1.

COMPLETE WITH THE VERB TO BE

1.- I _______________ a student from Brazil.
2.- My parents _______________ rich.
3.- My mother _______________ a good person.
4.- Philip _______________ short and very fat.
5.- You _______________ very strong.
6.- She _______________ tall and thin.
7.- The bird_______________ blue and yellow.
8.- You _______________ good students.
9.- The policeman _______________ angry.
10.- My country _______________ Spain

2. WRITE AM, IS OR ARE:
Hi! I ..................... Peter and this .......................... Emma. She ........................ my sister. We
.................... brother and sister. I ................... eleven and she .......................... ten. We
................... from Salford. Salford ......................... near Manchester. What ............................
your name? Where ........................ you from?


3. Complete the blanks with have got or has got.
-Sue ____________ two sisters and one brother.
-Mr and Mrs West ____________ three sons.
-Tony and I are drummers. We ____________ drums at home.
-Jonathan ____________ a skateboard. Its red and blue.
-The dogs ____________ a little house.
-The baby ____________ two teeth.
-Moira and Mac ____________ a helicopter.
-Jim is ill. He ____________ a temperature.
-My brother ____________ a new T-shirt.
-I ____________ a computer in my room.

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4. Complete using the present continuous of the verbs in brackets:
-They ........................................................... (drink) coffee.
-He ........................................................... (play) tennis.
-We ........................................................... (practise) yoga.
-The sun ........................................................... (shine).
-The cat ........................................................... (drink) milk.
-Two old ladies ........................................................... (sit) on a bench.
-Pete ........................................................... (not, smile).
-They ........................................................... (live) in New York.
-She ........................................................... (write) a letter.
-You ........................................................... (run) upstairs.
-Granny ........................................................... (bake) a cake.
-John and Mary ........................................................... (listen) to music.
-We ........................................................... (not, swim) in the sea.
-I ........................................................... (drive) a car.
-Jane ........................................................... (tidy) her room.

5. Complete the text using the present continuous with the following verbs: run play sing
shine blow cry have ride .

It s Sunday. The sun ........................................................... . The birds
........................................................... . A cool wind ........................................................... .
The children ........................................................... fun. Some
........................................................... bikes. Other ...........................................................
football. A little baby ........................................................... . Some dogs
........................................................... round.

6. Write the verb between brackets in the present simple or continuous.

- ......... you usually ......... (eat) vegetables?
- Sorry, I can t talk now. I .................. (brush) my teeth.
- Sandy .................. (not drink) alcohol very often.
- They.................. (work) at the factory from Monday to Friday.
- Listen! Somebody .................. (shout).
- He doesn t have time now. He .................. (do) his homework.

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- How often ........ she ........ (go) to the dentist?
- We .................. (go out) for dinner every Saturday night.
- Be quiet! I .................. (study) for tomorrow s exam.
- She s not at home at the moment. I think she .................. (do) the shopping.

PRESENT SIMPLE VS PRESENT CONTINUOUS EXERCISES
1. Put the verbs into the correct tense (present simple OR present continuous):
The train always ________________(1: leave) on time.
"What's the matter? Why ________________(2: cry/you)?"
That's strange. They________________(3: not to watch) TV. He________________(4: not to
speak) very good English.
Please be quiet! I________________(5: do) my homework. Where________________(6:
live/they)?
Listen! John ________________ music! (7: play)
I never ________________(8: go) to the swimming pool.

Harold Black's a famous pianist. He________________(9: give) two or three concerts every
week. He ________________(10: travel) a lot and this week he's in New York.
He________________(11: stay) at an expensive hotel. He's at his hotel now.
He________________(12: have) his breakfast in the diningroom. He________________(13:
drink) a cup of coffee and he________________(14: read) a newspaper. Harold's always very
busy. He________________(15: play) the piano regularly. He________________(16: practise)
for four hours every day. He________________(17: go) to bed late and he always
________________(18: get up) early. But he sometimes________________(19: get) dressed
too quickly, and this morning he________________(20: wear) one blue sock and one red one!

PRESENT SIMPLE / PRESENT CONTINOUS EXERCISES
1. Complete the sentences with the right form of the present simple or present continuous
1. Every Monday, Sally _________________________(drive) her kids to football practice.
2. Usually, I ________________ (work) as a secretary at ABT, but this summer I ___________
_________ (study) French at a language school in Paris.
3. Shhhhh! Be quiet! John _______________________ (sleep)
4. Don't forget to take your umbrella. It ____________________ (rain)
5. I hate living in Seattle because it ________________________ (rain, always) .

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6. I'm sorry I can't hear what you _____________________ (say) because everybody _______
_____________ (talk) so loudly.
7. Justin _______________________ (write, currently) a book about his adventures in Tibet.
8. Jim: Do you want to come over for dinner tonight?
Denise: Oh, I'm sorry, I can't. I ___________________ (go) to a movie tonight with some
friends.
9. The business cards _________________ (be, normally) printed by a company in New York.
Their prices ____________________ (not be) expensive and the quality is quite good.
10. This delicious chocolate ____________ (be) made by a small chocolatier in Zurich

2. Now complete the text with the present simple/continuous
Today _________________ (be) the second day of my trek around Mount Annapurna. I am
exhausted and my legs _________________ (shake); I just hope I am able to complete the
trek. My feet _______________(kill, really) me and my toes _______________ (bleed) , but I
________________ (want, still) to continue.
Nepal is a fascinating country, but I have a great deal to learn. Everything _________________
(be) so different, I __________________ (try) to adapt to the new way of life here. I
_________ ____________ (learn) a little bit of the language to make communication easier;
unfortunately, I ___________________ (learn, not) foreign languages quickly. Although I
________________ ____ (understand, not) much yet, I believe that I _________________
(improve, gradually) .
I ____________________ (travel, currently) with Liam, a student from Leeds University in
England. He _____________ (be) a nice guy, but impatient. He _________________ (walk,
always) ahead of me and ______________________ (complain) that I am too slow. I _______
___________ (do) my best to keep up with him, but he is younger and stronger than I am.
Maybe, I am just feeling sorry for myself because I am getting old.
Right now, Liam __________________ (sit) with the owner of the inn. They
________________ (discuss) the differences between life in England and life in Nepal. I
______________________ (know, not) the real name of the owner, but everybody
____________________ (call, just) him Tam. Tam _____________________ (speak) English
very well and he _______________ (try) to teach Liam some words in Nepali. Every time Tam
_________________ (say) a new word, Liam ___________________ (try) to repeat it.
Unfortunately, Liam ______________________ (seem, also) to have difficulty learning foreign
languages. I just hope we don't get lost and have to ask for directions.

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PAST SIMPLE / PAST CONTINUOUS EXERCISES
1. Complete the sentences with the SIMPLE PAST of the verbs in parentheses:

They ____________________ (watch) TV last night.
Priscila ____________________ (talk) to her friends all day.
I ___________________ (have) a terrible headache yesterday.
Bob _____________________ (come) home from school late.
They ____________________ (arrive) late and ___________________ (miss) the bus.
She ____________________ (study) hard and ___________________(pass) the exam.
He ____________________ (call) the office to tell them he was sick.
I ___________________ (speak) to the director as he was leaving the room.
Dr. Johnson ______________________ (get up) early this morning.
Mary _____________________ (do) her homework and ________________ (go) to school.
Chris ____________________ (find) a ten-dollar bill.
The dog ______________________ (follow) us down the road.
Those students _____________________ (work) hard last semester.
Lcio ___________________ (stop) at the corner and __________________ (call) us.
I ___________________ (try) to talk to Helen last night.
I ___________________ (pay) the phone bill yesterday.
My dad ____________________ (catch) a cold when he ________________ (be) in Canada.
She _____________________ (leave) home early yesterday.
They ____________________ (know) each other very well when they________________ (be)
kids.
The teacher _____________________ (bring) the exams corrected.
She was cleaning the vase when she ____________________ (drop) it.
We ___________________ (jog) in the park yesterday.
The fire ____________________ (occur) while we ___________________ (be) out.
I __________________ (meet) some nice people at the party last weekend.
Carol _____________________ (sleep) until late on the weekend. Then, she _______________
(go) out to lunch.
We ______________________ (fly) to the USA on a great airplane.

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1. Complete the sentences with the right form of past simple or the past continuous
1. A: What _______________________ (you, do) when the accident occurred? B: I
____________________ (try) to change a light bulb that had burnt out.
2. After I ________________ (find) the wallet full of money, I ____________________ (go,
immediately) to the police and ______________ (turn) it in.
3. The doctor ____________________(say) that Tom _________________ (be) too sick to go
to work and that he _____________________ (need) to stay at home for a couple of days.
4. Sebastian ____________________ (arrive) at Susan's house a little before 9:00 PM, but she
__________________ (be, not) there. She _______________________ (study, at the library)
for her final exam.
5. Sandy is in the living room watching television. At this time yesterday, she
_______________ ___________(watch, also) television. That's all she ever does!
6. A: I _____________________ (call) you last night after dinner, but you _________________
(be, not) there. Where were you?
B: I________________________(work) out at the fitness centre.
7. When I ______________________ (walk) into the busy office, the secretary _____________
____________ (talk) on the phone with a customer, several clerks _______________________
(work, busily) at their desks, and two managers ________________________ (discuss, quietly)
methods to improve customer service.
8. I _________________________ (watch) a mystery movie on TV when the electricity ______
____________ (go) out. Now I am never going to find out how the movie ends.
9. Sharon ____________________ (be) in the room when John told me what happened, but
she didn't hear anything because she _____________________ (listen, not) .
10. It's strange that you _________________ (call) because I _____________________ (think,
just) about you.
11. The Titanic _________________________ (cross) the Atlantic when it ________________
___________ (strike) an iceberg.
12. When I entered the bazaar, a couple of merchants _________________________ (bargain,
busily) and _____________________ (try) to sell their goods to naive tourists who __________
________________ (hunt) for souvenirs. Some young boys _____________________ (lead)
their donkeys through the narrow streets on their way home. A couple of men
______________ ____ (argue) over the price of a leather belt. I ____________________(walk)
over to a man who _________________ (sell) fruit and ______________________ (buy) a
banana.

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13. The firemen __________________________ (rescue) the old woman who _____________
______________ (be) trapped on the third floor of the burning building.
14. She was so annoying! She _______________________ (leave, always) her dirty dishes in
the sink. I think she ______________________ (expect, actually) me to do them for her.
15. Samantha _______________________ (live) in Berlin for more than two years. In fact, she
(live) ___________________ there when the Berlin Wall came down.

2. Now complete the text with the past simple/continuous
Last night, while I was doing my homework, Angela __________________ (call). She said she
___________________(call) me on her cell phone from her biology classroom at UCLA. I asked
her if she _________________ (wait) for the class, but she said that the professor was in front
of her speaking while she ___________________ (talk) to me. I couldn't believe she ________
____________ (make) a phone call during the class. I asked what was going on.
She said her biology professor was so boring that several of the students _________________
_________ (sleep, actually) in class. Some of the students ________________________ (talk)
about their plans for the weekend and the student next to her
______________________(draw) a picture of a horse. When Angela _____________________
(tell) me she was not satisfied with the class, I _____________________(mention) that my
biology professor was quite good and ___________________________ (suggest) that she
switch to my class.
While we were talking, I _______________________(hear) her professor yell, "Miss, are you
making a phone call?" Suddenly, the line went dead. I ________________________(hang) up
the phone and went to the kitchen to make dinner. As I ____________________________
(cut) vegetables for a salad, the phone rang once again. It _________________________ (be)
Angela, but this time she wasn't sitting in class.

PRESENT PERFECT

1. Write sentences with the present perfect
They / ask / a question _________________________________________________
He / speak / English ___________________________________________________
I / be / in my room _____________________________________________________
We / not wash / the car _________________________________________________

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 Annie / do / her homework ? _____________________________________________

2. Write questions in the present perfect using ever
She / kiss / a boy ____________________________________________________?
They / write / a poem _________________________________________________?
You / travel/ by plane _________________________________________________?
He / eat / snake _____________________________________________________ ?
They / know / a famous singer __________________________________________?

3. Write negative sentences in the present perfect using never
We / be / to London ___________________________________________________
My father / drive / a lorry _______________________________________________
Peter and Mary / drink / tea _____________________________________________
She / cook / dinner ____________________________________________________
You / meet / him ______________________________________________________


4.Write sentences in the present perfect using ever and never
1. Have you ___________________________ eaten lobster?
2. I have ___________________________ been to France.
3. I think I have _________________ really known you.
4. Thats the smallest car I have _____________________ ridden in.
5. I have ____________________ suggested that a test should replace a teacher.
6. She is probably the most fascinating woman I have ______________________ met.
7. I have ____________________ met a person with such constantly terrible bad luck.
8. Have your children _____________ had Turkish Delight or chocolate-covered pistachios?
9. You cant say this is a great movie is if you have __________________ seen Citizen Kane.
10. Has she _______________________ visited a foreign country?
11. They have ___________________________ written a poem 12. Has he
______________________ appeared on TV?

5. Read the situations and complete the sentences with for or since and the words in
brackets
1. Its raining. It ________________________________________ more than five hours (rain)

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2. Sean and Megan met years ago. They ___________________________________________
years (know/each other)
3. Joe got ill on Sunday. He _______________________________________________ Sunday
(be/ill)
4. Pete got ill a few days ago. Pete _______________________________________ a few days
(be/ill)
5. You have a headache. It started when you woke up. I _______________________________
____________________ I woke up (have/ a headache)

6.Complete the sentences using for or since

1. Its been raining _______________________ lunchtime
2. Sarah has lived in Paris _____________________ 1995
3. Paul has worked in London _____________________ ten years now
4. Im bored. Ive been waiting here _________________ an hour
5. Kevin has been looking for a job ____________________ he left school
6. I havent been to a party _____________________ ages
7. I wonder where Joe is. I havent seen him __________________ last week 8. Jane has been
away ______________________ Friday
9. Its so dry. I hasnt rained ____________________ some weeks
10. They have been going out ________________________ a very long time

PAST SIMPLE AND PRESENTE PERFECT

1. Complete the sentences with the past simple and present perfect

1.- They _________ (write) their exams yesterday.

2.- They _________ (start) building their new house 18 months ago.
3.- I ________ (meet) the company manager two weeks ago.
4.- I ________ (be born) in 1964.
5.- That was the best concert I _____ ever _______ (see).
6.- I __________ (not eat) anything since breakfast.
7.- I _________ (study) English for 10 years.
8.- You ___________ (change) your address recently.
9.- When I was 15 I _________ (go) to Dublin.
10.- My students _________ (raise) a lot of money for charity.

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11.- We _________ (not go) to the cinema last night.
12.- My uncle ________ (arrive) in Lisbon last night but he _________ (not call)
13.- We _________ (not see) Pedro Almodovars new film yet.
14.- _________ (you go) abroad this year?
15.- The shop is probably closed because they _______ (go) for lunch.
16.- When I ______ (be) at school I ______ (not like) Maths.
17.- Whats the matter with your brother? He ________ (lose) his mobile.
18.- Mark Spitz ________(win) seven Olympic gold medals in 1972.
19.- Why are you crying? Because I _______ (cut) my finger.
20.- When Mary was young she _______ (love) skiing.
21.- There _______ (be) a lot of accidents last year, and there _________ (be) a lot this year,
too.
22.- My students __________ (not study) hard last term, but they ______ (study) hard this
term.
23.- When my niece ______ (be) at school, she ________ (play) in a handball team.
24.- After I _____ (leave) school, I ______ (take) a job on the library.
25.- Im afraid the last train ________ (leave) an hour ago.
26.- Thank you for your offer but I _________ (decide) not to accept.
27.- Yesterday I __________ (lose) my wallet.
28.- We ________ (not speak) to your sister for a long time.
29.- When we ________ (reach) the cinema, there _______ (not be) any tickets left.
30.- Take your umbrella with you. It ________ (start) raining.

Future Tenses

Present Simple

Use: in timetables and schedules

The bus leaves at 6.30

Present Continuous

To be + gerund

Use: hablar de planes futuros que han sido confirmados. Yo siempre pongo el ejemplo de la
agenda, t miras en tu agenda y ves que tienes una cita, la cual ha sido confirmada.

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The president is opening the museum at 6 p.m

Will future

Form: will + infinitive

She will come back at ten/ She wont come back at ten/ Will she come back at ten?

Uses

A) Expresar certeza en el futuro. Suele ir con expresiones como Im sure, o adverbios

como surely, definitely

We will definitely phone her tonight

B) Expresar prediccin en el futuro. Suele ir con expresiones como I think, Perhaps,

Maybe

It will be windy tomorrow

C) Para hacer promesas.

I will buy a present for you next birthday

D) Para tomar una decisin justo cuando estamos hablando. Ten cuidado porque si
traduces las frases, te pegara ms poner going to, pero no, no te gues por la
traduccin.

Its hot here. I will open the window

E) Cuando te ofreces para hacer algo educadamente.

I will carry that suitcase for you

F) Cuando pides algo educadamente.

Will you do it for me?

Going to future

Form: to be + going to+ verb

They are going to sleep/ They arent going to sleep/Are they going to sleep?

Uses

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 A) Para expresar intenciones, algo que te has propuesto y que tienes intencin de hacer.

I am going to eat less

B) Para hablar de planes futuros. Suelen ser algo lejanos, y por lo tanto, no tienen por
qu ser confirmados.

They are going to build a new bridge next autumn

C) Para hacer predicciones de futuro a travs de hechos evidentes en el presente. Tiene

que haber algo que te diga que va a ocurrir.

Its very hot today. We are going to sweat

Future Continuous

Form: Will be + gerund

She will be flying to Denmark this time next week.

Se usa para hablar de acciones que estarn en marcha en un momento del futuro. Puede ir
con alguna expresin como this time (en estos momentos)

This time next month I will be finishing my novel

Future Perfect

Form: will have + participle

They will have finished the bridge by next summer.

Se usa para hablar de acciones que habrn terminado en un momento del futuro.

They will have published her third novel by next month.

1. Circle the correct word.

What are you reading? Its a magazine called Music to your Ears. Its about inventions and
what (1) will / wont happen in the future. Well, one thing is sure. We (2) will / wont be
listening to CDs. Everyone (3) will / wont have an MP3 player. I dont know. I dont think
things (4) will / wont change that much. What do you think (5) will / wont replace MP3
players? What do you mean? MP3 players (6) will / wont be replaced. Thats what people
thought about LPs, and its difficult to find those now. alex Well, they might be replaced, but it

14
(7) will / wont be for a few more years. jay Im not so sure. There (8) will / wont be another
new music invention and everyone (9) will / wont want one. You could be right, but I (10) will
/ wont change mine. Its got all my favorite music on it.

2. Complete the sentences using be going to/will
1. If you help me I _______________ (finish) sonner.
2. She _____________________ (visit) London next week.
3. These shoes are really dirty. I ______________ (clean) them!
4. She ___________ (be) eighteen on Monday.
5. It's very hot in here. I _____________ (open) the window.
6. I ___________ (go) to the party unless it rains.
7. I have got a special plan for the weekend. I _____________________ (learn) how to make a
cake.
8. If you pass the exam I ___________ (be) very proud of you.

3.Complete the sentences with the correct form of the verb in brackets. Use the Future
Simple, be going to, Future Perfect or Future Continuous.
1. The concert ................................... (start) at exactly 10 oclock.
2. See you at the station! I ................................... (wear) a red jacket.
3. Dont worry! I ................................... (not leave) without you.
4. We certainly ................................... (not finish) all the work by this time tomorrow.
5. Anne ................................... (invite) some of her friends for dinner after work.
6. ................................... she ................................... (remember) to call us this afternoon?
7. What ................................... you ................................... (do) at the weekend?

1.Complete these sentences using the correct future form of the verbs given in brackets:

1. Yes, I promise_________(not do) it again, mother.

2. What time_____________(return) tonight?
3. I_______________(buy) a present for my fathers birthday.
4. I______________(start) a diet and I______________(give up) smoking, but I dont
know if I________________(can) go to the gym twice a week.
5. Shes pregnant, she____________(have) a baby, I think it__________(be) a boy.
6. My daughter___________(be) 20 years next Tuesday.
7. ______________ (someone answer) the phone? Sure, I__________(do) it.

15
 8. What time______________(take) the train tomorrow?
9. Be careful! You______________(hit) that wall!
10. Have you decided what to wear tonight? Yes, I________________(wear) my new
dress.
11. By 7,00 pm they_______________(play) for six hours.
12. I____________(finish) painting your room by the time you get home.
13. Phone me tomorrow morning, I_____________(not do) anything then.
14. What do you want to have? I____________(have) a glass of wine.
15. She____________(phone) me as soon as she gets home.
16. By five oclock, they______________(finish) their exam.
17. By the year 2010, scientists_____________(find) a cure for AIDS.
18. What______________(your son/be) after he passes his exams?
19. He says he______________(be) a teacher, though perhaps he__________(change) his
mind.

THE PASSIVE

- Todos los tiempos: BE+PAST PARTICIPLE

Ex: Coffee is grown in Columbia
TO-BE + PARTICIPLE

- Algunos verbos que no se pueden utilizar en pasiva: go, arrive, have, happen, die,
come. live, exist, occur, sleepse podrn pasar a pasiva los verbos que sean
transitivos, es decir, los que puedan llevar complemento directo.

Ex: I eat bananas Bananas are eaten
CD

- A la hora de pasar una oracin a pasive, tendremos que tener en cuenta tres cambios:

1. El sujeto de la oracin activa pasar a ser complemento agente en la
oracin pasiva

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 2. El complemento directo de la oracin activa pasar a ser sujeto
paciente (el que recibe la accin), en la oracin pasiva.
3. A la hora de pasar el verbo a pasiva, tendremos que seguir siempre la
misma regla: tendremos que poner el verbo to-be en el mismo tiempo
en el que va el verbo de la oracin en activa, y despus poner siempre
el participio del verbo conjugado.

- A continuacin, vamos a ver algunos ejemplos de paso de activa a pasiva con distintos
tiempos verbales:

TENSES ACTIVE PASSIVE
Present Simple She writes novels Novels are written
Present Cont. She is writing Novels are being written
Pres. Perfect She has written Novels have been written
Past Simple She wrote novels Novels were written
TENSES ACTIVE PASSIVE
Past Cont. She was writing Novels were being written
Past Perfect. She had written Novels had been written
Future Simple She will write Novels will be written
Future Perfect She will have written Novels will have been written
Be going to She is going to write.. Novels are going to be written
Modals She can write novels Novels can be written

- En cuanto al complemento agente, que siempre ir precedido por by, slo se pondr
cuando se trate de personas, animales o cosas concretas. Se debe evitar con palabras
como people, someboby, me

- Existen verbos en ingls que pueden tener un doble complemento, un complemento

directo o complemento de cosa, y un complemento indirecto o complemento de
persona. En estos casos, a la hora de pasar a pasiva tendra prioridad el complemento
de persona.

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 Ex: I gave her a letter She was given a letter
CI CD

1.Put each verb into the Simple Present Active or Passive.

Gorillas are found in several countries in Central Africa. They are about 1.6 metres tall, and
they (cover) .............................................. with black and brown hair.
Gorillas lives (spend) .......................................... in groups. Each group (have)
................................. five to ten gorillas in it. The gorillas in a group (walk)
.................................... about 0.5 to 1.0 km per day, looking for food. They (not eat)
................................................ all the leaves in one part of the forest before moving on; some
leaves (leave) ........................................... on the trees and plants. At night gorillas (sleep)
............................................. in nests; these nests (make) ................................... of branches
and leaves.
The number of gorillas living in Africa today (not know) ...................................., but it is certain
that this number is getting smaller. Why? Because in the countries where the gorillas
(live).......................................,more and more trees (cut down) ............................................
every year.

2. Complete the text with the passive form of the verbs in brackets. Pay attention to the
time expression.

Many years ago, houses .................................... (build) with mud. Clothes
.................................... (make) by hand, wood .................................... (cut) for fires,
vegetables ................................. (grow) by each family and horses ................................. (use)
for transportation.
In the future, things will be different: Everything .............................................. (do) by robots,
new treatments .................................... (find) for diseases. Food ....................................
(grow) under water. New kinds of music .................................... (compose) and new stars
.................................... (discover).
Every morning before I go to school, my mother makes sure that these things are done: The
dog ..................................... (feed), the plants ................................... (water), a note
.................................. (leave) for my brother, the lights .................................. (turn off) and
the door .................................. (lock).

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3.Write these sentences into the passive voice when possible.

1. They never study conditional sentences.

2. Someone has moved my chair!

3. Students must study English in this high school.

4. They grow tea in Sri Lanka.

5. Inspector Holt questioned Mr and Mrs Davidson.

6. Workers will mend the road soon.

7. Poor Tom! A bus ran him down.

8. The firm advertised three posts.

9. Has anyone asked you to tell the story?

10. Did he give you enough sugar?

11. Will your brother finish the work by tomorrow?

12. We will sell our house.

13. Marys boyfriend will pick her up tonight.

14. Does someone water the plants regularly?

15. Pat and Janet saw your brother at the party last night.

16. They are on their honeymoon, they married last week.

17. They often invite me to weddings.

19

18. The gardener didn't cut the lawn yesterday.

19. They sent me an invitation for the party.

Relative Clauses

1. Relative Pronouns.

WHO: people WHERE: places

WHICH: Things WHEN: time

Whose: Possession (Cuyo)

2. Defining Relative clauses

- Definen la persona, lugar u objeto a que se refiere el hablante. Pueden actuar como
sujeto (cuando el relativo realiza la accin de sujeto en la oracin de relativo) o como
objeto (cuando el relativo sustituyo al objeto en la oracin de relativo.
- Sujeto: The person who makes bread is called baker.
The person makes bread
Subject (Antecedente)

The shop which sells vegetables is called a greengrocers
The shop sells vegetables
Subject (Antecedente)

- Objeto: The people who we met at the party come from Finland
We met the people at the party
Object (Antecedente)

The book which youve written will be successful.
You have written the book
Object (Antecedente)

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 - No hay comas que separen la oracin de relativo del resto.
- El relativo se puede omitir cuando funciona como objeto o complemento de la
preposicin de la oracin de relativo
The people we met at the party come from England
The book youve written will be successful.

3. Non Defining Relative Clauses
- Proporcionan informacin adicional a la presentada por la oracin principal, pero
dicha informacin podra omitirse sin afectar en absoluto el significado de la frase.
Estas oraciones suelen ir entre comas, y siempre damos dos informaciones sobre una
misma persona u objeto.

William Shakespeare, who died in 1616, wrote very famous plays

My new bike, which I bought last week, is fantastic

- Los pronombres relativos nunca pueden omitirse en este tipo de oraciones

1. Write who/that/which in the blanks.

-I met a woman who can speak six languages.
-Whats the name of the man _____________ lives next door?
-Whats the name of the river _____________ goes through the town?
-Everybody _____________ went to the party enjoyed it very much.
-Do you know anybody _____________ wants to buy a car?
-Where is the picture _____________ was on the wall?
-She always asks me questions _____________ are difficult to answer.
-I have a friend _____________ is very good at repairing cars.
-A coffee-maker is a machine _____________ makes coffee.
-I dont like people _____________ never stop talking.
-Have you seen the money _____________ was on the table?
-Why does he always wear clothes _____________ are too small for him?

2. Join the following sentences using a relative

1. The Prime Minister was elected last month. He visited our town last week.

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 2. Toms father goes swimming every day. He is 78.

3. Do you know the girl? Tom is talking to her.

4. Bring me the cigarettes. I left them on the table.

5. Mr. Hogg is in Spain. His son has been missing for 5 days.

6. I protested to the woman. Her dog bit me.

7. The girl left him after a few weeks. He was in love with her.

8. Yesterday I met John. He told me he was getting married next month.

9. Martin speaks both English and Spanish. His mother is Spanish.

10. The man was away on holiday. I wanted to see this man.

11. This is the man. I gave money to him this morning.

12. What is the name of the woman? Her car has broken down.

CONDITIONALS

Primer condicional: este tipo de oraciones se utiliza para expresar algo que siempre es
verdad o muy probable en el presente o futuro.
Ejemplos:
- If you eat too much sugar, you ll have to visit the dentist.
- If you are late again, your boss won t be happy.
- If it rains, we won t have to water the plants.
- We ll still catch the train if we leave now.
La estructura del primer condicional es:

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If + frase en presente simple + frase en futuro

Segundo condicional: se utiliza para expresar condiciones que son improbables o imposibles
en el presente o futuro.
Ejemplos:
- If I were you, I would change jobs.
- If she arrived soon, we could go to the cinema.
- If they knew that, they would be very upset.
- I would go home if I didn t have so much to do.
La estructura del segundo condicional es:
If + frase en pasado simple + frase en condicional simple (would/could/might + infinitivo)

Tercer condicional: estas oraciones expresan condiciones irreales en el pasado, es decir,
condiciones que podran haberse dado pero no se dieron.
Ejemplos:
- If I had known that, I would have told you immediately.
- If the weather had been nice, we would have gone for a walk.
- I wouldn t have gone to the theatre if I had known that the play was so boring.
- If you had been here earlier, you would have met Maria.
La estructura del tercer condicional es:
If + frase pasado perfecto (had + participio) + frase condicional compuesto (would/could/might
have +
inf.)

1 Put the verbs in brackets into the correct tenses
1. If I see him I (tell) him all about it.
2. If I had known you were in hospital I (visit) you.
3. He would get fat if he (stop) smoking.
4. Many tourists would come to this country if it (have) a better climate.
5. If I had realized the traffic lights were red I (stop).
6. I (keep) a horse if I had the means to look after him properly.
7. If he (eat) all that he will be ill.
8. What would you do if the lift (get) stuck between two floors?
9. If I (win) a big prize in a lottery Id give up my job.
10. If we had more rain our crops (grow) faster.

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 11. If everybody (give) 1 we would have enough.
12. If he had known that the river was dangerous he (not try) to swim across it.
13. If you (paint) the walls white the room would be much brighter.
14. The police (arrest) him if they catch him.
15. If you had left that wasp alone it (not sting) you.
16. If I find your passport I (telephone) you at once.
17. Ice (turn) to water if you heat it.
18. If you (not like) this one Ill bring you another.
19. If I tell you a secret, you (promise) not to tell?
20. If you pass your examination we (have) a celebration.
21. I (repair) the roof myself if I had a ladder.
22. If she leaves the fish there the cat (get) it.
23. You (not have) so many accidents if you drove more slowly.
24. Youll get pneumonia if you (not change) your wet clothes.
25. If the milkman (come), we will tell him to leave two more pints.
26. If you had read the instructions carefully you (not answer) the wrong question.
27. If anyone attacked me, my dog (jump) at his throat.
28. If the story hadnt been true the newspaper (not print) it.
29. If you go to Paris where you (stay)?
30. If he (read) in bad light he will ruin his eyes.

MODAL VERBS

CAN: Poder, saber (hacer algo). Indica habilidad. Tambin puede usarse para hacer preguntas
educadas.
-He can lift a hundred kilos. (habilidad)
-He can't speak English. (habilidad)
-Can you tell me the time, please? (pregunta educada).
COULD: Pasado (pude, poda, supe, saba) y condicional (podra, sabra) de CAN. Indica
habilidad. Tambin puede usarse para hacer preguntas educadas. Tambin para expresar
posibilidad (como MAY y MIGHT. Ver ms abajo).
-I could speak Italian when I lived in Italy but I can't now. (habilidad) I tried to pass my exam,
but I couldn't. (habilidad)
-Could you tell me the time, please? (pregunta educada)
-He could be the man of your life. (posibilidad)

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BE ABLE TO
-I havent been able to pass the exam (no he podido aprobar el examen).
MAY: Poder, puede que (para indicar posibilidad o pedir permiso).
The forecast says it may rain tomorrow, but it's not sure. (posibilidad)
He isn't at the party. He may not have received the invitation. (posibilidad)
May I speak to you, sir? (permiso)
MIGHT: posiblilidad
MUST: Deber. Indica obligacin o deducin.
MUSTNT: Indica o prohibicin
It's two o'clock. I must go now. (obligacin)
His clothes are wet. It must be raining. (deduccin)
You mustn't drive on the right in England. (prohibicin)
HAVE TO: Tener que. Indica una obligacin impuesta por alguien.
I have to get up at seven o'clock every day. (obligacin)
Did you have to go with your father? (obligacin)
I dont have to get up early every day (ausencia de obligacin).
I dont have to get up early every day. (ausencia de obligacin)
NEEDN'T: No tener que, no hacer falta que (ausencia de obligacin).
I needn't go to school tomorrow. It's Sunday.
SHOULD/OUGHT TO:
Debera. (obligacin no tan fuerte como MUST o HAVE TO: implica consejo o deber).
I think you ought to work harder.
Ought we to invite him to the party? Yes, we ought. You oughtn't to be so rude.
I think you should work harder.
Aparte de ser el auxiliar para el modo condicional, se puede usar

1. Choose the correct answer.

1. When Tom was 16, he was a fast runner. He ______ run 200 metres in 22 seconds.

a) Can b) Could c) Cant d) Couldnt

2. I'm afraid I ______ come to your party next Saturday.

a) Can b) Could c) Cant d) Couldnt

3. I'm not in a hurry. I've got plenty of time. I _______ wait.

a) Can b) Could c) Cant d) Couldnt

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4. I was feeling terribly sick yesterday. I ________ eat anything.

a) Can b) Could c) Cant d) Couldnt

5. Can you speak loudly, please? I _______ hear you very well.

a) Can b) Could c) Cant d) Couldnt

6. "You look exhausted." "Yes, I _________ sleep last night.

a) Can b) Could c) Cant d) Couldnt

7. This is a very precious book. You ________ lose it.

a) must b) mustn't c) needn't

8. He will be having lessons for another two hours. We _________ visit him now.

a) must b) mustn't c) needn't

9. You _________ wash those carrots. They've already been washed.

a) must b) mustn't c) needn't

10. We _______ hurry. We've got plenty of time.

a) must b) mustn't c) needn't

11. We have enough milk in the fridge so we __________ buy some more.

a) must b) mustn't c) needn't

12. This is a very great novel. You _______ read it.

a) must b) mustn't c) needn't

13. Time is not on our side. We _________ hurry.

a) must b) mustn't c) needn't

14. 'What kind of car do you want to buy? Something flashy?' 'Well, it __________ be

flashy - that's not important.'

a) must b) mustn't c) needn't

14. Tim gave me a mail to send. I ___________ remember to mail it.

a) must b) mustn't c) needn't

15. Mary gave me a letter to post. I __________ forget to mail it.

a) must b) mustn't c) needn't

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2.CHOOSE THE CORRECT OPTION.

A. When David was three years old he __________ write his own name.
1. must 2. could 3. is able to

B. In my opinion, Sheila ___________ apologise for her rude behaviour.

1. should 2. have to 3. can

C: Pupils ____________ smoke in the school grounds. It is forbidden.

1. couldnt 2. neednt 3. musnt

D. The bus _________ be late because of the heavy rain.

1. should 2. might 3. can

E. Im sorry, I ____________ help you. I dont know anything about cars.

1. shouldnt 2. cant 3. neednt

3. Fill in the gaps with the right modal verbs. (must, mustnt, should, shouldnt,
ought to, have to.)
1. Children under thirteen___________ be accompanied by their parents.
2. People___________run around the swimming-pool.
3. It is not an obligation, but swimmers ___________ wear caps in the water.
4. All the users___________ read these instructions before entering the swimming-
pool.
5. The changing room___________ be left clean and tidy.
6. Swimmers ___________ have a shower before entering the swimming-pool.
7. For the safety of users, swimmers_________ eat before going into the pool.

S43. Choose the right modal verb. Elixa o verbo modal correcto para cada unha destas
frases.
1. All workers ............... wear protective shoes when working in the factory.
a) mustnt
b) have to
c) must

2. The secretary ................... finish all this work before going home.
a) must
b) has to
c) had to

3. Jenny doesnt do anything in her house, she ...............help more.

a) mustnt
b) hasnt to
c) has to

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Pxina 28 de 45

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4. When I was a teenager, we .................. do a lot of homework.
a) must
b) had to
c) has to

5. Excuse me, you .................. smoke on the bus, its not allowed.
a) havent to
b) mustnt
c) dont have to

6. You will ......... save a lot of money if you want to go on holiday next summer.
a) must
b) have to
c) can

7. We ............. hurry if we want to be at the cinema on time.

a) had to
b) have
c) must

8. You ............... open the door oven before the fish is cooked.
a) didnt have to
b) dont have to
c) mustnt

FINAL REVISION

A) Write the verbs in brackets in present simple or present continuous.

1. On Saturdays Susan _____________ (help) in her parents' shop.
2. It's eleven o'clock. Terry _____________ (get) up.
3. _____________ (Bobby, play) for Liverpool? - No, he ___________ (play) for

Manchester United.

4. Mrs. Moore _____________ (travel) to London every day but today she

_____________ (travel) to Brighton.

5. Eileen ____________ (do) her homework in her room. She always _________

(do) it after dinner.

B) Write the verbs in brackets in past simple or past continuous.

1. What _____________ (you, buy) when you _____________ (go) shopping?

2. _____________ (you, be) at Sally's party last Saturday? - No, I

_____________ (stay) at home because I _____________ (be) ill.

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 3. When I _____________ (go) to school, I _____________ (meet) an old

friend, when I _____________ (see) him, I _____________ (say) 'hello'.

4. While I _____________ (fly) to Spain, I _____________ (talk) to the pilot.

5. What _____________ (you, do) yesterday at 9.00? - I _____________ (dry)

my hair.

C) Write the verbs in brackets in present perfect or past simple.

1. He _____________ (write) a letter to the local newspaper, but he

__________ (not post) it yet.

2. _____________ (you, do) the Maths homework? - Yes, I _____________ (do)

it last night.

3. How long _____________ (she, live) here? - She _____________ (come) two

months ago.

4. _____________ (you, be) to Australia? - Yes, I _____________ (be) there

last September.

5. What time _____________ (she, finish) the project?

D) Write the verbs in brackets in future with will or with be going to.

1. Max is planning something very exciting. He _____________ (sail) round the

world.

2. I think we _____________ (get) there on time.

3. We are playing very well. We _____________ (win) the match.

4. How old are you, Jackie? - I _____________ (be) eighteen next Friday. - Oh,

really? _____________ (you, have) a party? - I _____________ (have) a

meal in a restaurant with a few friends. - That _____________ (be) nice.

E) Write the verbs in brackets in the correct tense, present, past or future.

1. _____________ (Jackie, put) her posters on the wall now? - No, she

_____________ (study).

2. When it _____________ (start) to rain, I _____________ (put) my coat on.

3. I _____________ (already, see) Shrek 3. - When _____________ (you, see)

it? - I _____________ (see) it at the cinema last week.

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 4. She _____________ (start) her project on Sunday, but she _____________

(not finish) it yet.

5. _____________ (you, have) breakfast this morning? - Yes, I did, when I

_____________ (drink) my coffee, I _____________ (spill) it.

6. She _____________ (get) a letter from her American friend every month but

she __________________ (not write) to him very often.

7. _____________ (you, usually, wear) jeans? - Yes, because I __________ (like)

jeans very much.

8. While the man _____________ (paint) the house, he _____________ (fall)

off the ladder and _____________ (break) his leg.

9. We _____________ (perform) a play in school next week.

10. The weather _____________ (be) nice tomorrow.

11. I _____________ (know) Alan since we _____________ (be) children.

12. While I __________ (stay) with Carmen in Spain, I __________ (not take)

many photographs because my camera ___________ (be) broken and I

________ (not have) money to buy a new one.

F) Write questions for the underlined answers.

1. Julian came to see me.

2. My parents go to the gym twice a week.

3. Ill see you at the party.

4. Yesterday I got up at 8.

5. Susan doesnt like football.

6. I wanted a sandwich because I was hungry.

7. She has been here since this morning.

8. They are listening to music.

9. She comes to school by car every day.

10. Linda lives with her parents.

G) Fill in the gaps with a modal or semi-modal verb.

1. .. you pass me the salt, please?

2. Jenny tried to carry him, but she ..

3. Why . you come to the disco tomorrow?

4. You know you .. speak like that to your brother.

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 5. We . spend too much money tonight, we have got only a little left.

6. I have one of those sandwiches?

7. I . find my front door key last night.

8. She .. come if she doesn't want to.

9. I always do the washing up at home.

10. .. you tell me the time, please?

H) Conditionals. Write the correct form of the verbs in brackets.

1. She (call) if she (have) time.

2. If it costs too much, I . (buy) a smaller one.

3. If the doctor can't see me, I . (go) somewhere else.

4. If (be) you, I .. (become) an actress.

5. Would you phone me if you . (have) problems?

6. If we .(have) more time, I could tell you more about it.

7. Who would you like to be if you .(not be) yourself?

8. I .(go) next week if I . (can) get a train ticket.

9. If she .. (be) here, everything .(be) easier.

10. What .(we do) if she doesn't come?

I) Change these sentences into reported speech.

1. Im visiting my friends tomorrow, Peter said.

2. My brother has lost his passport, Mary said.

3. John came yesterday with his dad, Mary said.

4. How long have you been in France?, he said.

5. What are you doing here?, he said.

6. Will you finish this paper for tomorrow?, the teacher said.

7. Can you open the door for me?, he said to me.

8. Sit down and be quiet, the teacher said to the students.

9. Dont open your books in the exam, the teacher said.

J) Join these two sentences using a relative pronoun when necessary.

1. The people are very nice. They live next door to us.

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 2. What's the name of the man? He lives next door.

3. I like the jacket. Jill is wearing it.

4. I don't know the girl. Tom is dancing with her.

5. We met some people. They were very nice.

6. He told us a story. I didn't believe it.

7. I know the student. His book is here.

8. Have you seen the money? It was on the table.

9. I like the city. I was born there.

10. How much were the oranges? You bought them

K) Change these sentences into the passive voice. Use the agent only when necessary.

1. A lot of Chinese people grow tea.

2. People build cars in Germany.

3. Business people have opened lots of fast food restaurants in America this year.

4. Workers cleaned the streets yesterday after the Carnival.

5. Spanish people will buy thousand of DVD videos this year.

6. In many schools of Sweden, computers teach English to students.

7. In the future, androids will do all the household chores.

8. They leave the grapes to dry in the sun.

9. Someone built that monument two thousand years ago.

10. Visual reality programmes are replacing TV.

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