MARCH 2013

LEDsmagazine.com

SIL 2013
Conference report
and market
projections P.26 & P.35

Venting luminaires
Equalization boosts
reliability P.43

TECHNOLOGY AND APPLICATIONS OF LIGHT EMITTING DIODES Thermal

Focus on SIL
products P.55
Dynamic SSL
presentation
celebrates the
Bay Bridge P.9
_______________
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 ISSUE 59

march Cover Story

2013 Artist Leo Villareal has converted the

San Francisco Bay Bridge into the
world's largest LED light sculpture using
networked Philips Color Kinetics LED
strings and a computerized control
system that synthesizes animations and
patterns that were inspired by traffic,
wind, and the environment (see page 9).

features
26 STRATEGIES IN LIGHT
Speakers urge the SSL industry to quicken the
pace of innovation
Maury Wright columns/departments

35 MARKETS 4 COMMENTARY Maury Wright

Packaged LED and SSL market report Insiders call for faster innovation
in the SSL industry
and forecast
Maury Wright
9 NEWS +ANALYSIS
San Francisco lights Bay Lights project
43 MECHANICAL
Dilitronics combines LEDs and
Equalize pressure to increase luminaire reliability
Gary Chan, W. L. Gore controls in German hotel
Philips Lumileds launches Luxeon

49 LED DESIGN S and bare LED die components

Round sources deliver optimum system Everlight amends Nichia patent claim
performance Zhaga publishes downlight spec
Chuck DeMilo & Don McDaniel, Luminus Devices
Driver IC makers launch products at SIL

55 FOCUS ON
21 FUNDING + PROGRAMS
Thermal management
DOE announces 2012 NGL
Maury Wright outdoor SSL winners at SIL
DOE plans to alter Lighting
59 DESIGN FORUM Facts program
Time multiplex LEDs for lighting applications
Lighting coalition asks EPA
Joel Gehlin, AMS to lower Energy Star efficacy
specs for high CRI lamps
64 LAST WORD
Design choices: LEDs or OLEDs
Robbie Paul, Digi-Key

LEDsmagazine.com MARCH 2013 3

commentary
Insiders call for faster
innovation in SSL
I think it was three years ago when I first
heard Steve Paolini, founder of TeleLumen
and CTO of Next Lighting, speak at Strategies
in Light (SIL). He described the TeleLumen
concept of light-scene playback in analo-
gous terms to how we play MP3 tunes on our
audio devices. I thought to myself, Now here
is a product that is really looking for those
with a surplus of money. Fast forward to
SIL 2013 and Paolinis vision is near main-
stream reality, and the solid-state lighting
(SSL) industry is calling for an even quicker
pace of innovation with LED sources.
I think SIL 2013 attendees likely came
away understanding, and really believing,
that light, especially LED light, is about far
more than allowing us to read, chop onions
safely, or get our work done. Indeed, LED-
based products will clearly improve our per-
formance or productivity through color tun-
ing, and enable us to rest better in the future.
SIL, however, revealed far larger ramifica-
tions of what is quickly becoming our primary
light source. In the article that I wrote on the
conference (p. 26), I covered a presentation by
Brad Koemer of Philips Lighting. He took the
idea of integrated networks in lighting beyond
controls to a vision of fundamental change in
how buildings are designed and constructed.
In Koemers vision, we wont ship 1000 trof-
fer fixtures, 2000 downlights, 1000 spot lights,
and 1000 wall sconces to a building construc-
tion site. Instead, we will ship 5000 stan-
dardized SSL modules to the site. Workers
will install the building-block products into
the ceilings and walls like any other build-
ing material delivering what Koemer called
mass customization of the lighting system.
Its a paradox in which mass-produced iden-
tical products enable far more customization
implemented on the construction site.
The vision goes much further, because
Koemer believes each module will carry
4 MARCH 2013
intelligence about its own capabilities that
are automatically transferred to the build-
ing system. Ultimately, commissioning
becomes automatic and light sources are
just one more element in a Building Infor-
mation Management system. Combine color
tuning with Koemers concept and lighting
can be adapted to boost productivity or even
used to present digital animations.
Back to color tuning, that technology is
becoming mainstream. The use of white-
LEDs mixed with red or amber LEDs to
deliver efficient warm-white light has been
available from companies like Cree and will
be imminently available in LED or light-
engine form for all lamp and luminaire man-
ufacturers to leverage.
The future is even richer and more exact
color mixes. Lumenetix demonstrated a
product with a white LED channel com-
bined with three color-LED channels, and
soon we will see upwards of ten channels.
LED component cost is headed down on a
steep ramp (p.35). It will not be cost prohib-
itive for long to put extra LEDs in a product
that never operates anywhere near its full
flux-production capability.
And you can buy the color-tuning tech-
nology today in the form of the Philips Hue
lamp that we have covered previously (www. ___
ledsmagazine.com/news/9/10/25). Just as we
went to press I learned that Philips is about to
make good on its promise to publish applica-
tion programming interfaces (APIs) for Hue
and sell a software development kit. These
developments will allow third-parties to
develop software for Hue or hardware acces-
sories. I dont have full details, but Im sure we
will cover the news in our April issue.
Maury Wright, EDITOR
mauryw@pennwell.com
SENIOR VICE PRESIDENT Christine Shaw
& PUBLISHING DIRECTOR cshaw@pennwell.com
EDITOR Maury Wright
mauryw@pennwell.com
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juliemacshane@yahoo.com
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twhitaker@pennwell.com
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ART DIRECTOR Kelli Mylchreest
PRODUCTION DIRECTOR Mari Rodriguez
SENIOR ILLUSTRATOR Christopher Hipp
AUDIENCE DEVELOPMENT Debbie Bouley
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Webcasts Lightfair International

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ADVERTISERS index
Alpha ..................................................... 45
American Bright Optoelectronics............. 12
Beautiful Light Tech................................ 13
CSA International ................................... 25
EBM-Papst Inc. ....................................... 8
Electrolube............................................. 14
Ellsworth Adhesives ............................... 51
Euroled .................................................. 48
Future Electronics, Inc. ........................ CV4
Global Lighting Technologies .................. 38
Guangzhou Hongli ................................. 40
Opto-Electronic Co., Ltd.
Hangzhou Everfine Photo-E-Info Co. Ltd. ... 7
Heatron ................................................. 15
Indice Ecotech ....................................... 33
Indium Corporation................................. 39
Instruments Systems GmbH................... 11
International Trade ................................ 61
Exhibitions (JV) Ltd.
Intertek .................................................. 42
Inventronics (Hangzhou), Inc. ................. 17
Ledlink Optics Inc. ................................. 23
Lightfair International ............................. 47
Linear Technology ................................ CV3
Matrix Lighting Limited, Hong Kong....... CV2
MBN GmbH............................................ 19
Mean Well USA Inc. ............................... 41
Nuventix................................................. 57
Optronic Laboratories, Inc. .................... 63
Orb Optronix........................................... 60
Phihong USA .......................................... 20
Philips Lumileds ....................................... 2
Proto Labs, Inc. ..................................... 37
Seoul Semiconductor Co. Ltd. ................ 34
Shanxi Guangyu LED Lighting Co. Ltd. .... 18
Shenzhen Baikang Optical Co., Ltd. .......... 5
Shenzhen Refond .................................. 29
Optoelectronics Co., Ltd.
Signcomplex Limited .............................. 24
The Bergquist Company ........................... 1
The Korean Consulate General ............... 51
Thermal Technology LLC ......................... 58
Topco Green Synergy Group ................... 22
Underwriters Laboratories ...................... 31
Visa Lighting .......................................... 16

6 MARCH 2013 LEDsmagazine.com

 

_____________
 the spotlight shines on efficiency

Thermal management is a key factor that limits the lumen output and efficiency of an LED lightsource. While as much as 80
percent more energy efficient than traditional incandescent lighting, the LED components still create a considerable amount
of heat. If this heat is not dissipated properly, the quality of light and life expectancy of the LED lightsource decreases
dramatically.
In order to reach the desired lumen values in a small form factor, active cooling may be required to effectively dissipate the
heat produced by the LED components. Active cooling technology offers thermal capabilities that are superior to passive
heat sinks and can raise performance while reducing the size of the lighting fixture. With inaudible noise performance and
industry-leading German engineered reliability, ebm-papst can provide the perfect solution for your LED cooling problems

To find out more about custom Active Cooling Solutions, visit info.ebmpapst.us/ActiveCooling
________________________

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the engineers choice

news views
San Francisco lights Bay
Lights bridge project
The city of San Francisco, CA threw the switch on The Bay
Lights project on Tuesday night March 5, turning the west
span of the Bay Bridge into the worlds largest LED light
sculpture in celebration of the 75th
anniversary of the bridge. Philips Color
Kinetics supplied the 25,000 program-
mable white LED lights used in the Francisco Bay, traffic, wind
solid-state lighting (SSL) art project cre- and the environment to
ated by artist Leo Villareal. complete his artistic vision
This isnt about just lighting another using complex algorithms.
bridge with white or colored light, said Villareal is renowned for
Villareal. The Bay Lights emphasizes the his LED-based, light-art
use of intelligent lighting, fully utilizing projects that combine net-
individual control and the ability to cre- worked LEDs and computer
ate 255 levels of brightness per node. control. Examples include
The project stretches 1.8 mi and the Mulitverse sculpture
reaches heights of 500 ft with LED lighting installed on that links the East and West Buildings at the National Gal-
the vertical cables used on the suspension bridge. The San lery of Art in Washington, DC.
Francisco white-light project features a variety or artis- Grand Lighting ceremony host and California Lt Gov-
tic effects and animations. Th e Bay Lights organization ernor Gavin Newsom said, The patterns will remarkably
said Villareal synthesized patterns from waves in the San never repeat. When asked for clarification, Villa- page 10

HOSPITALITY

Dilitronics combines LEDs and

controls in German hotel
A developer of LED drivers and LED sys-
tem solutions, Dilitronics GmbH has
turned the rooms and corridors of the
recently opened, four-star Scala Turm
Hotel in Jena, Germany, into energy-effi-
cient SSL works of art using a sophisti-
cated illumination concept based com-
pletely on LEDs and digital control ral conditions with a unique light set-up abilities of the LED luminaires can also
components. The guests can control the that uses refi ned accents and hides the offer a high energy-saving potential.
light stripes integrated into their rooms' luminaires in the background, allow- Corridors in the hotel can also be
ceilings and walls that can produce a ing for an airy and floating room atmo- immersed in numerous RGB light scenes.
broad color spectrum. sphere. The interior design is also kept The corridors that are without natural
The rooms in the Scala Turm Hotel free of decoration. daylight are provided with a multi-fac-
are unique in that natural light plays a Digital addressable lighting interfaces eted LED system that reproduces, among
key role. Most of the exterior walls are (DALI) control the illumination. The other effects, a sunlight spectrum. A
glass and the bathrooms have transpar- DALI components allow individual light motion-sensor control ensures the SSLs
ent walls, flooding the rooms with light. intensities and atmospheres to be saved are only used when needed, a cost-sav-
The LED design complements these natu- and activated. The efficient controlling ing measure.

LEDsmagazine.com MARCH 2013 9

news+views
real explained, You will never see the exact
same progression of scenes twice.
The installation utilizes Philips Color
Kinetics eW Flex SLX product in a 4200K
CCT. That product consist of a flexible string
of individually-controllable white LED nodes
that were attached at 1-ft intervals on the
suspension cables. Workers have toiled for
months manually installing the lights on
each cable between the hours of 11:00 PM
and 5:00 AM so that the project would min-
imally impact traffic on the bridge.
By relying on LEDs, The Bay Lights proj-
ect will consume only $11,000 in energy per
year. The Bay Lights is a prime example of
how LED technology can create meaning-
ful value for a community in an environ-
mentally friendly way, said Bruno Biasiotta,
CEO and president of Philips Lighting Amer-
icas. The energy used is being offset by a ded-
icated solar facility in Davis, CA. The organi-
zation, meanwhile, believes that the project
will bring upwards of $100 million to San
Francisco in tourism revenue.
MORE: www.theclimategroup.org/lightsavers
PACKAGED LEDS
PATENTS
Everlight amends Nichia patent claim
After an earlier complaint against Nichia was rejected, Everlight has uncovered addi-
tional details to bolster its claim that fictitious results were included in a Nichia pat-
ent application. As we reported in June 2012 (www.ledsmagazine.com/news/9/6/18),
Everlight fi led a lawsuit against Nichia accusing the Japanese company of using fic-
titious experimental results in an attempt to deliberately mislead the US Patent
Trademark Office (PTO).
The court found that the claims made by Everlight previously were not specific
enough, and that the Taiwanese company had failed to identify the specific inventors
(or other persons) that had deliberately made the misleading statements to the PTO.
The specific element of being able to demonstrate intent was also missing from Ever-
lights complaint.
Now, Everlight has submitted another complaint (in fact the second amended com-
plaint), which was fi led last month. This complaint addresses the shortcomings iden-
tified by the court in the earlier complaint, while also providing new and expanded
support for the inequitable conduct claims. The complaint gives specific examples of
misleading statements. For example, the 925 patent in question includes claims that
cover an LED with a YAG-type phosphor in which yttrium (Y) is fully replaced by gad-
olinium (Gd). However, Everlight contends that the inventors knew this claim to be
false. In fact, the complaint quotes a patent application in Japan by the same inven-
tors which concludes that full replacement of yttrium by gadolinium would result in
zero light emission.
MORE: www.ledsmagazine.com/news/10/3/5

Philips Lumileds debuts Luxeon S
and bare LED die components
At the the Strategies in Light (SIL) confer-
ence, Philips Lumileds has announced the
second-generation of Luxeon S multi-emit-
ter packaged LEDs with a maximum flux
output of 8000 lm. In addition, the company
has again begun supplying blue LEDs in bare
die form using a fl ip-chip architecture and
chip-scale package (CSP) that allows sophis-
ticated SSL manufacturers maximum flex-
ibility in tightly packing LEDs in products.
Now luminaire manufacturers can enjoy
the best of both worlds, by either incorporat-
ing packaged LEDs as they did in the past, or
by starting with the LED die and customiz-
ing the phosphor and packaging to best suit
their lighting application, said Pierre-Yves
Lesaicherre, CEO of Philips Lumileds.
A primary advantage of fl ip-chip archi-
tectures is the elimination of bonding wires
that connect to the top of a traditional LED
architecture. The bonding wire is a potential
point of failure and also limits the spacing
of LED die and the current density at which
the emitter can be driven. But prior to the
new design, bare fl ip-chip die were essen-
tially too fragile for sale in the bare die form.
Lesaicherre said that Lumileds is the first
LED manufacturer to develop and sell an LED
in a CSP format. CSP implies that the package,
or lack thereof, is essentially the same size as
the die. Indeed, the Lumileds Flip Chip LEDs
fit in the exact same footprint as the die. The
only additions are the bonding pads on the
bottom of the die that are optimized for a
standard reflow soldering process.
Moving to the packaged LED space,
Lumileds announced the second generation
of the Luxeon S family of multi-chip compo-
nents. The new products deliver 50 lm/mm2
flux density and come in versions with total
flux output ranging from 1000-8000 lm.
While the first-generation Luxeon S prod-
ucts were packaged like conventional single-
emitter LEDs in a small square package, the
new products are essentially chip-on-board
designs (COB). Lumileds chose not to use
the COB label, in part because the LEDs use
individual phosphor-converted white LEDs
as opposed to an array of blue LEDs covered
with a phosphor slurry.
That distinction may seem nebulous, but
Rahul Bammi, vice president of products at
Lumileds, said that the pattern and place-
ment of the LEDs on the circuit board is pre-
cisely designed to deliver the desired beam
pattern. Among other applications, the LEDs
target replacement of 75W and 100W metal-
halide (MH) directional lamps in high-end
retail applications.
MORE: www.ledsmagazine.com/news/10/2/12
WARRANTY
Xicato announces 5-yr color
warranty for SSL modules
While the SSL industry has made signifi-
cant progress in lumen maintenance, color

10 MARCH 2013 LEDsmagazine.com

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news+views
consistency remains a problem, especially as
phosphor-converted LEDs shift in color over
time. Xicato has long claimed color mainte-
nance as a value-added feature of its LED-
based modules that use remote- or cold-
phosphor technology, and beginning with
an announcement at SIL is now backing that
claim with a 5-yr warranty.
The warranty means that luminaire mak-
ers using the Xicato modular light engines
can ensure luminaire-to-luminaire consis-
tency in light output and color for a mini-
mum of five years. Xicato has enlisted insur-
ance-specialist Munich Re to underwrite a
policy that will back the new warranty.
Our warranty is unprecedented within
12 MARCH 2013
our industry in terms of its scope, said
Xicato co-founder Menko de Roos. No other
light source maker, LED or otherwise guar-
antees color consistency. To enjoy war-
ranty backing, luminaire manufacturers
must have their product designs pass Xica-
tos Thermal Validation Program (TVP). SSL
manufacturers can submit products for TVP
testing at no cost, and typically get results
in one week.
MORE: www.ledsmagazine.com/news/10/2/9
ASSOCIATIONS
LightingEurope association
elects Executive Board
LightingEurope, the new organization rep-
resenting the lighting industry in Europe,
has appointed its Executive Board. Dietmar
Zembrot of Trilux has been elected as
President of LightingEurope, with Jan
Denneman of Philips as vice-president, and
Diederik de Stoppelaar of GE Lighting as
treasurer. LightingEurope members employ
______________
over 100,000 people in Europe and represent
an annual turnover estimated to exceed EUR
20 billion (US$27 billion).
Additional board members include: Alfred
Haas (Osram), Peter Hunt (The Lighting Indus-
try Association), Thomas Walentowski (BLV),
Andr ten Bloemendal (NLA), Peter Dillen
(Havells-Sylvania), Jean Michel Trouis (Syn-
dicat de lEclairage), Francois Sguineau
(Toshiba), Johan Segers (AGORIA), Harald
Sommerer (Zumtobel), Markku Norhio (AFLE),
Alfredo Berges (ANFALUM), Alvaro Andorlini
(ASSIL), and Klaus Breisch (Panasonic).
MORE: www.ledsmagazine.com/news/10/2/6
STANDARDS
Zhaga publishes downlight spec
The Zhaga Consortium has published its
second interface specification for LED light
engines: Zhaga Interface Specification
Book 2 defining a solid-state lighting (SSL)
module primarily for downlight applica-
tions. Zhaga has also created a database of
LEDsmagazine.com
___________
news+views
certified products, which are all commer-
cially available.
The publication of Book 2 provides full
access to this specification for the entire
lighting industry, not just Zhaga members,
allowing companies to design their prod-
ucts to be interchangeable with other Zhaga-
based products, said Menno Treffers, sec-
retary-general of the Zhaga Consortium.
Products designed and certified according
to Book 2 including LED luminaires, LED
modules, holders, and LED light engines
are already commercially available from a
range of different suppliers. The database of
products will be constantly updated as new
certified products reach the market.
MORE: www.ledsmagazine.com/news/10/2/20
LED MANUFACTURING
Sumitomo Electric to make GaN
substrates with Soitec technology
Two semiconductor materials companies,
France-based Soitec and Japans Sumitomo
Electric Industries, Ltd., have signed a licens-
ing and technology-transfer agreement under
which Sumitomo Electric will use Soitecs
proprietary Smart Cut technology to manu-
facture engineered gallium nitride (GaN) sub-
strates for LED lighting applications.
The joint development program has
already demonstrated the capability to pro-
duce four- and six-inch engineered GaN sub-
strates in a pilot production environment.
High-quality, ultra-thin layers of GaN are
transferred using the Smart Cut process
onto new mechanical substrates.
The drawback to GaN substrates has been
high cost, Because Soitecs material-transfer
technology enables the reuse of GaN wafers
several times, however, the technology
achieves a substantial reduction in the cost
of high-quality GaN materials to serve high-
volume applications, according to Yoshiki
Miura, general manager of the Compound
Semiconductor Materials Division at Sumi-
tomo Electric.
MORE: www.ledsmagazine.com/news/10/2/19
EXECUTIVES
Aixtron appoints Martin
Goetzeler as new CEO
Aixtron SE, the Germany-based manu-
facturer of deposition equipment for LED
materials growth, has appointed a new CEO.
Paul Hyland, the companys current presi-
dent and CEO, left effective February 28,
2013. Hylands departure was said to be by
mutual agreement and for personal rea-
sons. Hyland has been replaced by Martin
Goetzeler, who was CEO of lighting manu-
facturer Osram GmbH until he was replaced
in March 2011 by Wolfgang Dehen. Until
recently, Goetzeler served on the executive
board of Siemens subsidiary Osram, and
has also held various international leader-
ship positions within the Siemens group. He
has also served as president of the European
technology platform Photonics21, which,
among other things, advises the European
Commission in determining major strategic
research in the area of photonics.
_______________________

I am looking forward to the task of lead-
ing Aixtron as a leading provider of semi-
conductor technology production solutions
along the way towards industrial mass
production, said Goetzeler. We have the
opportunity to address some of the current
social megatrends such as energy efficiency
and intelligent networking, which are dom-
inated by LEDs, OLEDs and power electron-
ics. There is substantial growth potential for
Aixtron in all of these areas.
MORE: www.ledsmagazine.com/news/10/2/18
PACKAGED LEDS
Sharp announces 100W COB LED
Sharp has announced the highest-power
LED in the industry in Japan adding a 100W
chip-on-board (COB) LED to its Zenigata
family. The GW7GAL50SGC LED will output
14,000 lm, and achieve efficacy of 143 lm/W
while targeting SSL lighting applications
such as street lights and high-bay lighting.
The initial part in the new family comes
in a CCT of 5000K and CRI greater than 70.
Sharp rates the LED for 40,000 hours of life.
The company said that it will ship samples of
the LED in early March with production vol-
umes coming by the end of May. Samples will
sell for 9000 Yen (about $97). The release said
the initial production volume will be 5000
units per month.
MORE: www.ledsmagazine.com/news/10/2/10
OUTDOOR LIGHTING
LRC and Penn St study
roadway lighting
The Lighting Research Center (LRC) at
Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute and
Pennsylvania (Penn) State University have
published research that studies roadway
lighting and night-time safety in rural and
urban intersections. Quality lighting, such
as the uniform coverage that LED-based
luminaires are capable of, can result in a
12% lower night-to-day crash ratio in urban
intersections, although that advantage is
news+views
tied to regularly spaced lighting that driv-
ers experience well before an intersection.
The two-pronged research used quantita-
tive models developed by the researchers and
actual accident and intersection data sup-
plied by the Minnesota Department of Trans-
portation covering rural and urban intersec-
tions. The parallel analysis showed converged
results and produced a transfer function that
can be used by other traffic agencies to pre-
dict the impact of lighting projects.
MORE: www.ledsmagazine.com/news/10/2/4
COLOR TUNING
Osram unveils tuning
reference design
The usability and flexibility of the Brilliant
Mix LED color-mixing concept from Osram
Opto Semiconductors has been enhanced by
the development of a Universal Controller.
The controller concept was developed as
part of the LED Light For You (LLFY) sup-
pliers network, and the project also involved

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Elec-Con Technology, driver IC maker Infineon Technologies and
sensor specialist MAZeT.
The Brilliant Mix approach combines the output from an array
of LEDs with different colors (white and amber for warm-white col-
ors, bluish white and blue for cooler white). With suitable control,
the color temperature can be varied from 2700K (warm white) to
6500K (cold white).
The required luminous flux can be achieved by using an appro-
priate number of LEDs. However, until now, control of the LEDs has
required a certain level of know-how at the system and application
level. Customers typically had to develop or modify controllers that
could control individual channels and maintain the desired color
point, while compensating for temperature changes in the module
or luminaire. The modular controller will enable more SSL manu-
facturers to offer color-tuning capability.
MORE: www.ledsmagazine.com/news/10/1/17
RESEARCH
NEWLED project aims to develop
phosphor-free LED structures
A recently launched European research project, codenamed
NEWLED, is aiming to develop high-efficiency and high-brightness
monolithic and hybrid all-semiconductor white GaN-based LEDs.
The full title of the NEWLED project, which started in November
2012 and will run for 4 years, is Nanostructured Efficient White
LEDs based on short-period superlattices and quantum dots. The EU
will provide EUR 8.4 million (around $11 million) in funding as a con-
tribution to the total project cost of EUR 11.76 million ($15.4 million).
The project is led by the University of Dundee, UK, and includes
13 other industrial and academic partners from a range of Euro-
pean countries. The project aims to develop phosphor-free LED
structures with increased brightness (power emitted per surface
per angle). If successful, this will avoid power losses due to phos-
phor conversion, and the problem of different aging rates of the
GaN LED pump.
NEWLED will enhance the efficiency of yellow InGaAlP/AlGaAs
LEDs using bandgap-engineered superlattices. These LEDs will
replace the phosphor emission that is a normal constituent of phos-
phor-converted LEDs. Also, novel light-extraction approaches will
target advanced directionality and color adjustment.
MORE: www.ledsmagazine.com/news/10/2/22
LEDsmagazine.com
_________________________________
news+views
DRIVERS
Driver IC makers launch
products at SIL
No product segment saw more activity at
Straegies in Light than LED driver ICs,
as leading semiconductor manufacturers
launched products designer for applica-
tions ranging from retrofit lamps to lumi-
naires, including intelligent products and
multi-channel designs that support color
tuning.
Infineon 60V LED drivers
Infineon can support as many as 18 LEDs
in a single string with its new ILD6070/
ILD6150 driver ICs announced at SIL,
whereas many driver ICs can only support
40V outputs. The company said the design
can deliver DC/DC conversion efficiency of
98%. Infineon also implemented a unique
over-temperature protection feature. Once
a preset temperature threshold is reached,
____________
______________
the driver automatically reduces light out-
put so that the SSL product will continue to
operate rather than turning the source off.
The 1-MHz devices target applications
across the broad lighting range, although
high-light output applications are a good
match given the 60V capability. The high
switching frequency, meanwhile minimizes
the size of external components and the
overall footprint of the driver electronics.
MORE: www.ledsmagazine.com/products/37684
Atmel dual-channel drivers
At the SIL conference, Atmel announced a
driver IC family designed specifically for
high-CRI lamps and luminaires that use a
mix of phosphor-converted white LEDs and
red or amber LEDs that combined deliver
good light quality and high efficacy. The idea
is to use red or amber LEDs to add spectral
power in the visible red wavelengths in an
efficient manner. Phosphors that can deliver
such wavelengths are generally inefficient
because they also generate energy that falls
outside the human-visible spectrum, thereby
wasting energy.
In many cases today, SSL product devel-
opers must utilize two separate driver ICs to
implement color-mixed designs. The Atmel
MSL202x family is designed specifically for
such applications. The ICs include a linear
controller used to drive a primary channel of
white LEDs and a buck controller designed
to drive a color LED string. The IC requires
external MOSFETs. Atmel made the deci-
sion not to integrate MOSFETs to provide
product developers freedom in supporting
a range of string voltages.
Tushar Dhayagude, director of LED prod-
ucts at Atmel, said a typical design might
include a 170V string of white LEDs and a
50V string of red LEDs. The external MOS-
FETs support such high voltages or lower-
voltage implementations such as a 30V white
string and a 12V color string that might be
more typical of a retrofit lamp.
MORE www.ledsmagazine.com/news/10/2/15

STMicroelectronics
microcontroller/driver
The new STLUX385 digital lighting control-
ler IC from STMicroelectronics combines the
capability of implementing LED-driver func-
tionality with the ability to implement smart
SSL products including network support.
The IC combines a programmable microcon-
troller (MCU), state-machine-driven pulse-
width modulation (PWM) peripherals, and
hardware support for the Digital Addressable
Lighting Interface (DALI) network.
The STLUX385 integrates what STMi-
croelectronics calls SMED (State Machine,
Event Driven) peripherals that are specifically
designed for lighting applications. The SMED
peripherals can be configured by the MCU,
and can then autonomously drive LED strings
using PWM control. The SMED peripher-
als can control the on/off state of LEDs, set
dimming levels, detect failures, and accept
input from sensors. For example, the SMED
peripherals can adjust light levels based on
input from occupancy or ambient light sen-
sors without assistance from the processor.
STMicroelectronics said that the IC tar-
gets a broad variety of applications but spe-
cifically mentioned street-light applications.
The IC could deliver more granular control of
light level for example gradually increasing
light level at dusk given the intelligent MCU-
based architecture.
MORE: www.ledsmagazine.com/news/10/2/11
Retrofit lamp drivers
Ikon Semiconductor and Texas Instruments
introduced new SSL driver ICs designed spe-
cifically for retrofit lamp applications. Startup
Ikon is headquartered in Dublin, Ireland and
has opened a US presence in Mountain View,
CA in the greater Silicon Valley area. At SIL,
Ikon announced its first product the IKS2053
and a reference design in the form of a driver
packaged on a small evaluation board. The
company said the IC implements a single-
stage driver including power factor correc-
tion that results in a lower bill of materials
cost relative to competitive driver ICs.
news+views
Ikon is touting its digital core as the dif-
ferentiating factor in its design and the IC
uses some form of a configurable archi-
tecture most likely based on digital state
machines. Ikon claims that its design will
give the company flexibility in detecting and
working compatibly with legacy dimmers.
The company said that it can quickly spin
the configurable core to change feature sets
going forward. And the new IC allows the
lamp designer to use resistors to program
a tradeoff between power factor and ripple
current. The company also said that its IC
does not require opto-couplers or electro-
lytic capacitors lowering cost.
Driver IC stalwart Texas Instruments
(TI), meanwhile, announced two new
driver ICs at SIL adding to what is arguably
the largest portfolio in the segment. The
TPS92075 targets applications in AC-line-
powered E14, GU10, A19 and PAR 20/30/38
lamps. The TPS92560 targets MR16 and
AR111 lamps powered by low-voltage AC
and DC supplies.

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 funding
programs
DOE announces 2012 NGL
outdoor SSL winners at SIL
The US Department of Energy (DOE), the DOE SSL program manager Jim Brodrick. It
Illuminating Engineering Society of North reminds me of football, where the most-effec-
America (IESNA), and the International tive quarterbacks arent just good passers -
Association of Lighting Designers (IALD) they can also run well and see the whole field.
have announced the results of the latest The 2012 outdoor competition featured
Next Generation Luminaires (NGL) Solid- the most contentious field to date. The DOE
State Lighting (SSL) Design Competition. At said that 176 products were entered, with the
the Strategies in Light (SIL) conference, the partners ultimately approving 151 to con-
partners announced 37 LED-based products tinue through the judging process, although
that were recognized as winners in the 2012 that number was narrowed to 120 in the
NGL outdoor competition and four of the early stage of judging.
winners were also named best in class. Judging included a comprehensive review
of documentation. The
judges also performed a
hands-on tabletop exam-
ination of all products.
The 2012 Outdoor Com-
petition Judging Event
took place on Novem-
ber 4-6, 2012 at the Vir-
ginia Tech Transporta-
tion Institute (VTTI).
There, street lights were
mounted on VTTIs test
track at appropriate pole
height and spacing, and
parking-garage lumi-
naires were mounted on
a truss in a parking area.
The four best-in-class
winners were the Fraqtir
The fraqtir Outdoor Style S170 by The Lighting Quotient won Outdoor Style S170 by The
Best in Class in Facade Lighting. Lighting Quotient, the
NGL, launched in 2008, was designed to Evolve LED Scalable Cobrahead by GE Light-
recognize products that lighting design- ing, the Oxford by Relume Technologies Inc.,
ers and specifiers could then feel comfort- and the TV and Dial LED by Edge Lighting
able recommending or installing. The goal We will have broader coverage of the rec-
here is to recognize products that are not ognized winners in the Winter issue of our
only attractive, but that are also energy-effi- Illumination in Focus magazine.
cient and deliver good lighting quality, said More: www.ledsmagazine.com/news/10/2/17
LEDsmagazine.com
DOE plans to alter
Lighting Facts program
to simplify product
family listings
In the LED and Lighting Technology
Track at the SIL conference in February,
a session entitled Testing and Speed
of Innovation started with a presenta-
tion from Finelite founder Terry Clark
describing the burden that lighting man-
ufacturers face with SSL products. Marci
Sanders, director of energy efficiency
programs at D&R International, fol-
lowed with news that the DOE is work-
ing to simplify the process of manufac-
turers receiving Lighting Facts Label
recognition for multiple related prod-
ucts in a family.
Clark described how currently man-
ufacturers must perform LM-79 test-
ing on every model in a product family.
This procedure can mean essentially
testing the same product multiple times
with small variations, such as in lumen
output or color temperature. Accord-
ing to Clark, the cost of such testing is
not sustainable, and the requirement is
slowing innovation.
Clark called on the DOE to take
action. If Clark knew about the news
coming in the succeeding presenta-
tion, he hid that fact well. Because
Sanders publicly revealed, for the fi rst
time, that the DOE had been working
on a plan for many months to simplify
the process.
Working under contract to the DOE,
D&R International rolled out the exist-
ing Lighting Facts programs four years
ago. And now the consultancy is leading
the way for the changes.
The revised program will allow light-
ing manufacturers to group related
products in a family and only fully test
one of the products in the family to the
LM-79 standard. The manufacturer will
then calculate or extrapolate perfor-
mance figures for other products in the
family for submission to the Lighting
Facts program.
Sanders said that the new page 24
MARCH 2013 21
 funding programs

Lighting coalition asks EPA to lower Energy Star efficacy specs for high CRI lamps
A manufacturer of gallium-nitride-on-gallium-nitride (GaN-on- throughout the potential US customer base will increase even
GaN) LEDs and MR16 retrofit lamps that use the LEDs, Soraa, is though the lamps in question use marginally more energy.
spearheading an effort involving a number of major players in the According to Soraa, the loosely organized coalition of petition-
SSL industry, asking the US Environmental Protection Agency ers include the California Lighting Technology Center at the Uni-
(EPA) to lower the efficacy requirements in the evolving Energy Star versity of California at Davis; Shuji Nakamura the inventor of blue
Lamps version 1.0 specification -- only impacting products with a and phosphor-converted white LEDs; Steven DenBaars co-direc-
CRI of 90 or better. The group believes that more users will adopt tor of the SSL Center at the University of California Santa Barbara;
LED-based retrofit lamps if Energy Star-recognized options are well-known and outspoken lighting designer Chip Israel of Light-
available with a higher CRI, and therefore the net energy savings
Table 2: SORAA Proposal
Table 1: Current Spec Minimum lamp efficacy
Lamp-rated wattage (W) Minimum lamp efficacy (initial lm/W)
(initial lm/W) Lamp-rated wattage (W) 80 CRI <90 CRI>90
Omnidirectional <15 55 Omnidirectional <15 55 45
15 65 15 65 55
Directional <20 40 Directional <20 40 35
20 50 20 50 40
Decorative <15 45 Decorative <15 45 35
15 W 25 50 15 W 25 50 40
25 60 25 60 50

_____________
___________________
 funding pr
programs
rograms
Lighting Facts from page 24
ing Design Alliance; the IALD; and North- program will be phased in. For now, only a product, the DOE will buy one on the
east Utilities Companies (NSTAR). lighting manufacturers with at least commercial market and then pay a test
The crux of the problem comes down to a year of history in the program, 10 or lab to verify the performance. The DOE
the fact that reaching high CRI values such more products submitted previously, will make the company whose product is
as 90 invariably decreases efficacy. Funda- and a clean track record will be allowed selected for testing cover the cost.
mental physics research shows that there is to participate. Sanders said, It will be Manufacturer-supplied data on prod-
a ~2% penalty in luminous efficacy per point based on history and experience with ucts that dont fall within accepted tol-
of CRI. So, going from a CRI of 80, where the program. erance will result in the DOE giving the
most LEDs operate, to a CRI of 90, there is company a chance to correct the data.
a ~20% penalty in lm/W, said Shuji Naka- Verification testing Failure to do so will result in companies
mura, professor of materials and co-direc- According to Sanders, the DOE will do losing the privilege of participating in the
tor for the SSL at the University of Califor- random testing of products that are rec- new program.
nia, Santa Barbara. ognized via the new program. She said the The DOE hopes to begin the program in
The EPA lamps draft makes no allowance DOE will randomly select 5% of the sub- April. Verification testing is slated to begin
for CRI and color requirements in its Energy mitted products for testing about 30 in June.
Star efficacy requirements for omnidirec- products per month at the start. To test MORE: ledsmagazine.com/news/10/2/13
tional, directional, or decorative lamps.
The draft requires a minimum CRI of 80 and
specifies efficacy for different lamp power lev- SSL adoption, lighting designer Chip Israel said, Designers should
els. The petitioning companies are asking for 5- to 10-point drops have the flexibility to select the appropriate source for their appli-
in efficacy requirements for lamps with a CRI of 90 as depicted in cations and end users should have their right to purchase high
the nearby tables. color rendering or full spectrum lamps for their spaces. There had
The EPA itself has pointed out in the lamps draft that poor color been no public response from the EPA when we went to press.
quality is a barrier to broader adoption. Focused on increasing MORE: www.ledsmagazine.com/news/10/1/16

________
   

   

  

  
  
 
 
    
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conferences | STRATEGIES IN LIGHT

SIL speakers urge the SSL industry to

quicken the pace of innovation and truly
leverage the benefits of LED technology
The prevailing theme throughout Strategies in Light was that LED technology has arrived and that the
lighting community needs to move more quickly in going beyond the traditional industry form factors
and to think beyond the traditional features of lighting products, reports MAURY WRIGHT.

W
hat would a lighting solution
look like if we had never had the
Edison bulb, asked Anna Weiner
Jiffer, business area manager for global
lighting at Ikea. Do you think we would
have lamp shades? Probably not. Jiffers
question followed a recurring theme at the
recent Strategies in Light (SIL) conference
as speakers consistently questioned when
the lighting industry will truly take advan-
tage of LED sources and eschew old forms
such as the light bulb and legacy luminaires
designed around bulbs. Moreover LED are
poised to bring new capabilities to lighting,
both in the form of controls that we have dis-
cussed before, but also in terms of expand-
ing how we utilize and experience lighting.
The experts are in agreement that while
LED technology will continue to improve,
the technology is plenty good enough to
serve as the predominant light source today.
In one of the keynote speeches during the
opening Plenary Session, Norbert Hiller,
senior vice president of Cree reported that
he is no longer asked if LEDs can replace leg-
acy lighting. He said, Its only a question of
when and how. That type of thinking was
evident even going back to Lightfair last year
(www.ledsmagazine.com/features/9/7/11).
At Lightfair, however there was a prevailing
feeling that the lighting industry was mov-
ing relative quickly. Perhaps the SIL attend-
ees have a longer history with LEDs, because
the solid-state lighting (SSL) advocates at
the show were predicting a quick saturation
of the market for LED retrofit lamps and the
need for revolutionary new lighting forms.
Other common themes at SIL included new
approaches to driving LEDs, standards and
regulatory issues, and tunable lighting both
tuning white SSL products for specific CCTs
and full color tuning. The program included
updates on modular LED technologies, and
networks and controls were mentioned as
necessary to broader SSL deployment right
alongside the need for a fresh approach to
designing LED-based lighting products.
SIL Plenary and keynotes
Along with a packed exhibit floor (Fig.
1), the 3013 SIL conference featured dual
LED and Lighting Technology and Market
Tracks along with the Plenary session, an
LED Manufacturing Track, Workshops and
an Investor Forum. We will cover some talks
from the Market and Technology Tracks,
Investor forum, and Plenary session here.

FIG. 1. SIL 2013 featured record attendance with 180 exhibits and 5000 attendees.

26 MARCH 2013 LEDsmagazine.com


The Plenary started with an updated LED
component forecast from Strategies Unlim-
ited (page 35), followed by keynotes pre-
sented by executives from LED manufactur-
ers. So inevitably there was some talk about
LED advancements along with a lot of dis-
cussion about SSL product design.
Crees Hiller (Fig. 2) presented a quick look
at the pace of LED advancements and dis-
cussed future performance. He said Cree
announced its first 12W downlight that
used 42 LEDs in 2007 with a wholsesale price
over $100. In 2012, a similar 10.5W product
required eight LEDs. The newest such prod-
uct, selling for $30 at retail, uses five LEDs
and dissipates 9.5W. The advancements
come courtesy of brighter LEDs, but more
significantly LEDs with higher efficacy.
The efficacy advantage is easily illus-
trated in the form of a graph (Fig. 3). The fig-
ure shows the advantage one of Crees new-
est LEDs, the XM-L2, enjoys over the XP-G,
a widely-used Cree LED that has been avail-
able for several years. Moreover, the figure
shows the additional reduction that a system
design can realize in LED count by trading
off a small amount of efficacy.
During his keynote, Hiller revealed that Cree
had achieved efficacy of 276 lm/W in the lab, up
from a milestone of 254 lm/W announced last
April (www.ledsmagazine.com/news/9/4/10).
When pressed for details, Hiller said the dem-
onstration was based on a LED with CCT in the
4000K range. Moreover he said the LED was
operated at 350 mA of drive current.
Cree has an established track record bring-
ing LEDs to market within 2-3 years of lab
announcements such as the one made at SIL.
Back in December, Cree announced the 186-
lm/W XM-L2 single-die LED (www.ledsmag-
_________
_______________ and the 200-lm/W
azine.com/news/9/12/14)
four-die MK-R LED (www.ledsmagazine.com/
________ that were based on technol-
news/9/12/22)
ogy used in lab demonstrations announced
in December 2009 and February 2010 respec-
tively. About the LED manufacturing segment,
Hiller said lumens per wafer will determine
the technology winner, He added that the
statement implied the LED manufacturers
with the best epitaxial technology.
Hiller did say that SSL product designs
still need to better leverage the LED light
source. Too many products still look like
legacy products. He said a full efficiency
advantage requires fi xtures that are opti-
LEDsmagazine.com
conferences | STRATEGIES IN LIGHT
mized for LEDs.
Moreover, Hiller
reminded that we are
very early into the
SSL transition and
LEDs are addressing
perhaps 10% of the
lighting market. As
an example he men-
tioned the recent
Superbowl foot-
ball game and the
lengthy delay result-
ing from a temporary
power loss and the
long restrike period
of the HID lights. He FIG. 2. Crees Norbert Hiller discussed LED efficacy
quipped, This is a advancements and the need to optimize SSL designs for LEDs.
perfect opportunity
we should try and get this [lighting] replaced one cost reduction will come from the abil-
with LEDs. ity to make more LEDs per wafer because the
GaN-on-GaN LEDs are ten times brighter
Nakamuras vision than hetero-epitaxial LEDs grown on sap-
Keynoter Shuji Nakamura, inventor of the phire, silicon carbide, or silicon. Nakamura
blue LED, also took a look forward at the evo- showed an LED with a triangular foot print
lution of the LED and what types of compo- that he said was 15 to 25 times smaller than
nents might be available by 2020. Nakamura typical high-power LEDs.
is a professor at the University of California at Nakamura did address lighting as well
Santa Barbara (UCSB) and research director and said quality of light would be the driver
of the schools Solid State Lighting and Energy of SSL market adoption. Indeed Nakamura
Center. He focused on what he called LED 2.0 and Soraa have been spearheading an indus-
which he defined as LEDs manufactured with try movement asking the US Environmen-
homo-epitaxial growth primarily gallium- tal Protection Agency (EPA) to lower Energy
nitride (GaN) LEDs grown on GaN substrates. Star efficacy requirements for lamps with
Nakamura is also a cofounder of Soraa CRI of 90 or above (page 22). The group
and that company is focused on GaN-on- argues that specifiers are more likely to use
GaN LEDs based in part on Nakamuras higher-quality lights and that lowering the
research at UCSB. Not surprisingly, the cost of 90-CRI products through slightly
presentation was somewhat Soraa centric. lower efficacy can ultimately expand SSL
Indeed Nakamura said that Soraas latest usage and increase overall energy savings.
LEDs have, in the lab, produced the highest
documented external quantum efficiency High-efficacy warm white
(EQE) in the industry at current densities MJ Jou president of Epistar, provided the final
greater than 100 A/cm2. keynote of the Plenary, and spent much of his
The LEDs have peak EQE of 73%. Naka- talk discussing how the industry can raise
mura explained that the homogenous the efficacy in the warm-white SSL products
material match results in 1000 times fewer that are most desired by lighting designers.
defects. Moreover, the match means that the He started by discussing the US Department
GaN substrate can be left in place and the of Energy (DOE) roadmap for LEDs that
thicker substrate, with a refractive index addresses both cost and efficacy goals.
that matches the LED structure, optimizes The DOE had projected that LEDs would
light extraction. hit a price point of $2.20/klm (dollars per kilo
Ultimately, however, Soraa will have to lumen) for warm white LEDs and $2/klm for
overcome the higher cost of GaN wafers to cool white LEDs in 2015. The industry has far
fi nd success. Nakamura pointed out that outperformed that projection. Jou said-plastic
MARCH 2013 27
conferences | STRATEGIES IN LIGHT

packaged LEDs are already selling for $2/klm mium associated with mixing red and white of an emitter increases. Jou said the array of
echoing a similar statement made by Strate- LEDs. The red color and brightness shifts smaller LEDs naturally spreads current and
gies Unlimiteds Ella Shum (page 35). with temperature. So most such products said the EQE advantage can be 15%.
In terms of efficacy, the DOE has projected uses a two channel driver with the red LEDs
that by 2020 warm-white LED will nearly on a dedicated channel so that the driver can QDs for warm white
match cool-white LEDs. Today however, and compensate for temperature shift. For exam- Of course there are a number of approaches
even through 2015, cool white LEDs are pro- ple, Atmel announced a new driver IC at SIL to warm-white LEDS and SSL products. At
jected to have 10-15% higher efficacy. The for just such applications (page 18). SIL, the subject of quantum dots (QDs) again
lower efficacy in warm white LEDS is attrib- While Jou said the dual-channel approach surfaced relative to warm CCTs. Like phos-
utable to the fact that red phosphors generate was technically valid, he suggested it might phors, QDs emit energy when excited by pho-
significant energy in the infrared spectrum not be cost-effective in some applications. tons from a blue LED. Startup Pacific Light
and that is essentially System Technologies (PLT) presented in both the
wasted energy in terms efficacy Number of LEDs required to deliver 10,000 lumens
Investor Forum and the Technology Track.
of the human eye. But XP-G 135
In the Investor Forum, CEO Ron Nelson said
energy in the red wave- QDs can improve optical efficiency 40-50%
95 lm/W
lengths is required for over phosphor-converted LEDs and double
warm white CCTs. XM-L2 23 or triple lumens per dollar.
Jou discussed what As discussed previously, the disadvantage
Epistar calls a hybrid- of phosphor technology is that it has a rel-
XP-G 70
white approach to warm atively-wide spectral emission range. Red
white CCTs or Direct 85 lm/W phosphors might emit over a 100-nm band,
Red mixing red LEDs XM-L2 17 resulting in wasted infrared energy. Nelson
and phosphor-con- said that PLT QDs can limit the emission to
verted blue LEDs. Add- FIG. 3. Higher efficacy LEDs can result in dramatically fewer 20-40 nm ensuring that all of the energy is
ing red or amber LEDs LEDs used per system, and as efficacy increases you have in the visual range.
into an SSL design to the ability to tradeoff efficacy and LED count. There are several manufacturers pur-
achieve efficient warm- suing QD technology including QD Vision
white performance is not a new idea. It was He said Epistar was working on adding a that has previously presented at SIL. Nel-
first adopted by Cree in TrueWhite and more thermally-variable resistor in parallel with son said that to date several roadblocks
recently by Osram in Brilliant Mix, although Red LEDs so that the drive current would have presented widespread usage of QDs in
both are essentially implemented at the SSL be automatically adapted as the tempera- commercial products. QDs can be sensitive
system level. But Jou showed an illustration of ture changes. to air and moisture, can have limited oper-
a packaged LED that would mix emitters and Indeed Jou had begun his talk stating ating lifetime, and have been costly. Nelson
presumably make the technology more widely Innovation is one thing commercializa- said PLT has developed QDs that can be han-
available to lamp and luminaire manufactur- tion is another. And commercialization dled in air and that can be used with LED sil-
ers. Questioned later, Jou said such a multi- requires a system design that can deliver icones, solving some key issues.
emitter package could be fully covered in the performance at the system level and rea- Assuming PLT delivers, the QD technology
phosphor required to make the white light, or sonable end-product costs. could deliver a significant efficacy gain. Nel-
that blue emitters could be phosphor coated The route to efficient and cost-effective son described a project with an early-stage
while the red ones were not. products is through mid-power emitters in customer working on a warm-white LED
high-voltage configurations according to design with a CRI of 89. Fig. 5 summarizes
Mixing red LEDs Jou. He compared a pair of theoretical 2W the results. An LED with a cool-white phos-
The key to high efficacy therefore becomes LEDs, one of which was a single die driven phor combined with red QDs has achieved a
a red LED with very high efficacy. Jou said a 0.6 A and a forward voltage of 3.3V, and 31% efficacy gain relative to a typical warm-
that in late 2012, Epistar achieved 182 lm/W the other comprised of a 50V stack of smaller white, phosphor-converted LED.
in a red LED, and suggested that the perfor- LEDs driven at 40 mA. Either could produce Nelson said that PLT could deliver a QD
mance matched the best red LEDs from any 1200 lm. But Jou pointed out that the power mix that would yield a CRI of 96 using simi-
manufacturer. Jou said that the Direct Red conversion is far more efficient in the high- lar colors to the phosphors commonly used
technology could soon deliver a warm-white voltage case. in LEDs. He said with a mix of 8 QDs, the
mid-power LED with efficacy in the 160 lm/W There is also an advantage in EQE, accord- company could enable an LED that can rep-
range, essentially matching cool-white effi- ing to Jou, for the high-voltage configura- licate the black-body curve.
cacy. As Fig. 4 shows in relative terms, Jou tion. He said, The current spreading issue Alas the question remains as to whether
believes that warm-white efficacy can quickly is really critical in an LED device. Jou, and when PLT, or another QD vendor, will
come within 2% of cool-white efficacy. and Nakamura as well, said even current deliver affordable and reliable QDs. In the
Of course there is generally a price pre- spreading is difficult to achieve as the size Technology Track, PLT CTO Juanita Kurtin

28 MARCH 2013 LEDsmagazine.com

____________
conferences | STRATEGIES IN LIGHT

said the company plans commercialization president Jeffrey Saake segmented the mar- 522
lumens
in 2014. ket for tuning. He said the a mix of warm- 31%
and cool-white LEDs, or even the addition 400 improvement
Tunable packaged LEDs of a third neutral-colored LED can be very lumens
Turning back to more conventional effective in tunable-white designs. Moreover,
approaches, LED Engin discussed using he said mid-power LEDs are catching on in
LED mixes both to deliver warm-white, such applications.
high-CRI sources, and separately to deliver
what it calls halogen-style dimming. Such Multi-channel engines
dimming operation is also called dim-to- Lumenetix, meanwhile, is focused on what
warm technology. President and CEO David Saake called multi-channel spectral tuning. Std WW pcLED R QD + CW pcLED
Tahmassebi described a key change for the That approach mixes high-power, phosphor-
FIG. 5. Mixing red quantum dots with
SSL industry as matching capabilities such converted white LEDS with three to ten chan-
cool-white phosphor can create a
as color tuning or high CRI to specific appli- nels of different colored LEDs. More channels
31% more efficiecnt warm-white LED
cations that might require it. deliver more even energy distribution across
according to Pacific Light Technologies.
LED Engin does not manufacture LED die the visual spectrum. The result can be more
but rather buys die from other manufacturers accurate white light, or full color. Its an interesting story that we just cov-
and delivers multi-emitter packaged LEDs to Saake argued that the market for such ered in December (www.ledsmagazine.com/
customers. The company also offers the LEDs technology is much broader than the tech- __________
features/9/12/11).
installed in complete modular light engines nical niche that some people place it in. He The most compelling new information on
listed applications controls and how deeply lighting and IT net-
Hybrid white LED Blue + phosphor Blue + phosphor ranging from muse- works will mesh came from Brad Koemer,
(warm white) (warm white) (cool white) ums and medial to director of experience design at Philips Light-
Structure
residential, where ing, in a talk entitled Reaching the next evo-
B B R B B B B B B
consumers might use lution in lighting. Fully embracing LED tech-
Intensity Intensity Intensity the capability to light nology will involve the intersection of lighting
artwork or for wellbe- technology, architecture and construction,
Spectrum ing replicating nat- and lighting design according to Koemer.
400 500 600 700 400 500 600 700 400 500 600 700 ural light. The technology segment will be the
Wavelength (nm) Wavelength (nm) Wavelength (nm) Lu menet i x ha s enabler. Koemer predicted than within a
CCT 2700K 2700K 5700K developed tun- year or two, complete driver electronics will
CRI 90 82 70 able, modular, light be miniaturized to IC size. Moreover the IC
Relative efficacy 98% 65% 100% engines called Araya will include sensors and network support.
based on a five-chan- He said that soon, connecting full Internet
FIG. 4. Jou explained how the use of red LEDs, packaged nel LED architec- Protocol all the way out to each and every
together with phosphor-converted blue LEDs, can bring warm- ture. The modules are light source will cost less on a total project
white efficacy near that of cool-white LEDs. also equipped with a basis than connecting older proprietary con-
wireless interface and trol protocols.
with driver electronics thus simplifying the Lumenetix developed a handheld remote to He said architects would like to treat
design task for the LED manufacturer. control the engines. Moreover you can use lighting in the same way they treat mate-
Over the coming months, the company is the remote to capture a color scene and rials such as glass or acrylics. And he said
rolling out a new ViviLux family (Fig. 6) that transmit it to the Araya engine which will lighting designers want to embed light into
will include 2700K and 3000K LEDs with a duplicate it. architectural structures. Lighting becoming
CRI of 90, and a LuxiTune family that will part of the so called Internet of things will
support tuning over the range of 2000K to SSL controls help enable such a transition.
4500K with dim-to-warm capability. Both Moving specifically into lighting controls, While weve heard the controls vision
products use a proprietary mix of LED colors there were perhaps fewer controls-centric before, Koemers presentation took a sur-
including red emitters. Tahmassebi revealed presentations at SIL this year, but the pres- prising turn. He did mention that lighting
those plans for the first time publicly in the ence of adaptive controls going forward was becomes capable of presenting digital ani-
Investor Forum. simply implicit in many presentations. Kelly mation and other benfits. But he believes
Startup Lumenetix, meanwhile is push- Cunningham of the California Lighting that intelligence and networks inherent
ing color tunability even further and com- Technology Center at the University of in lighting will change the way that light-
bining it with control technologies. The com- California at Davis provided an update on ing is specified and that buildings are
pany presented in both the Investor Forum a campus-wide lighting network covering manufactured.
and the Technology track. Executive vice pathway and exterior-building lighting. The architecture industry is already mov-

30 MARCH 2013 LEDsmagazine.com

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conferences | STRATEGIES IN LIGHT
ing to Building Information Management
(BIM) systems in which plans for a build-
ing are stored in models rather than in tra-
ditional drawn plans. The computerized
approach enables what Koemer referred
to as digital fabrication where more sub-
systems of a building are mass-produced
remotely to a model specification and then
assembled on site.
Koemer believes that lighting needs to fol-
low a similar path. And having intelligent
lighting, in which parametric data about the
capability of the lighting product or module
is stored locally in the product, would enable
on-site fabrication of lighting systems
customized but based on mass production.
Specifically, Koemer mentioned the Zhaga
Consortium standards, and referred to his
vision as the paradox of standards. He said,
Standard modules enable mass custom-
ized lighting systems by reducing the devel-
opment cost. But there are missing pieces.
Clearly we need ubiquitous open rather than
proprietary networks. And we need data
standards for formatting and storing the
parametric data on lighting products that
feed he BIM system.
Long term, Koemer sees tracking the ele-
ments of a lighting system from component
to final assembly in an automated fashion.
He said LEDs are already tracked from wafer
to package. The tracking and incremental
buildup of parametric and commissioning
data could continue through light engines
or modules all the way to fi xtures or archi-
tectural systems. He referred to the concept
as nesting fi le standards .
Shorter term, Koemer believes that mod-
ules, and Zhaga in particular, can begin the
process. He said, My gut feeling is that 2013
is the year for modules.
Modules what flavor?
There were a number of SIL presentations
that covered modules. And while most
shared some of Koemers beliefs, the feelings
were rather mixed on the Zhaga approach.
Everyone seems to agree that modules can
accelerate product development and enable
LED usage in lower-volume applications. But
not everyone believes that Zhagas approach
to vendor interoperability will work with SSL.
Paul Scheidt, product marketing manager
for LEDs at Cree, summed up the consensus
saying, Modules enable all lighting compa-
32 MARCH 2013
nies to use LEDs. But he also warned that
SSL product designners still have to handle
thermals and optics to yield optimal per-
formance. Scheidt added, Just because you
are using an LED module, the fundamentals
dont change.
Cree sees modules as a stepping stone
technology if you will. A company can use
a module to bring a product to market. And
products that succeed and that are headed
to higher volume can be transitioned to cus-
tom-designed light engines. Scheidt said
that the make vs buy decision turns into buy
and then make only for successful products.
Thor Scordelis, global product market-
ing manager at Xicato, took a stronger
aim at Zhaga, especially in regards to field
replacement or service of a modular prod-
uct. He said, Interchangeable is not interop-
erable. Specifically Scordelis discussed the
match between the driver and the light
engine saying, I see it as a matched set. He light with a CRI or 90 and greater than 100
said if you replace one or the other you could
incur regulatory safety issues. And even if
the repaired product works, the lighting per-
formance may differ.
Essentially Scordelis said LEDs and SSL
are too much of a moving target right now
for the concept of interchangeable light
engines to work. He said that just as you
would likely replace rather than repair a
$1000 failed TV set right now, that most SSL
products would be best treated the same
way. There are exceptions such as in-grade
lighting according to Scordelis that would
be repaired. But he sees the bulk of the SSL
landscape as a replacement market for the
foreseeable future.
Driver design
While driver/light engine compatibility came
up briefly in the modular discussion, driver-
electronics design was a frequent topic
throughout the sessions. Indeed there were
quite a number of driver ICs announced at the
conference and many of those are covered in
our News + Views section (page 18). But driver
compatibility with legacy dimmers and driver
cost continue to be hot topics.
All of the IC vendors claim to have devel-
oped products at this point that work with
phase-cut dimmers. In practice, it comes
down to the specific dimmer and driver in
question and even how many lamps are con-
nected to the dimming circuit. We simply
FIG. 6. LED Engin ViviLux LEDs and light
engines mix emitter colors to deliver 2700K
lm/W efficacy for the packaged LED.
have no good way of quantifying driver com-
patibility with phase-cut dimmers.
James Hammond, CTO and cofounder of
Indice Ecotech spoke during the Investor
Forum and he noted that many drivers even
have a problem with dimmers at the high
end of the dimming scale. He said that most
drivers in products on the market will only
drive the LEDs at about 75% when the dim-
mer is set to full scale. In other words, a lamp
on a circuit without a dimmer would appear
noticeably brighter.
Of course Indice believes it has solved the
problem going to much higher-frequency
switching in the 1- to 3-MHz range in its
switch-mode driver circuit, allowing the
driver to adapt to dimmer and lamp condi-
tions each switching cycle.
The topic of AC-LED technology contin-
ues to percolate with the allure of lower-
cost electronics and less loss in the power
conversion circuits. But a number of the
products on the market dont fully utilize
the LED lumen capacity in products. Ray
Martin, CEO of Advanced Lighting Tech-
nologies, presented a talk on capacitor-
less drivers that was essentially an archi-
tecture for a high-voltage AC driver. But the
circuit connects the LEDs in a long series
string with multiple taps so that many of
the LEDs are only driven near the peak of
LEDsmagazine.com

the AC waveform.
AC-drive techniques are also limited in
many instances in supporting techniques
for warm-white operation. Lynk Labs, how-
ever, exhibited their SnapBrite COB module
announced in January (www.ledsmagazine.
com/news/10/1/10) that combines AC drive
and warm-white capabilities through mul-
tiple LED channels.
Lighting consumers
Of course lighting consumers dont really
care about all of the technical details that
the SSL industry must wade through. The
consumer simply wants high-quality,
energy-efficient light with perhaps some
capabilities like color tuning that hasnt
been available before. That brings us back to
Ikea. Jiffers pointed out that light is unique
in that it can totally change the look and feel
of a room, for example from a relaxed atmo-
sphere to a bright and active one.
But Jiffers is worried about the evolution of
the lighting industry and the impact of LEDs.
LED Driver ICs
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She said, My belief is that that it is customer
need that should drive technology and not
the other way around. Jiffers doesnt profess
to have the answers, but Ikea intends to be
part of the journey through its Future light at
home program. Jiffers did say that Ikea wants
to see luminaires with replaceable sources.
Ikea believes it can be a catalyst of change
because its customers are more willing than
the typical consumer to make environmen-
tally-conscious choices. And Ikea is looking
to engage with lighting vendors and help
shape future products with the goal of hav-
ing only LED lighting in its stores by 2015
after having already moved to sell only LED-
based lamps.
While Jiffers seemed to nudge the SSL
industry toward a different approach, Ted
Konnerth, CEO of Egret Consulting, supplied
a stern prod. Konnerth currently works as an
executive recruiter but has a long history in
the lighting business.
Konnerth questioned the ongoing retrofit
of legacy lighting with SSL products. He ques-
Advanced LED Solutions
LED Driver Boards
Low Voltage
Mains Voltage
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conferences | STRATEGIES IN LIGHT
tioned the wisdom of placing a four-pound
lamp in a 20-yr-old socket that has baked in
a ceiling can. He also doesnt see the sense
in retrofitting linear lighting. He said troffers
are really bad lighting and retrofitting them
with LEDs just makes a bad fixture worse.
Konnerth believes we need to rapidly
move to new designs. He said, You dont
need to pierce the ceiling anymore. We have
recessed lighting purely because of the Edi-
son bulb. In commercial spaces, Konnerth
said plenum space is really expensive. If you
can save 6-in in plenum space in each story
of a 20-story building, you get a 21-story
building according to Konnerth.
But Konnerth said there is little evidence
of freedom of design in SSL thus far. He said
manufacturers are using the same cast-
ings that they have used for 30 years. And he
added, The Edison socket is dead, Its not a
power-supply distribution point. The future,
according to Konnerth should be DC power
supplied over Cat-5/6 wiring and low-profile
fixtures that accentuate the LED source.
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__________________________
markets | LEDS AND LIGHTING
Packaged LED market resumes
moderate growth while the SSL market
will enjoy 12% CAGR through 2017
General lighting applications are now the largest market, measured by revenue, for packaged LEDs,
reports MAURY WRIGHT from the Strategies in Light conference, and the SSL market has grown to
$11.8 billion for lamps and luminaires.
O
pening and closing the Plenary ses-
sion at the Strategies in Light (SIL)
conference, Ella Shum and Vrinda
Bhandarkar of Strategies Unlimited reported
on the 2012 market for packaged LEDs and
SSL products respectively. Packaged LED
revenue hit $13.7 B (billion) in 2012, while
solid-state lighting (SSL) revenue for lamps
and luminaires combined reach $11.8 B.
Both markets will continue to grow through
2017 although LED revenue growth will be
moderated by falling component prices even
as more LEDs are manufactured.
Shum, director of the LED practice at
Strategies Unlimited, reported that the
global market for packaged LEDs in 2012
totaled $13.7 B. That total does not include
the sale of bare die or modular lighting prod-
ucts, but solely packaged LEDs whether the
product in question is a single-emitter LED,
a multi-die package, or a chip-on-board
(COB) LED array. The total market was up
from $12.5 B in 2011 as we covered in our
SIL report from last year (www.ledsmaga-
__________
_______________
zine.com/features/9/3/2).
LED market by segments
Shum segments the packaged LED market
into backlight (TV/monitor), mobile, sig-
nage, automotive, lighting and other cat-
egories. For the first time in 2012, general
lighting became the largest market for pack-
aged LEDs globally at $3.1 B. Fig. 1 depicts
the market breakdown by revenue for pack-
aged LEDs across the segments and shows
MAURY WRIGHT is the Editor of LEDs
Magazine.
LEDsmagazine.com
the growth or decline in the segments
from 2011 to 2012.
Shums talk was entitled,
The art of war and she
opened saying, We have
had a bloodbath in the last
few years in the LED industry.
As she reported last year, there has
been an oversupply of components in
the market driven primarily by a surplus of
products made for the backlight segment.
The TV market has been slower than some
expected to transition from fluorescent to FIG. 2. Nichias 757 LED in a QFN plastic
LED backlights while LED manufacturers package.
sought to win in that segment.
The result of the surplus has been even cations. And LED manufacturers have com-
lower LED prices than could be justified by peted tenaciously to win market share, lead-
advancements in LED manufacturing tech- ing to the title of the presentation.
Manufacturer rankings
Revenue (US$, B)
2011 Continuing with the battle theme,
3.5 2012
Shum provided her rankings of
3.0 the top 10 packaged LED ven-
2.5 dors for 2012 (Table 1) and then
2.0 discussed strategies that differ-
1.5 ent manufacturers are pursu-
1.0 ing and specific challenges that
some face. There was little change
0.5
in the order of the suppliers rela-
0.0
Backlight Mobile Sign Lighting Automotive Others tive to 2011, although Shum also
TV/monitor supplied growth/decline rates by
FIG. 1. Packaged LED revenue growth segmented by manufacturer that could foretell
market over 2011 to 2012. future changes.
Samsung was a major mover in
nology especially in low- and mid-power terms of growth, although its overall posi-
devices. But the low prices have impacted tion in the ranking was unchanged. The
pricing expectations even in high-power growth, according to Shum, comes from
LEDs designed specifically for lighting appli- its production of LEDs for use in Samsung
MARCH 2013 35
markets | LEDS AND LIGHTING
consumer products such as TVs. Likewise,
Lumens entered the rankings in a tie for the
tenth spot actually making the rankings
a top-11 list. And Lumens is another major
supplier to Samsung for consumer products.
Samsung, however, seems intent on continu-
ing to ramp its LED manufacturing num-
bers, becoming even more vertically inte-
grated in terms of its consumer products.
Toyoda Gosei jumped a spot in the rankings.
Shum said that the companys 37% growth
came thanks to supplying LEDs for Apple
mobile products.
Cree and Philips Lumileds appear to be
the most prominent beneficiaries of the
ramp in LEDs used for general lighting appli-
cations. Both experienced growth in the 20%
range. And as we will discuss in more detail
shortly, general lighting is the segment with
the most long-term growth potential.
Shum said that the top 11 companies
in her rankings accounted for 72% of the
global packaged LED revenue. Manufactur-
ers in Japan led with 30% of the overall mar-
ket followed by Korea at 28%, Taiwan and
South East Asia at 15% and China at 8% (Fig.
3). It might be worth noting that Shum has
expressed the opinion that China will have a
___
player in the top ten within five years (www.
ledsmagazine.com/features/9/12/5). Manu-
facturers in the US and Europe combined
make up 19% of the total market.
Technology and market strategy
In terms of strategy, Shum described differ-
ent approaches that manufacturers are tak-
ing to differentiate their products and grow
their market. For example, she cited the
recent 100W COB LED announced by Sharp
(www.ledsmagazine.com/news/10/2/10) as
an example of greater lumen output through
China
8%
Taiwan/
Japan
SE Asia 30%
15%
US/Europe
19%
Korea
28%
Source:
Strategies Unlimited
FIG. 3. Packaged LED revenue in 2012 by
region.
36 MARCH 2013
Revenue (US$, B) Units (M) more like a low- or mid-power
Edge lit w/o dimming Edge lit w/o dimming device (Fig. 2). Nichia packages
Edge lit with dimming Source:
Edge lit with dimming the 757 LEDs in a plastic QFN
Direct backlight Strategies Unlimited Direct backlight
Low-cost backlit Low-cost backlit
(Quad Flat No-leads) package
developed and widely used in the
3.0 160
140 broader semiconductor market.
2.5
120 Separate from technology
2.0 100
1.5 80 strategy, Shum also noted that
1.0 60 LED manufacturers are taking
40
0.5 20 different business and market
0.0
2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017
0 approaches such as the afore-
mentioned Samsung strat-
FIG. 4. LED revenue in the TV market segment by the egy of vertical integration. She
backlighting scheme used. siad that many companies were
seeking to grow through merg-
Revenue (US$, M) ers or alliances mentioning spe-
Flash
700 Smart phone cifically Epistar and Huga Opto-
display tech; Nichia and Citizen; and
600
Feature phones
display
Toyoda Gosei and Showa Denko.
500 Cree, Osram, and Philips are all
Keypad
400 RGB multichips helping to drive the LED com-
ringer
ponent market by pushing SSL
300 Source:
Strategies Unlimited deployment essentially another
200 approach to vertical integra-
100
tion. Shum did not have positive
thoughts for the small- and mid-
0 size LED manufacturers essen-
2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017
tially predicting that most will
FIG. 5. LED revenue in mobile phones segmented by not survive as independent LED
usage in the phone. manufacturers.
larger size. She noted that Cree has contin- Market segment details
ued to push performance in terms of effi- Getting back to market segments, Shum dis-
cacy, specifically mentioning the recently cussed each in depth. The 2012 sales were
announced 200-lm/W XLamp MK-R LED broken down by SSL at 23%, backlights for
(www.ledsmagazine.com/news/9/12/22). TVs and monitors at 22%, mobile at 19%, sig-
Shum said that Bridgelux was attempting nage at 13%, automotive at 10%, and other at
to simplify luminaire design with its Vero 13 %. Referring back To Fig. 1, its clear that
COB LEDs that separate the LED and plas- most of the segments are saturated or are
tic holder that can include either large sol- moving quickly toward that position, with
der pads or a connector (www.ledsmaga-
__________ the exception of lighting. The lighting seg-
______________
zine.com/news/9/12/8). ment experienced tremendous growth from
Of course lower-component cost is a just over $1.5 B in 2011 to the $3.1 B num-
common goal among LED manufacturers, ber in 2012.
although the manufacturers take differ- Still all of the segments are substantial in
ent approaches to the fact that higher vol- terms of LEDs consumed and warrant fur-
umes and maturing manufacturing tech- ther examination starting with the backlight
nology is enabling cost reduction. Cree, for segment that had been the largest growth
example, tends to try and keep LED cost rel- segment for LEDs prior to 2012. Last year at
atively constant while offering higher perfor- SIL, Shum predicted that a new class of low-
mance still providing cost savings at the cost, direct-backlit TVs were headed to mar-
SSL system level as fewer LEDs are required. ket and that the trend could greatly impact
Shum cited Nichia for being at the forefront LED sales. At that time no companies were
of LED price drops and noted the companys actually producing what Shum calls chubby
757 high-power LED family that is packaged TVs. She said that from March to December
LEDsmagazine.com
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 markets | LEDS AND LIGHTING

______________________ Revenue (US$, M) DRL

sets come to market or if con-
450 Headlamp sumers will pay a premium price
____________________ 400 Headlamp CHMSL for them. But they will use signif-
5 year CAGR Stop/tail icantly more LEDs. Such TVs will
350 36%
2 wheel vehicles almost universally use a direct-
300 Trucks, buses,
warning signals
backlight scheme with local
250
After market dimming. Shum said each set
200
Others could consume more than 5000
150 Source: 7030-package LEDs.
Strategies Unlimited
100 Energy regulatory issues could
50 also come into play including the
0
2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017
Energy Star program adminis-
tered by the US Environmental
FIG. 6. LED revenue in auto exterior lighting showing Protection Agency and at the
that growth will come in headlamps. state level by programs such as
California Title 20. For example,
of 2012, however, there were around 20 mil- Energy Star 6.0 requires that TV sets larger
lion such TVs sold globally. than 55 inches consume no more power than
The driver behind thicker TVs is lower 55-inch sets. Direct-backlit designs with
cost. Making the TV thicker allows the TV local dimming consume less power because
manufacturer to use fewer brighter LEDs the backlight LEDs for much of the display
to effectively backlight the screen. That may be dimmed at any given time. So such
may seem completely ironic given that the regulations could increase the use of local
value proposition of LED-based TVs has dimming, or TV manufacturers could use
been either super-slim edge-lit
models, or direct-lit models that Revenue (US$, B) Other lighting
$4.4B
greatly enhanced picture qual- 4.5 CAGR Emergency lighting
7% Consumer portable
ity via large numbers of LEDs 4.0
and local dimming. But now Residential
3.5 $3.1B
Off-grid
LED backlighting can be a low- 3.0 Outdoor area
cost play for LED manufacturers 2.5 Industrial
at the lower end of their portfolio. Commercial
2.0
Retail display
1.5
TV trends Entertainment
1.0 Architectural
Shum predicts that the chubby
TVs will represent an increas- 0.5 Replacement lamps
Source:
ingly larger portion of the mar- 0.0
2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 Strategies Unlimited
ket over the course of the next
five years. Fig. 4 depicts both the FIG. 7. LED revenue in general lighting segmented by
revenue value of the LEDs used application.
in different types of TVs on the
left axis and the number of LEDs that the the chubby model and further reduce the
types of TVs will consume. You can clearly number of LEDs used and maximum light
see the impact of reductions in LED prices levels that TVs are capable of delivering.
going forward as the TV segment will con-
sume more LEDs while the market value of Mobile, auto, and signage applications
those LEDs declines. Just behind the backlight market in terms of
There are a number of factors that could revenue, the mobile segment remains signif-
yet impact the forecast. At the Consumer icant, consuming more than $2.5 B in LEDs
Electronics Show back in January, for exam- and is comprised of both phones and tab-
ple, a number of companies demonstrated lets. The phone segment alone totaled $1.4 B
______________ what are being called Ultra HD or 4k TVs in 2012. There are two factors driving more
______________ that feature 40002000-pixel resolution LED sales the transition to smartphones
four times the resolution of today's best requiring more and better backlights and
HDTVs. It remains to be seen how fast those the broad inclusion of an LED as a camera

38 MARCH 2013 LEDsmagazine.com

 markets | LEDS AND LIGHTING

Price/klm the largest consumer of LEDs Solder and

Average lm/1W pkg
$32 although that will give way to Fluxes for LEDs
130 headlamps in the 2014-2015 time-
120 frame. And the headlamp usage is
$22 110
98 growing at a CAGR of 36% based
on LED revenue.
77 $16
70 Shum projects a relatively flat
$13
market for LEDs used in interior
$6.25 applications. More LEDs will be
$3.45 utilized in more ways than ever,
Source:
Strategies Unlimited including as backlights for what
2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 are becoming almost ubiqui-
tous video panels. But LED com-
FIG. 8. LED efficacy is steeply rising while price
ponent price drops will keep the
measured by $/klm is dropping.
market flat from an LED revenue
flash on phones. perspective.
Fig. 5 shows Shum's market projection for The signage market is one that is fully sat-
the mobile phone space over the next five urated in terms of using SSL technology. Still,
years. Sales into the flash usage are the only Shum projects steady, although unspectacu-
place where she sees revenues rising. But lar, growth for the segment. In 2012, LED rev-
the rising penetration of smart phones will enue for the segment totaled $1.7 B and Shum
to a degree mitigate the impact of falling projects that it will cross $2 B in 2015. Solder Flux-Coated
LED prices. The tablet market is less cer- Paste Preforms
tain at this point, although Shum did note LEDs in lighting
the overall trend of an increase in tablet Coming full circle, the real growth in LED
sales relative to decline in notebook com- sales will come in general SSL applications.
puter sales. Shum projects that LED revenue from light-
The auto market includes both interior ing to grow from the previously mentioned Flux Thermal
lighting and exterior lighting including $3.1 B in 2012 to $4.4 B in 2017, representing Interface
headlamps. The latter promises to be the a CAGR of 7% (Fig. 7).
growth sub segment. It is being enabled The projected growth is especially impres- Low temperature
by what Shum termed the magic bullet sive if you consider the rate at which prices
new optics. Manufacturers are developing are dropping. Fig. 8 depicts the increase alloys <200C
total internal reflection optics (TIR) that in efficacy over the past five years plot-
can enable a number of different headlamp ted against the decrease in dollar per kilo
types that will ultimately allow auto lumen ($/klm)
manufacturers to move to LED-based 1. Nichia 5% the latter
designs across their entire fleet. 2. Samsung 22% a metric that
At the low end of the auto market 3. Osram Opto the US Depart- Learn more:
5% http://indium.us/F311
you will see reflector-type designs 4. LG Innotek -1%
ment of Energy
with a transition to projector-type (DOE) track s
5. Seoul Semi 14%
headlamps that use TIRs on higher- a nd projects
Philips Lumileds 21%
priced vehicles. At the high end, there in its SSL pro-
are products classified as direct-pro- 7. Cree 18% gram. Indeed in
jection headlamps that have multi- 8. TG 18% the DOE's latest
ple LED/optic elements for different 9. Sharp 14% SSL Multi-Year
illumination angles that can go far 10. Everlight -1% Program Plan
beyond the legacy low- and high-beam Lumens 32% publ ished i n
settings in terms of beam control. April 2012, the
www.indium.com
The total market for LEDs used in exte- agency projected that it would be after 2013
askus@indium.com
rior auto lighting applications in 2012 was before packaged LED prices dropped to the
$737 million. Fig. 6 details the total exterior $3/klm level and after 2015 before prices hit ASIA CHINA EUROPE USA
lighting market broken up by how the LEDs $2/klm. The $3.45/klm number in Fig. 8 rep-
2013 Indium Corporation
are used projected through 2017. The day- resents the average for the year 2012. At SIL,
time running lamps (DRL) usage has been Shum said she thinks the figure has already

LEDsmagazine.com MARCH 2013 39

 markets | LEDS AND LIGHTING

dropped to $2/klm via products such as the CAGR of 12% through 2017. Bhandarkar
Nichia 757 mentioned earlier. projects that SSL luminaire revenue will
Later in the Plenary session Bhandarkar, exceed $20 B in 2017. For more details from
director of research for LED light-
ing at Strategies Unlimited, pre- Units (B) RGB
sented data on the actual market 500 InGaAlP High power
for lighting products. Bhandarkar 450 InGaAlP Mid power
said replacement lamp revenue 400 InGaAlP Low power
grew from $2.1 B in 2011 to $2.58 350 InGaN Super high power
B in 2012. The largest jump came InGaN High power
300
in Japan where energy concerns InGaN Mid power
250
InGaN Low power
caused by the earthquake and 200 Source:
tsunami that occurred in 2011 150 Strategies Unlimited

knocking out major energy-gen- 100

eration facilities. 50
In the luminaire sector, reve- 0
2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017
nue grew from $7.2 B in 2011 to
$9.2 B in 2012. The commercial FIG. 10. The unit volume of packaged LEDs produced
market segment is leading the is on a steep growth path.
adoption of SSL, representing
23% of the market. Growth in luminaires on Bhandarkar's presentation, watch for an
is fairly consistent across the globe. For the article in the next issue of our sister publi-
first time, Bhandarkar also reported on an cation Illumination in Focus.
other category that includes products such
as flexible strings, furniture lighting, air- Projecting the packaged LED market
plane lighting, toys and other products that Given the push that packaged LEDs are get-
totaled $2.75 B bring the overall market total ting from lighting applications, where are
to $14.5 B. we headed you might ask? The news was
Bhandarkar also addressed some specific better than last year. At SIL in 2012, Shum
types of products. She said, "LED down- projected a slight increase in packaged LED
lights became a commodity market in 2012 revenue in 2013 followed by a -0.2% CAGR
more than 50% of products sold in Japan through 2016. Given the continuing price
drop in components, the revenue
Revenue (US$, B) forecast hasnt changed tremen-
CAGR Backlight TV/ dously but the five-year CAGR
16 1.8% $15B monitor
$13.7B
projected this year is positive at
14 Mobile
Sign 1.8% as depicted in Fig. 9.
12 Lighting will continue to
Lighting
10 Automotive grow and drive the market.
8
Others Shum predicts that packaged
Source:
Strategies Unlimited LED revenue will hit $15 B by
6
2017. For the first time, Shum
4 also showed a chart reflecting
2 the number of packaged LEDs
___________ sold (Fig. 10). We include it here
0
2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017
to make the point that in terms
FIG. 9. LED revenues across all applications will rise of unit volumes, the industry
gently driven by lighting. is still in a tremendous growth
mode. But as Shum pointed out,
were LEDs." Looking forward, she said the numbers can be misleading because
"Troffers will be the next major wave of SSL the units sold include everything from sin-
deployment starting this year." She expects gle-die packages to COBs that have doz-
the troffer market to be strong in 2014 and ens of emitters in a package. A chart that
going into 2015. showed LED die unit volume would show
Overall, the SSL market will enjoy a even steeper growth.

40 MARCH 2013 LEDsmagazine.com

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mechanical design | VENTING PRESSURE

Equalize pressure to ensure reliable

LED-based outdoor luminaires
Dealing with pressure differential is a hidden design challenge for robust LED luminaires, reports
GARY CHAN, although preventing moisture ingress and venting products properly can deliver long,
reliable lifetimes.

M
uch of the lighting for both com- Temperature (C) and/or insta l l-
Sealed enclosure
mercial and residential applica- 25 Ambient temperature i n g a dd it iona l
tions is being upgraded to LED 20
bolts around the
Off On Off On
sources because solid-state lighting (SSL) O-rings or gas-
15
products can deliver 100,000 hours of light kets to maintain a
and are some of the most environmentally 10 more durable seal.
friendly and reliable solutions especially 5 However, even
in outdoor lighting applications. However, 0 with these added
outdoor applications can present a chal- -5 features, the seals
12:00 AM 12:00 AM 12:00 AM 12:00 AM 12:00 AM
lenging environment with potential water Time
can begin to fail
ingress that can cause product failures. and become a leak
Although product developers can seal a FIG. 1. Temperature fluctuations inside a sealed luminaire. point, providing a
luminaire against the environment, the path for water to
unexpected problem of pressure diff eren- Challenges of harsh environments enter and eventually cause condensation
tial between the inside of the luminaire and According to a study performed by RTI on the lens and refl ectors.
the outside air can cause problems. Lets International, the leading causes of LED These failures often occur because sealing
examine the pressure issue and consider luminaire failures are problems with the device prevents its ability to handle pres-
mechanical design approaches to elimi- drivers, such as capacitor and inter- sure fluctuations, both positive and negative
nate the problem and ensure long lumi- connect failure, electrical stress, and (i.e., vacuum). As these pressure fluctuations
naire lifetime. ingress of moisture
The advantages of LED luminaires are or other chemicals. Delta P (psi)
numerous. In addition to the previously Trad itiona l d r iv- 0.15 Sealed enclosure
On
noted long-life potential, SSL products are ers come with a five- 0.10
fully compliant with the restriction of haz- year warranty, and
0.05
ardous substances (RoHS) regulations and tests have shown that
provide up to 85% energy savings over leg- these power supplies 0.00
acy lighting technologies. have a high failure -0.05
Although the LEDs themselves can last rate. Reliability issues -0.10 Off
for more than 20 years, this service life only are often caused by 3/19 3/20 3/21 3/22 3/23
Date
provides added value to the lighting system seals, joints, and con-
if the electronic components and power nection points being FIG. 2. Pressure differentials result as a luminaire turns on and
supply and drivers are as reliable as the comprom i sed by off. The inability of the luminaire to hold pressure indicates the
LEDs. All of the components in the lumi- challenging environ- existence of leak path.
naire must be able to withstand the harsh mental conditions.
conditions of the environments in which Most engineers protect the drivers and occur, they put significant stress on seals
they are installed, whether in the tropical electronics by enhancing the durability of and other connection points, which in turn
climates of the Caribbean or the extreme the luminaire housing in one of three ways: compromises their effectiveness. Over time,
cold of Alaska. integrating more rugged O-rings or gaskets the frequent expanding and contracting of
to improve the seals, increasing the thick- the seals causes their weakest point to fail,
GARY Y. CHAN is an Application Engineer at ness of the enclosures walls to minimize allowing water and contaminants to enter
W. L. Gore & Associates, Inc. movement of the housing around the seal, the housing and leading to potential corro-

LEDsmagazine.com MARCH 2013 43

mechanical design | VENTING PRESSURE

Pressure (psi) Delta (psi)

16 0.6 Sealed enclosure
14 0.4
12 0.2
10 0.0
8 -0.2
6 -0.4 Test 2,
4 early morning
-0.6
2 Tests 3 and 4,
-0.8 Test 1, mid day mid day
0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 -1.0
6/20 6/21 6/22 6/23 6/24
Altitude (thousands of feet) Date
FIG. 3. Pressure changes are experienced during altitude FIG. 4. Pressure differentials caused by tap-water spray using
changes during shipment. an IPX5 nozzle.

sion, shorts and failure of the electronics. cause of pressure buildup. Although lumi- 60529 Standard IPX5 nozzle at a distance of
Temperature changes, whether external, naires are usually stationary once installed, approximately 3m for three minutes, with a
internal, or both, are one of the most com- altitude issues occur as the luminaires are tap water flow of 21 lt/min. Rapid recovery of
mon causes of pressure differentials. Exter- shipped from the manufacturing facility to pressure indicates the failure of the gasket to
nal temperature changes can be dramatic the installation site. Because most shipping hold the vacuum, drawing in water along with
(e.g., a sudden thunderstorm on a hot sum- containers on cargo planes are not pressur- air at the leak path(s).
mer day) or more gradual over the course of ized, luminaires can be exposed to significant
different seasons. Daily temperatures can pressure differentials during take-off and land- Condensation: Another consequence
drop as much as 10 to 20C from day to ing, decreasing from almost 15 psi (1034 mbar) In addition to the potential damage to elec-
night, and seasonal temperatures can differ when on the ground to about 3 psi (137.9 mbar) tronics if water and contaminants enter the
40C or more between summer and winter. at an altitude of 40,000 feet (Fig. 3). luminaire, moisture vapor from the water
As the temperature rises, the air inside the Thermal shock is a third cause of pressure can cause condensation on lenses and reflec-
luminaire expands, putting positive pressure differentials and results from the luminaire tors, decreasing light efficiency and the aes-
on the seals, joints, and connection points. As being exposed to rain, snow, or washing cycles. thetic quality of the luminaire (Fig. 5).
the temperature drops, the internal air com- Fig. 4 shows the impact on a luminaires inter- The relative humidity inside the luminaire
presses and creates a vacuum, again putting nal pressure from a water spray using an IEC determines the potential for condensation
pressure on the seals. A 30C change in tem-
perature would create approximately 10% of
volumetric airflow in or out of the luminaire.
A quick drop in the outside temperature
can create a vacuum of 0.5 psi or greater
inside the enclosure. When a vacuum occurs,
water and contaminants can enter the hous-
ing. In mild cases, corrosion is accelerated,
and in severe cases, catastrophic failure could
occur. The corrosion can shorten the life of
the luminaire by damaging wiring, leads, and
other electronics contained within the lumi-
naire and the LEDs.
Fig. 1 shows how temperature can fluctu-
ate inside and outside the luminaire mapped
relative to power on and off cycles for the
luminaire. Temperature rises inside the
luminaire when it is powered on. As a lumi-
naire turns on and off , the changes in the
temperatures result in sudden pressure dif-
ferentials (Fig. 2). The housing tries to relieve
the pressure by drawing air inside, which
increases stress on the seals (a process some-
times referred to as pressure equalization).
Altitude changes are another common FIG. 5. Condensation inside an LED luminaire limits performance.

44 MARCH 2013 LEDsmagazine.com

 mechanical design | VENTING PRESSURE

Relative humidity (%)

Sealed enclosure
100

80

60

40

20
11/10 11/12 11/14 11/16 11/18 11/20
Date

FIG. 6. Condensation events occur inside a luminaire

Delta P (psi)
Sealed enclosure
0.15
Vented enclosure On
0.10

0.05

0.00

-0.05
-0.10 Off
3/19 3/20 3/21 3/22 3/23
Date

FIG. 8. The impact of pressure differs on vented and sealed

housings.

Relative humidity (%) Sealed enclosure

Vented enclosure
100
80
60
40
20
0
6/22 6/26 6/30 7/4 7/8 7/12 7/16 7/20
Date

FIG. 9. Extended periods of condensation in a sealed luminaire.

occurring on the lenses and reflectors. When the relative humidity

inside the luminaire reaches 100%, condensation occurs. Once this
happens, the condensation will remain unless there is a path for the
moisture vapor to escape. Because sealed enclosures do not provide
this path, condensation will remain on the lenses and reflectors for
extended periods (Fig. 6).

Preventing pressure differentials

The challenge of maintaining constant pressure inside a luminaire is
to allow air to flow freely in and out of the luminaire while blocking
water and contaminants. Drilling a hole in the housing or creating a
hole with a torturous path definitely addresses the pressure differen-
tial issue. However, this open system concept allows contaminants,
including dust, dirt, water and even insects to enter the enclosure and
compromise the electronics.
Many engineers consider hermetic seals or potting compound to be
the best way to protect electronics. However, hermetically sealing the
device requires the use of non-permeable materials which means
no plastic and the housing is welded shut. This option is unreal-

LEDsmagazine.com
mechanical design | VENTING PRESSURE

istic for most luminaires because the enclo-

sures would be too heavy, not serviceable, and
very expensive. Like hermetic seals, potting
compound eliminates the ability to service
the electronics, is expensive and heavy, and
requires specialized equipment in the man-
ufacturing process.
Installing a felt element, sintered vent,
or mechanical valve is another alternative.
The felt element and sintered vent address
the pressure differentials, but like tortuous
paths, they allow water and contaminants to
enter and clog the air path. And the mechan-
ical valve is a one-way solution, allowing air
to escape only if internal pressure increases
to a certain point, but remaining closed if a
vacuum occurs.
A vent made of expanded polytetraflu-
oroethylene (ePTFE) a two-way breath-
able membrane continuously equal-
izes pressure inside the luminaire housing
while maintaining an environmental seal.
Expanded PTFE is a unique, microporous
membrane that is inherently waterproof
and chemically inert, and can be coated to
provide oleophobicity, essentially protection
from oil. The ePTFE node-and-fibril micro- FIG. 7. A leak path can exist in a sealed luminaire.
structure is open enough to allow gas mol-
ecules and vapor to pass through it easily, uum can cause a leak in a sealed enclosure. escaped from the enclosure, and there was
but the openings are so small that liquid and Although the on/off cycle of a luminaire no evidence of condensation.
other particulates are repelled. causes temperatures to rise and fall in both a Pressure differentials compromise the
vented and a sealed enclosure, the amount of housing seals, joints, and other connection
Venting to improve reliability pressure placed on the seals and joints is sig- points in LED luminaire systems. Leaving
and durability nificantly different (Fig. 8). The testing indi- these pressure fluctuations unchecked can
Equalizing pressure using an ePTFE vent cated that pressure in the sealed luminaire reduce long-term performance of the drivers
reduces the potential for seals to fail and for spiked as much as 0.09 psi when the light and other electronics. They also lead to con-
moisture vapor to condense on the lenses was turned on and dipped approximately densation on lenses and reflectors that can
and reflectors. W. L. Gore & Associates -0.1 psi when turned off. However, the vented decrease light efficiency and the aesthetic
has performed extended life testing on luminaire showed a change of only 0.01 psi. quality of the luminaire.
two commercially available LED lumi- Comparing the relative humidity inside the As demonstrated through the real-life IPX5
naires (one sealed and one vented) to evalu- sealed and vented luminaires after an IPX5 testing done by Gore, integrating an ePTFE
ate the effect of using ePTFE venting prod- water ingress test demonstrates the signifi- vent into the luminaires housing equalizes
ucts to improve reliability and durability by cance of pressure differentials. Following the pressure by allowing continuous airflow in
relieving pressure. The vent is integrated water spray test performed by Gore, the rela- both directions. This two-way airflow pre-
into the power supply chamber of the lumi- tive humidity in a sealed luminaire remained vented water from entering as the pressure
naire. It is extremely difficult to leak-proof significantly higher than that in an identical changes inside or outside the enclosure. Also,
any entry point of an enclosure, because the luminaire that was vented (Fig. 9). the vent reduced condensation events inside
gasket elastomer and the wire gland relax Over the course of 10 days, the relative the luminaire because moisture vapor was
over time (Fig. 7). A sealed housing may pass humidity of the sealed luminaire almost able to escape before condensing.
ingress testing at the factory but fail rapidly always remained at 100%, which indicated For more information about the test-
in real life when challenged by a wide range the existence of condensation inside the ing Gore performed, visit gore.com/protec-
of temperatures. luminaire caused by water entering during tivevents, or email protectivevents@wlgore.
_____
Depending on the quality of the seal, nega- the test. Although the relative humidity in com and request the white paper, Reliabil-
tive 34 mbar (approximately 0.5 psi) is com- the vented luminaire rose after the shock ity testing of gore protective vents in LED
monly accepted as the point at which a vac- test, it decreased as the moisture vapor luminaires.

46 MARCH 2013 LEDsmagazine.com

2013
THE FUTURE. ILLUMINATED.
We see the future clearly. And so will you.

Philadelphia, PA USA
Pennsylvania Convention Center
4.21.13 4.25.13

www.lightfair.com

PHOTO CREDITS
(1) BANNER MD ANDERSON CANCER CENTER LANTERN OF HOPE, GILBERT, AZ USA | LIGHTING DESIGN BY CANNON
In collaboration with In collaboration with DESIGN | BILL TIMMERMAN / MARK SKALNY (2) UNITED STATES INSTITUTE OF PEACE, WASHINGTON, DC USA |
The Illuminating The International Produced & LIGHTING DESIGN BY LAM PARTNERS | GLENN HEINMILLER, IALD, LAM PARTNERS, BILL FITZ-PATRICK, UNITED
Engineering Society Association of Managed by STATES INSTITUTE OF PEACE (3) CHANDLER CITY HALL EXTERIOR LIGHTING, CHANDLER, AZ USA | LIGHTING DESIGN BY
Lighting Designers AMC, Inc. SMITHGROUP JJR | TIMMERMAN PHOTOGRAPHY
______________________

__________________
LEDs | ROUND SOURCES

Truly round LED sources deliver optimal

performance in many SSL applications
At the LED lighting system level, CHUCK DEMILO and DON MCDANIEL explain that a round emitting
surface can deliver optimal efficacy and light quality for many SSL applications.

L
EDs are becoming increasingly popular
in lighting applications due to energy
efficiency and long life, but the indus-
try is still learning how to deliver optimum
system performance in solid-state light-
ing (SSL) products. The shape of traditional
LEDs poses one challenge. While many
LEDs appear round because of the primary
optic installed over the emitter, the actual
source has typically been rectangular or
square. Round sources, however, can provide
increased efficacy, better uniformity, and
superior light quality in many applications.
There are a number of ways to implement
a round light-emitting surface. For exam-
ple, there are currently LED packages on the
market with a circular emission area, such
as chip-on-board (COB) arrays that consist
of many small square chips spatially sepa-
rated and covered in a phosphor slurry. Lumi-
nus Devices offers another approach, manu-
facturing monolithic single-die round LEDs.
The COBs are often referred to as LED
packages with the industry not differentiat-
ing multi-emitter products. Indeed, that label
is used in square packages as well. While ana-
lysts and others in the industry equate single
and multi-die packages, for instance in terms
of units sold, the SSL product developer must
understand the difference.
It may not be readily apparent to the end
user, but the architectural distinction is
important as it has major system implica-
tions. Although the COB arrays can create a
reasonable approximation of a round source
with an appropriate amount of illumination,
CHUCK DEMILO is the Director of Global Product Marketing and DON MCDANIEL is the Director
of Global Product Marketing for Entertainment at Luminus Devices.
the lumen density (lumens/mm2) is low due
to the space left between die for intercon-
nects and to comply with layout design rules.
Lumen density
For example, a typical COB array might gen-
erate 1000 lm over a source area of 100 mm2
for a lumen density of 10 lm/mm 2. By con-
trast, Luminus Devices has created a single
LED chip with conformal phosphor coat-
ing that emits directly from the epitax-
ial material in a round shape (Fig. 1). The
result is significantly higher lumen density.
Luminus CBT-140 round LED emits up to
4200 lm from a source area of 14 mm2, result-
ing in a lumen density of 300 lm/mm2.
Monolithic round LEDs have a lumen den-
sity that is approximately 30 greater than
typical COB arrays with circular emission. On
FIG. 1. Luminus Devices family of round
LEDs clockwise from left the CBT-140;
SBT-70 in Red, Green and Blue; and SBT-
70 in White.
the other hand, there are COB LEDs (Fig. 2)
that offer greater lumen output than what you
get in single die products. At the extreme end
of the spectrum, Sharp recently announced
a 100W COB LED that tops out at 14,000 lm
(www.ledsmagazine.com/news/10/2/10).
More typically the Sharp Mini Zenigata COB
LEDs measure 1512 mm and range in output
to more than 1000 lm (Fig. 2).
The system efficiency gains enabled by
round LEDs can be substantial. But we have
not previously seen round LEDs largely
because efficiency is less important until you
are able to produce single LEDs with suffi-
cient output to enable an application that
benefits from the geometry.
Until recently, any LED fi xture of mod-
est output consisted of as many individu-
ally packaged LEDs as were necessary to
produce the requisite flux. Th is approach
enabled street lights, down lights and such,
but could not be used for products like pro-

LEDsmagazine.com MARCH 2013 49

LEDs | ROUND SOURCES

file spots. The concept of developing lumens from a the smallest possible source area. And pack-
and manufacturing an LED with a source with ten- aging a die without encapsulation is ideal.
circular emission area becomes due less than or While encapsulating an LED can increase
compelling only when its pos- equal to that of the optical extraction efficiency by 20-30%, it
sible to fabricate an individ- system aperture stop. increases the source tendue by a factor of
ual chip with substan- This means minimiz- 2-2.25, resulting in a net loss of efficiency for
tial output in the range of ing the size of the emit- tendue constrained systems.
thousands of lumens. ting area and/or limiting the
Such a higher lumen output angular extent of the emis- Applications for round sources
enables a single source with a very simple, sion. The source figure of merit At the application level, a round LED offers
compact and efficient optical system to FIG. 2. Sharp is then lumens/tendue or in optical efficiency advantages primarily in
create a light engine for a particular fi x- Mini Zenigata units, lm/mm2Sr (Steradian). two types of systems projectors that re-
ture. In scaling up to applications that COB LED array Ideal sources w ill be image a circular gate onto the target plane,
still cannot be served by a single source, designed with characteristics and lighting systems with very narrow beam
much of the round source efficiency advan- that match or optimize this figure of merit: angles or nearly collimated circular output
tage can be preserved using architectures Maximize flux for a given emitting area. for spot lighting applications.
that combine a modest number of LEDs This goal leads to LEDs designed to optimize The fi rst class of systems includes pro-
thereby enabling fixtures with 10,000 to the tradeoff between high drive current and fi le spotlights for entertainment and archi-
20,000 lumen system output or even higher. high efficacy operation, which involves cur- tectural applications; framing projectors
rent control, and thermal and epitaxial design. for studio, museum and architecture; and
Limited tendue systems Reduce the emission angle. Luminus gobo projectors for entertainment, advertis-
Lumen density becomes critical in enabling Photonic Lattice technology partially colli- ing and architecture. In each of these types
high lumen systems that are optically con- mates the emission angle to reduce source of products, the hard-edge spot is formed
strained, otherwise known as tendue lim- tendue. However, phosphors in color-con- by imaging a circular aperture stop (also
ited. tendue is the product of a sources or verted LEDs (like amber, green and white) called a gate) onto the target surface (Fig.
optical systems area and angle. It is an opti- scatter the light making the emission once 3). Maximum efficiency is achieved by fi ll-
cal conservation law that no optical system again Lambertian so the benefit is not avail- ing that gate with the source lumens. Any
can reduce tendue, it can at best preserve able in all applications. overfi ll is cropped and lost, while under-fill-
it and generally increases it. Minimize the effective emitting area ing the gate results in an image that is no
Luminus Devices has excelled as a manu- for a given flux. A monolithic emitter elim- longer circular. Consequently, the best effi-
facturer of LEDs for tendue limited applica- inates the inevitable spaces between die in ciency is achieved by starting with a round
tions, most notably for DLP and LCD digital any tiled LED array approach resulting in source and imaging that into the gate plane.
projectors of various sizes. It is worth noting
that these systems exploit the very same geo-
metric concept as the new round LEDs they
match the shape of the source to that of the
system aperture. Luminus 16:9 and 4:3 aspect
ratio LEDs enable the highest efficiency in
projectors with those respective aspect ratios.
Typical optical systems or applications for
round LEDs are similarly tendue limited.
The first requirement for such applications
is to generate as much light as possible from
the smallest emitting area. A projection sys-
tem, for example, will have an aperture stop
implemented as an optical plane within the
system with a given aperture size and accep-
tance angle thereby determining the limiting
tendue of the system. If the source tendue
exceeds that of the aperture stop, the excess
light will be lost as no intermediate optical
system can squeeze the source down to match
the stops tendue.
Therefore, optimizing system efficiency FIG. 3. A hard-edge spot LED entertainment lighting fi xture the Philips Selecon PL-
requires generating the required system PROFILE1. Photo courtesy of Philips Selecon.

50 MARCH 2013 LEDsmagazine.com

 LEDs | ROUND SOURCES

The second class of systems is sometimes

called a spot light, and is distinguished by
having a soft edge rather than the hard edge
of profile projectors (Fig. 4). Soft edge spot
lights are simple, very-narrow-beam sys-
tems. A common example of a soft-edge spot
light is a tactical flashlight intended for illu-
minating objects at a great distance.
These nearly collimated light sources are
sometimes said to be imaged at infinity. This
characterization means that on the image
plane, the source is imaged and a flashlight
using a square LED will have a square shaped
spot which can be aesthetically undesirable.
As with the projectors, the beam geometry
can be remedied by using a diffusing element
or scattering surface on one of the optics.
However, scattering spreads the beam and
introduces system losses and reduced center
beam candle power.

Life science applications

Benefits of round sources extend to non- FIG. 4. A soft-edge spot LED entertainment lighting fixture the Philips Selecon PL-
imaging systems such as fiber-based FRESNEL. Photo courtesy of Philips Selecon.

______________

___________________

LEDsmagazine.com MARCH 2013 51

LEDs | ROUND SOURCES
systems, notably the ubiquitous 5-mm
diameter fibers used in life sciences and
medical endoscopy. Here maximum effi -
ciency is achieved by optically coupling a
round source to the round input face of the
fiber bundle. Non-imaging optics such as
compound parabolic concentrators (CPCs)
or optical tapers are typically used to trans-
fer the light from the LED to the fiber.
For reasons of manufacturability and
cost, these optics are usually symmetric
meaning they consist of square input and
output faces, or they consist of round input
and output faces. To avoid optical loss due
to a square mating with a circle, the high-
est efficiency solution is a round LED, round
coupling optic and round fiber bundle. The
traditional approach of using a square LED
and overfi lling the input aperture of the
optic results in lost photons, while under-
fi lling the optic results in a missed opportu-
nity to inject more light into the fiber.
With system and optical efficiency gains
to be had from round sources, you may ask
why such products only recently came to
market. Luminus scientists knew that they
could develop a round LED but needed to
address cost as well as design. Fabricating
a truly round die would require significant
investment in capital equipment and pro-
cess development. Simply singulating round
die would be a fi nancially flawed option.
Circular active area
The Luminus approach is to electrically iso-
late the die area outside of the circular shape
on a square dire, and only power the round
area. The immediate reaction to the idea
of only injecting current in a round shape
within a square die is always that it is an
inefficient use of epitaxial real estate and
therefore not cost effective.
If one stops thinking like a chip-head,
however, and starts thinking like a designer
of optical fi xtures, you would note that your
optical system is going to waste the lumens
that would have been generated in the cor-
ners of the square, meaning you would be
paying for real estate with no flux payback.
In doing so, you would be consuming power
and generating additional heat to burden
the thermal design and/or reduce the LED
efficacy. So in terms of system lumens, the
round emitter is in fact more efficient in
applications such as those described above.
52 MARCH 2013
The next challenge was
to design a round product
with the requisite perfor- Circular LED beams
mance and to develop the
There are an increasingly broad set of choices for
manufacturing capability.
product designs that need a circular beam pattern,
The largest die previously
despite the fact that most packaged LEDs use
offered by Luminus was 12
a square die. Indeed most smaller LEDs can be
mm 2 in area. The flux goals
combined with a total-internal reflector (TIR) lens
of this program could not
to form a circular pattern. For higher lumen output
be achieved by pumping a
applications, the growing selection of multi-emitter
circle within a 3.53.5-mm
LEDs provides more options.
square die (emitting area
As the main article mentions, most every major
of 9.4 mm 2). It was deter-
LED manufacturer offers chip-on-board (COB) arrays
mined that 14 mm 2 of emit-
at this point. Bridgelux announced the Vero family
ting area would be required
___
recently with flux output as high as 20,000 lm (www.
which corresponds to a
ledsmagazine.com/news/9/12/8). Cree recently
total square die area of 18
added larger arrays in its CXA family that range to
mm 2 . Th is represents a 50%
5000 lm in light output (www.ledsmagazine.com/
increase over the previous
_________
news/9/10/22).
Luminus platform, which is
While the COB approach typically involves
already many times larger
mounting blue emitters in an array and covering the
than the industry standard.
entire array with a phosphor slurry, Philips Lumileds
Suitable optical emission
took a different approach with its latest Luxeon S
uniformity over the circular
family. The LEDs use multiple phosphor-converted,
area along with efficient cur-
high-power white LEDs discretely mounted on a small
rent injection was required.
circuit board in a pattern that delivers a round beam
Th is involved new optimiza-
(more on page 9).
tions for both n-ohmic and
Maury Wright
p-ohmic designs and bond
pads. Iterative design led to
selection of optimum trad-
eoffs between current handling capability, square chip LED is adequate. However, in
efficacy and uniformity. A large number of applications where maximum center beam
contact geometries were explored before candle power is vital such as spot light-
the fi nal geometry was selected for detailed ing, entertainment lighting, medical device
design. Many of the design rules trans- lighting, along with several other tendue
ferred from the existing Luminus Big Chip limited optical architectures, round LEDs
platform, but additional work was required are best suited as the LED source.
to optimize for the circular symmetry. Ultra-high lumen systems that are ten-
Finally, such a product development due limited would benefit most from these
must address design for manufacturabil- round emission LEDs. Additional poten-
ity issues. Most wafer processes in use tial applications on the horizon include
were scaled to the 18-mm 2 die without high intensity transportation lighting,
issue. However Luminus equipment and such as landing lights on aircraft, and nar-
processes for separating the LED from the row beam high intensity discharge (HID)
sapphire substrate on which it is grown had replacement PAR lamps.
reached their limits just beyond 12 mm 2 . In the LED world, maybe we are begin-
Substantial capital investment and process ning to see a shift in thinking outside the
development was required to enable these proverbial box. For example, consider a
largest-ever LED die and now Luminus is, move toward creating an LED that is per-
in principle, able to fabricate single die of fectly matched to an existing optical archi-
any size or shape. tecture rather than forcing the radical
adaptation of a fi xtures infrastructure just
Circular benefits to be able to accommodate a standard LED
For many general lighting applications, a light source.
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MARKET INTELLIGENCE 

focus on thermal at SIL
Heat remains the enemy of reliable solid-state lighting (SSL) products. Cooling LEDs is
necessary to not just enable long life, but to also ensure that SSL lamps and luminaires
provide stable lumen output and color over the life of the product. Thermal management in an
SSL product can encompass many elements starting with basic heat sinks but also including
thermal materials, thermally-efficient circuit boards, active coolers, and other technologies,
materials, and products. To get a broad view of the many approaches to thermal design,
we surveyed the thermal-related products showcased in the recent Strategies in Light (SIL)
conference exhibits.

Protechnic fan and heat sink

Heat sinks are among the most basic elements used
to draw heat away from the LED junction where
heat is generated. Typical heat sinks include fi ns
or fi ngers so that airflow
can help dissipate the
heat. Protechnic
manufactures cus-
tom-sized fans for SSL
products that can be
used along with heat
sinks to increase air- molded to form the outer structure of the lamp (the black
flow and therefore the material) that is also an integral part of the thermal-man-
amount of heat con- agement system.
ducted away from the
LED. The result can be
the ability to operate Thermo Cool heat pipe
LEDs at higher current There are many ways to increase the effectiveness of heat
producing more light out- sinks, and one emerging method is the use of heat pipes.
put, or perhaps the ability to Heat pipes use the principle of thermal conductivity com-
use a relatively smaller heat sink bined with evaporation. Liquid inside the pipe conducts heat
than would be required in a purely pas-
sive design. The photo shows a Protechnic fan mounted
behind a heat sink on the back of an LED light engine.

RTP thermally-conductive compounds

There are continuing advancements in material science
that are proving to be key enablers of the LED-lighting
space. For example RTP Company makes thermally-con-
ductive plastic compounds, or thermoplastics, that can
be molded into shapes that are specifically optimized for
SSL products such as retrofit lamps. Indeed, thermal ele-
ments can both be integrated internally to an SSL product
or serve as part of the product form or enclosure, provid-
ing the advantage of air exposure and superior heat dis-
sipation. In the nearby photo, RTP thermoplastics were

LEDsmagazine.com MARCH 2013 55

focus on thermal at SIL
away from the LED by absorbing energy through evaporation. As the Lord thermally-conductive silicone encapsulants
gas cools it condenses back into a liquid and returns to the source The materials story continues into formulations designed to encap-
of the heat for another cycle. Thermo Cool Corp designed the heat sulate components in an SSL product design. Encapsulation can
sink and pipe pictured to cool a 200W LED light engine. The com- result in more reliable
pany offers a variety of services including thermal analysis of SSL products, especially in
product concepts and custom design and manufacturing of thermal areas such as the LED
systems for such products. driver electronics. But
those electronics also
generate heat that must
Cool Polymers thermally-conductive polymers be dissipated along with
Cool Polymers is another materials company that offers polymers the heat from the nearby Thermoset SC-303, SC-305,
in pellet form that conduct heat well and that are available in an LEDs. Lord manufac- SC-309, or SC-320
Thermally conductive
E-Series that also conducts electricity or in a D-Series that are elec- turers a number of ther- silicone encapsulants
trical isolators. SSL manufactures can mold the polymers into mal gels, adhesives, and
encapsulants than can
be used in SSL product
design. The nearby illus-
tration shows the driver
electronics encapsulated in Thermoset Thermally Conductive
Silicone Encapsulant.

Graftech International flexible

shapes that are useable both in retrofit lamps and luminaires. The graphite heat spreader
E-Series material provides thermal conductivity ranging from 14-20 Graftech turned to graphite material to develop
W/mK (watts per meter kelvin). The D-Series material provides ther- its flexible eGraf Spreadershield that can evenly
mal conductivity ranging from 2-6 W/mK. Cool Polymers says that distribute heat in two dimensions, both in plane
the material offers a 50% reduction in weight relative to the use of and through the material. The company says that
aluminum alloys in similar roles. the material features in-plane conductivity of
1500 W/mK better than aluminum or copper
at 30% to 80% less weight. Spreading the heat in
Sinkpad printed-circuit board technology the plane allows a heat sink behind the material
LEDs are regularly mounted on metal-core printed-circuit boards to be more effective. Moreover the material can
(PCBs) in which a metal layer helps conduct heat away from the LED. be flexibly formed for use in luminaire designs.
Of course the LED contacts must be isolated from the metal core by The nearby photo depicts Spreadeshield used
a dielectric layer because the copper or aluminum typically used as underneath an LED light engine in an EyeLED
a core would electrically short out the LED. That dielectric limits downlight manufactured by Phoster Industries.
the thermal conductivity of the PCB. Sinkpad addresses that limita-
tion by forming a thermal pad under a portion of each LED that con-
nects through the dielectric directly to the metal core. The company Nuventix active air-jet LED cooler
has documented LEDs operating as much as 20C cooler on Sinkpad Fans arent the only approach to mov-
PCBs compared to other metal-core PCBs. The photo shows Sinkpad ing air to increase the effective-
star-shaped PCBs for popular LEDs from multiple vendors. ness of a heat single or enable
the use of a smaller heat sink.
Nuventix's Synjet technology
relies on an oscillating dia-
phragm to create jets of air.
The company says the technol-
ogy is more reliable and quieter
than traditional fans, and that
it is more effective at removing
heat due to the velocity vectors
of the jet flow. At SIL, Nuventix
announced the R150-170 series of

56 MARCH 2013 LEDsmagazine.com

products (pictured) that are specifically designed for high-bay lighting
applications with the ability to cool light engines producing 20,000 lm.
Cooliance forged heat sinks
and active coolers
Cooliance believes that LED applica-
tions can best be served by round and
other non-linear shapes in terms of heat-
sink design. The company has developed
a forging method to make such struc-
tures and offers custom sizes ranging
from 5-100 mm. The company combines
those heat sinks in a product family it calls
Coolstrate with an active cooler. Cooliance
says that the fan can run from the LED
driver and produce no audible noise while
lasting for 50,000 hours of operation.
EBM-Papst active LED coolers
EBM-Papst is a fan and blower specialist that has now developed
products specifically for the LED lighting space. The company has
also begun to offer
modules that com-
bine a fan and heat
sink. Technically, the
company is focused
on maximizing fan
efficiency through
aerodynamics and
recently introduced a
technology called AxiTop that uses a diffuser to recover energy that's
often lost at the exhaust of a fan.
Heraeus thick-film thermal material
Rather than using a metal-
core PCB, Heraeus enables the
placement of LEDs directly on
aluminum substrates with
the electrical contacts iso-
lated by the Celcion thick-film
material. The company says
that LEDs run 10C cooler
when installed on Celcion

LED Thermal Management

Unique. Rugged. Effective.

Nuventix offers a wide array of heatsinks and Nuventix outdoor thermal management New high bay industrial solutions
SynJet Coolers. Solutions can be used solutions are the most rugged and dependable cool up to 20,000 lumens in
passively or with quiet, reliable active cooling available: proven tough against dust, high heat smaller, lighter form factors that
to create smaller unique designs. and rough weather conditions. allow for lower cost arrays.

Applications: Available for:

Downlights Bridgelux Philips SynJet Coolers are designed with patented
Tracklights Citizen Tridonic technology that allows for reliable, more
High Bay GE Vossloh Schwabe efficient cooling in smaller form factors.
Low Bay Osram Xicato Custom heatsink solutions can be designed For more details:
Outdoor Sharp Cree for LED arrays and luminaires. Nuventix.com
focus on thermal at SIL
compared with metal-core PCBs because the
thermal-interface material is eliminated. The
Celcion material is only selectively applied
to the aluminum substrate where needed
for electrical isolation. The result, accord-
ing to the company is lower SSL product cost
because you can drive LEDs harder for more
light output and use smaller heat sinks.
Crystal Growth
Technology
Thermal Technologys
Dow Corning thermal interface
materials and encapsulants
Thermal-interface materials are also widely
used in LED products, often as a thermally-
conductive layer between an LED light
engine and a heat sink. The material can
ensure a more uniform and efficient ther-
mal interface between the LEDs and heat
sink than you would realize without the
extra layer. Dow Corning makes a number
of thermal-interface materials including
fi lms, gels, adhesives, gap fi llers, and other
compounds. The nearby illustration shows
some of those uses and also includes a ther-
mal encapsulant for the driver electronics.
There were also a few other thermal-
related exhibits at SIL that should be men-
tioned. The Bergquist Company exhibited
thermal materials, thermal PCB substrates,
and fans and blowers. One of the company's
key technologies is called T-Clad designed
Secondary optics
(diffuser)

Crystal Growth Optics

(remote phosphor)
equipment provides LED chip
laboratory and encapsulants Reflector materials

production Conformal coating/

white reflection
solutions for oxide Thermal
interface
crystal growth. materials

Adhesives for
environmental
seals
Conformal coating
LED Substrates
Advanced Window Applications
Thermal pottants Thermally conductive
Laser Rod Applications for heat control encapsulants for
power components

specifically for surface-mount devices such

as LEDs mounted on PCBs. Cofan USA dem-
onstrated heat sinks for specific types of
retrofit lamps. Dupont Electronics offers
CooLam PCB technology for popular LEDs.
Laird also exhibited thermal PCB substrates.
The message for SSL product designers is
Kyropoulos
look at every aspect of a new design as an
EFG opportunity to enhance the thermal perfor-
Czochralski mance of the design and therefore the reli-
ability of the new product. Moreover, the
designers must expand the scope of tech-
nologies considered for use in a project with
new materials and approaches coming to
market constantly. Indeed the best prod-
ucts will result from the melding of thermal,
mechanical, and optical design disciplines
USA 707 571 1911 and the selection of products and technolo-
sales@thermaltechnology.com gies that serve the specific requirements of
the application at hand.

58 MARCH 2013 LEDsmagazine.com

design forum | MULTIPLEXING LEDS
Drive time-multiplexed LED
arrays at high current
Adapting technology developed for display backlighting, you can drive large LED arrays at high
current levels in general lighting products using time multiplexing, explains JOEL GEHLIN.
S
ystem designers have adopted time-
multiplexed architectures for large-
scale LED matrices in recent years
in order to achieve a large reduction in the
number of current sinks/sources required in
the circuit. Such an architecture reduces the
size and cost of the electronics circuitry in
end products with large LED arrays, such as
smart commercial lighting and RGB signage.
But most implementations are limited in the
current at each LED and therefore the lumen
output each can produce. You can realize
both high current at each LED, and a cost-
effective design buy using technology devel-
oped for TV backlighting in general solid-
state lighting (SSL) applications.
A multiplexed design is more difficult to
implement when a high current is required
at the LED. The limitation is due to the
refresh rate applied by the LED driver in
order to spread the current evenly through-
out the LED matrix if more than one LED
is on at the same time. As a result, design-
ers have found it hard to deliver high current
output, high efficiency, low cost and small
size using conventional LED driver ICs.
We will explore how the refresh rate impacts
designs momentarily. But first lets look at the
limitations of many driver ICs intended for
general lighting applications. Conventional
LED driver ICs tend to be able to drive a high
number of LEDs in a matrix configuration.
Close examination of the datasheets, however,
reveals the problem. The constant current at
each sink/source in matrix configurations is
typically in the range of 10-40 mA. Some can
deliver as much as 150 mA.
In fact, for many large-array display appli-
cations, a real 150-mA supply would be ade-
JOEL GEHLIN is a Field Application Engineer
at AMS AG.
LEDsmagazine.com
quate but the refresh rate applied in time- multiplexing with the associated refresh
multiplexed architectures means that the rate reduces the total LED current pass-
effective peak current at the LED is often ing through the LEDs. Lets say that a given
one-half or one-third or less of the chips matrix refresh rate for a given set of lit LEDs
nominal peak. produces an effective 50% duty cycle applied
to the LEDs. At a current set to 100 mA via
Time-multiplexed matrices the current sink, the effective constant cur-
Time-multiplexing is a technique for driv- rent through each LED is 50 mA.
ing LEDs in a matrix without requiring a There might appear to be an obvious
dedicated power source for every LED. Fig. way to combat this effect. You could dou-
1 shows the operation of a time-multiplexing ble the current at Sink1 and Sink2 to 200
scheme. To power on the LED D1, Source1 mA to provide a constant current of 100 mA
needs to be supplied with a voltage higher through the LEDs. Unfortunately, a current
than the maximum forward
voltage (VF) of the LED and Source1 Source2 Source3
Sink1 needs to be connected
to a resistor or other type of
current sink to draw the cur-
rent through the LED. LED D1 D2 D3
D5 is controlled in the same Sink1
way via Source2 and Sink2.
But what if D1 and D5
D4 D5 D6
need to be powered on at the Sink2
same time? If Sink1/Sink2
and Source1/Source2 are all
D7 D8 D9
enabled, LEDs D2 and D4 Sink3
will be powered on as well.
To overcome the problem, the FIG. 1. Operation of an LED time-multiplexing scheme.
concept of time-multiplexing
must be used. Instead of turning Source1, output of 200 mA is beyond the capability
Source2, Sink1 and Sink2 on continuously, of the conventional LED driver ICs on the
the driver multiplexes between Source1/Sink1 market today when operating in a matrix
and Source2/Sink2, refreshing the appropri- configuration.
ate LEDs at different points in time.
Provided the flickering of LEDs D1 and D5 Multiplexed refreshed rates
is at a frequency of 50 Hz or higher, the light The problem becomes more pronounced
will appear to the human eye to be continu- when you increase the size of the matrix
ously on. This time-multiplexing technique and therefore further reduce duty cycle. The
using an effective refresh rate faster than 50 refresh rate describes the number of times
Hz thus permits D1 and D5 to be lit without per second that the current through each lit
lighting D2 or D4. LED in the matrix is refreshed. An example
There is, of course, a drawbackthe time- of a matrix control scheme is shown in Fig. 2.
MARCH 2013 59
design forum | MULTIPLEXING LEDS
Here, D1, D5 and D9 are being lit with a cur-
rent of 100 mA through each LED.
If LEDs D1, D5, and D9 need to be lit simul-
taneously, the control circuitry must perform
three sequential cycles each time the LEDs
are refreshed essentially a multiplex sequence
within a refresh cycle. First Source1/Sink 1 is
enabled for D1 and then disabled, followed by
similar cycles on Source2/Sink2 and Source3/
Sink3 for D5 and D9.
Provided a multiplexing scheme is looped
fast enough between 200 and 1000 times per
second, depending on the number of LEDs to
be lit simultaneously the LEDs will appear
to the human eye to be continuously on. In
Fig. 2, a refresh rate of 200 Hz for the entire
matrix means that each LED will be switched
at around 67 Hz, which corresponds to a duty
cycle at each LED of 33%. This means that
each sink needs to handle at least 300 mA in
order to produce the constant current equiv-
alent of 100 mA at each LED.
Time-multiplexing also enables the cre-
60 MARCH 2013
Cycle1 scan through each element of the
Cycle2
Cycle3 data array one byte at a time, dis-
playing one column after another.
Source1
u Source2
u Source3
ur
Ramping LED current
A potential solution to the prob-
lem comes from a device type
D1 D2 D3 that is far from the most obvious
Sink1
choice LED driver ICs designed
for TV backlighting. The rapid
D4 D5 D6 growth in the market for LED TVs
Sink2
has spawned a new generation of
sophisticated and highly efficient
D7 D8 D
D9 driver ICs that provide a high cur-
Sink3
rent capability. It turns out that
FIG. 2. Time-multiplexing control scheme. the capabilities of backlighting
driver ICs can match the require-
ation of animations. The animation may be ments of large lighting and signage systems.
created in software code with a pre-defined Because of the requirement for high bright-
series of bitmap images that are usually rep- ness in TVs, these ICs must be able to con-
resented as arrays of data bytes, in which trol LEDs at high currents, either via exter-
each bit represents one LED in the matrix. nal MOSFETs or via FETs embedded in the
To realize the picture, the controller must driver chip.
An example of such a device is the
AS3693B from AMS, a 16-channel, high-
precision LED controller with built-in
pulse-width modulation (PWM) genera-
tors for driving external FETs. A sister IC,
the AS3693A, features integrated MOS-
FETs. While the AS3693 family was spe-
cially designed to meet the precise current-
control requirements of TV manufacturers,
the devices may also be used to source/sink
and control LEDs in other applications.
A key to the usage of backlighting drivers
is the ability to program the current through
any channel. In the case of the AS3693, cur-
rent control can be accomplished via inde-
pendent digital current control for each
channel with a PWM generator; linear cur-
rent control with an 8-bit ditital-to-analog
converter (DAC); or linear current control
with an external analog voltage.
While the backlighting driver can clearly
work in the intended application, it can also
be utilized for:
Multi-pixel advertising boards
Traffic signals
Backlit signage
General illumination
RGB accent lighting.
LED exit sign
Lets further examine one application an
LEDsmagazine.com
 design forum | MULTIPLEXING LEDS

LED exit sign. Safety exit signs powered by Dynamic voltage control L1 FIG. 4: Feedback block
for RGB & WLEDs LX IN for adjustable voltage
LEDs are up to 90% more efficient than tra-
ditional incandescent signs. Operating 24 R1 Shotky POK SHDNN
control.
hours a day, the cost and energy savings to AS1341
FB Adjustable ILIMIT
be realized by switching to LEDs are thus of an appropriate NMOS
R3 R2
very considerable. OUT GND device will provide for high
LED exit signs also offer savings in main- C1 efficiency and high bright-
tenance and repair, since their re-lamping RPMOS 1-10F ness. The maximum cur-
cycle is typically 10 years. In addition, LED feedback rent can be limited by the
PMOS speed
signs can offer better optical performance. RSET resistor connected
Fig. 3 shows how a single AS3693B can FBR FBG FB8 to the source of the exter-
control a time-multiplexed matrix of 60 nal MOSFET in each cur-
white LEDs. Alternatively, you could use SMPS feedback PWM rent sink.
Current sink Short LED NPN
a very similar circuit to control 3 banks NMOS Ref & open LED Unlike the case of a con-
of 20 RGB LEDs. The use of such a device detection ventional LED driver IC,
Current sink
in a time-multiplexed architecture offers used as switch
the IC in Fig. 3 does not
the system designer considerable bill-of- AS3693B have to source the required
materials and space savings compared to a Feedback block LED current. Instead, cur-
conventional design, which would require rent comes directly from
four 16-channel driver ICs of the conven- another supply source that
tional type. The conventional design of-materials cost. we will discuss in more detail momentarily.
would also occupy a much larger circuit- The constant current through each LED To reduce power consumption even
board area and incur a much higher bill- is provided by NMOS transistors. Selection more, the AS3693s current settings can

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 design forum | MULTIPLEXING LEDS

Vled FIG. 3. 60 time-multiplexed white LEDs

controlled by a single backlight driver IC.
RGS
as power is dissipated as waste heat in the
4 36
NMOS transistors when the full-scale volt-
CURR_sense1 CURR_sense9
NMOS 3 35 NPN
PMOS age isnt required. To optimize efficiency, for
Gate1 PWM PWM Gate9
RSET
2 34
RSET instance in battery-powered equipment, the
RFB1 RFB9
GND GND LEDs can be powered from an external DC-DC
converter that can dynamically change its
output voltage to match the VF requirements
of the LEDs powered on at any moment.
RGS The operation of such a circuit is shown
AS3693B
in Fig. 4. The AS1341 is an efficient step-
57 PMOS down converter with adjustable output
58 NPN voltages ranging from 1.25V up to a maxi-
Reference
DAC 59
RSET mum 20V. The IC senses the output voltage
Fault 60
GND D1 D6 requirement via a resistive voltage divider.
detectors This voltage divider can be modified to set
62 NMOS
SMPS
61
RSET the output voltage between a minimum out-
feedback
31
GND D7 D12 put voltage and a maximum output voltage
CURR_sense8 86 byte CURR_sense16 63
NMOS 33 registers
1 NMOS
which is the basis of the devices dynamic
Gate8 PWM PWM Gate16
RSET
32 SPI/12C 64
RSET feedback control.
RFB8 Interface RFB16
GND GND The AS3693B offers three different paths
for feedback to control an adjustable power
source and each LED can be assigned to a
D55 D60 specific LED supply. In the case of Fig. 4, the
three paths are tied together pins FBR, FBG
and FBB and used to control the voltage
also adapt to ambient light levels. Dur- Supplying matrix current divider input to the AS1341. In other designs
ing daytime, the sign could be dimmed. Back to the current source, the LED matrix the AS3693 could control multiple power
As light levels drop the system could boost could be connected directly to, for example, a sources. And each PWM generator in the
the brightness to produce higher visibility 12V constant-voltage power supply. Doing so, AS3693 can be independently paired with
and contrast. however, would reduce the designs efficiency any of the three feedback paths.

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LEDsmagazine.com MARCH 2013 63

last word
Design choices for consumer
electronics: LED or OLED?
OLEDs are making a major push into smaller consumer electronics explains
DIGI-KEY director of lighting sales ROBBIE PAUL , and some new designs for larger
products ranging from TVs to lighting may find OLEDs a superior choice to LEDs.
M
ost illuminated consumer-elec-
tronics applications today still use
traditional LEDs. But behind the
scenes, companies have been perfecting the
manufacturing processes and performance
of OLED technology, and are poised to step
into the spotlight. In fact, a new study just
released from SBI Energy (www.sbireports.
com/energy-c146/) shows that OLEDs are
gaining a foothold in the smartphone dis-
play market. While Samsung is currently the
dominant user of OLEDs in its smartphones,
some LG smart phones and the Microsoft
Zune player also use OLEDs, and there are
rumors that the next generation iPhone will
have an OLED screen.
While theres still a significant growth
opportunity for LED technology, primarily in
tablets, flat panel TVs, automotive and gen-
eral illumination applications, OLED technol-
ogy shows huge promise in many of the same
applications. Even better, OLED technology
uses less power in some applications and keeps
dropping in price. So when is a good time to
think about switching to OLED technology?
For design engineers working on smart-
phones, OLEDs are a no brainer. Theyre
being used successfully today and fit the
need for smartphones both offering high
resolution and generating their own light.
But other applications that require softer,
ambient lighting, higher refresh rates, bet-
ter imaging quality, lower power consump-
tion and/or a thinner profi le, such as large
area illumination of panels, ceilings, and
walls, could be good candidates for OLED
technology. OLEDs are especially suited for
applications that can support the higher
64 APRIL 2013
price that still exists relative to LEDs.
Since we know that the design process
for new cutting edge electronics can take
years (and prices will continue to fall), the
time to look at OLEDs in prototype designs
may be now.
Cameras, watches, media and gaming
devices, automotive displays and handheld
devices beyond smartphones, as well as elec-
tronic control panels used in
aerospace and medical device
applications, are a good place
to start when thinking about
OLEDs. These devices can cost-
effectively support OLEDs and
benefit from a brighter screen
and lower power consumption.
The displays are also used inter-
mittently, which combats one of
the downsides of OLED technol-
ogy the shorter lifespan of organic displays.
Although OLED efficacy today is nearly the
same as fluorescent tube efficacy, the lifespan
remains a fundamental problem that may limit
usage in applications that require extended
operating hours. Researchers are experiment-
ing with codoping the emitting layer in OLEDs
which shows some success in prolonging lifes-
pan due to the expansion of the recombination
zone in the emitting area. As research pro-
gresses, device lifespan is sure to increase, so
dont rule out OLEDs immediately if the appli-
cation youre working on has a long develop-
ment timeline you may find that future OLED
improvements will solve the lifespan problem.
In preparation for larger-scale applica-
tions, a number of companies are develop-
ing prototypes or limited release versions
of OLED-based computer monitors and flat
screen TVs. OLEDs can be used in these appli-
cations and have proven to provide brilliant
displays and vivid colors. While the consumer
cost for larger-scale electronics using OLEDs
is still extremely high (LG just announced a
55-in OLED TV price at a whopping $12,000),
these early versions are priming the market
for a time when OLED technologies in con-
sumer devices are within reach
for the mainstream consumer.
Already, consumer electronics
media are estimating that prices
for the same LG TV may go as low
as $2,500 in just two years. At that
pace, it makes sense to test OLED-
based designs and be ready for the
market as prices drop.
All this said, depending on the
application, dont forget about the
trusty traditional LED. One trend in portable
devices today is that multiple LEDs are being
installed for different applications not only
for backlighting a keyboard or display, but also
to provide a camera flash or projection func-
tion. Driver requirements can become more
complex in such cases but not impossible. In
mobile devices with multiple LEDs, increasing
functionality, and higher integration, product
designers need to look for new ways to manage
additional tasks. For example, a power man-
agement IC may take over a function such as
battery charging, as well as driving LEDs.
Remember that whatever the illumina-
tion application, theres a solution usually
more than one. So take your time to deter-
mine what level of performance is required
and pick the right technology.
LEDsmagazine.com
 100W+, 98% Efficient
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VIN Range (V) Topology Comments
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LT3756 6 to 100 Multitopology VOUT up to 100V

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