Methods how to teach and

learn 2nd Language

Acquisition
1) Grammar-translation method
The basic approach is to
analyze and study the
grammatical rules of the
target language and then
to practice manipulating
grammatical structures
through the means of
translation both into
and from the mother
tongue.
Grammar-translation characteristics
It embraces speaking
and the medium of
instructions is the
mother tongue.

It involves writing
sentences several
times and then
translating them into
the mother tongue.
2)Direct Method
It's the opposite of the Grammar Translation method. This
method establishes a direct or immediate association
between experience and expression.

It uses demonstration and dramatization to explain the

meaning of the words by using only the target language.
characteristics features of the direct method
a) Teaching concepts and
vocabulary through real-life
objects and other visual
materials.
b) Teaching grammar by using an
inductive approach
c) Centrality of spoken language
(including a native like
pronunciation)
d) Focus on question-answer
patterns
3) Audiolingualism
The audiolingual method is based in behaviorist theory, is a
variation of the direct method and The main idea of the
Audiolingual method is to develop pronunciation and grammar
skills, and the ability to respond correctly in speech
situations.
Is focused in grammar structures and the learning of grammar
rules for combining.
Audiolingual method, characteristics
- Is based in the cyclic process:
stimulus-response-reinforcement
- The objective of this method is to develop speaking and
listening skill.
- The method is based in drills and specially in substitution
drills.
- With the constantly practice, students improve their
learning and stop doing mistakes.
- It is a teacher-dominated method.
- The common oral drills: Repetition, inflection, Replacement
and Restatement
4)Presentation, Practice and Production (PPP Method)

Is a variation of audiolingualism method, with a

communicative language teaching, in this method, the
language is contextualized to be taught.

The teacher presented the language, students practise it

with reproductions techniques and then students use the
language to make sentences of their own,
PPP METHOD characteristics
- Meaningful, memorable and realistic.
- Is flexible.
- Uses substitution drills.
- The situations are contextualised.
PPP and alternatives to PPP (ESA method)
The Engage, Study and Activate method is a variation of the
PPP method in which students have to be encouraged with
their learning because affect and emotions are important.

Engage: Students are encouraged with their new learning.

Study: Is focused in the teaching and learning element,

Students learn how to use the language by activities and
teachers support

Activate: Students are encouraged to use the vocabulary that

they know to create their own meaningful ideas.
ESA METHOD CHARACTERISTICS
- Takes attention to students emotions.
- Students are important part of the syllabus.
- If the students are engaged with their learning, the
results will be effective.
- ESA method includes reading for pleasure.
- the procedures of ESA are flexible.

straight arrows Boomerang lesson procedure Patchwork lesson(e.g)

5) Four Methods
Community Language Learning

In the classic form, a knower stands outside a circle of

students and helps the students say what they want to say by
translating, suggesting or amending the students
utterances. The students may recorded so they can analyze
later. Students, with the teacher help, reflect on how they
felts about the activities
CLL CHARACTERISTICS
Its a good method to practice speaking and listening.

Created for learners who dont want to appear foolish

Total Psysical Response (TPR)

Is a method of teaching a language using a physical movement

to react a verbal input in order to reduce students
inhibitions and lower their affective filter (stress)
TPR CHARACTERISTICS
Its focused on meaning and comprehension
Overcoming the fear
Seated in a semi-circle
Suggestopaedia
Was develop by Georgi Lozanov and is concerned above all
with the psysical enviroment in which the learning takes
places.
Suggestopedia Characteristics
Students needs to be comfortable and relaxed so that
their affective filter is lowered.
Traumatic topics are avoided.
The teacher reads a previous-studied dialogue to
accompaniment of music.
Silent Way

Caleb Gattegno, believed that learning is

best facilitated if the learner discovers
and creates language rather than just
remembering and repeating what has been
taught. To some, Silent Way it seemed
inhuman.
Silent Way Characteristics
The learner needs to discover or create
Learning is made easier by the use of physical objects
such as Cuisenaire rods
Learning is made easier by problem - solving using the
target language
6) Communicative Language Teaching
Communicative Language Teaching
This theory, as the expert Wilkins (1976) said, the language uses are not only reflecting on gramar. He claimed that language
teachers need to motivate and to invite their students to communicate ideas, to be agree os disagree about them, in fact, to involve into a
learner role.
The actually importance is that teachers need to be creative, motivators for their students, because that depends on the student
adopting a posture of positivism since they are beginners.
There are some activities to do into the CLT that really involve the students in a real or realistic communicative scene.
Role plays, as other activities, are very useful in this case, because people who do this be involved into the roles, and they have to
speak and speak and act. Its a good way to create a communicative enviroment.
7)Task-Based Learning
Language acquisition and learning: How is it
done? There is no denitive model for
learning a language or indeed for the
acquisition of by children. Learner-centred
approaches Learner-centred approaches.

Characteristics
Draw knowledge from the learner.

working through their needs and

interests and selecting materials,
activities and tasks accordingly.

At all stages, negotiation between

facilitators and learners is encouraged
 Learning is seen as a
collaborative enterprise.

Any approach must consider the

context in which it is to be used
and consequently the possible
reaction of learners to the
methodology.

Facilitators will need to

negotiate with learners to ensure
that they are motivated and happy
to learn in that way.

The learners will then be

stakeholders in the approach.
Concrete example of a task
Task preparation
Task realisation
Post task
8)The Lexical Approach
Lexical Approach.

What is the lexical approach? In 1720,

Jonathan said that the lexical approach
is all about, devising the best possible
description of language,

language acquisition processes,

language teaching methods that can allow

learners to put

proper words in proper places.

Principles
Language consists of grammaticalized
lexis, not lexicalized grammar.

The grammar/vocabulary dichotomy is

invalid; much language consists of
multi-word chunks.

A central element of language teaching

is raising students awareness of, and
developing their ability to chunk
language successfully.

Collocation is integrated as an
organizing principle within syllabuses.
Grammar as structure is subordinate to
lexis.