Académique Documents
Professionnel Documents
Culture Documents
Energy
the capacity or ability to perform work.
Energy Transfer Energy is required for muscle
in the Body contraction and other biological work
such as digestion, nerve conduction,
secretion of glands, etc.
Refer to text for more detail. Metabolism
the sum total of all chemical reactions
occurring in the body.
Mechanical Work
Transport Work
Nitrogen Carbon
Chemical Work Phosphorous Oxygen
Nitrogen Carbon
Phosphorous Oxygen
1
ATP-CP (Phosphagen) System All-out power for approximately
Biologic Work
10 seconds
CP !## #" C + Pi +
Creatine Energy
Kinase
Principle of Coupled Reactions
2
Aerobic Processes Aerobic Carbohydrate Breakdown
Pyruvic Acid
Acetyl Coenzyme A
Electron
Krebs Cycle Transport
Chain
Wall of
Anaerobic Conditions Mitochondria ATP Yield
No O2 available
Pyruvate Lactate Do not worry about specific yields of ATP.
Depending on whether glycogen or
Glycolysis (2 ATP)
glucose is used and depending on which
Glucose shuttle system is used to transport NADH
molecules to the mitochondria you can
Glycolysis (2 ATP) get yields of 36 to 40 ATP.
O2 available 36 ATP The main thing is to see the approximate
Pyruvate increase in ATP yield between anaerobic
Krebs cycle +CO2
Electron TC +H2O breakdown (2 or 3 ATP) versus aerobic
breakdown (36-40 ATP)
Aerobic Conditions
Total 38 ATP
3
Energy Release From Fat Aerobic Breakdown of
Fatty Acids Less efficient
The actual fuel reserves from stored fat
represent approximately 80,000 to Fat than carbohydrate
100,000 kcal of energy in an average in terms of energy
Fatty acids per O2 used
size male or female.
Beta oxidation
In contrast, the carbohydrate energy
reserve is less than 2,000 kcal, of which
Acetyl-CoA
1,500 kcal are stored as muscle Kreb's cycle
glycogen, 400 kcal as liver glycogen, and Electron Transport C + O2
about 80 kcal of glucose are in the blood.
CO2 + H2O + ATP
% phosphagen % glycolytic %
anaerobic anaerobic aerobic Relative contribution of aerobic and
5 seconds 85 10 5 anaerobic energy during maximal physical
10 seconds 50 35 15 activity of various durations.
30 seconds 15 65 20
60 seconds 8 62 30 Duration of Maximal Exercise
2 minutes 4 46 50 Seconds Minutes
4 minutes 2 28 70 10 30 60 2 4 10 30 60 120
10 minutes % anaerobic 90 80 70 50 35 15 5 2 1
1 9 90
% aerobic 10 20 30 50 65 85 95 98 99
30 minutes Negligible 5 95
60 minutes Negligible 2 98
120 minutes Negligible 1 99
4
Phosphagen Energy Production
Figure 6.5 in text
Continuum
The text graph shows this
on logarithmic scale
Lactic
Lactate
% Max
Power
Aerobic
CP !## #" C + Pi +
Creatine Energy
Kinase
For a max 1 second effort you do not
really need to resynthesize much ATP
you have enough in the muscle already
Table 6.3: Estimated Maximal Power Output Capacity and Power of the
and Capacity of the Three Energy Systems
Three Energy Systems
Power Capacity (Untrained Male Subjects)
Energy System Moles Total moles
ATP per of ATP
minute available ATP Production
ATP-PC (phosphagen) 3.6 0.7 Energy System Capacity Power
Glycolytic 1.6 1.2 (total moles) (moles/min)
Phosphagen (ATP/PC) 0.6 3.6
Aerobic System 1.0 90.0 Anaerobic gylcolysis 1.2 1.6
Aerobic (oxidative) Theoretically Unlimited 1.0
Aerobic Power 28% of Peak Phosphagen System Power
Glycolytic System power 44% Peak Phosphagen Power
(Some researchers report this value to be higher 60%)
5
Rankings of Rate and Human Power Output
Capacity of ATP Production (energy systems)
Power Capacity
System rate of ATP capacity of ATP
production production
ATP-PC 1 4
(phosphagen)
Anaerobic glycolysis 2 3
Oxidation of 3 2
carbohydrates
Oxidation of fats 4 1
and proteins
6
Duration Classification Predominate Energy
Ajax Amsterdam Data Supplied By
1-4 seconds Anaerobic ATP (in muscles)
Soccer Activity Percentage of Total
Match Time 4-20 seconds Anaerobic ATP + PC + Some muscle
(ATP-PC/Glycolytic) glycogen
Walk 20-30%
20-45 secs Anaerobic ATP + PC + Muscle
Jog 30-40% (Glycolytic/ATP-PC) glycogen
Run 15-25% 45-120 secs Anaerobic Muscle glycogen
(Glycolytic)
Sprint 10-15% (18%) 120-240 secs Aerobic + Muscle glycogen
Backwards 4-8% Glycolytic + a little from other fuels
>240 secs Aerobic Muscle glycogen + Fatty
Acids + Protein
7
Average VO2 max (ml/kg.min) for Average VO2 max (ml/kg.min) for
Non-Athletes and Athletes Non-Athletes and Athletes
From Chapter
Group 5 you
or Sport shouldMale
Age see a high
Female Group or Sport Age Male Female
positive correlation
Non-athletes between
10-19 a sport 38-46
47-56 with
Skiing Alpine 18-30 57-68 50-55
a high demand on the oxidative
20-29 43-52system
33-42
Skiing 20-28 65-95 60-75
and the athletes VO260-69
max. 31-38 22-30 Cross-country
Baseball 18-32 48-56 Soccer 22-28 54-64 -
Cycling 18-26 62-74 47-57 Speed Skating 18-24 56-73 44-55
Football 20-36 42-60 - Swimming 10-25 50-70 40-60
Gymnastics 18-22 52-58 36-50
Weight Lifting 20-30 38-52 -
Ice Hockey 10-30 50-63 -
Wrestling 20-30 52-65
Rowing 20-35 60-72 58-65
O2 Deficit O2 Deficit
Steady State
VO2 O2 consumption
(l/min)
VO2
Rest
Time O2 Debt
Resting
VO2
Exercise Recovery
TIME
Slow portion
O2 Debt
of debt
O2 Debt
8
Figure 6.11 Lactate threshold and
the onset of blood lactate (OBLA)
9
Blood Markers (cont.) Stretching and DOMS
However, it is not just the muscle that is There is no statistically strong evidence that
damaged. By measuring hydroxyproline, it is stretching reduces post exercise muscle
possible to show that the connective tissue in soreness.
and around the muscles is also disrupted.
Intense stretching can cause muscle soreness.
What this shows is that stiffness results from
muscle damage and breakdown of connective
tissue.
10