Res. on Crops 18 (1) : 42-48 (2017) DOI : 10.5958/2348-7542.2017.00008.

0
Printed in India

Effect of hydrogel and thiourea on yield, quality and nutrient

uptake of Indian mustard under moisture stress condition
ABHINANDAN SINGH1, AMIT KUMAR SINGH* AND ASWIN C.
Department of Agronomy
College of Agriculture, Iroisemba Campus
Central Agricultural University, Imphal-795 004 (Manipur), India
*(e-mail : dr.amitksingh27@outlook.com)

(Received : October 24, 2016/Accepted : December 30, 2016)

ABSTRACT

A field experiment was carried out during the winter seasons of 2013-14 at the
Research Farm, Andro of Central Agricultural University, Imphal, Manipur to assess the
effect of hydrogel and thiourea on yield, quality and nutrient uptake of Indian mustard
[Brassica juncea L.] under moisture stress condition. The said experiment involved 13
treatments and replicated thrice under randomized block design. The crop was applied
100% RDF through 130 kg of urea, 250 kg of SSP and 50 kg of MOP accompanied with
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hydrogel @ 2.5 kg/ha as basal followed by thiourea @ 0.05% as foliar spray at 50% flowering
and 50% pod formation. Significant improvement in yield and qualitative traits (oil &
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protein content and their recovery) as well as nutrient content and their uptake to mustard
was recorded due to basal application of 2.5 kg of hydrogel/ha accompanied with 100%
RDF followed by two foliar applications of 0.05% of thiourea at 50% flowering and 50%
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pod formation.

Key words : Hydrogel, nutrient contents and their uptake, quality, thiourea, yield

INTRODUCTION With an unprecedented increasing

Indian mustard (Brassica juncea L.) is
one of the most important winter oilseed crops
cultivated as rainfed under lowlands and foot
hills of Manipur. During the year of 2013-14
in India, the rapeseed & mustard production
remained static being 7.96 mt from 6.7 mha of
acreage with an average productivity of 1,188
kg/ha (Annual Progress Report, 2015 of AICRP
on RM). The brassica oilseeds provide 14% of
the worlds edible vegetable oil and are the third
most important source of edible oil after
soybean and palm. Since last decade, the
production of rapeseed & mustard had become
constant despite the average productivity had
increased by 15% and the same was not found
sufficient to meet the countries as well as states
growing edible oil demands. The demand of
oilseeds has been growing at a rate of 6.0% per
annum during the last 10 years, touching
nearly 15.50 million tonnes during 2013-14
(Anonymous, 2014).
Indian population and declining food
productivity due to various abiotic stresses
such as scarcity of water, it has become
imperative to search for avenues of sustaining
productivity while minimizing the losses due
to vagaries of monsoon. Irrigation water is
becoming subsequently limited in India and
hence it is important to improve the water use
efficiency of plant. Hence, intervention for
adoption of improved scientific methods for
improving the productivity by minimizing the
impact of water stress during active growth
period with the application of chemicals and
anti-transparent will help to increase the
productivity of the crop.
The soil conditioners like hydrogel
(superabsorbent polymer) had a great potential
to exploit the existing water in soil for
agriculture and other crops. Application of the
hydrogel helped to bind the soil moisture and
slowly released by which plants become enable
to utilize the stored water over longer period of

Research Scholar, Department of Agronomy, College of Agriculture, RPCAU, Pusa, Samastipur-848 125
1

(Bihar), India.
 Response of Indian mustard to hydrogel and thiourea
time than usual. The large quantities of water
retained by the hydrogel (polymer) provide extra
available water to plants which facilitates better
plant growth. More available water in the soil
also means less frequent watering or irrigation.
Further study revealed that hydrogel not only
reduces amount of irrigation water but also
frequency of irrigation from 55 to 80% of total
water requirements to the crop and, therefore,
increases crop yield (El-Hady et al., 2006).
Thiourea, a sulphahydral compound, is
known to improve oilseeds productivity and its
role as a drought ameliorant is well established
under the sub-tropical regions (Sahu et al.,
1993). It helps to play an important role in
biosynthesis of some metabolites, such as
chlorophyll and essential oils (Marschner,
1986). Its application in rapeseed-mustard
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affects oil, protein and glucosinolate
concentration (Ghosh et al., 2000). As it is
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proven by several studies, sulphur is, therefore,
actively involved in seed formation and oil
synthesis in rapeseeds. Keeping these facts into
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consideration, the present study, therefore,
evaluated the response of hydrogel and thiourea
on yield, quality and nutrient uptake of Indian
mustard (Brassica juncea L.) under moisture
stress condition.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
The field experiment was carried out
during the winter seasons of 2013-14 at the
Research Farm, Andro of Central Agricultural
University, and Imphal in North-Eastern Hill
Region of India (940.0346 E longitude;
240.4589 N latitude and an altitude of 875.0
meter above sea level) with Indian mustard
variety NRCHB-101. In general, the
experimental soil was clay loam with pH 5.6
and was highly fertile-being high in available
organic carbon (0.93%) and medium in
available nitrogen (292.18 kg/ha) as well as
available potassium (304 kg/ha) and low in
available phosphorus (18.0 kg/ha). The said
experiment was subsequently laid out in
randomized block design involving 13
treatments and three replications. Field
preparation included ploughing, disk harrowing
and planking and it prepared pulverized and
compact seedbed for good and uniform
germination, optimum growth & development.
43
The 100% recommended doses of fertilizers
i. e. 130 kg of urea, 250 kg of SSP and 50 kg of
MOP were applied. However, the crop was
thickly sown at a row spacing of 30.0 cm and
later on plant to plant distance was maintained
at 10-12 cm by two thinnings done at 25 and
35 DAS, respectively. Over and above, all the
recommended agronomic practices were
followed to mustard for harvesting good crop
yield with better quality under moisture deficit
conditions.
Furthermore, the oil content was
determined from seeds by Soxhlets method and
total nutrient contents particularly nitrogen,
phosphorus and potassium from seed and
stover were also determined by using standard
protocol developed from time to time. The
protein percentage was calculated by
multiplying the nitrogen per cent with
multiplication factor of 6.25. The oil and protein
recoveries as well as total nutrients & their
uptake by the crop were calculated by using
the following formulae :
Oil recovery (kg/ha)=Seed yield (kg/ha)
x oil content in
seed (%)
Protein recovery (kg/ha)=Seed yield (kg/
ha) x [6.25 x Nitrogen content
in seed (%)]
N uptake by crop (kg/ha)=[Seed yield
(kg/ha) x N content in seed
(%)]+[Stover yield (kg/ha) x N
content in stover (%)]
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Yield
Yield is a complex character which
involves the interaction of several intrinsic and
external factors. It largely depends upon the
production and mobilization of carbohydrates,
uptake of water and nutrients from the soil, in
addition to several environmental factors to
which plant is exposed during the growing
period. A perusal of the data on seed and stover
yield presented in Table 1 reveals that basal
application of 2.5 kg hydrogel/ha accompanied
with 100% RDF followed by foliar application
of 0.05% thiourea at 50% flowering and 50%
pod formation produced the maximum seed and
 44 Singh, Singh and Aswin

Table 1. Effect of hydrogel and thiourea on yield and quality of Indian mustard under moisture stress conditions

Treatment Seed yield Stover yield Oil content Oil recovery Protein content Protein recovery
(kg/ha) (kg/ha) (%) (kg/ha) (%) (kg/ha)

T1 541.10 2347.26 29.47 159.50 13.46 72.87

T2 688.31 2401.05 32.67 224.55 14.79 101.56
T3 737.64 2560.29 31.53 233.46 15.13 110.99
T4 869.18 2942.27 34.90 302.78 15.83 136.78
T5 920.24 2966.73 35.73 328.78 17.67 162.41
T6 1000.60 3150.82 34.53 345.59 17.94 179.25
T7 1170.31 3569.69 37.43 437.80 18.54 216.89
T8 822.58 2814.86 35.73 291.42 17.96 147.12
T9 878.14 2887.04 35.27 309.45 18.33 160.99
T10 1038.83 3127.12 37.83 393.92 18.83 195.48
T11 1156.90 3498.36 37.27 430.18 18.71 216.82
T12 1222.85 3676.32 38.53 470.49 18.81 228.92
T13 1416.25 4068.38 40.60 574.35 19.54 276.88
S. Em 53.90 142.00 1.21 19.59 0.59 8.51
C. D. (P=0.05) 157.32 414.46 3.52 57.19 1.72 24.83
C. V. (%) 9.74 7.99 5.89 9.80 5.89 8.68
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T1 : Control, T2 : Water spray at 50% flowering, T3 : Water spray at 50% pod formation, T4 : Water spray at 50% flowering
and 50% pod formation, T5 : 2.5 kg hydrogel/ha with water spray at 50% flowering, T6 : 2.5 kg hydrogel/ha with water
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spray at 50% pod formation, T7 : 2.5 kg hydrogel/ha with water spray at 50% flowering and 50% pod formation, T8 :
0.05% thiourea at 50% flowering, T9 : 0.05% thiourea at 50% pod formation, T10 : 0.05% thiourea at 50% flowering and
50% pod formation, T11 : 2.5 kg hydrogel/ha with 0.05% thiourea at 50% flowering, T12 : 2.5 kg hydrogel/ha with 0.05%
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thiourea at 50% pod formation,T13 : 2.5 kg hydrogel/ha with 0.05% thiourea at 50% flowering and 50% pod formation.

stover yield of 1416.25 and 4068.38 kg/ha,
respectively, and both proved statistically
significant over others. The increase in seed
yield could be 61.79, 38.62 and 17.36% over
control, two applications of water only at 50%
flowering and 50% siliquae formation and two
applications of thiourea @ 0.05% at 50%
flowering and 50% siliquae formation. This
increase in yield could be because of sufficient
availability of water and indirectly nutrients
supplied by the hydrogel to the plants under
water stress condition, which in turn led to
better translocation of water, nutrients and
photo assimilates and finally better plant
development such as increase in plant height,
plant spread, growth parameters, chlorophyll
content and nitrate reductase activity, number
of primary & secondary branches/plant,
number of siliquae/plant and number of seeds/
siliqua. The results are in close conformity with
the studies done by Sivalapan (2001) in
soybean, Sendur Kumaran et al. (2001) in
tomato and El-Hady and Wanas (2006) in
cucumber under water stress condition.
Thiourea (a non-physiological thiol) had
imparted stress tolerance and improved yield
of crops like mustard (Sahu et al., 2005) and
maize (Amin et al., 2013). The foliar application
of thiourea enhanced economic and biological
yield and was associated with an increase in
translocation of sucrose metabolites from
source to sink (Srivastava et al., 2008). In
Brassica juncea, leaves are the prime site for
photosynthesis, they are termed as source for
the generation of photo assimilatory products
mainly sucrose. Maturing seeds are mainly
responsible for driving sucrose transportation
away from leaves and hence termed as sink.
The sucrose translocation from source-to-sink
is considered as the rate-limiting step for
regulating the level of photo assimilate in sink
and finally the crop yield (Ainsworth and Bush,
2011; Aranjuelo et al., 2013). The source
strength of any plant is mainly governed by
the rate of sucrose biosynthesis in actively
photosynthesizing leaf. Although, the exact
mechanism was not explored, however, this
might be either due to the avoidance of oxidative
photo inhibition at PSII (Murata et al., 2012)
or overall increase in protein biosynthesis
which also demands reduced redox
environment (Nagano et al., 2012).
The foliar application of thiourea will
generate the reducing environment that might
facilitate the intra- and/or intermolecular-
reduction of dithiol bonds present in most of
 Response of Indian mustard to hydrogel and thiourea
the Benson-Calvin cycle enzymes and FBPase
leading to their maximum activation (Diezt and
Pfannschmidt, 2011). Apart from carbon
metabolism, FPBase has been shown to be
associated with thiourea mediated salt
tolerance in seeds of Indian mustard
(Srivastava et al., 2010). Apart from
improvement in source and sink strength,
efficient loading and translocation of photo
assimilates are also required for maximizing
their level at sink. The significant increase in
apoplastic loading volume and sucrose
translocation (Srivastava et al., 2008), under
thiourea treatment, together suggested that
whole plant carbon partitioning was regulated
in a redox dependent manner which was
ultimately reflected in the form of significant
increase in yield attributes such as siliquae
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density, siliqua length, seed number/siliqua
and average weight of the 1000 seeds.
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Quality
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A close examination of the data
exhibited lucid increase in oil and protein
content of Indian mustard with treatment
variables. The maximum of 40.60 and 19.54%
oil and protein contents were recorded with
basal application of 100% RDF and 2.5 kg/ha
hydrogel trailed by foliar application of 0.05%
thiourea at 50% flowering and 50% pod
formation stage. Though, the consecutive levels
of treatment failed to touch the level of
significance but the minimum and maximum
oil and protein content had significant
difference and former produced a total of 27.41
and 73.6% higher oil and protein content than
later. Similarly, gradual increase in treatment
variables correspondingly increased oil and
protein recoveries during the year under report.
Increase in oil recovery and oil content had
positive correlation with availability of water
for longer duration. Hydrogel applied in water
deficit stress conditions certainly improved
moisture conditions and increased sink
capacity in the plant that facilitated longer
period which provided enough time to prepare
unsaturated fatty acids from the saturated fatty
acids (Tohidi Moghadam et al., 2011).
However, thiourea was found more
efficient in increasing the oil content of the
seeds possibly due to intensive participation
45
of sulphur in glucoside synthesis. Application
of sulphydral thiourea to plants enhanced the
formation of acetyl co-enzyme- A, a precursor
compound for the synthesis of long chain fatty
acid resulting in increase in oil content which
ultimately led to greater oil recovery. Protein
recovery also increased with application of
hydrogel and thiourea. It may be noted that
sulphur is an integral part of mustard oil and,
therefore, it played a significant role in the
synthesis of oil. Mustard oil accumulates in
intact cells predominantly as a non-volatile
glucosinolate, containing sulphur as a
sulphydral. Hydrolysis of the glucosinolates,
catalyzed by the enzyme myrosinase leads
finally to volatile compounds with either
reduced sulphur (mustard oil) or partially
oxidized sulphur. Sulphur supply seems to be
involved in an increased conversion of primary
fatty acid metabolites to end product of fatty
acid.
Nutrient Uptake
In general, nutrient contents were
found to be higher in seed as compared to stover
except potassium content. Though, every
gradual variation in moisture stress
management practices resulted in proportional
increase in nutrient contents in seed and stover
of mustard but the differences between the
consecutive levels could not touch the level of
significance. However, the nutrient contents in
seed and stover were recorded the maximum
with treatment applied as 2.5 kg/ha of hydrogel
with 0.05% of thiourea at 50% flowering and
50% pod formation stage of the crop growth
which resulted significantly superior over
control and water spray at 50% flowering.
Hydrogel application increased nutrient
contents particularly NPK by prevention from
leaching losses. It also helped to increase the
chlorophyll and protein content as amount of
polymer increased in soil, which resulted in the
cell membrane development and balance
between nutrient substances.
Hydrogel incorporated soils were able
to provide enough water for the growth and
development of the plants. As a result, higher
leaf area index (LAI), longer leaf area durability
(LAD) and more chlorophyll content were
recorded. This could be ascribed due to opening
 46 Singh, Singh and Aswin

of stomas for longer time and better CO2 fixation
that resulted in the increase of the dry matter
production of the plant. In mustard, the leaves
are the primary source of the production of
pho-tosynthetic substances that needed for the
filling of the seeds rich in nutrient content
(Dexter and Miyamoto, 1995).
Superabsorbent polymer was also
reported as ameliorant for coarse soils to modify
soil cation exchange capacity (CEC) to decrease
nitrogen leaching and increasing fertilizer
recovery (Li and Bowman, 2002). Zeolite
improved soil structure by coupling high CEC
with a selective affinity for ammonium and
potassium ions (Curkovic et al., 1997).
Superabsorbent polymers hold nutrients in the
soil and make it available to plants as needed
(Pirmoradian et al., 2004).
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to mustard. This might be due to better
synchrony in nutrient release and uptake of
nutrients by mustard crop. Since the hydrogel
increased organic matter and cation exchange
capacity (CEC) of soil which might have reduced
the nutrient losses of potassium by leaching. It
is required for root growth and elongation,
proliferation and thus enabling the plant to
extract water and nutrients from wider and
deeper soil depths and helps the plant to attain
higher growth parameters which in turn lead to
higher yield attributing characters and yield.
N, P and K uptake was positively
correlated with grain yield. This may be
attributed to proportionate increase in dry
matter production and increase in total
biological yield (grain+stover yield) with the
respective treatments. The favourable effect of

As regards the nutrient uptake by seed, thiourea on growth of plants might be due to
stover and the entire crop, basal application of improved photosynthetic efficiency. Application
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hydrogel @ 2.5 kg/ha accompanied with foliar of thiourea also creates lighter microbial
application of thiourea @ 0.05% at 50% flowering population in soil which is responsible for
and 50% pod formation was observed mobilizing essential nutrients. Similar reports
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statistically significant over rest of the moisture were found by Balai and Keshwa (2011).
stress management practices. This could be Significant increase in biomass of mustard with
attributed to the greater availability and supply 0.05% thiourea may also be attributed to
of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium at higher increased supply of plant nutrients as observed.
doses of fertilizer application. This accompanied This could be the fact that foliar application of
with higher seed and stover yields (Table 2) at thiourea was done at later (50% flowering and
2.5 kg hydrogel/ha with 0.05% thiourea applied 50% pod formation) stages of the crop did
supply lesser nutrients to the existing crop. By
Table 2. Effect of hydrogel and thiourea on NPK uptake by Indian mustard under moisture stress conditions

Treatment Nitrogen Nitrogen Phosphorus Phosphorus Potassium Potassium Nitrogen Phosphorus Potassium
uptake by uptake by uptake by uptake by uptake by uptake by uptake by uptake by uptake by
seed stover seed stover seed stover crop crop crop

T1 11.66 10.48 2.41 1.04 3.60 31.83 22.14 3.45 35.43

T2 16.25 12.51 3.53 1.28 4.87 33.84 28.61 4.80 38.52
T3 17.76 13.80 3.85 1.39 5.72 36.66 31.62 5.25 42.48
T4 21.89 17.12 4.64 1.60 6.73 42.94 39.00 6.25 49.67
T5 25.99 16.79 4.96 1.65 7.27 43.06 42.65 6.60 50.20
T6 28.68 18.38 5.43 1.71 8.39 46.23 47.25 7.16 54.80
T7 34.70 22.22 6.72 1.98 9.83 53.24 56.92 8.70 63.06
T8 23.54 16.46 4.39 1.58 6.51 40.84 40.00 5.98 47.35
T9 25.76 17.31 4.71 1.57 6.82 42.18 43.07 6.28 49.00
T10 31.28 20.31 5.81 1.81 8.21 47.13 51.19 7.58 54.83
T11 34.69 21.58 6.62 2.01 9.28 53.35 56.27 8.63 62.63
T12 36.63 23.18 6.93 2.18 9.84 56.35 59.80 9.11 66.19
T13 44.30 26.87 8.58 2.50 11.66 63.64 71.17 11.08 75.30
S. Em 1.36 1.00 0.37 0.09 0.47 2.77 2.07 0.42 3.12
C. D. (P=0.05) 3.97 2.92 1.07 0.27 1.37 8.09 6.03 1.23 9.09
CV (%) 8.68 9.50 12.06 9.44 10.71 10.55 7.89 10.41 10.17

Treatment details are given in Table 1.

 Response of Indian mustard to hydrogel and thiourea
that time, mustard crop could have completed
its peak nutrient uptake period resulting in
much of the nutrients left out in the soil which
are not being taken by the existing crop and
which are available only for next crop.
It is well established fact that most of
the major nutrients (both macro and micro) are
available to the crop at their maximum growth
phase under neutral soil reaction (pH). In the
present investigation though effect of hydrogel
and thiourea on soil pH and electrical
conductivity (EC) was not significant but there
was slight increase in soil pH and EC in T13.
CONCLUSION
The significant improvement in
quantitative (seed and stover yield) and
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qualitative traits (oil & protein content and
their recovery) as well as nutrient uptake of
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Indian mustard could be achieved by applying
of 100% RDF+2.5 kg hydrogel/ha as basal
followed by foliar application of 0.05% thiourea
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twice at 50% flowering and 50% siliquae
formation under moisture deficit condition.
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