Ms.

Smedley Science 10 - Chemistry NAME____________________

Chemistry Atomic Structure and the Periodic Table

By the end of this booklet, you should know these key terms:
matter mass number pure substance
atom neutron molecule
atomic mass electron period
atomic number element nucleus
mixtures ion charge outermost shell
homo/heterogeneous ion proton
compound ionic bond family
covalent bond isotope valence electron

Our understanding of matter is aided by knowledge of atomic structure.

Investigating the Structure of Matter

Remarkable as it may seem, every piece of matter you see around you is made up of slightly more than
100 basic building blocks called ___ELEMENTS__. An element is a _PURE_ SUBSTANCE__ that cannot be
broken down further by chemical means. Iron and oxygen are both examples of elements. Water is a
pure substance, but it is not an element because it can be broken down into the elements hydrogen and
oxygen. Any piece of matter can be divided into smaller and smaller pieces, but eventually tiny pieces
called __ATOMS__ are reached. This is the smallest part of an element that can exist. The term is derived
from the Greek word atomos, which means undivided. Particles smaller than atoms do exist, but they
do not have the properties of an element.

Matter Flow Chart

MATTER

PURE MIXTURES
SUBSTANCES

COMPOUNDS ELEMENTS HOMOGENEOUS HETEROGENEOUS

SOLUTION
molecular mixture of two or
more substances , usually
with a solute dissolving in a
solvent
SUSPENSION MECHANICAL
combination of two or more
COLLOID
mixture of liquids with
substances that no matter particles are spread evenly
particles of a solid which may
how hard you stir or mix, they throughout the dispersion
not dissolve in the liquid,
still remain as separate medium, which can be a solid,
partilces will eventually settle
substances lying beside each liquid, or gas
if left standing
other

1|Page
 Ms.Smedley Science 10 - Chemistry NAME____________________

Developing Ideas about Matter

The development of ideas about matter has occurred since ancient times. However, the use of the
scientific method over the last 400 years has seen a revolution in our understanding of the _STRUCTURE_
of matter. The following example briefly describes one pivotal experiment. It is _RUTHERFORDS gold foil
experiment.

Physicist Ernest Rutherford was working at McGill University in __MONTREAL___ in 1911, investigating
RADIOACTIVE_ materials, which had recently been discovered. Radioactive materials release high-
energy _PARTICLES although it was not understood why at the time. Rutherford knew that a large
amount of ____LEAD__ could __BLOCK__the particles, but that thinner pieces of metal would let some
through.

He took a sheet of gold foil that was extremely thin less than 1000 atoms across, and placed it in the
path of a stream of the high-energy particles. These particles were known to be _POSITIVELY charged
and __MASSIVE. They were being released by a radioactive material that Rutherford had placed in a
large lead block. The block had one tiny opening, which forced the particles to escape in a stream. Figure
1 shows that set-up for his experiment.

What he found revealed important new ideas about the nature of atoms. Most of the high-energy
particles went _STRAIGHT___ through the gold foil, and were detected by a special screen placed behind
the foil. However, a few particles, about 1 in every 10000, bounced back/were deflected as if they had
been __REPELLED__ by something tiny, massive, and positively charged. Rutherford had discovered the
____NUCLEUS___ - the tiny, dense, and positively charge ___CENTRE__of an atom. In the next section,
we will study the makeup of atoms and discuss the size of the nucleus compared to the size of the whole
atom. This information is based on the results from Rutherfords gold foil experiment.

FIGURE 1 Rutherfords gold foil experiment

2|Page
 Ms.Smedley Science 10 - Chemistry NAME____________________

Subatomic Particles Combine to Make Atoms

Atoms are composed of combinations of three particles: _PROTONS____, __NEUTRONS__, and
__ELECTRONS__. Table 1 lists some important properties of these particles. Protons and neutrons can
be thought of as tiny, __DENSE___ spheres. The electrons in an atom are better thought of as diffuse,
spread out clouds, in which the electron occupies the whole cloud all at once. The chemical properties
of an atom depend mainly on the number of __PROTONS__, the number of electrons, and the
___ENERGY___ ____LEVELS__or __SHELLS___ that the electrons occupy.

Table 1 Subatomic Particles

NAME SYMBOL RELATIVE ELECTRIC LOCATION IN
S MASS (Atomic CHARGE THE ATOM
Mass Unit, AMU)
Pro Proton P p 1 +1 +1 nucleus
Ne n 0
Neutron n Slightly more 0 nucleus
than 1
Elect Electron ee e Almost 0 - 1 -1 Cloud surrounding
the nucleus

FIGURE 2 Structure of a typical oxygen atom

Figure 2 represents a typical atom but it isnt drawn to the correct scale. In a real atom, the nucleus is
very tiny compared to the diameter of the whole atom. We cannot see an atom, even with a
microscope!! Imagine that the nucleus of an atom is the size of a _HOCKEY ___ _PUCK__sitting at centre
ice. The rest of the atom (occupied only by electrons) would be larger than an NHL ____STADIUM
including all the seats and much of the parking lot. It would extend as far above and below as from side
to side. Experiments show that an atom is about __10,000__ times the diameter of its nucleus.

Although the ___VOLUME___ of the atom is more than 99.99% electrons, 99.99% of the ___MASS___of
the atom is in the nucleus. This means that the nucleus is extremely dense. Think about it this way:
3|Page
 Ms.Smedley Science 10 - Chemistry NAME____________________

imagine that the volume of your classroom is filled with solid iron. Then, pretend that the nucleus of
every iron atom can be taken out and collected together in one spot. This collection of all the nuclei from
all the iron atoms filling the room would be the size of the period at the end of this sentence. But it would
weigh almost as much as the whole room of solid iron! So the mass of an atom is __CONCENTRATED__
right at its centre. Table 2 describes some parts of a typical atom.

Table 2 Atomic Components

Part Description
Nuc Tiny, dense, massive collection of protons and neutrons at the
NUCLEUS centre of an atom
Positive charge equal to the number of protons it contains
Shell Electron cloud around the nucleus
SHELL or Negatively charged, almost massless region occupied by electrons,
ENERGY which make up most of the volume of an atom
LEVEL Maximum number of electrons in the first three energy levels: 2,8,8
More complicated arrangement after the third energy level
(You will learn about these in later grades.)
OUTERMOST SHELL Outermost occupied energy level of an atom; the electrons in this

Or VALENCE ENERGY level are called valence electrons
LEVEL
Inner INNER ENERGY All the occupied energy levels closer to the nucleus than the valence
LEVELS energy level; the electrons in those levels are called inner electrons

Review Questions

1. a) What experiment was used to discover the nucleus?

Rutherfords Gold Foil Experiment

b) What did the experiment reveal about the properties of the nucleus?
It is tiny, dense and positively charged

2. List the three subatomic particles:

Electron, proton, neutron

Then list them in order from:

a) most negative to most positive
Electron, neutron, proton

b) heaviest to lightest
Neutron, proton, electron

c) distance from the centre of an atom

proton + neutron, electron

4|Page
 Ms.Smedley Science 10 - Chemistry NAME____________________

3. State the maximum number of electrons in each of the first three energy levels of an atom.

2, 8, 8 Remember by 288-ATOM or looking at Periodic Table arrangement

4. What is the special name given to the highest energy level of an atom that is occupied by
electrons?
Valence

The Periodic Table

This important tool, also known as Mendeleev's table, is a table of the all __ELEMENTS__ existing on
Earth. The Russian chemist Dmitri Mendeleev is credited with its creation in 1869. Since its original
creation, new elements have been _ DISCOVERED__ and added to Mendeleev's initial table. It is a
useful tool for studying the elements and how they ____COMBINE__ and we will learn more about its
detailed organization later. You do not need to memorize the Periodic Table but you do need to know
how to find information on it. Figure 3 outlines some of the info found in each element square.

FIGURE 3 Titanium has an atomic number of 22

Atomic Number, Mass Number and Atomic Mass (Oh My!)

Atoms have no overall electric ____CHARGE___. This is because the number of negatively charged
electrons equals the number of positively charged protons. (Refer back to Table 1 for info on charges of
subatomic particles). You can use the following two definitions to help you count the subatomic particles
in an atom:

__ATOMIC___ number: an integer that counts the number of ___PROTONS__ in an atom. This number
identifies the element precisely (e.g., all carbon atoms have six protons, and all atoms with six protons
are always carbon). It is unique to each element, in a similar way to a humans fingerprint. The atomic
number is located on the periodic table near the element name as shown in Figure 3.

___MASS____number: an integer that counts the total number of ____SUBATOMIC PARTICLES___in the
nucleus. The nucleus contains protons and neutrons, so the mass number is found by__ADDING__ the
number of protons and neutrons together. The mass number is NOT located on the periodic table. (Mass
number is sometimes confused with atomic mass, which is located on the periodic table. Atomic mass is
explained below.)

5|Page
 Ms.Smedley Science 10 - Chemistry NAME____________________

Quick Check
Consider two mystery atoms, X and Y:
Atom X has 9 protons and 8 neutrons.
Atom Y has an atomic number of 9 and mass number of 17.

Circle true or false for each of the following statements.

1. Atom X has a mass number of 17 True False
2. Atom X has an atomic number of 8. True False
3. Atom X has 9 electrons. True False
4. Atom X has 8 neutrons. True False
5. Atom Y has 17 protons. True False
6. Atom X and atom Y are the same element. True False

Atomic Mass
The periodic table shows a non-integer ___NUMBER___ for each element called the__ATOMIC____
___MASS___. This is the average mass of an elements___ISOTOPES____.

Refer to the periodic table to find the atomic mass of bromine. Verify that it is 79.9 amu (atomic mass
units). In fact, there are NO bromine atoms with this mass. A sample of bromine contains about a
fifty/fifty split between the stable isotopes Br-79 and Br-81. The first isotope is lighter than 79.9 amu
and the second one is heavier. The value 79.9 amu is the __AVERAGE__ atomic mass.

Remember that the atomic mass is recorded in the __PERIODIC__ __TABLE__but mass number is NOT.

Isotopes
Atoms of the same element are not always identical. They may differ in the number of __NEUTRONS___
they possess. These different forms of the same atoms are called _ISOTOPES__ of the element. For
example, most hydrogen atoms have one proton and one electron. However, two other kinds of
hydrogen also exist. These two isotopes are: ____DEUTERIUM__ with one proton and one neutron, and
__TRITIUM__ with one proton and two neutrons. We will look at isotopes more when we study
Radiation.

Review of Key Points

Neutral atoms of each element contain an equal number of PROTONS and ELECTRONS.
The number of PROTONS determines an element's atomic number and is used to distinguish one
element from another.
The number of neutrons is variable, resulting in ISOTOPES, which are different forms of the same
atom that vary only in the number of neutrons they possess.
Together, the number of PROTONS and the number of NEUTRONS determine an element's mass
number.
Since an element's isotopes have slightly different mass numbers, the atomic mass is calculated
by obtaining the AVERAGE of the mass numbers for its isotopes.

6|Page
 Ms.Smedley Science 10 - Chemistry NAME____________________

Atoms, Ions, and the Bohr Model

An atom consists of a negatively charged cloud of _ELECTRONS___that surrounds a positively charged
___NUCLEUS__ composed of protons and neutrons. Remember that an atom is electrically __NEUTRAL_-
__ overall because the number of electrons (negative) equals the number of protons (positive).

Most atoms are capable of either _GAINING___or ___LOSING___ electrons. A few elements, like
hydrogen, are able to do both. They can do this by accepting electrons from, or giving electrons to, other
atoms. Atoms that have gained or lost electrons are called ___IONS____.

An ion is an electrically charged atom (or group of atoms). When there are more electrons than protons,
the ion is __NEGATIVELY___charged. When there are fewer electrons than protons, the ion is
___POSITIVELY__charged. ____METALS__(on LHS of Periodic Table)__tend to lose electrons and
become positively charged. Non-metals (on RHS of Periodic Table) tend to gain electrons and become
negatively charged. Often both processes occur simultaneously. That is, a metal will give one or more of
its electrons to a non-metal. In this way, both positive and negative ions are produced at the same time.
Some examples are given in Table 3.

Table 3 Examples of an Atom and Ions

Symbol Atom or Ion Number of Number of Ion Charge
Protons Electrons
C atom 6 6 0
+3
Al ion 13 10 +3
(lost 3 electrons)
S-2 ion 16 18 -2
(gained 2 electrons)

__ION___ __CHARGE____ is a measure of an atoms ability to ___JOIN____ with other atoms. For
example, a calcium atom has 20 protons and 20 electrons. Experiments show that it can easily lose 2
electrons, which leaves 20 protons and 18 electrons. This makes it a calcium ion with an ion charge of
+2. As you will see, the charge on an ion determines how many other ions it can combine with. We will
learn more about how and why elements combine in certain ways but first we need a way to visualize
how subatomic particles are arranged in an atom.

A _BOHR_ __MODEL__is a diagram that shows the number of protons, neutrons and electrons in an
atom or ion. It is named after Neils Bohr (1885-1962) a Danish physicist who received the Nobel Prize for
his work on the structure of atoms. Figure 4 shows a Bohr model.

7|Page
 Ms.Smedley Science 10 - Chemistry NAME____________________

FIGURE 4 Bohr model for Fluorine atom

FIGURE 5 Bohr model for Fluoride ion (note-number of protons and neutrons not indicated in
this example)

Rules for Drawing Bohr Diagrams

Please indicate the number of protons and neutrons in the nucleus.
Remember the maximum number of electrons that can be in each energy level/shell. (2, 8, 8)
Think about how people sit on bus they sit by themselves unless forced to pair up. Same with
electrons!! Draw electrons as singles or pairs, NOT spaced out evenly around the shell.
Work clockwise and layout the electrons as if each energy level was divided into quadrants.
Work neatly!!!
If you are drawing an ion, be sure to include the Bohr model in square brackets and indicate the
ions charge on the top right.

To save space, more simple representations can be used instead of drawing out an entire Bohr diagram.
This version is sometimes called a single line Bohr model.
Fluorine atom: F 9p, 10n 2,7
Fluorine ion: F -1 9p, 10n 2,8,

Another simplified Bohr model!

8|Page
 Ms.Smedley Science 10 - Chemistry NAME____________________

Table 4 shows Bohr models for the first 18 elements in the periodic table, listed in increasing order by
atomic number. Note how the arrangement of electrons in atoms changes in a predictable way as the
atomic number increases. What is the pattern you notice?

Table 4 Bohr Models for the First 18 Elements

The Bohr models of the elements shown in Table 4 suggest some very strong patterns in the way
electrons are arranged in atoms and ions. The following practice will focus on some of these.

Develop Your Skills

Refer to Table 4 for the Bohr model of each element.

1. Complete the following table. For each element symbol, write the arrangement of electrons (using a
single line simplified Bohr model) for that element. H and Li are done for you. K and Ca are added for
extra practice!
H He
1
Li Be B C N O F Ne
2,1
Na Mg Al Si P S Cl Ar

K Ca

9|Page
 Ms.Smedley Science 10 - Chemistry NAME____________________

2. An atom will gain/lose electrons until it has a complete outer (valence) shell. When it gains/loses
electrons it becomes an ion with a charge. If it gains electrons, it becomes more negative (has a
negative charge) and when it loses electrons is becomes more positive (has a positive charge).
Complete the following table, showing the charge and the single line simplified Bohr model for the ions
of each of these elements. Note: He, Ne, and Ar do not form ions because their outer shell is already
full. S is done for you as an example.

H He

Li Be B C N O F Ne

Na Mg Al Si P S -2 Cl Ar
2,8,8
K Ca

3. Refer to your completed tables in steps 1 and 2 to fill in the following table. The first row is done for
you:

Elements Metals or Number of Gains or Loses Ion

Non-Metals Valence Electrons/ Charge
Electrons Number
Li, Na, K metals 1 Loses 1 +1
Be, Mg, Ca
O, S
F, Cl

The Periodic Table and Electron Arrangement

The Periodic Table lists the elements in increasing order according to their __ATOMIC__ __NUMBER__.
Hydrogen, with atomic number 1, is first. Next is helium with atomic number 2. The elements are placed
in rows called _PERIODS_____. For the first three rows, a new period begins after two elements
(hydrogen and helium), then eight elements (after neon), and then again after another eight elements
(argon). By now, the pattern __2,8,8__ should look very familiar. It is the _MAXIMUM__number of
_ELECTRONS___ in each shell or energy level in the Bohr model. Although electrons were not yet
discovered when Mendeleev constructed the periodic table in 1867, the table does place elements in
order according to their electron arrangements.

Mendeleev constructed his Periodic Table by placing elements with similar properties below each other
in the table. These chemical __FAMILIES___/_____GROUPS__ form columns of elements that have
strong similarities in their chemistry. One of the most important properties that elements within the
same group share is their ____ION____ __CHARGE___.

10 | P a g e
 Ms.Smedley Science 10 - Chemistry NAME____________________

-__NOBLE_____ ___GASES____ (He, Ne, Ar, Kr, Xe, Rn): The atoms all have filled valence energy levels,
experiments show that atoms with filled energy levels do not easily combine with other atoms to form
compounds.

- __ALKALI__ ___METALS__ (Li, Na, K, Rb, Cs, Fr): These atoms each have one electron in their valence
energy level. They lose one electron to form a +1 ion.

-__ALKALINE__ ___EARTH METALS__ ( Be, Mg, Ca, Sr, Ba, Ra): The atoms each have two electrons in
their valence energy level. They lose two electrons to form a +2 ion.

- ___HALOGENS__ (F, Cl, Br, I, At): The atoms each have seven electrons in their valence energy level.
They gain one electron to form a -1 ion.

- ____HYDROGEN____ (H) can lose an electron or gain one. This is part of what makes hydrogen unique
among the elements. Due to this, hydrogen sometimes appears twice on the periodic table, once as a
metal and once as a non-metal.

Diatomic Elements
Some elements cannot exist by _THEMSELVES_, even when they are isolated from any other type of
atom. Elements of this nature will combine with atoms of the same element in order to be _STABLE_.

In other words, hydrogen, a diatomic element, cannot be by itself. It cannot exist as simply H. Hydrogen
is so reactive that when isolated from everything but hydrogen it will combine into a diatomic (two atom)
molecule. Therefore, hydrogen gas is written as __H2__.

The fact that these elements are diatomic is ONLY when they are _ALONE_, NOT when chemically
bonded to another atom. When hydrogen is bonded to something other than itself, the numbers of
hydrogens depends on the charge of the other atom.

There are eight elements that form diatomic molecules that cannot exist by themselves. They are
hydrogen, nitrogen, oxygen, fluorine, chlorine, bromine, iodine and astatine. You can remember them
by using the saying _HOFBrINClAt_.

Quick Check
Circle true or false for each of the following statements.

1. The noble gases have filled valence energy levels. True False
2. F-1 is correctly represented as 9p 2, 7. True False
3. All ions have an electric charge; which may be positive or negative. True False
4. Alkali metals tend to gain an electron to form +1 ions. True False
5. Alkaline earth metals tend to gain two protons to form +2 ions. True False
6. Halogens are stable when they have one more electron than protons. True False

11 | P a g e
 Ms.Smedley Science 10 - Chemistry NAME____________________

The Bohr Model and Compound Formation

Bohr diagrams help us to understand how and why atoms___GAIN____/___LOSE___ electrons as they
__COMBINE__ to make compounds. Elements tend to react until their atoms have filled outer energy
levels. They are desperate to give/take electrons until their valence shell is full. This desperation makes
elements chemically __REACTIVE__. Once their outer energy levels are full, they tend to become very
much less reactive. This means that they are chemically __STABLE__. Consider, for example, the
compounds sodium chloride (table salt). It is very stable chemically. Although it can be made to react, it
will not light on fire, and it will not __DECOMPOSE__ even after thousands of years. When placed in
water, it quietly dissolves, and it is good, even essential, to eat in the correct amounts. Both types of ions
in sodium chloride (Na+1 and Cl -1) have filled outer energy levels.

Contrast this with ___Na METAL__ with one valence electron, and chlorine, with seven valence
electrons. Sodium metal reacts violently with water, and would burn tour hand if you tried to pick it up
without gloves. Chlorine gas is a poisonous, foul-smelling, greenish-yellow gas that destroys
______EYE__and _____LUNG___tissue on contact. Neither has ___FILLED___valence energy levels Na
wants to get rid of one electron and Cl wants to gain one electron. So, when sodium and chlorine are
brought together, electrons transfer from ___Na____atoms to ____Cl_____atoms. Their outer energy
levels become full, and they form the chemically stable compound sodium chloride. Bohr models help
us to count the electrons and to follow their movements from atom to atom in a reaction like this.

Ionic Bonding Ionic Compounds

When a __METAL____ and a ___NON-METAL__ react together, they do so by __TRADING___ electrons.
The metal atom gives electrons to the non-metal atom and they both become ions. They are joined by
an ___IONIC____ bond when they combine to form an ionic compound.

Some metals from the middle of the periodic table, such as iron and gold, form ions without achieving
filled energy levels. Such elements often have more than one ion charge. That means they can form more
than one kind of ion and are called _MULTIVALENT__. For example, iron has two ions: Fe +2 and Fe +3.
When using information on the Periodic Table, the most common ion formed is listed first.

Bohr diagrams are used to show the formation of sodium chloride in Figure 6
A B

FIGURE 6 A) Na has 1 valence electron and Cl has 7 valence electrons. B) One electron transfers from the Na atom to the Cl
atom. c) Na +1 and Cl -1 form an ionic bond as they join to become the ionic compound NaCl.
12 | P a g e
 Ms.Smedley Science 10 - Chemistry NAME____________________

Covalent Bonding Molecular Compounds

Non-metallic elements can react with other non-metallic elements as well. For example, hydrogen and
chlorine atoms can combine to form a compound containing only two atoms. The compound forms when
one electron from each atom is __SHARED__ by both atoms. No electrons actually transfer from one
atom to another. Since this kind of bond involves sharing valence electrons, it is called a _COVALENT____
bond (co- means _WITH_ and - valent refers to valence electron). This sharing of electrons allows
each atom to fill up its valence energy level. The atoms are joined by a covalent bond, and they form a
__MOLECULAR__ compound.

Bohr diagrams are used to show the formation of dihydrogen monoxide (H2O) in Figure 7
A B

FIGURE 7 A) O and H each have unfilled valence energy levels. B) A molecule of H2O forms when each atom shares
one valence electron with the other. This fills the valence energy levels of both atoms. The compound formed is
not drawn within square brackets because ions are not formed.

Review Questions
1. State the number of valence electrons for the elements in each of the following families:

a) alkali metals ______1_____ c) halogens ____7____

b) alkaline earth metals ____2_____ d) noble gases (except helium) ______8____

2) Write single line Bohr models for the following:

F _____9p, 10n 2,7__________ Na _______11p, 12n 2, 8, 1___

Ne ____10p, 10n 2, 8_________

13 | P a g e
 Ms.Smedley Science 10 - Chemistry NAME____________________

3. a) Write single line Bohr models for the following:

F -1 _____9p, 10n 2,8_________ Na +1 _____11p, 12n 2, 8____

Ne _____10p, 10n 2, 8________

b) How are they similar?

Electron arrangement is the same.
4. a) Write/Draw a Bohr model for an atom with 21 protons and 20 neutrons.

b) Is this atom a metal or a non-metal? Explain.

Metal because it has less than 4 valence electrons. Check on periodic table, atomic # is 21 so it is
Scandium

c) Suggest a likely ion charge for this atom.

3+

End of the first Unit!!! Now you need to complete a Cheat Sheet to prepare for the test.
One page only.
One side of page only.
Include all the criteria (I will give this to you ahead of time).
You may use it during the test but can only achieve a maximum score of 60%. It will be stapled
to your completed test.
If you dont use it during test, you will hand it in before the test for an assignment mark.

14 | P a g e