Académique Documents
Professionnel Documents
Culture Documents
and
AIR-CONDITIONING
Instructor
ENGR. EFREN A. DELA CRUZ
A simple saturated refrigeration cycle for R-12 system operates at
an evaporating temperature of -5oC and a condensing
temperature of 40oC. Determine (a) the refrigerating effect per kg,
(b) the work per kg, (c) the heat rejected at the condenser per kg,
and (d) the COP. For a refrigerating capacity of 1 kW, determine
(e) the total heat rejected at the condenser, (f) total the work, and
(g) the volume flow rate.
Psat at 40oC = kPa
h3 = hf at 40oC = kJ/kg = h4
h1 = hg at -5oC = .kJ/kg
4 1
v1 = vg at -5oC = .. m3/kg
h
h2 = h at 961 kPa and s2 = s1 = .. kJ/kg
A simple saturated refrigeration cycle for R-12 system operates at
an evaporating temperature of -5oC and a condensing
temperature of 40oC. Determine (a) the refrigerating effect per kg,
(b) the work per kg, (c) the heat rejected at the condenser per kg,
and (d) the COP. For a refrigerating capacity of 1 kW, determine
(e) the total heat rejected at the condenser, (f) total the work, and
(g) the volume flow rate.
Psat at 40oC = 961 kPa
3 2 h3 = hf at 42oC = .kJ/kg = h4
h1 = hg at -10oC = .. kJ/kg
v1 = vg at -10oC = L/kg
4 1
h
h2 = h at 1610 kPa and s2 = s1 = .kJ/kg
3 2
heat exchanger
E.V.
Evaporator
5
P-H AND T-S DIAGRAM
P T
subcooled subcooled
4 3 2 3
5 6 1 1
5 6 superheat
superheat
H S
P
3
4 2
5 -5oC 1 h3 = hf at 40oC
6
P
3
4 2
Refrigerating effect
RE = h6 h4 = h1 h3
Coefficient of performance
COP = (h1 h3)/(h2 h1)
Refrigerating effect
RE = h6 h4 = h1 h3
Coefficient of performance
COP = (h1 h3)/(h2 h1) = (362 238.5)/(387 362) =4.94
The objective of
a refrigerator is
to remove heat
(QL) from the
cold medium;
the objective of a
heat pump is to
supply heat (QH)
to a warm
medium.
20
Heat Pump
Heats a House in Winter and
Cools it in Summer
21
Compressors
Heart of the vapor compression refrigeration system
Volumetric Efficiency
- Basis for predicting performance of reciprocating
compressors
Two Methods
actual volumetric efficiency
clearance volumetric
Compressor Types and
Application
Centrifugal Compressors
It is most efficient type when
operating near full load and
able to use a wide range of
refrigerants efficiently
Centrifugals: Capacity control
Capacity control with inlet guide vanes located at the
inlet to the impeller(s). This method is efficient down
to about 50% load
surge in the impeller
Many older centrifugal machines deal with low loads
by creating a false load on the system, such as by
using hot gas bypass.
Another approach is to use variable-speed drives in
combination with inlet guide vanes.
Changing the impeller speed causes a departure
from optimum performance, so efficiency still declines
badly at low loads.
At lower loads, the impeller cannot be slowed further,
because the discharge pressure would become too
low to condense the refrigerant. Below the minimum
load provided by the variable-speed drive, inlet guide
vanes are used to provide further capacity reduction.
Reciprocating Compressors
Maximum efficiency lower than
that of centrifugal and screw
compressors.
Efficiency is reduced by
clearance volume (the
compressed gas volume that is
left at the top of the piston
stroke), throttling losses at the
intake and discharge valves,
abrupt changes in gas flow, and
friction
Lower efficiency also results
from the smaller sizes of
reciprocating units, because
motor losses and friction account
for a larger fraction of energy
input in smaller systems.
Part load efficiency very high
Reciprocating Compressors: Capacity
Control
= V1 ; V1 = mrv1
Vd
Where:
A = cross section area of cylinder
D = diameter of the bore of cylinder
L = length of stroke
N = no. of compression cycle per unit time
n = angular speed
For single acting
N = n (no. of cylinder)
For double acting
N = 2n (no. of cylinder)
Also
v1 = specific volume of refrigerant in the suction side (m3/kg)
mr = mass flow rate of refrigerant (kg/s)
Clearance Volumetric Efficiency
clearance
Pd
P1 = P s
P2
P3
Vc V1 V2 V3
Vd
Where
Vc = clearance volume or minimum volume
V3 = maximum volume
V3 V1 = volume of drawn in the cylinder
Clearance Volumetric Efficiency
vc = Volume Gas Drawn In The Cylinder
Vd
= V3 V1 x 100%
V3 Vc
But C = ___ Vc
V3 Vc
vc = V3 V1 + Vc Vc x 100% = V3 Vc + Vc V1 x 100%
V3 Vc V3 Vc
= 1 + Vc V1
V3 Vc
And
vc - V1 = vc 1 v1
V3 Vc V3 Vc v3 vc vc
Then
vc =1+ vc 1 v1
v3 vc vc
= 1- vc v1 - 1
v3 vc vc
vc
If the isentropic expansion is assumed at vc and v1
v1 = vsuc
vc vdis
Where;
vsuc = specific volume of vapor entering
vdis = specific volume of vapor leaving
Adiabatic Compression
Actual
Ideal
Work of Compression
Wc = h2 h1 Isentropic (Ideal)
Wc = h2 h1 Actual
v1 = vg at -14oC
h2 = h at 1169kPa and
s2 = s1
4 1
v2 = v at 1169kPa and
s2 = s1
h
An ammonia simple saturation cycle operates at 247.1 kPa suction pressure
and 1169 kPa condenser pressure. For a load of 1688 kJ/min, determine (a) the
m3/h of cooling water in the condenser if the water temperature is increased by
6oC, (b) the compressor work and, (c) the piston displacement if the clearance
is 5%.
Tsat at 1169 kPa = 30oC
h2 = h at 1169kPa and
s2 = s1 = 1677 kJ/kg
4 1
v2 = v at 1169kPa and
s2 = s1 = 0.15 m3/kg
h
(a) m = QA/(h1 h4) = (1688 kJ/min)/(1445.2 341.77) kJ/kg = 1.53 kg/min
or
vc = 1 c ((v1/v2) 1) = 1 (0.05) ((0.4878/0.15) - 1) = 0.8874
P h3 = hf at 1737kPa
3 2
h1 = hg at 616kPa
v1 = vg at 616kPa
4 1
h2 = h at 1737 kPa and s2 = s1
h
A refrigerating system is to be used to cool 45,000 kg of water from 29 to 18oC
in 5hrs. The refrigerant is ammonia and the operating conditions are 616kPa
evaporating pressure and 1737 liquefaction pressure. Determine (a) the
coefficient of performance, (b) the quantity of cooling water in the condenser for
an increase in temp of 7oC, (c) the compressor power, and (d) the volume
flowrate entering the compressor. The specific heat of water is 4.187 kJ/kg Co
4 1
h2 = h at 1737 kPa and s2 = s1 = 1620 kJ/kg
h
(a) COP = (h1 h3)/ (h2 h1) = (1471.6 410.4)/(1620 1471.6) = 7.15
h3 = hf at 1200 kPa
P h1 = hg at 247 kPa
3 2
4 1
h
An ammonia refrigerating cycle operates at 247 kPa suction pressure and 1200
kPa condensing pressure. Other data are the following:
Refrigerating capacity = 28 kW
Compressor clearance = 5%
Compression eff. = 80%
Mechanical eff. = 75%
Actual volumetric eff. = 74%
Determine (a) clearance volumetric eff., (b) the ideal and actual COP, (c) the
massflowrate of ammonia, and (d) the brakework.
4 1
h
(a) vc = 1 + c - c P2/P1 1/k =1 + 0.05 0.05 1200/247 1/1.304 = 0.882
= 88.2%