1 Fundamental concepts Answers to end-of-chapter questions

Page 8 Questions
1 The most reactive element in group 2 is radium, Ra.
[e] Metals become more reactive down a group. The metal at the bottom of group 2 is radium.
3+
2 The ion is 3+, i.e. X .
[e] Electrons are negatively charged, so loss of electrons results in a positively charged ion. A neutral
atom has the same number of positively charged protons as negatively charged electrons. When
electrons are lost, there are more protons than electrons, resulting in a positively charged ion.
6
3 1.2 10 g = 1.2 tonnes
6
[e] 1 tonne contains 1000 kg, and each kg weighs 1000 g, so there are 10 (a million) grams in
1 tonne.
3 3 3 3
4 22.4 dm 1000 cm /1 dm = 22 400 cm
3 3 3 3 3
[e] 1 dm = 1000 cm , so the volume in dm has to be multiplied by the ratio 1000 cm /1 dm .
3 3
5 volume in dm = volume in cm /1000
3 3
so 23.7 cm = 0.0237 dm
3 3 3
This is the same as 23.7 cm 1 dm /1000 cm
3 3 3
[e] 1000 cm = 1 dm , so the volume in cm has to be divided by 1000.
3 3
The volume in dm is always less than the volume in cm . This type of conversion is often required in
titration calculations.

1
6 a) The ratio of N 2 to H 2 in the equation is 1:3. Therefore, 0.246 mol of H 2 react with 0.246 =
3

0.0820 mol of N 2 .
[e] As with the unit conversion questions, what you are really doing is multiplying by a ratio, this
time of moles. Thus to convert mol of H 2 to mol of N 2 , you multiply by the ratio 1 mol N 2 /3 mol H 2
(obtained from the equation). The unit mol H 2 cancels, leaving mol N 2 as the unit of the answer.

0.246 mol H 2 1 mol N 2 /3 mol H 2 = 0.0820 mol N 2

The data were given to three significant figures, so you should give your answer to three significant
figures.

2
b) The ratio of ammonia, NH 3 , to H 2 is 2:3. Therefore, 0.246 mol of H 2 produces 0.246
3

= 0.164 mol of ammonia

[e] As before, the 0.246 mol H 2 is multiplied by a ratio, this time by 2 mol NH 3 /3 mol H 2 .

7 The ratio of calcium hydroxide to nitric acid in the equation is 1:2. Therefore, 0.0642 mol of nitric
acid react with 0.0642 mol HNO 3 1 mol Ca(OH) 2 /2 mol HNO 3 = 0.0321 mol Ca(OH) 2

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