7 Rx+
MME
Packet Routing/Forwarding between S6a
HSS
PCRF
Serving PDN
Gateway Gateway
NAS Protocols
MME
S1-MME interface TS 36.413 S1-AP
MME IP
eNB
S1AP:S1 Application Protocol L1/L2 TS 36.411
LTE physical layer based on OFDMA downlink and SC-FDMA in uplink direction
This is the same for both FDD and TDD mode of operation
FDD Frame structure (also called Type 1 Frame) is common to both uplink and
downlink.
Divided into 20 x 0.5ms slots
Structure has been designed to facilitate short round trip time
- Frame duration =10 ms (same as UMTS)
- FDD: 10 ms radio frame for UL and 10 ms radio frame for DL
- Radio frame includes 10 subframes
- 1 Subframe represents a Transmission Time Interval (TTI)
0.5 ms slot - Each subframes includes two slots
sy0 sy1 sy2 sy3 sy4 sy5 sy6
- 1 slot = 7 (normal CP) or 6 symbols (extended CP)
10 ms frame
s0 s1 s2 s3 s4 s5 s6 s7 .. s18 s19
SF: SubFrame
s: slot
0.5 ms slot
Sy: symbol
SF0 SF1 SF2 SF3 .. SF9
Cyclic Prefix
6 2048 Ts
Ts = 1/30720 ms + 6 512 Ts Main Body
15360 Ts = 0.5 ms
1 slot 1 slot
Resource
1 ms subframe Element
PCFICH:
Carries details of PDCCH format (e.g.# of symbols)
PDCCH:
Carries the DCI (DL control information): schedule uplink resources on the PUSCH or
downlink resources on the PDSCH. Alternatively, DCI transmits TPC commands for UL
0 symbols 6 0 symbols 6
subcarriers
subcarriers
Antenna 1 Antenna 2
Synchronization signals:
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 Normal CP slot
10 ms frame
s0 s1 s2 s3 s4 s5 s6 s7 .. s18 s19
0.5 ms slot
Resource Elements
for Control and
Data symbols
RESOURCE BLOCK
Reference Symbols
N x 12 Subcarriers
Resource Block: 12
subcarriers in frequency
Normal CP (7 symbols)
domain, 1 slot in time
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 SC-FDMA symbols domain
PUSCH mapping:
Data is allocated in multiples of
1 RB (12 subcarriers in frequency
domain). Only factors of 2, 3 and
5 resource blocks are allowed
PUCCH mapping:
If PUCCH not multiplexed with
PUSCH then it is transmitted on a
reserved frequency region.
PUCCH occupies RBs at both
edges of the uplink bandwidth (in
green in the picture on the right)
307200Ts
CP Preamble
0000
Soc Classification level
33 Nokia Siemens Networks Presentation / Author / Date
Physical Layer Compared to HSPA
LTE builds on the learning of several WCDMA/HSPA Releases and covers from
the start HARQ, NodeB scheduling and adaptive coding and modulation (+
multiple antenna TX/RX with MIMO) to improve the performance
Layer 3: RRC
PDCP, RLC, MAC and PHY Layer are configured by the RRC protocol. Some
functions:
RRC Connection Management (creating, modifying and deleting Radio Bearers)
Mobility Management (measurement control and reporting)
System Information Broadcasting (SIBs), Paging
UE eNodeB UE eNodeB
RRC RRC
PDCP PDCP PDCP PDCP
RLC RLC RLC RLC
MAC MAC MAC MAC
PHY Layer PHY Layer PHY Layer PHY Layer
User Plane Control Plane
Soc Classification level
36 Nokia Siemens Networks Presentation / Author / Date
LTE Layer 2 Structure (DL)
Note: In WCDMA PDCP was Header
only for user plane, now it is also Compressions
Ciphering for
for control plane due ciphering for data (not
data and
signalling)
signalling Radio Bearers
Logical Channels
HARQ HARQ
Transport Channels
RLC uses different connection modes to deal with different types of bearers:
Fields of MAC PDU can have variable size but the MAC PDU itself needs to fit
into Physical Layer Resource Blocks to which it will be mapped
MAC SDU can belong to different logical channels (multiplexing is possible)
MAC header contains information for each of the SDUs, MAC Control Element or
Padding in the MAC PDU regarding contents and length
EMM- REGISTERED
UE registers with an MME and establishes a default bearer for application
data transfer via attach procedure or TAU procedure after inter-system HO
UE responds to paging messages
ECM:
UE and MME enter ECM-CONNECTED state when the signaling connection is
established between UE and MME
UE and E-UTRAN enter RRC-CONNECTED state when the signaling
connection is established between UE and the E-UTRAN
UE
E-UTRAN MME
RRC connection
establishment
RRC
RRC idle
RRC connection connected
release
S1 connection establishment
ECM
ECM idle
S1 connection release connected
Release due to
Registration (Attach) Inactivity
Allocate C-RNTI, S_TMSI Release RRC connection
Allocate IP addresses Release C-RNTI
Authentication Configure DRX for paging
Establish security context
Timeout of Periodic TA
Update
Release S-TMSI
Release IP addresses
Soc Classification level
46 Nokia Siemens Networks Presentation / Author / Date
RRC States
LTE
3G GSM
GSM_Connected
CELL_DCH Handover E-UTRA Handover
RRC_CONNECTED
GPRS Packet
transfer mode
CELL_FACH
CCO with
optional CCO,
CELL_PCH NACC Reselection
URA_PCH Reselection
Connection Connection
Connection establishment/release establishment/release
establishment/release