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REFRIGERATION

and
AIR-CONDITIONING

Instructor
ENGR. EFREN A. DELA CRUZ
A simple saturated refrigeration cycle for R-12 system operates at
an evaporating temperature of -5oC and a condensing
temperature of 40oC. Determine (a) the refrigerating effect per kg,
(b) the work per kg, (c) the heat rejected at the condenser per kg,
and (d) the COP. For a refrigerating capacity of 1 kW, determine
(e) the total heat rejected at the condenser, (f) total the work, and
(g) the volume flow rate.
Psat at 40oC = kPa

P Psat at -5oC = . kPa


3 2

h3 = hf at 40oC = kJ/kg = h4

h1 = hg at -5oC = .kJ/kg
4 1

v1 = vg at -5oC = .. m3/kg
h
h2 = h at 961 kPa and s2 = s1 = .. kJ/kg
A simple saturated refrigeration cycle for R-12 system operates at
an evaporating temperature of -5oC and a condensing
temperature of 40oC. Determine (a) the refrigerating effect per kg,
(b) the work per kg, (c) the heat rejected at the condenser per kg,
and (d) the COP. For a refrigerating capacity of 1 kW, determine
(e) the total heat rejected at the condenser, (f) total the work, and
(g) the volume flow rate.
Psat at 40oC = 961 kPa

P Psat at -5oC = 261 kPa


3 2

h3 = hf at 40oC = 238.5 kJ/kg = h4

h1 = hg at -5oC = 349.3 kJ/kg


4 1

v1 = vg at -5oC = 0.06496 m3/kg


h
h2 = h at 961 kPa and s2 = s1 = 372 kJ/kg
a) RE = h1- h4 = 349.3 238.5 = 110.8 kJ/kg

b) W = h2 h1 = 372 349.3 = 22.7 kJ/kg

c) QR = h2 h3 = 372 238.5 = 133.5 kJ/kg

d) COP = (h1 h4)/(h2 h1) = 110.8/22.7 =4.88


For a refrigerating capacity of 1 kW
m = QA/(h1 h4) = (1 kJ/s)/110.8 kJ/kg = 0.00903 kg/s

e) QR = m (h2 h3) = 0.00903 (133.5) = 1.206 kW

f) W = m (h2 h1) = 0.00903 (22.7) = 0.205 kW

g) V1 = m(v1) = 0.00903 ( 0.06496) = 0.0005866 m3/s


A refrigeration system using refrigerant 22 is to have a
refrigerating capacity of 60 kW. The evaporating temperature is -
10oC and the condensing temperature is 42oC. Determine (a) the
volume flow rate of the refrigerant at inlet to the compressor, (b)
the power required by the compressor, and (c) the quality of
refrigerant at entrance to the evaporator (fraction of the mass of
vapor to the refrigerant).
Psat at 42oC = kPa
Solution
Psat at -10oC = . kPa
P

3 2 h3 = hf at 42oC = .kJ/kg = h4

h1 = hg at -10oC = .. kJ/kg

v1 = vg at -10oC = L/kg
4 1

h
h2 = h at 1610 kPa and s2 = s1 = .kJ/kg

hf4 = kJ/kg hg4 = h1


A refrigeration system using refrigerant 22 is to have a
refrigerating capacity of 60 kW. The evaporating temperature is -
10oC and the condensing temperature is 42oC. Determine (a) the
volume flow rate of the refrigerant at inlet to the compressor, (b)
the power required by the compressor, and (c) the quality of
refrigerant at entrance to the evaporator (fraction of the mass of
vapor to the refrigerant).
Psat at 42oC = 1610 kPa
Solution
Psat at -10oC = 354 kPa
P

3 2 h3 = hf at 42oC = 252.4 kJ/kg = h4

h1 = hg at -10oC = 401.6 kJ/kg


4 1
v1 = vg at -10oC = 65.34 L/kg
h
h2 = h at 1610 kPa and s2 = s1 = 440 kJ/kg

hf4 = 188.4 kJ/kg hg4 = h1


(a) m = QA/(h1 h4) = (60 kJ/s)/(401.6 252.4) kJ/kg
= 0.4021 kg/s
V1= m(v1) = 0.4021 ( 65.34) = 26.27 L/s

(b) W = m (h2 h1) = 0.4021 (440 401.6)


= 15.44 kW

(c) x4 = (h4 hf4)/hfg4 = (h4 hf4)/(hg4 hf4)


= (252.4 188.4)/(406.1 188.4)
= 0.3002 or 30.02%
HEAT EXCHANGERS
Two functions of heat exchange in the system
To ensure that no liquids enter the compressor
To sub cooled the liquid from the condenser to prevent bubbles of vapor
from impending the flow of refrigerant through the expansion valve

3 2

heat exchanger

E.V.

Evaporator

5
P-H AND T-S DIAGRAM

P T

subcooled subcooled

4 3 2 3

5 6 1 1

5 6 superheat

superheat

H S

For refrigerating effect


RE = h6 h5 = h1 h3
= m ( h6 h5 ) = m ( h1 h3 )
A simple saturated refrigeration cycle for R-12 system operates at an evaporating
temperature of -5oC and a condensing temperature of 40oC. Show the effect on the COP,
of installing a heat exchanger that would superheat the suction vapor from -5oC to 15oC
in the heat exchanger.
Solution
For the saturated cycle: COP = 4.88
For system with heat exchanger

P
3

4 2

Psat at 40oC = 961 kPa


15oC
Psat at -5oC = 261 kPa

5 -5oC 1 h3 = hf at 40oC
6

h h1 = h at 261 kPa and 15oC

h2 = h at 961 kPa and s2 = s1


A simple saturated refrigeration cycle for R-12 system operates at an evaporating
temperature of -5oC and a condensing temperature of 40oC. Show the effect on the COP,
of installing a heat exchanger that would superheat the suction vapor from -5oC to 15oC
in the heat exchanger.
Solution
For the saturated cycle: COP = 4.88
For system with heat exchanger

P
3

4 2

Psat at 40oC = 961 kPa


15oC
Psat at -5oC = 261 kPa

5 -5oC 1 h3 = hf at 40oC = 238.5 kJ/kg = h4


6

h h1 = h at 261 kPa and 15oC = 362 kJ/kg

h2 = h at 961 kPa and s2 = s1 = 387 kJ/kg


Heat balance of the heat exchanger
h3 + h6 = h1 + h4

Refrigerating effect
RE = h6 h4 = h1 h3

Coefficient of performance
COP = (h1 h3)/(h2 h1)

The coefficient of performance of the heat exchanger cycle differs


than that of the saturated cycle by only
(COPhe COPsat)/COPsat =
Heat balance of the heat exchanger
h3 + h6 = h1 + h4

Refrigerating effect
RE = h6 h4 = h1 h3

Coefficient of performance
COP = (h1 h3)/(h2 h1) = (362 238.5)/(387 362) =4.94

The coefficient of performance of the heat exchanger cycle differs


than that of the saturated cycle by only
(4.94 4.88)/4.88 = 1.23%

Depending upon a particular case, the coefficient of performance


of a heat exchanger cycle may be either greater than, less than,
or the same as that of the saturated cycle operating between the
same pressure limits.
Actual Vapor-Compression Cycle
Differences
Evaporator discharge
Higher specific volume
in compressor
Compressor losses
Condenser pressure
losses
Line losses
The Heat Pump
Refrigerator and Heat Pump Objectives

The objective of
a refrigerator is
to remove heat
(QL) from the
cold medium;
the objective of a
heat pump is to
supply heat (QH)
to a warm
medium.

20
Heat Pump
Heats a House in Winter and
Cools it in Summer

21
Compressors
Heart of the vapor compression refrigeration system

Volumetric Efficiency
- Basis for predicting performance of reciprocating
compressors

Two Methods
actual volumetric efficiency
clearance volumetric
Compressor Types and
Application

Centrifugal Compressors
It is most efficient type when
operating near full load and
able to use a wide range of
refrigerants efficiently
Centrifugals: Capacity control
Capacity control with inlet guide vanes located at the
inlet to the impeller(s). This method is efficient down
to about 50% load
surge in the impeller
Many older centrifugal machines deal with low loads
by creating a false load on the system, such as by
using hot gas bypass.
Another approach is to use variable-speed drives in
combination with inlet guide vanes.
Changing the impeller speed causes a departure
from optimum performance, so efficiency still declines
badly at low loads.
At lower loads, the impeller cannot be slowed further,
because the discharge pressure would become too
low to condense the refrigerant. Below the minimum
load provided by the variable-speed drive, inlet guide
vanes are used to provide further capacity reduction.
Reciprocating Compressors
Maximum efficiency lower than
that of centrifugal and screw
compressors.
Efficiency is reduced by
clearance volume (the
compressed gas volume that is
left at the top of the piston
stroke), throttling losses at the
intake and discharge valves,
abrupt changes in gas flow, and
friction
Lower efficiency also results
from the smaller sizes of
reciprocating units, because
motor losses and friction account
for a larger fraction of energy
input in smaller systems.
Part load efficiency very high
Reciprocating Compressors: Capacity
Control

Larger multi-cylinder reciprocating compressors commonly reduce


output by disabling (unloading) individual cylinders. When the
load falls to the point that even one cylinder provides too much
capacity, the machine turns off.
The most common is holding open the intake valves of the
unloaded cylinders. This eliminates most of the work of
compression, but a small amount of power is still wasted in
pumping refrigerant gas to-and-fro through the unloaded cylinders.
Another method is blocking gas flow to the unloaded cylinders,
which is called suction cutoff.
Variable-speed drives can be used with reciprocating compressors,
eliminating the complications of cylinder unloading. This method is
gaining popularity with the drastic reduction in costs of variable
speed drives.
Screw Compressors
Screw compressors, sometimes called
helical rotary compressors, compress
refrigerant by trapping it in the threads
of a rotating screw-shaped rotor
Screw compressors have increasingly
taken over from reciprocating
compressors of medium sizes and large
sizes, and they have even entered the
size domain of centrifugal machines.
Screw compressors are applicable to
refrigerants that have higher condensing
pressures, such as HCFC-22 and
ammonia.
They are especially compact
Screw Compressors: Capacity
Control
The most common is a slide valve that forms a portion of
the housing that surrounds the screws.
Using a variable-speed drive is another method of
capacity control. It is limited to oil-injected compressors,
because slowing the speed of a dry compressor would
allow excessive internal leakage.
There are other methods of reducing capacity, such as
suction throttling that are inherently less efficient than the
previous two.
Scroll Compressors
The gas is compressed between two
scroll-shaped vanes.
One of the vanes is fixed, and the other
moves within it.
The moving vane does not rotate, but its
center revolves with respect to the center
of the fixed vane
This motion squeezes the refrigerant gas
along a spiral path, from the outside of
the vanes toward the center, where the
discharge port is located.
The compressor has only two moving
parts, the moving vane and a shaft with
an off-center crank to drive the moving
vane.
Scroll compressors have only recently
become practical, because close
machining tolerances are needed to
prevent leakage between the vanes, and
between the vanes and the casing.
Actual Volumetric Efficiency
va = Volume Flow Rate Entering The Compressor (m3/s) x 100
Displacement Rate of Compressor (m3/s)

= V1 ; V1 = mrv1
Vd

Displacement Rate; Vd ( Piston Displacement )


- Displacement swept through by piston in their suction stroke per unit time
Vd = D2LN/4 = ALN

Where:
A = cross section area of cylinder
D = diameter of the bore of cylinder
L = length of stroke
N = no. of compression cycle per unit time
n = angular speed
For single acting
N = n (no. of cylinder)
For double acting
N = 2n (no. of cylinder)
Also
v1 = specific volume of refrigerant in the suction side (m3/kg)
mr = mass flow rate of refrigerant (kg/s)
Clearance Volumetric Efficiency

clearance

Pd

P1 = P s
P2

P3

Vc V1 V2 V3

Vd

Where
Vc = clearance volume or minimum volume
V3 = maximum volume
V3 V1 = volume of drawn in the cylinder
Clearance Volumetric Efficiency
vc = Volume Gas Drawn In The Cylinder
Vd

= V3 V1 x 100%
V3 Vc

But C = ___ Vc
V3 Vc

If we add (Vc Vc) the equation

vc = V3 V1 + Vc Vc x 100% = V3 Vc + Vc V1 x 100%
V3 Vc V3 Vc

= 1 + Vc V1
V3 Vc
And
vc - V1 = vc 1 v1
V3 Vc V3 Vc v3 vc vc

Then
vc =1+ vc 1 v1
v3 vc vc

= 1- vc v1 - 1
v3 vc vc

=1 - C v1 - 1 = 1+ c c V1/Vc =1+c-c P2/P1 1/k

vc
If the isentropic expansion is assumed at vc and v1
v1 = vsuc
vc vdis
Where;
vsuc = specific volume of vapor entering
vdis = specific volume of vapor leaving
Adiabatic Compression

Actual
Ideal

Work of Compression
Wc = h2 h1 Isentropic (Ideal)
Wc = h2 h1 Actual

Adiabatic Compression Efficiency


c = W c = h2 h1 = Isentropic
Wc h2 h1 Actual
Where;
h1 = enthalpy of refrigerant entering
h2 = Isentropic enthalpy of refrigerant leaving
h2 = actual heat content of refrigerant leaving the compressor
Mechanical Efficiency m

c =Indicated Work =WI = IHP


Brake Work WB BHP
Where

IHP = Indicated horsepower


BHP = Brake horsepower
An ammonia simple saturation cycle operates at 247.1 kPa suction pressure
and 1169 kPa condenser pressure. For a load of 1688 kJ/min, determine (a) the
m3/h of cooling water in the condenser if the water temperature is increased by
6oC, (b) the compressor work and, (c) the piston displacement if the clearance
is 5%.
Tsat at 1169 kPa = 30oC

Solution Tsat at 247.1 kPa = -14oC


P
h3 = hf at 30oC = h4
3 2
h1 = hg at -14oC

v1 = vg at -14oC

h2 = h at 1169kPa and
s2 = s1
4 1

v2 = v at 1169kPa and
s2 = s1
h
An ammonia simple saturation cycle operates at 247.1 kPa suction pressure
and 1169 kPa condenser pressure. For a load of 1688 kJ/min, determine (a) the
m3/h of cooling water in the condenser if the water temperature is increased by
6oC, (b) the compressor work and, (c) the piston displacement if the clearance
is 5%.
Tsat at 1169 kPa = 30oC

Solution Tsat at 247.1 kPa = -14oC


P
h3 = hf at 30oC = 341.77 kJ/kg = h4
3 2
h1 = hg at -14oC = 1445.2 kJ/kg

v1 = vg at -14oC = 0.4878 m3/kg

h2 = h at 1169kPa and
s2 = s1 = 1677 kJ/kg
4 1

v2 = v at 1169kPa and
s2 = s1 = 0.15 m3/kg
h
(a) m = QA/(h1 h4) = (1688 kJ/min)/(1445.2 341.77) kJ/kg = 1.53 kg/min

mw = m(h2 h3)/cw(tw) = 1.53 ( 1677 341.77)/4.187 (6) = 81.32 kg/min

Vw = mw/w = 81.32 (60)/1000 = 4.879 m3/h

(b) W = m (h2 h1) = 1.53 (1677 1445.2) = 352.3 kJ/min or 5.87 kW

(c) vc = 1 + c c (p2/p1)1/k = 1 + 0.05 (0.05) (1169/247.1)1/1.304 = 0.8854

or
vc = 1 c ((v1/v2) 1) = 1 (0.05) ((0.4878/0.15) - 1) = 0.8874

Using 0.8854 and assuming vc = va

VD = V1/ va = mv1/ va = (1.53)(0.4878)/0.8854 = 0.843 m3/min


A refrigerating system is to be used to cool 45,000 kg of water from 29 to 18oC
in 5hrs. The refrigerant is ammonia and the operating conditions are 616kPa
evaporating pressure and 1737 liquefaction pressure. Determine (a) the
coefficient of performance, (b) the quantity of cooling water in the condenser for
an increase in temp of 7oC, (c) the compressor power, and (d) the volume
flowrate entering the compressor. The specific heat of water is 4.187 kJ/kg Co

P h3 = hf at 1737kPa
3 2
h1 = hg at 616kPa

v1 = vg at 616kPa

4 1
h2 = h at 1737 kPa and s2 = s1

h
A refrigerating system is to be used to cool 45,000 kg of water from 29 to 18oC
in 5hrs. The refrigerant is ammonia and the operating conditions are 616kPa
evaporating pressure and 1737 liquefaction pressure. Determine (a) the
coefficient of performance, (b) the quantity of cooling water in the condenser for
an increase in temp of 7oC, (c) the compressor power, and (d) the volume
flowrate entering the compressor. The specific heat of water is 4.187 kJ/kg Co

P h3 = hf at 1737kPa = 410.4 kJ/kg


3 2
h1 = hg at 616kPa = 1471.6 kJ/kg

v1 = vg at 616kPa = 205.2 L/kg

4 1
h2 = h at 1737 kPa and s2 = s1 = 1620 kJ/kg

h
(a) COP = (h1 h3)/ (h2 h1) = (1471.6 410.4)/(1620 1471.6) = 7.15

(b) QA = (45,000 kg)(4.187 kJ/kgoC)(29 18)oC/((5h)(3600s/h)) = 115.1 kJ/s

m = QA /(h1 h4) = 115.1kJ/s/(1471.6 410.4)kJ/kg = 0.1085 kg/s

Heat to water = Heat from refrigerant

mw cpw tw = m (h2 h3)

mw = 0.1085kg/s(1620 410.4)kJ/kg /((4.187kj/kgoC)(7oC)) = 4.48 kg/s

(c) W = m (h2 h1) =0.1085kg/s(1620 1471.6)kJ/kg = 16.10 kW

(d) V1 = mv1 = 0.1085kg/s(205.2L/kg) = 22.3 L/s


An ammonia refrigerating cycle operates at 247 kPa suction pressure and 1200
kPa condensing pressure. Other data are the following:
Refrigerating capacity = 28 kW
Compressor clearance = 5%
Compression eff. = 80%
Mechanical eff. = 75%
Actual volumetric eff. = 74%
Determine (a) clearance volumetric eff., (b) the ideal and actual COP, (c) the
massflowrate of ammonia, and (d) the brakework.

h3 = hf at 1200 kPa

P h1 = hg at 247 kPa
3 2

h2 = h at 1200 kPa and s2 = s1

4 1

h
An ammonia refrigerating cycle operates at 247 kPa suction pressure and 1200
kPa condensing pressure. Other data are the following:
Refrigerating capacity = 28 kW
Compressor clearance = 5%
Compression eff. = 80%
Mechanical eff. = 75%
Actual volumetric eff. = 74%
Determine (a) clearance volumetric eff., (b) the ideal and actual COP, (c) the
massflowrate of ammonia, and (d) the brakework.

h3 = hf at 1200 kPa = 346.1 kJ/kg

P h1 = hg at 247 kPa = 1445.2 kJ/kg


3 2

h2 = h at 1200 kPa and s2 = s1 = 1675 kJ/kg

4 1

h
(a) vc = 1 + c - c P2/P1 1/k =1 + 0.05 0.05 1200/247 1/1.304 = 0.882
= 88.2%

(b)Actual work = Isentropic work/compression eff.


= (h2 h1)/c = (1675 1445.2)/ 0.8 = 287.3 kJ/kg

Ideal COP = = (h1 h3)/ (h2 h1) = (1445.2 346.1)/(1675 1445.2)


=4.78
Actual COP = = (h1 h3)/ actual work = (1445.2 346.1)/287.3 = 3.83

(c) m = QA /(h1 h4) = 28kJ/s/(1445.2 346.1)kJ/kg = 0.02547 kg/s

(d)Indicated work = 0.02547kg/s(287.3kJ/kg) = 7.318 kW

(e)Brake work = Indicated work/ m = 7.318 kW/0.75 = 9.76 kW


Seatwork

A four cylinder refrigerant 12 compressor operates


between evaporator and condenser temp. Of 4oC and
43oC. It is to carry a load of 20 tons of refrigeration at
1200rpm. If the average piston speed is 213 m/min and
the actual volumetric eff. Is 80%, what should be the
bore and stroke of the compressor?

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