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By Taweesak Reungpeerakul
241-208 CH4 1
Contents
Boolean Operations & Expressions
Rules of Boolean Algebra
DeMorgans Theorems
Simplification Using Boolean Algebra
Standard Forms of Boolean Algebra
Karnaugh Map
Five-variable Karnaugh Map
241-208 CH4 2
4.1 Boolean Operations &
Expressions
Boolean Addition is Boolean multiplication
equivalent to the OR is equivalent to the
operation. AND operation.
0+0 = 0 00 = 0
0+1 = 1 01 = 0
1+0 = 1 10 = 0
1+1 = 1 11 = 1
241-208 CH4 3
4.2 Laws&Rules of Boolean
Algebra
Laws (CAD)
Commutative, Associative, and Distributive
241-208 CH4 4
4.2 Laws&Rules of Boolean
Algebra (cont.)
1) A+0=A 10) AA=A
2) A+1=1 11) AA=0
3) A0=0 12) A=A
4) A1=1
5) A+A=A Rules of Boolean Algebra
6) A+A=1
7) A+AB=A
8) A+AB=A+B
9) (A+B)(A+C)=A+BC
241-208 CH4 5
4.3 DeMorgans Theorems
The complement of a product of variables is equal to the
sum of the complements of the variables.
XY = X + Y
241-208 CH4 6
Examples of DeMorgans
Theorems
241-208 CH4 7
4.4 Boolean Analysis of Logic Circuits
241-208 CH4 8
4.4 Boolean Analysis of Logic Circuits
(cont.)
Truth Table
A A B C D (AB+C)D
AB
0 0 0 0 0
B 0 0 0 1 0
AB+C 0 0 1 0 0
0 0 1 1 1
C 0 1 0 0 0
0 1 0 1 0
D 0 1 1 0 0
0 1 1 1 1
1 0 0 0 0
1 0 0 1 0
(AB+C)D 1 0 1 0 0
1 0 1 1 1
Cause 1 when D and (AB+C) = 1 1 1 0 0 0
If AB = 0, C = 1 1 1 0 1 1
If AB = 1, C = 0 or 1 1 1 1 0 0
1 1 1 1 1
AB = 1 when both A = B = 1
241-208 CH4 9
4.5 Simplification using Boolean
Algebra
EX#1: AB+A(B+C)+B(B+C)
Use distributive law A(B+C) = AB+AC
= AB+AB+AC+BB+BC
Use rule #5, A+A = A then A+A = A
= AB + AC + B + BC
Use distributive law A(B+C) = AB+AC
= AB+AC+B(1+C)
Use rule #2 (1+A) = 1
241-208 CH4 10
4.5 Simplification using Boolean
Algebra (cont.)
= AB+AC+B
Use commutative law A+B = B+A
= AB+B+AC
Use commutative law A+B = B+A, AB = BA
= B+BA+AC
Use distributive law A(B+C) = AB+AC
= B(1+A)+AC
Use rule #2 (1+A) = 1
= B+AC Answer
241-208 CH4 11
4.5 Simplification using Boolean
Algebra (cont.)
Can u follow up this example by yourself ?
EX#2:
A B C+A B C+A B C+A B C+A B C
= B C+ B C+A B C
= BC+B(C+A)
241-208 CH4 13
Standard Forms (cont.)
Product-of-Sum (POS): Standard POS:
2 or more sum terms are multiplied all variables in the domain appear in
such as (A+B)(A+B+C) each sum term such as
(A+B+C)(A+B+C)
Ex# 1: (A+C)(A+B+C)
standard POS
= (A+C+BB)(A+B+C)
241-208 CH4 15
4.7 Boolean Expressions and
Truth Tables
SOP Truth Table POS Truth Table
EX: ABC+ABC+ABC+ABC EX: (A+B+C)(A+B+C)(A+B+C)
000 010 101 110 out=1 100 010 011 out=0
A B C Out A B C Out
0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1
0 0 1 0 0 0 1 1
0 1 0 1 0 1 0 0
0 1 1 0 0 1 1 0
1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0
1 0 1 1 1 0 1 1
1 1 0 1 1 1 0 1
1 1 1 0 1 1 1 1
241-208 CH4 16
4.8 The Karnaugh Map
The Karnaugh map is an array of cells in which each cell
represents a binary value of the input variables.
The number of cells is 2n, n is number of variables
C 0 1 3 Variables
AB
00 ABC ABC
01 ABC ABC
11 ABC ABC
1 1 1 1 1
AC
Answer: A B+AC
241-208 CH4 2
SOP Minimization (cont.)
Ex2: Map and minimize the following SOP expression on a
Karnaugh map: A B +ABC+A B C
1 1 1 1 1
Answer: B
241-208 CH4 3
Karnaugh Map Simplification
Grouping 1s
- Each group must contain 1,2,4,8,or 16
- Each cell in a group must be adjacent to one or more cells in
that same group, but all cells in the group do not have to be
adjacent to each other.
- Always include the largest possible number of 1s in a group
- Each 1 on the map must be included in at least one group.
The 1s already in a group can be included in another group as
long as the overlapping groups include non-common 1s.
241-208 CH4 4
Group the 1s in each of the Karnaugh
maps
ABC AC BC
BC ABC D
1 1
1 1
1 1
1 1 1
AB AB C
BC 00 01 11 10
A 1 1 1
0 1 1 1
1 1 1
1 1 1 1
241-208 CH4 5
4.10 Karnaugh Map POS Minimization
Ex1: Map and minimize the following std. POS expression on a
Karnaugh map:
(A+B+C)(A+B+C)(A+B+C)(A+B+C)
000 001 111 110 A+B
BC 00 01 11 10
A
0 0 0 0
0
0 0 1 0 0
A+B
Answer: (A+B)(A+B)
241-208 CH4 6
SOP Minimization (cont.)
Ex2: Map and minimize the following POS expression on a
Karnaugh map:
(A+B)(A+B+C)(A+B+C)
BC 00 01 11 10
A
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Answer: A
241-208 CH4 7
Karnaugh maps Simplification of POS
Expressions
(B+C+D)(A+C+D)(A+B+C+D)(A+B+C+D)(A+B+C+D)
0 0
(A+B)
0 0 0 0
Answer: (B+D)(A+B)(A+C+D)
241-208 CH4 8
Converting Between POS and SOP Using
Karnaugh Map
(B+C+D)(A+C+D)(A+B+C+D)(A+B+C+D)(A+B+C+D)
0 0 0 1 1 0
0 1 1 1 0
AB
(A+B) 1 1 1 1
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
241-208 CH4 10
7-segment decoding Logic
Digit D C B A a b c d e f g
0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 0
1 0 0 0 1 0 1 1 0 0 0 0
2 0 0 1 0 1 1 0 1 1 0 1
3 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 1
4 0 1 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1
5 0 1 0 1 1 0 1 1 0 1 1
6 0 1 1 0 1 0 1 1 1 1 1
7 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0
8 1 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
9 1 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 1
10 1 0 1 0 x x x x x x x
11 1 0 1 1 x x x x x x x
12 1 1 0 0 x x x x x x x
13 1 1 0 1 x x x x x x x
14 1 1 1 0 x x x x x x x
15 1 1 1 1 x x x x x x x
241-208 CH4 11
Karnaugh Map Minimization of the
Segment Logic
SOP for segment a:
DC BA+DCBA+DCBA+ DCBA+DCBA+DCBA+DC BA+DCBA
CA
BA
00 01 11 10
DC
00 1 1 1
CA B
01 1 1 1
D 11 x x x x
10 1 1 x x