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i*A'rku_:K l i . n v k . x r . is a p r o f e s s o r i n t h e D e p a r t m e n t o f P h i l o s o p h y a n d d i r e c -
t o i ' o f liie Lonergan l u s i i i . u i e ai. B o s t o n College.
PATRICK H. BYRNE
The Ethics o f
Discernment
Lonergan 5 Foundations for Ethics
LNIVI-.KSriY O F 1 O R O N T O PRESS
lepiiiiteci i n p a p e r b a c k LMM"
I.X)nergan S i i i d i e s
L i b r a r v a n d A i c l i i v e s Ganada C a t a l o g i i i i i g i n P u b l i c a t i o n
Canad
Funded by the Financ par le
Government gouuemement
o Canad du Canad
Contents
Preface / xv
Introduction / ;^
PART I: PRELIMIiNARlES
9 J i i d g i n e n t s o f C o m p a r a t i v e V a l u a n d the S c a l e l ' A R T I V ; W H A T I S B R O U G H T A B O U T B V D O I N C T H A T ?
o f V a l u P r e f e r e n c e / 24 1
9.1 I n t r o d u c t i o n / 24.1 The H u m a n G o o d D e s e r i b e d / 3 0 9
9.2 [ t i c l g m e n t s o f C o m p a r a i i v e V a h i e a n d Scales I I. I Intrcjcluction / 3 0 9
of Preference / 24 2 1 1.2 Parameters o f the Fkmian G o o d / 3 1 2
9.2.1 R e f l e c t i o n s o n Valu C o m p a i a s o n i n G e n e r a l / 243 I 1.3 ' f h e F i t i m a n G o o d as P e r s o n a l : ' I ' h e G o o d o f a n A u t h e i i t i c
9.2.2 S o m e lllustrations o f R e l l e c i i n g a b o u t Valu Flunian Life / 3 1 2
C o m p a i s o u s / 2/(3 I I , I ' f h e Fluiran G o o d as S o c i a l / 3 1 5
9 . 2 . 3 T i m e a n d C o m p a r a t i v e Vales / 24^1 1 1,5 ' f h e F l i u n a n G o o d as l - l i s t o r i c a l : ' F b e C o r p o r a t e G o o d of
9 . 2 . 4 F e l t Scales a n d C o n c r e t e D e l i b e r a t i o n s / 2 4 6 l l n i n a n Flisiory / 3 1 8
9.2.5 E t h i c a l Reflection a n d F e e l i n g Preferences in 1 1.6 Sununary / 32 1
Middleiiiarcli / 2|8 I I ,7 ,'\ l l l n s i r a i i o n : B u i l d i n g a W a t e r W e l l i n .Malaya / 3 2 2
x Contents ConteuLs xiii
13.3.4 T h e l u a d e q n a c y o f t h e //./'g-/<7 A r g u m e n i / 3 6 S
13.4 The Transcendent Good / 370
N ( l r s / .149
13.4.1 T r a n s c e n d e n t B e i n g as U l t i m a t e C o n d i d o n o f O u r
Valu Choices / 3 7 0 I n d e x / .pSq
13.4.2 T r a n s c e n d e n t B e i n g a s n d e r s t a n d i n g a n d
L o v i n g / 372
Preface
1
Introduction
h(ii/,<iii, will be objecve i i i ie u n c j i i a l i n e c l sense. Mowever, when iere (loiiieinporary p h i l o s o p h i c a l scliools o f ethics teiiel t o d i v i d e i n i o those
ar<; n i i r e s o l v e d l e n s i o n s i n i e f e e l i n g h o r i z o n a r i s i n g f r o r n ( l i e n n i - e s i r a c i e d based u p o n d e o n t o l o g i c a l ncions o f r i g l i t a c t i o n a n d p r o [ j e r |)rocedures
n o o n o f v a l n e a n d i i i i r e s i . r i c i e d b e i n g - i n d o v e , i.hen j u d g m e n i s o f v a h i e a n d '>\e o n e h a n d ( a n d t h e i r " t b i n " t l i e o r i e s o f t h e g o o d ) , a n d i h o s e based
s i i b s e q u e n i . a c h o n s w i l l b e o b j e c t i v e o n l y i^elarive l o t l i a t l i o r i z o n , T h e t e n - upDH o n a m o r e r o b u s t ( o r " t h i c k " ) t h e o r \ o f t l i e g o o d o ' valu o n i l i e 01 l i e r
sions t l i a t arise in each personas h o r i z o n o f feelings b o i n ie u n r e s t i a c r e d h a i n l . F o r t h e e t l i i c s o f d i s c e r n m e n t , t h i s is a n u n n e c e s s a r y d i c h o t o m y T h e
n o t i o n o f \ ' a l t i e , t i n r e s t r i c t e d b e i n g - i n - l o v e , a n d t h e noianave scale ofvalne ' a i i i c t n r e o f e t h i c a l acti\'ities ( t h e m o s t b a s i c , p e r l i a p s " t h i n " e t l i i c a l p r o c e -
motvate t r a n s l b i i n a t i o n s (conver-sions) o f h o r i z o n s o f feelings that will d u r e s ) i m p l i e s a s u r p r i s i i i g l y r i c h a c c o u n i o f i h e g o o d , i n c l u d i n g t h e di\'er-
r^esolve t l i e s e t e n s i o n s , T h e t r a n s f b r i n e d l i o i ' i z o i i s o f f e e l i n g s thit t b e t e n - ai\ o" n a t u r a l g o o d s , t l i e g o o d n e s s o f t l i e n a t u r a l u n i \ ' e r s e as a w h o l e , t b e
sions o r i e r i t towai'ds a r e boizons o n t o f w h i c l i o b j e c t i v e j u d g m e n t s ofvalne a i i K i n r e o f '"tlie h i n n a r i g o o d , " Lonergan's a p p r o a c h t o t h e p r o b l e m of
ancl e l h i c a l a c t i o n s c o m e forth. e\t. a n d t b e r e l a o n o f a l l i e s e t h i n g s t o t r a n s c e n d e n t g o o d n e s s , F o r this
T h e c o n i p o s i t i o n o f everv' h o r i z o n o f f e e l i n g s w i l l c o n t a i n s o m e scale o f leason, I V is n u i c l i i n o r e c e c l u n c a l t l i a n t h e r e s t o f t h e b o o k . I t w o r k s
v a h i e p r e f e r e n c e s , a t l e a s t i i T i [ 3 l i c i i l y I r e f e r t o t h i s deJaclos<z2\\e as a p e r s o n ' s 1)111 l l l c a r e f u l d e t a l l j u s t l i o w t l i e s t r u c t u r e o f e t l i i c a l I n t e n t i o n a l i t y e n t a i i s a
e x i s t e n t i a l scale o f v a l n e [>relerences. C h a p i e r 9 offers l l l u s t r a t i o n s o f l i o w i n d a i n e n t a h [:)i-e-clioice c o m n i i t m e n t 10 a s t r u c t u r e o f i h e g o o d a n d a s c a l e
we m a k e comparative iidgmeiws o f v a l n e , i n o r d e r t o b r i n g t o l i g h t i.liese e x i s - n i vales t h a t is n o t l i m i t e d t o m e r e snljectlve p r e f e r e n c e , o r even to tlie
t e n t i a l scales o f v a l n e . T h e c h a p t e r arges f u r t h e r t l i a t , i n a d d i t i o n t o t h e .pecicities o f p a r c u l a r c u l i i i r e s o r e p o c h s ,
e x i s i e i u J a l s c a l e , t h e r e is a l s o a n o r m a t i v e , i n v a r i a n t , i r a n s c u l t u r a l s c a l e o f l'liese a c c o u n i s o f t l i e g o o d a n d o" e t h i c a l k n o w i n g a n d a c t i n g p r o v i d e
v a l u p r e f e r e n c e s . " I ' l i i s i i o i a i i a t i v e scale a l s o m a k e s its p r e s e n c e feh wiiliin ,1 liasis f o r e n t e r i n g i n t o t h e v e r y d i f T i c i i l t e t i u c a l d i s p u t e s o f o u r m e .
a p e r s o n ' s h o r i z o n cjf f e e l i n g s , even liough a per\soii's i n d i v i d u a l , e x i s i e n t i a l l'aii V (chap(.ers 15 a n d 1 6 ) t h e r e f o r e , e x p l a i n s h o w L o n e r g a n ' s idea o f
scale iriay deviaie frorn i t i n s i g n i c a n t ways. T h e r e w i l l also b e tensions l l i e " e i g h i f i i n c o n a l si^eciales'' c a n b e u s e d t o m a k e u n t i s u a l b u t n i i i c l i -
in l l i e liorazon o f feelings t h a t b e t r a } ' t h i s d e v i a t i o n . T l i e s e (.eiisioiis t e s t i f y n r e d e d c o n t r i f n i t i o n s t o t h o s e d i s p u l e s , I a r g e t h a t t h i s is a m e t l i o d ( h a t
to t h e e x i s t e n c e o f a s c a l e o f n o r m a v e v a l u ] 3 r e f e r e n c e that can provide mief^rates t l i e s e n i i i c i i o n a l s p e c i a l t i e s a n d m e e t s tlie challenge Lonergan
g r o t n i d s f o r objective j u d g m e n t s o f c o m p a r a t i v e valtie. ,ei l o r h i m s e l f i n Insight b u t iie\'er l \ i l l y n i e t : a m e t h o d i n e t h i c s i l i a t w o u l d
I t is o n e t h i n g 10 a r g e t h a t a n o r m a t i \ ' e h i e r a r c h i c a l s c a l e o f vales hi' ( ( i m p a r a b l e to his w o r k o n m e t h o d i n iiieiaphysics a n d i l i e o l o g y 'fhose
r e v e i s i t s e l f i n h u m a n t l i i n k i n g , d e c i d i n g , a n c l a c t i n g , e v e n w h e n i t is b e i n g h i i a l c h a p i e r s d o n o t , h o w e v e r , a c t i i a l l ) ' a p p l y i.lie r n e t b o t l t o s u c h dis|"jui.es,
v i o l a t e d . I t is a n o t h e r ( h i n g a l i o g e i h e r t o f o r m l a t e a c c u r a i e l y t h e l i i e r a r - bul r a i l i e r o f f e r l o o l s t h a t c a n he u s e d f r u i t h i l l y b y i l i o s e e n g a g i n g i n s u c h
c h i c a l o r g a i i i z a t i o n o f hat scale. liecause l . o n e r g a n r e l i e d o n t l i e w o r k s o f I 01111 ( i v e r s i e s .
M a x S c l i e l e r a n d D i e t r i c h v o n f l i l d e b r a n d f o r b i s idea o f a scale o f valu I ' h r o n g l i o u t lilis b o o k I ha\ proxled c o n c r e i e illiistraii(.ms o f i i n f a i n i l -
preference, t l i e i i ' d i f f e r i n g a c c o u n t s o f tlie e l e m e n t s i n i h e scale a r e c o m - lai a n d l e c h n i c a l i d e a s e i t l i e r f r o m l i t e r a i i i r e , w o r l d e \ ' e n i s , o r f r o m i i i y o w i i
parec, V e t t h e q u e s t i o n o f t h e a c c u r a c ) ' o f L o n e r ' g a n ' s o w n a c c o u n t is p o s t - ( \ p e i i e i i c e s . M t i c l i o f i l i e l e n g t l i o f t h i s b o o k is c i n e t o t h o s e i l l u s t r a i i o n s , as
p o n e d tiritil chapter 14 because i t presiipposes i h e discussion o f L o n e r g a n ' s w e l l as l o t b e e l T o r i t o b r i n g a l l o f L o n e r g a n ' s i d e a s t o u c l n n g 011 e d i i c a l c o n -
account o f t h e good. ( e l ns m o a c o h e r e n i w l i o l e . 1 h o p e t h a t t l i e c l a r i t y g a i i i e d h - o m t h e s e i l l i i s -
T l i i s b o o k reaclies a c e r t a i n c l i m a x i n c h a p t e r lo, "Self-Appropriation, u . i l i o n s will m o r e t h a n compnsate ilie reader's jatience with ilie l e n g t l i .
P a r t I I : W h y Is D o i n g T h a t B e i n g E t h i c a l ? " " f h i s c h a p t e r ' e x p l o r e s i n d e t a l l
t h e f u 11er n i e a n i n g o f s e l f - a p p r o p r i a t i o n . . V I u c h o f w h a t is p r o m i s e c l i n c l i a p -
ter I is f u l l l e d a i i h a t p o i n t . A.li t l i a t c o m e s a f t e r w a r x l s - e s p e c i a l l y r'egai'd-
ing Lonergan's theory o f the good and a model for rnethod i n ethics -
d e p e n d s u p o n w h a t is g a t b e r e d t o g e t h e r i n c h a p i e r 10.
S i n c e t h e o b j e c t i \ ' e o" t h i s b o o k is t o p i x ) v i d e a i i i n t e g r a t e d v i e w o f L o n e r -
g a n ' s d i s p a r a t e i d e a s a b o u t e t h i c s , t h e t o p i c s i n p a r t I V ( ' A Y h a t Is B r x m g l i i
About b\ D o i n g " f l i a t ? , " cha3ters ii-iz).) are e x p l o r a t i o n s o f liis ideas
a b o u t t h e g o o d . It s h o w s t h e i i n p l i c a t i o n s o f t h e e x p a n d e d a c c o u n t o f e t h i -
cal iriteiitiouality a n d ol^jectivity for a c o m p r e h e n s i v e theory o f the good.
PART ONE
P r e l i m i n a r i e s
1 Discernment a n d
Self-Appropriation
I, I Introdiicton
ofdiis chapter begin thai exploiation. u \ c , ( ) i i l y b ) ' sel"-conscousi\ a n d d e l i b e r a t e l y dra\\'ing u p o t i o n e ' s rebnecl
M e n e e , tliis c h a p t e i " does n o t airn l o p r o v e t l i e dii^ect inluences o f A r i s t o - use o f w o r t h a n d e n g a g i n g i n t b e skill\ exti^a e f f o r i c a n c l i s c e r m n e n t C)f
ile OI-St. Paid o n L o n e r g a n ' s n o t i o n o f self-a|:))ropriaiion. R a t h e r , t h e i [ U . e n t M i h i l e d i f e r e n c e s he accoinplislied.
is t o e x p l o r e h o w d i e i r ways o f t l i i n k i n g a b o u l d i s c e r r n i i e r n i l l u m i n a t e w l i a i I ) i s c e n i m e n i , t h e r e f o r e , is nc m e r e m a t t e r o f j u s i s e e i n g o r h e a r i n g w h a t
Lonergan c a l l e d s e l f - a p p r o | : ) r i a n c j n . O n t l i e o t h e r h a n d , I g n a t i u s d i d lia\'e i', un t l i e r e t o b e s e e n o r h e a r d . D i s c e r n i n e r n . p r e s u p p o s e s a development
a d i r e c t i n l u e n c e o n L o n e i ' g a n , a n d a later s e c t i o n o f tliis c l i a p i e i " endea\'- III even a traiisbianatioii o f t l i e pei'son e n g a g e d i n d i s c e r n m e n t . Practices
ours to show how t h a t i i d l n e i i c e m i g h t h a v e i n l l u e n c e d his a p p r o a c l i io lll d i s c e r n m e n t are d e s i g n e d to b r i n g al^oiit this s o n o f d e v e l o p m e n t and
self-approj3riation. 11.insl'oianation. ' f b e more tliis d e \ ' e l o p m e n t advances, the m o r e discern-
I I I ) ; l h e p e r s c u i b e c o m e s . V V l i a t d e v e l o p s is d i s c e r n m e n t o f s u b t l e i i e s , a n d
1.2 T h e iVoon o f Discernment i m h ' hy b e i n g m a d e s n b t l e c a n o n e d i s c e r n s t i b t l e t i e s . I n p a r t i c u l a r , o n h ' b y
b r i n g de\'eto|:)ed i n t o a d i s c e r n i n g p e r s o n c a n o n e i r u l y d i s c e r n subtleties
D i s c e i a i m e n t involves g o i n g be\'ond o i ' d i n a r y percepti\'eness. Discerruiient I \ a l u e .
m e a n s k e e n p e r c e p t i o n o r j u c l g m e n i a n d deri\'es \To\n the Latiii discemere- VVIK:II sporis c o m m e n t a t o r s annotmce, ' ' T h a t was a s p l i t - l n i g e r e d fist-
t o s e p a i ' a t e . D i s c e r n m e n t i s t h e ji'ocess o f i d e n i i l y i n g s o n i e t h i n g o f v a l n e by I M I I , " o r " ' f h a l w a s a d o u b l e S a l c l i o w , " t h e y d o so o n t h e basis o f t h e i r a b i l i -
se p a r a ti n g i t f r o r n o d i e r | : ) l i e n o n i e n a t h a t o b s c u r e i t a n d c o m p e l e \vith i t f o r iirs lo notice sulitle b n t s i g n i n c a n t dlfferences iliai most o f ns w i l l have
O L U " a t t e n t i o n . D i s c e i n m e n i is r e c p i i r e d i n o r d e r t o m a k e o u l a f i g u r e o n t h e niissed. W h e n c r i t i c s r e n i a r k o n a c r e a t i \ ' e anel i n n o v a t i v e m u s i c a l perlor-
l i o r i z o n a t t w t l i g l i t ; o" t o r e c o g n i z e a n e x c e p t i o n a l j e w e l o r p a i n d n g a n i i d s t u i . u i c e , s o i i i e t l i i n g i r i t l i e m has p e r m i t t e d a d i T e r e n c e o f w o r t i i t o stanel o u i
a c o l l e c i i o n o f s i m i l a i " i t e m s o f lesser w o r t h ; o r to n o t i c e a s n b t l e anxiety in i h e i r a t i e i i t i o i i , b n t n o l in o u r s . O f c o u r s e , i n r e s p o n s e to any such c o m -
n n d e r h ' i n g sonieoiie's self-assuied conversaiion. Discernment implies that m r i i i , s o m e p e o p l e c a n a n d d o say, " I d i d n ' i . h e a i " o r see a n y t h i n g s p e c i a l .
s o m e aoia: o f e x t r a e f f o r i a n d e x p e i - t i s e is n e e d e d t o g e i t h i n g s r i g h t . a r e iist m a k i i i g t h a l u p . " S o m e m a y e v e n h o l d i b i s a t t i t t i d e o b s t i n a t e l y
D i s c e r n m e n t is t l i e i ' e b r e a r e l u i e d f o r m o f a l t e n t i o n . VVe s3eak, foi~ e x a m - l l l a l l s i m a t i o n s . B n t m o s t o f us, s o o n e r o r l a i e r , a c k n o w l e d g e tliat some
ple, o f a d i s c e r n i n g listenei" a n d a d i s c e r n i n g buyer. ' f l i i s l a n g n a g e dentibes p e u p l e ' s d i s c e r n m e n t i n s o m e rea is m o r e r e b n e d t h a n o i u " o w n . ' f h e s e a r e
p e o p l e w l i o ai-e b e i t e r t h a n a v e r a g e a t l i s i e n i n g a n d b u y i n g . " f h e y a r e not l i i M a n c e s w h e r e w e l e c o g i h z e s o m e o n e as m o r e d i s c e r n i n g i n l i s t e n i n g l o
n i e r e h ' jassive rece|:)tacles b r s o u n d s o r a d v e i t i s e m e n t s . "fhey are people < oii\ersaiioiis or ninsicat p e r f o r m a n c e s o r in identiying e c o n o m i c 0|5[Jor-
who b r i n g s o m e t h i n g extra lo t h e i r lisceiiiiig o r b u y i n g . T h a t something n i n i u r s , baseball pilches, o r e x c e l l e n c e in c o n i p e t i t i v e ice skating. Recog-
e x t r a e n a l ^ l e s i l i e n i U ) sil t l i r o u g h a c l u t t e i ' o f s i i m u l i a n d l o p i c k o t u . s o t m d s m / m g d i s c e i ' m n e n t in o t h e r s can s o m e t l r n e s be the b e g i n n i n g o f t r a n s f o i -
o f s i u r i i f i c a n c e f i ' o i n b a c k t r o n n d n o i s e . o i ' t o l o c a r e i t e m s o f \'aliie w i t h i n a m.ilioiis in US, towards s o m e i l i i n g o f v a l n e prevlousi;' beyond our horizon.
n i a r k e t p l a c e o f lesser o f f e r i n g s a n d l i o l l o w promises, .Sinneiimes we acknowletlge someone's expertise at.ei~ l i a v ' i n g learned
VVe a l l b r i n g s o m e s o n o f i n t e r e s t o r c o n c e r n t o o u r l i s t e n i n g o i " p u r c l i a s - liuin ihem how l o n o t i c e these differences ofvalne f o r ourselves. Some-
i n S - as w e l l as t o o n r v i s u a l a n d o t h e r s e n s a l i o n s . " F h e r e is n o s u c h t l i i n g as u m e s we a c k n o w l e d g e expertise i n d i s c e r m n e n i because we r e c o g n i z e per-
c o m p l e t e l y passive e x p e r i e n c i n g ; a l l a t t e n t i o n is s u a i c t t i r e d b y p r i o r i i u . e r e s i s sonal (|iiali(ies cjf t h e e x p e n that convince us s l i e o r h e m u s t t r u h ' possess
or conceiais, Btu: the s o m e t h i n g extra that d i s c e r n i n g lisieiiers a n d btiyers dii'- esperiise. Soiiietimes we acknowledge expen discernment because
b r i n g is t h e i r s e n s e o f w o r d i - w l i a t is w o r t h l i s t e r n n g t o o r w h a t is w o r t h i h i i d p a r i i e s "n l h e k n o w " a c c e p i . l i l i s p e r s o n as a n e x p e n . Flow a n d why
b u y i n g - a l o n g w i t h t h e i r s k i l l i n d e t e c t i n g t h a t w o r t h , VVIiaiseparat.es disceiai- \\v le ogn/,(.: o t h e r s as e s p e c i a l l y d i s c e r n i n g a r e c p i e s t i o n s t h a t we a r e not
i n g a t t e i n , i o n f r o m o r d i n a r y a i t e n d o n is t l i e s o p h i s t i c a t i o n , t h e i-efmement, la p o s i i i o n l o p r o b ftu'thei" at this p o i n t . F o r t h e p r e s e n t , 1 m e r e l y wish to
16 Pan I : Preliminaries Discernmenl and Scff-Appropriaiion 17
draw aaenLion lo die leaders' o w n m e m o r i e s o f siicli instances, i n o r d e r to Given lhat there are many c o i d l i c d u g opinions a b o n i eihics, following
initiate deeper reflection on die p l i e n o m e n o n of discernment. lhe appi-oach o f f e r e d by ibis b o o k c o m e s w i t h risk. ' f h e r e can be no a r g u -
To snnimarize, Uien, discernment is a r e f m e d brtn of attentiveness n u a i t in advance t h a t can prove to l h e reader t h a i i t is w o r i h t h e r i s k to
gnided by e x c e p t i o n a l knowledge ofvalne a n d by k n o w l e d g e , even trans- lake seriously ihis n o t i o n o f t h e e t h i c s o f d i s c e r n m e n l . T h e r e can be no
f o r m a o n , o f o n e s e l f as a d i s c e r n e r . demonstrauon in advance that following ihe approach o f this b o o k will
1 have c h o s e n die liile for ibis book, The Eihics ojDiscermnenL in order lead to a u t h e n i i c eihics. T h i s b o o k is o f f e r e d in hope - a hope dial lhe
LO u n d e r s c o r e the soinediing extra t h a i is i n v o l v e d in autheniic ethical l e a d e r will try this a p p r o a c h a n d will ind t h a t i i offers successful gnidance
knowing, choosing, and living. This somedng extra means l h a i lhe eih- ii> i h i n k i n g a n d l i v i n g e i h i c a l l y , i n c l u d i n g h o w t o f l n d o n e ' s w a y a m o n g the
ics o f d i s c e i a i m e n i a l s o i n v o l v e s c k ^ u b l e - i n t e n t i o n a l i i y - more specifically, m a n y c o i n p e u n g volees a b o u t w h a t i l m e a n s to live e d i i c a l l y . L i s t e n i n g a n d
The piniary o b j e c i j v e o f Lhe e x e r c i s e s is Lo assisi a p e r s o n in m a k i n g I a n kind. and indeed of the evolving ofall creanon. Once again, Toner
decisions in c o n f o r m i t y WLII G o d ' s w i H . B u l jiisL w h a t d o e s i t m e a n t o s p e a k 'lUs;
o f ' " G o d ' s w i l l " ? n h i s s c h o l a r l v s t u d i e s o f I g n a u u s ' s s p i r i t u a l w r i t i n g s , )nles
T o n e r a r g e s t h a l a c c o r d i n g L O J g n a ' t i u s , G o d ' s w i l l is " t o g i v e us g i e a L c r 1 l u ' g r e a t e r g l o r y is n o l l o b e d i o u g h i o f m e r e l y i n l e r n i s o f t h e
g l o r y , " w h i c h m e a n s G o d w i l l s f o r us t o p a r u c i p a L e i n , a n d i n d e e d l o b e i n nnmcdiaie consequences o f a choice o r even in ternis o f t h e clearly
u n i n w i i h , l h e u n c o n d i i i o n a l l o v e a n d g o o d n e s s i h a i is l h e v e r y b e i n g o f ( nvsoned l o n g - r a n g e c o n s e q u e n c e s , b u l i n t e i n i i s o l t h e cc^nse-
G o d - lhe " u n c r e a i e d glory'' iliai G o d is,"' Ignaiius's exercises were con- qnences for l h e n l d n i a i e glory to be achieved i h r o u g h die w h o l e o f
s t r i i c t e d t o h e l p r e t r e a t a n t s d i s c o v e r t h a i t h i s r e a l l y is a l s o t h e i r o w n d e e p - hislory."'^
e s t d e s i r e , t h a t Lhis is w h a i i h e \ t h e m s e l v e s m o s t p r o f o i m d K ' w i s h l o b e e l v
c h o o s e as w e i l . A l b o t t o m , G o d ' s w i l l is w l i a t l u u n a n s w o u l d w i l l Veeh', i f I l u i s , l o r I g n a d u s , G o d ' s w i l l s s i t u a t e d i n t h e c o n t e x t o f " a n i n c o m -
l i b e r a i e d b ' o m i g n o r a n c e a n d d i s t o r t i n g b i a s e s . I n d n s way, I g n a t i u s s h a r e s |.|. i r i i i h v < a s e , a n u n n i s h e d c r e a i e d g l o r y " w b i c h is b r o u g h t l o r e a l i z a d o n
w i t h Aristotle d i e view lhat m o s t p e o p l e are misled abotn. the happiness d u o n g l i " d i e great glory o f persons w h o have t h e a m a z i n g d e s u n y a n d dig-
l h a t they n u l y desire, a n d that special efforts a i e n e e d e d t o o v e r e m e these puh o l b e i n g [Gc-)d's] i n i e l l i g e n t , l o v i n g a n d f r e e co-workers,"-!'
deceptions.'^ B n i h o w c o u l d a p e r s o n e v e r p o s s i b l y k n o w w h e i h e r o r n o t i.he d e c i s i n
T o n e r ai'gues fui-thei" d i a i I g n a d u s t m d e r s t o o d G o d ' s will to be l i i g h i y I s h e s cons d e r i n g w o u l d b e a c o n i r i b u d o n l o l h e g l o r y o f t h e whole
s p e c i b c t o e a c h i n d i v i d u a l i n h e i ' o r l u s u n i c p i e n e s s . G o d ' s w i l l is s p e c i a l l y pil h m u a i i h i s t o r y a n d Me u n i v e r s e ? T o n e r o b s e r v e s t h a i i b i s is c e r t a i n l y
m a t c h e d t o t h e q u a l i t i e s as w e l l as b i o g r a p h i c a l a n d c u l t u r a l s p e c i f l c i t i e s o f h. \ o n d lhe bounds o f o r d i n a r y hunuiu knowledge. i n his b o o k s . Toner
e a c h i n d i v i d u a l p e r s o n , a n d l o d i e s p e c i f i c d e c i s i n h e o r s h e is c o n s i d e r - . r, l u m . s e l f l h e t a s k o f s h o w i u g h o w I g n a u s d e a l t w i i h i h i s p r o b l e m n
i n g . W h a t m i g h t be G o d ' s will foi" o n e p e r s o n i u o n e c o n c r e t e s i t u a t i o n will II. . o m p o s i o n c' The Sfiiritua Exercisi-s. Bv way o f a n c i p a o n , 1 w o u l d
n o t necessarily t h e s a m e f o r a n o t h e r p e r s o n i n d i f f e i e n i c i r c u i i i s t a n c e s . As iild dial iieiiher Ignadus or'Poner developed a rigorously grounded
T o n e r ptits it, p l n l o s o p h y o f lisu.>ry t h a i w o u l d e n a b l e i e m t o r e s p o n d t o f u r t h e r q u e s -
u . n r . a b o u l how t h e s p i r i t u a l exercises c o u l d possibly m e e i i b i s c h a l l e n g e .
I g n a t i u s is n o t p r o p o s i n g a \vay o f finding any universal m o r a l Ihnvcvcr. Bernard Lonergan devoied bis life's w o r k lo d e v e l o p i n g just
p r i n c i p i e .., I g n a t i u s is r a l b e i " p r o p o s i n g a w a y o f finding God's II. h a philosophy of history. O n e o f the objecves o f this b o o k s t o
will for lilis p a r t i c i d a r person w i i b this t e m p e i a n i e n t a n d cliar- I H n\w l . o n e r g a n ' s w o r k c a n p r o v i d e a n s w e r s t o t h e s e s o r t s o f further
acier, w i i b these gifts o r l i m i t a i i o n s o f n a i u r e a n d grace, at this qiii a i o u s .
c e r t a i n stage o f d e v e l o p m e n i (pliysical, intellectual, emotional, l|nians was c o n v i n c e d t h a t Gt>d d o e s m a k e i i p o s s i b l e f o r i n d i v i d u i s t o
m o i a l , r e l i g i o u s ) . G o d ' s w i l l t h u s L u i d e r s i o o d i n v o l v e s i b i s per- t M> .(\w I h o y a r e c a l l e d t o a c t f o r G o d ' s g l o r y i n h i s t o r y i r o u g h t h e s p e c i a l
son's r e i a i i o n s h i p w i t h G o d a u d w i i h o t h e r h n m a n s in ihis present I p i i n g s . o r " m o v e m e n t s " o r "spiris," g i v e n t o e a c h h u m a n b e i n g w i t h i n
s i l i i a t i o n w i t h a l l its c i r c u m s u u i c e s <jf p l a c e , t u n e , c i d i u r e , s o c i a l h. 1 O I h i s cinsciousness. I n h i s Exercisus, he p r o v i d e d guidelines ("rules for
s i r u c t u i ' e s , c u s t o m s a n d so o n . - ' ' ih. d i s . ( a i n n e n t o f s p i r i t s " ) l o assist p e o p l e i n h o w to d i s c e r n these movc-
iiit ul-.. i u o r d e r l o m a k e d e c i s i o n s i n c o n f o r i n i i y w i t h G o d ' s w i l l . ' ' W h a i
F i o m these o b s e r v a i i o n s , it follows that the uniqueness o f God's wtll l i ' n . i i i u s calis " r u l e s " a r e n o t so m u c h r u l e s i t ^ d i e u s u a l sense a l a l l - d i r e c v e s
f o r e a c h i n d i v i d u a l p e r s o n is d e e p l y c o n n e c i e d t o l h e g l o r y o f G o d n s t i l l iM p e i l o r m ( o r n o t | > e r f o r m ) certain actions, often accompanied b y sanc-
a n o t h e r way. I n c h o o s i n g l o a c i i n a c c o i d w i t h t h e g l o r y i l i a t G o d w i l l s f o r ii< m', l o r l a i l n r e s t o o b e y ^ ' ' .Manv a r e , r a t h e r , d e s c r i p t i o n s i n t e n d e d t o a i d t h e
t h e p e r s o n i n d i v i c l u a l l y , t h a l p e r s o n c h o o s e s t o pla\ l i e r o i ' h i s m i i q n e r o l e di .1 e l n e r ( w i i h t h e g t n d a i i c e o f a d r e c i o r ) i n u o c i n g s n b d e i i e s i n h e r o r
in l h e cousirncLon o l ' s o c i a l r e l a i i o n s h i p s , i n s i i t u t i o n s , c u l t t n e s , a n d his- hi . I I lusciousuess.:'"
l o r y , t h r o u g h w h i c h t h e g l o r y o f a l l h t u i i a n k n d s b e i n g b r o u g l i i a b o u t . loi example, Ignadus deseribed what he called a " t h i r d me o elec-
A n y p a r t i c u l a r l u u i i a n decisin, n o n i a i i e r h o w s e e n u n g l y i u s i g n i l l c a n t , U o n . " .1 p r o c e s s l e a d i n g u p t o a c h o i c e , H e c h a r a c t e r i z e s t h i s p r o c e s s as " a
is l o b e v i e w e d as " " G o d ' s p o s i i i v e w i l l r e g a i c l i n g s o m e i h i n g l o b e d o n e by i L i n q n i l m e " w h e n a p e r s o n f r e e l y uses h e r o r h i s " n a u i r a l p o w e r s " s u c h
L l i a i p e i ' s o n . I f l h e p e r s o n a c i u a l i y c h o o s e s l o a c t i n t h a t way, t h i s d e c i - ,11 " u r , i ; l u , r e a s o n , i t n a g i n a o n , m e i u o r y , a n d w i l l ,,. f m d i n g t h e s i g n i f i -
sin c o r u r i b u t e s to t l i e r e a l i z a d o n o f G o d ' s g l o i y i n l h e w h o l e h i s t o r y o f . m i I.K IS a n d l e a s o u i n g c o r r e c t l y . " ^ ' B y " t r a n q u i l " h e m e a n s t w o t h i n g s :
'25 Par I ; l ^ r e l i n i i n a r i c s Di.sccrtinietil i m d Sell-Apiropiiaiion 27
valuing, and deciding. Self-npprprintioii leaches ils ciUnnnation iu freely choosing > iiibarktrd u p o n any e x p l i c i t l y g t u d e d exercises i n s e l f - a p p r o p r i a t i o n , B u l
lo live i'n fidetily la lliat valia;. . r l l a p p r o p r i a t i o n d o e s a d d " s o m e t h i n g e x t r a " : i t a d d s i n i e n s i r i e d a\vaie-
. \ w i t l i I g i i a l i i i s , d i s c e r n m e n i as s e l f - a p p r o p r i a t i o n w o r k s w i t h t h e i n t e r - iiess. b e t t e r n d e r s t a n d i n g , d e e p e i a p p r e c i a i i o n , a n d s i i e n g t h e n e d com-
nal experiences of consciousness. I n t1ie f i r s t s t a g e s o f self-appropriauon, miimetH. to the performance o f w h a t is b e s t i n t h e a c t i v i t i e s i h a i people
p e o p l e p a y a t t e n d o n to t h e e x p e r i e n c e s o f acvides in t h e i r o w n conscious- h.nc b e e n p e i f o r m i n g a l l a l o n g , F o r w h i l e a l i i i o s t e v e r y o n e has b e e n per-
nesses t h a t p l a y k e y r o l e s in knowing, valuing, and deciding. They may I l i n g t h e activities o f e t h i c a l t h i n k i n g and aciing for some time, few
h a v e p i ' e v i o n s l y n o c e d s o i n e o f d i e s e a c v i d e s , b u t few have n o u c e d all p r i i p l e bave b e e n d o i n g these acti\'ities w e l l , a n d f e w e r still d o i n g i h e n i t o
o f t h e m . F r e q u e n t l y , p e o p l e e x p e r i e n c e t h i s i n t e n s i f i e d self-a\vareness w i t h p r i l e ( t i o n . A s I m m a n u e l K a n i p u l i l s o k e e n l y , ' ' I i i n o c e n c e is i n d e e d a g l o -
a g r e a t sense o f e x h i l a r a d o n , ' ' ' Self-appropriaon n e x t t u r n s t o l h e more l i i p i i s t h i n g ; b u l , u n f o r i u n a t e l y , i t d o e s n o l k e e p v e r y w e l l a n d is e a s i l y led
c b a l l e n g i n g lasks o f p r o p e r l y n d e r s t a n d i n g a n d a p p r e c i a i i n g t h e broad- .iNliay." Flence he offered a " c r i i i c a l e x a m i n a i i o n o f o u r reason" i n o r d e r to
e n e d experiences o f l h e s e acdvides. Even f o r ihose w h o are m o r e familiar ( l u c i d a t e , r e f i n e , chastise, a n d s i r e n g t h e n iis s p o n t a n e o u s but uniutoied
w i t h t b e diversity a n d r h y t b m s o f t h e i r i n t e r i o r e x p e r i e n c e s , few will have HintdiK'ss i n o i ' d i n a r y l i v i n g . ' " A r i s t o t l e also r e c o g n i z e d t h a t d i a l e c d c sup-
a p p r e c i a t e d t h e i r f u l l i m p o r t a n c e a n d i n t e r c o n n e c u o u s . I n d u s way, g r o w t h plemenied b y d i e v i n u e o f d i s c e r n m e n l . (euphnia) contains a dimensin
in self-understanding a n d seU-appreciauon adds o n to what increased self- )| . r l f - k i i o \ v l e d g e t h a i is e s s e n t i a l to l h e e n h a n c e n i e n t of ordinary judg-
awareness o n l y begins. l i i j ; a i u l c h o o s i n g - a d i m e n s i n l h a t is e s s e n i i a l l o a n t . h e t u . i c a l l y p n r s u i i i g
Again, as i n t h e Ignatian spiritual exercises, people e n g a g e d i u self- \\\\.\s t i i i e a n d g o o d . h i l i k e m a n n e i " , d i s c e i n m e n t as s e l f - a p j j r o p r i a i i o u
appropriaon gradually discern that a m o n g i h e m a n y a c d v i d e s n dieir Iiid', l o o n r a l r e a d y o p e r a t i v e e l f o r i s a t e l h i c a l l i v i n g . I t a d d s n e w levis o f s e l f -
own consciousness, a s e l e c i few play a m o r e significani role i n k n o w i n g , n\,u e n e s s . s e l f - u i i d e r s i a i i d n g , sel f - a p p r e c i a t i o n , a n d r e s o l u l e c o n u r n t m e n t
valuing, a n d d e c i d i n g i b a n d o the odiers. Subsequent chapiers will show that w'iW d e e p e n i h e i i ' e l h i c a l w o i i h .
t h a t t h e luost s i g n i f i c a n i o f all such acnvies are ihose inqniries arising \ ) ' , a i n , as is i l i e c a s e w i t h Ignaiian discernment, t h e snccess o f self-
f r o m t h e u n r e s t r i c i e d d e s i r e t o k n o w a n d valu, a n d d i e a c i o f u n r e s t r i c i e d ippi opiaation depends o n a cc)mniuiiity of conversaiion d i a l includes at
being-in-love. Recogni/jug t h e i r p i e s e n c e s a u d roles i n t e n s i l l e s t l i e sense I) . i s i s o m e m e m b e r s w h o a r e m o r e a d v a n c e d in self-apjDiopriation, t r a c i n g
ofvalne n o t o n l y o f t h e s e m o s t i n d a m e n i a l acts o f c o n s c i o u s n e s s but of l o I o i i c r g a n hirnself, a n d b e y o n d h i m to his o w n m e n t o r s , especially New-
e v e r y i h i n g t h e y i n n u e n c e as w e l l . iM,Mi. Aquiuas, Aristode, and Plato.''- Inidally Lonergan seeiued to ihink
Once this d e e p e n e d sense o f self-appreciaon emerges, a person s iliai l h e b o o k y?7,wr/;/hy i t s e l f w o u l d b e s u f f l c i e n i g n i d a n c e f o r i h ose i n i d e r -
dien confronied wiih die challenge ofchoosing w h e i h e r o r n o i to foster 1 il n i f i t h e p r o j e c t o f s e l f - a p p i o p r i a i i o n ; i n f a c t , t h i s is s e l d o m enotigh. I
d i a l v a l u . T h i s is a c h a l l e n g e because i i f r e q u e n t l y intensifies awareness 1 imagine that 1 inj'self w o u l d ever have achieved t h e l e v e l o f self-
of how m u c h of a person's l i v i n g has b e e n at o d d s w i t h this newly won M i i d e i s t a i i l i n g i l i a t I have w i t h o u t t h e assisiance of genuine friends who
self-appreciation, a n d how difflculi it will be to give u p od ways a n d to ll h o i h p a t i e i i t w i t h m e a n d wise i n t h e k i n d o f s e l f - u n d e r s t a n d i n g a n d
form n e w ways o f t h i n k n g , v a l u i n g , a n d d e c i d i n g . T h e choices i h a i this < 11 . i p p K c i a i i o n t h a t was n e e d e d t o a f l o r d m e r e l i a b l e gnidance.
new self-appreciaiion presents to a p e r s o n are lhe choices for or against I h r , m e a n s , t h e r e f o r e , t h a t d i s c e r n m e n t as s e l f - a p p r o p r i a t i o n , l i k e I g n a -
w h a t L o n e r g a n c a l l e d c o n v e r s i n ( i n its s e v e r a l fornis). Self-appropriaiion n IU d i s c e i u m e n i , is a l s o a s o c i a l l y , c u l t u r a l h ' , a n d h i s t o r i c a l h ' s i t u a t e d p h e -
p u r s u e d persisiendy, t h e n , teiids to foster these f o r m s o f s e l f - t r a n s f o i m a d o n 1H1U, I .onergan r e c o g n i z e d t h a t a n y anc a l l o f i h e e t h i c a l a c t i v i t i e s o f
o r c o n v e r s i n l o w a r d s l i v i n g n l i d e l i t y w i t h t.he valu o f a u i h e n u c a l l y b e i n g I u i . w i n i ; , v a l u i n g , a n d d e c i d i n g inescapably arise o u t o f a n d t h e n c o n t r i l >
a k n o w e r , valuer, a n d decider.'*" nii l o I I K - b u i l d i n g u p o f social reladoiis, social a n d c u l i i u a l i n s d t i i i i o n s ,
Self-appropriadon d o e s n o t teacli p e o p l e h o w to p e r f o n n d i e acvities 'lid i i l i i i n a i e l y to l h e u n f o l d i n g o f h u m a n h i s t o r y . T o a p p r o p r i a t e oneself
o f k n o w i n g , valuing, o r deciding. Raiher, self-approprianon begins from d i i i , i l h as a k n o w e r , v a l u e r , a n d d e c i d e r , therefore, can o i i l y be carried
experiences of knowing, valuing, and deciding ihai people have been iHi 1 oiiipteiely i f o n e also apprc~)priaies o n e s e l f a s i n t r i n s i c a l l y c o n s i i i u t e d
p e r f o n n i n g all a l o n g . As the laier chapiers o f ihis b o o k will endeavour i l d M i i c J i s o c i a l r e l a t i o n s a n d as i u e s c a p a b l ) - p l a y i n g a r o l e i n t h e d r a m a of
lo show, these acdvities o f k n o w i n g , v a l u i n g , a n d d e c i d i n g are also the l l l l< ! \
a c i i v i u e s o f tryng t o live e i h i c a l l y ( a n d e v e n o f t r y i n g t o a v o i d e t h i c a l liv- 'luM, 1 h o s e airead)' familiar with Lonergan's \vork n i i g h i f i n d i l p n z z l i n g
i n g ) t h a t p e o p l e have b e e n d o i n g for a l o n g u r n e , well b e f o r e a u y o n e ever di u 1 p l . i e bis n o i i o n o f s e l f - a p p r o p r i a t i o n i n l i n e w i t h d i s c e r n m e n t in
M Pan I : l'i eliininaiies DisLei-iiiiicni a n d Sell-A|)propriahi)ii ','>''>
i l i i i i k i n g o r a l l U n c e a b o u t c s c e m m e n L . Ir is l h e o l j j e c i i v e o f i h e r e s t o f l h i s
l)ook lo ehiboraie m o r e precisely w h a i L o n e r g a n ineans bv self-appropria- 2 Objectivity and Factual
i i o n , a n c l 10 r n a k e e x p l i c i t its g r e a i i m p o r t a n c e f b r e t h i c s .
Knowing: Lonergan's
I
A s a fir-stsiep l o w a r d s t h a i e l a b o r a i i o n , t h e n e x t chapter* e x a m i n e s Loner-
g a n ' s a c c o u n t o f f a c t u a l k n o w l e d g e a u d i i s " i n t r i n s i c o b j e c t i v i t y , " as h e c a l l e d
I t . T h a t c h a p i e r w i l l b o i e x p l a i n w h a t h e m e a n i hy d i e s e l e r m s , a n d w h y
Three Questions
h e h e l d t h a t o b j e c t i v i t y i n k n o w i n g f a c i s is i n d i s p e n s a b l e to objectivity i n
knowing and acting ethically
i. I Introduction
On several occasions. L o n e r g a n wrote that his p h i l o s o p h y o f k n o w l e d g e was . I ol self-iransceiidence i n t o tbe u n k n o w n , l o w a r d s ever new knowledge.
a l o n e c o n s i . i i i i i e . s h u m a n k n o w i n g , R a l h e i * , I n i r n a n k n o w i n g is a siruclure oi' uliai i i i i g h i be called bodily kinesiheiic experiencing. Also missing are
m a n y ac[.vii:ies. H e n e e e a c h p a r u c i i l a i ' acLivii.y is aL besL a p a r a l c o n L r i l : ) n - ',Clise e x | " ) e r i e n c i n g s s u c h as f e e l i n g p a i i i , h e a i , c o l d , i i c b i n e s s , a n d so o n .
Lic^n LO Lhe w h o l e o f h u m a n k n o w i n g . H i s obecLi\'e, L h e n , is Lo ch'aw a i L e n - I h e lisi c o u l d b e f u r i h e r e x p a n d e d ; for insiance, each o f lhe lerms c o u l d
t i o n L O Lhe w h o l e o f Lhe s L r u c i u i ' e , m a k i n g c e n a i n Lhai n o n e o f Lhe mosL l i e h n i h e r s i i b d i v i d e d - h e a r i n g a l i l a r i n g h o r n diTers f r o m l i e a r i n g a l a r k ' s
f i m c l a r n e r u a l c o n s u L i i e n L a c L i v i i i e s is o v e r l o o k e c l in lhe a c c o u n i o f ihe whole .1 H i g , N O L o r d y d o l l i e c o n i e n i s ( s o u n d s ) l i e a r d d i f f e r , b u l a l s o l h e q n a l i l i e s
of knowing. 11| l h e a c i s o f h e a r i n g d i l f e r . ' f l i i s l i s i c o u l d be e x i e n d e d indebihieh' noi onh'
The word 'sLi'ucLure," h o w e v e r , i i s e l f c a n be misleading, SirucLui'e has l m h e a r i n g b u l f o r a l l o i h e r acLs o f s e n s e e x p e r i e n c i n g . S o o n , i l i e e f f o n . L O
s i a i i c c o n n o i a i i o n s c)f h x i i y a n d r i g i d i i y . L o n e i ^ g a n aiiempis lo underndne tiniiieraie sucli differences a n d nuances reaclies a p<:)ini o f d i m i n i s l i i n g
l l i o s e connciLaiions by n i e a n s o f an o x y r n o r o n , i n s i s i i n g d i a i h u m a n know- leiiirns. M o s L o f i b e s c a c l s a r e a l r e a d y f a m i l i a r l o i i i o s L r e a d e r s , a n d d u i i is
i n g is a " " d y n a r n i c s i r u c l u r e . " - * I n s o m e ways, i i n i i g h i h a v e b e e n prelerable p a n o l ' l h e p o i n i l o el a b(.) ra i n g L o n e r g a n ' s l i s i - l o d i r e c i r e a d e r s ' a u e n i i o n
lo speak o f a siream or How o f aciiviiies.'" Yei iliese a l i e r n a i e phrasings liave I I 1 o i i s c i o i i s a c i i v i i i e s s u c h as i h e s e . B u l a g a i n , L o n e r g a n ' s main objeciive
i h e i r o w n l i m i i a i i o n s as w e l l , T o s p e a k o f a s i r e a m o r l l o w m a k e s i l s o u n d as u.is n o l 1 0 i ^ r o v i c l e a n e x h a u s i i v e l i s i o f a l l a c i i \ ' i i i e s o f s e n s e ex|:)erieiicing.
d i o u g h l h e aciiviiies are c a r r i e d a l o n g in a s i r e a n i o l i n i e r n a l u i n e conscious- f ' . i i h e r , h e s o u g l i i l o d r a w aLLeiiLi(.)n l o i l i e r e l a i i o n s a m o n g l h e a c l s o l ' s e n s e
ness d i a l is s o i n e l i o w g i v e n p r i o r l o a n d a p a r i f r o r n i h o s e a c i i v i i i e s - as i n , say, 1 s p e r i e n c i i i g a n d o i h e r acls o f c o n s c i o u s n e s s . Flence 1 will move a l o n g lo
N e w i o r r s A b s o l u i e T i m e as a p r e - g i v e n f o n n d a i i o n f o r i h e u n i v e r s e , o r l i m e o l h e r acis o f c o n s c i o u s n e s s i n h i s l i s i l l i a i a r e |.erlia):>s less f a m i l i a r .
as a n a p r i o r i c o n d i i i o n o l T h e p o s s i b i h i y o f a l l e x p e r i e n c i n g (i.e., a f o r m o f \ e M in Lonergan's l i s i is '"iniagiiiing," Liul ' ' r e r n e m b e r i n g " s l i o u l d also b e
i n i u i i i o n ) . A llow o r sireain o f aciiviiies o f consciousness can, i l i e r e f o r e , sug- ,iild<'il, W h a i I m e a n i i e r e b\ a c i s o f r e m e m b e r i n g a r e a c i s i h a i r e c a p l i u l a i e
gesi a d y n a m i c o r d e r i i r i p o s e d by an alien s i r e a i n i n w l i i c h i l i e aciiviiies are l h e ( o n i e n i s o f p r e v i o n s a c i s Cf s e n s e e x p e r i e n c i n g . I n i l i e m o d e r n VVesi, a i
m e r e iasseiigers a l o n g f o r i h e r i d e . ' f h e i i i b e o r d e r cf i h e i r s e q u e n c e w o u l d lejM, we l e i i d l o l . l i i n k o f r e i n e m b e r i n g [:)revious x'isual c o i i L e n i s - remem-
be m e r e l y c o i n c i d e n i a l . I n a s i r e a n i o f c o n s c i o u s n e s s i i i ilhs sense, ihere heiiiig a 'ace, a s u n s e i , a n a n i . o m o b i l e a c c i d e n i . S i i l l , a h u l e r e l e c t i o n w i l l
n e e d n o l b e a n y i n i T ' i n s i c r e l a i i o n s h i p s a m o n g i h e s u c c e s s i o n o f acLi\'iues. ieve;il l h a i w e aisc) h a v e r i c l i a n d i l o r y m e m o r i e s - memories ofa baend's
Lonergan, on ihe o i h e r h a n d , insisis i l i a i i n l i u r n a i i k n o w i n g e a c l i ol M i H e , a s o n g , a c l a p o f ' i h u n d e r . We also have o c c a s i o n a l memories of laciile
l h e a c i i v i i i e s i n i h e s e c p i e n c e lias i n i r i n s i c a n d d ) a i a i n i c relaiionsliips lo .1 n s a i i o n s , b o d i l y i i i o v e i i i e i i i s , l a s i e s , o d o i n - s , e l e . W l i i l e i l i e l a i i e r a r e less
O l h e r a c i i v i i i e s . l i is ( h i s s e l o f c h ' u a m i c r e l a i i o n s l i i p s l h a i c o n s i i i u i e s ihe ohvioiis LO m o s i o f US, s o n i e |>eople d e v e l o p h i g h l y s o p l i i s i i c a i e d aiiliiies l o
s i r u c L i i r e as a w l i o l e , a n d i l i e r e b v c o n s i i i i i L e s e a c h o f i h e acL\'iLies as a c o n - lei.ill such sensalions - c l i o r e o g r a p l i e r s , daiicers, skaiers, a n d o i l i e r a i l i -
L r i b i n i o n i.C) k n o w i n g , V V I i i l e n o i d e n v l n g i l i a i i h e r e is a l e m p o r a ! siream li l e s , ' o r e x a m p l e , c a n r e c a l l b o d i l v i n o v e m e n i s w i i h g r e a i n u a i i c e .
o f consciousness, Lonergan emphasized a furiher and more fundarnen- II I e m e m b e r i n g is r e c a p i i i i l a i i o n o f p a s i s e n s o r y c o n t e n , i l i e n acis of
l a l d y n a m i c s i r u c i u r i n g of~ c o n s c i o u s n e s s " - l i e n c e liis p r e f e r e n c e i b r l h e iiii,i];iihng in Lonergan's s e n s e a r e coiistn.ict\'e. e x t e n s i o n s o f sense con-
plirase '"dynamic siruciui'e.'' 1' nis i n i o i m a g e s i l i a t o n e h a s ne\'er l i a d b e f o r e - o r , a t least, imagining
I n Lc->nergarrs a n a l y s i s , i l i e r e f o r e , i n q u i r y p l a y s l h e c e n i r a l r o l e i n s i r u c - u u o h ' e s c r e a t i v e m o d i l c a t i o n s o f p r e v i o n s sense c o n t e n t s (e.g., m a g i n i n g
i u r i n g l h e v a r i o u s acL\'iiies o f c o n s c i o u s n e s s . ' f h e a c i i v i i i e s o f i n q u i r y d e i e r - I p m p i e c o w o r i m a g i n i n g a s t r a i g l i t l i n e in an e i i i p t y plae w i i h n o o i l i e r
i i i i n e h o w i h e e n i i r e a s s e m b l y o f l h e r e m a i n i n g a c i i v i i i e s is o r g a n i z e d and . m i o m i d i n g o b j e c t s ) . As w i i l i memor}', i n i a g i n a i i o n i n d i i s siiiecific s e n s e
s i r u c i u r e d . I n a d d i i i o n , s i n c e acls o f i n q u i r y i n i i T i d u c e i n i e l l e c i u a l l e n s i o i i t. iiMiall)' associated w i t h visual c o n s i n i c t i o n s . Yet l a l e n i e d musicians and
i n i o k n o w i n g , i l i e y a r e a l s o i h e scmrces o f l h e d y n a m i s m i n i l i e s i r u c l u r e . poeis de\'elo|"j s o p l i i s t i c a i e d abilities to i m a g i n e SOUIKIS, and others wii.li
O n e c o u l d l i l i 11 k o f i h e a c i i v i i i e s o f i n c | u i r y as l h e d y n a m i c r e l a i i o n s a n d i h e 1 l l o n are able to d e v e l o p abilities l o i m a g i n e mox'ements, laciile sensalions,
o l h e r acviLies i n i h e l i s i as r e l a i e c i l o o n e a n o i h e r b y l h e i n q n i r i e s , i n d p e r h a p s e v e n iasi.es a n d s i n e l l s .
P-ei inise t l i e c o n t e n t s o' a c t s o f i m a g i n i n g a n d r e n i e m b e r i n g a r e \'ery
2.^/. / 'I'he Fatteriied Stream of lxperieucing, Reiaen/heriiig, Imagining iiiut.u l o l h e c o n t e n t s o f acts o f s e n s i n g , } ' o u n g c h i l d r e n b e g i n to rec-
iiMii/e diese d i s i i n c t i o i i s o n l y slowh-, h a l t i n g l y , a n d w l i h dilTiciilly. V e r y
The firsL grou|3 o f a c i i v i i i e s i n L o n e r g a n ' s lisi - seeing, hearing, smelling, .ouiii; e l i i l d r e n easily c o n f u s e remembering with i m a g i n i n g . "fhey also
l o u c h i n g , Lasiing - a r e f a m i l i a r acis o f sense e x p e r i e n c i n g , Mosi obviously 11 . i s i o i i a l l ) ' confuse both remembering and i m a g i n i n g with sensing -
n i i s s i n g f r o m h i s l i s i a i e acLs o f e x p e r i e n c i n g bodily posiine and moiion - 1. 1 o m i n g f r i g l i t e i i e d by a m e i n o r y o r faniasy o f a fightening i l i i n g or
44 l ' a n !: P r e l i m i n a r i e s O b j e c l i v i i y a n d Pacnral K i i o w i r i g 4f)
e v e n L , as i h o i i g h i t w e r e r i g h t t h e i e , p r e s e n t i n t h e r o o m w i t h t h e m . T h e ,1 ir< h m e m o r y c a n l e a d t o v a r i o u s d i s i o i o i i s . H e n e e , L o n e i g a n Unm it
earliest stages o f d i s c e r n m e n t are a c c o m p P i s h e d i n e a r l y c h i l d h o o d as valuable to i n t r o d u c e a m o r e n u a n c e d a n d technical m e a n i n g o f " i m a g i n a -
accurate r e c o g n i t i o n o f these d i s t i n c t i o n s b e c o m e s m o r e stable a n d reli- l i u n " ( a n d , i m p l i c i d y , " m e m o r y " ) as j u s t t h e acts l h a t p a r a l l e l t h o s e o f s e n s e
able. S i n c e , howevei", o t h e r acis besides t h o s e o f s e n s i n g , i m a g i n i n g , a n d lApcriencing.
r e m e n d ^ e r i n g are also m i x e d i n t o lhe streams o f consciousness, later I hc-se d i s t i n c u o n s a m o n g s e n s i n g , i m a g i n i n g , a u d r e m e m b e r i n g i n t h e
siages o f d i s c e r n m e n t a r e also n e e d e d . T h e s e later- stages o f d i s c e i ' n m e n t .iii( 1 sense a r e n o t o b v i o s a i l h e o u t s c i . A c v i t i e s o f s e n s e e x p e r i e n c i n g ,
d o n o t o c c u r as s p o n t a n e o u s l y o r f r e c p i e n d y as d o t h e c h i l d h o o d s t a g e s o f imagining, and remembering do not occur in isolaied packages, nicely
d i s c r i m i n a i i n g between sensing, remendjering, and imagining. In p a n , w i a p p e d a n d t a g g e d w i t h a p p r o p r i a t e labels. fbese acls o f consciousness
t h i s b o o k is i n t e n d e d \o a s s i s t r e a d e r ' s i n n i o x n g t h r - o u g h t h e s e f u n h e i " M niie m i x e d t o g e t h e r i n flows a n d s t r e a m s o f c o n s c i o u s n e s s { i n "pattei-ns o f
stages, t A p e i i e u c i n g , " as L o n e r g a n r e f e r s t o t h e i n ' ^ ' ) ' A m o n g t h e e l e m e n t s m a k i n g
1 have b e e n using the terms "imagining" and "reinendjering" in some- up (lur p a u e r n e d stream are t h e w i d e range o f experiences i h a i arise r o m
w h a t s p e c i a l i z e d a n d i ' e s t r i c t e d ways. T h e y s e e m t o e x e l u d e w i d e r a n g e s of (I i n c h , b r e a i h i n g a n d b l o o d c i i c u l a t i c m , m u s c u l a r t e n s i i ; ) n s a n d r e l a x a t i o n s ,
con n o i a t i o n s c o i n m o n l y associated with b o t h magining a n d remeinberang. pMsiure, a n d b a l a n c e ( f r o r n d i e s e n s o r y a]3]jaratus o f ( u i r i n n e r ears). T l i i s
People speak o f creanve imagiiuition and o f imagining a w o i l d in which ui<-,ins t h a t o u r e x p e r i e n c i n g is a l w a y s e m b i ^ d i e d .
e v e r y o n e lives i n peace a n d h a r m o n y . R i c h a r d K e a r i i e y , f o r e x a m p l e , has W h i l e t h e n u m e r o u s e l e m e n i s o f s e n s e e x p e r i e n c e a r i s i n g -oin o u r p l i y s -
e x p l o r e d lch d i m e n s i o n s o f i m a g i n a o n . ' - St. A t i g u s t i n e a n d P l e i i r i ler^g- K .ll h i i d i e s a l w a y s s n r r o u n d v i s u a l a n d a u d i t o r y e x p e r i e n c e , iey o f t e n do
s o n g i v e m u c h r i c h e r accoiuUi o f m e m o r y t h a n t h e o n e 1 o f f e r e d above. MI i u v e i y n i u t e d ways. E l e m e n t s o f s i g h i a n d s o u n d a r e f i e c p i e n d y more
T h e a u t h o r s ol' Haliits of lhe Heart speak o f " c o m m t m i t i e s o f m e m o r y . ' " ' ' A l l u u r i i s e a n d o c c u p y l h e focns o f o u r a i t e n d o n i n s e n s o r y e x p e r i e n c i n g . T l i e
o f these discussions o f i m a g i n a t i o n a n d m e m o r y go well b e y o n d t l i e m e r e I iiinence, o r lack thereof, o f diese bodily elements in our patterned
r e c a p i i t i l a i i o n o r c o n s t r u c t i v e expansin o f t h e c o n t e n t s o f sense e x p e r i - Ihtu o f e x p e r i e n c i n g depends u p o n t h e seis o f i n t e r e s i s a n d c o n c e r u s , as
ences, T h e y offer w i d e r a c c o u n t s o f neinory a n d i n i a g i n a i i o n i n f u s e d w i t h wfW as l i n g u i s l i c a n d c u l u i r a l i n f l n e n c e s , t h a t c o n t r i b u t e t o t h e s i r - u c t u r -
m e a n i n g , f e e l i n g , c o m p r e h e n s i o n , v a l u , w o i i d e i " , a w e , a n d e\'eii ten-or. iii|', o f d i a t l l o w . N e i d i e r e x i e r n a l s t i n m l i o r t h e b i o c h e n r i c a l pr-ocesses
However, l am deliberately using the terms for imagination and m e i n o r y in m oin- n e u r o p h ) ' s i o l o g \ c o n i p l e i e l y deiei-nne t h e e x a c i c o n i e u t s o r the
l i m i t e d a n d t e c h n i c a l s e n s e s . I n d o i n g so, I a m n o t u n a w a r e o' t h e i n i p o i - p.iiierned arrangenient o f o i u " sensing, r e m e m b e r i n g , and imagining. O u r
lant, iioii-sensate d i m e n s i o n s that pei'iueate i m a g i n a t i o n a n d m e m o r y in u i i i - r e s t s a n d c o n c e r u s as m e d i a i e d b y c u l t u r e s s e l e c t w h a t w i l l a c u i a l l y rise
t h e s e w i d e r senses; r a t h e i , I a m a i m i n g a t a m o r e r e f m e d d e g r e e o f d i s c e r n - l o t h e l e v e l o f c o n s c i o u s p r e s e n t a o n b - o n i a m o n g t h e vast r a n g e o f p o s -
m e n t . Phiases like ' c r e a t i v e imaginaon"' o r " r e m e m b e r i n g a c h i l d h o o d " . i b i l i i i e s a v a i l a b l e f r o m o u r n e u r a l f u n c i i o n i u g s . . A . l d i o u g h t h e r e is a l w a y s
d o n o t r-efer t o s i n g l e a c t s o f c o n s c i o u s n e s s - r a t h e r , t h e y refer- t o a c o i n - ,1 1 o r i e s p o n d e n c e beiween w h a t is l i a p p e n i n g i n o u r n e r v o n s s y s t e m s a n d
p o u n d o f c c j u s c i o u s a c i s . " C r e a i i v e i m a g i n a t i o n " i n c l u d e s a c l s o f ser-ise-like whai eniers lhe flow of experience, t h a t r e l a o n s h i p is n o t o t i e - w a y from
i m a g i n a d v e c o n t e n t s , b u t a l s o i n c l u d e s acts o f w o n d e r i n g , u n d e r s u i n d i u g , b i l o w u p w a r d . O u r c o n s c i o u s e x p e i i e n c i n g , t h e n , is n e v e r a b a t e , u n n i e d i -
feeling, a n d valuing. " R e m e m b e r i n g a childhood'' includes recapiiulated ,Ucil c o n t a d e i t h e r w i t h t h e s t a l e o f o n r n e r v e - i m p u l s e s o r w i d i l h e e x i e r n a l
s e n s e c o n t e n t s , b n t a l s o a d d s c o n c o m i t a n t a c t s o f f e e l i n g ( s u c h as n o s t a l - i v n i l d t h a t s m u l a t e s t h e m . W e w i l l r e l u r n t o t h e ways i n w h i c h o u r i n t e r -
gia), i m a g i n a t i v o r e c o n l l g u r a t i o n , nderstanding, critical assessment, and . s i sa n d concerns, a n d language a n d cultures, d e t e r m i n e what eniers i n t o
acts o f r e l a t i n g past s e n s a t i o n s t o p r e s e n t c i r c u m s t a n c e s a n d f u t u r e hopes om a c i u a l c o n s c i o u s e x p e r i e n c i n g i n i h e n e x t s e c o n , as w e l l as i n l a t e r
ot- a n x i e t i e s . ' f h e r - e is u s u a l l y a l a c i t i ' e c o g n i t i o n o f t h e m t i l t i l a y e r - e d c o n i - ( h.iplers.'''
p o u n d s o f d i f f e i e n t s o i i s o f acis t h a t are i m p l i c i t i n these r i c h e r , o r d i n a r y l e a r n i n g t o n o t i c e t h e d i s n c u o n s a m o n g acts a n d c o n t e u L s o f s e n s i n g ,
uses o f t h e t e r m s " i m a g i n i n g " a n d " r e m e m b e r i n g , " H o w e v e r , frecpiendy, 0 i i i i i n b e r i n g , a n c l i m a g i n i n g i n t h e l i m i i e d senses is t h e w o r k o f d i s c e r n -
ther-e is a t e n d e n c y t o c o U a p s e o r o v e r l o o k tliese dil'ferences witbiit the m r i i i . n i s c e r n m e n l is also n e e d e d i n o r d e r to d e t e c t the presence of i n i e l -
w h o l e t h a i is t h e c o m p o u n d s t r u c i u r e s o f a c t s a n c l l o s p e a k o f i m a g i n a o n Iciual, aff'ecdve, j u d g n i e n i a l , a n d evaluave e l e m e n t s i n whai ate called
o r m e m o r y as d i o u g h t h e y w e r e s i n g l e a c t s r a t h e r t h a n c o m p o u n d a c t s . 1 A p i i i e i i c c , m e m o r y , a n d i m a g i n a t i o n i n b r o a d e r s e n s e s . I n a d d i i i o n , cs-
U s u a l l y i b i s poses l i t i l e difFrciihv', b u t i n c e r t a i n c o n i e x t s t h e f a i l u r e t o d i s - . r i n m e i i i is c a l l e d f o r t o i d e n f y t h e k i n d s o f i n t e r e s t s a n d c o n c e r u s that
cern lhe differences a m o n g the consuiuenis o f a creadve imaginaon or . u r aciualiy involved in d e i e r m i n i u g w h a t does a n d does n o t c o m e i n t o o u r
46 P : \ i l I: Picliminiiiies Objecviiy a n d F a c i u a l K n o w i n g 47
Odenily acknowledge d i a i i l i i s is i n d e e d i h e s a m e p e r s c u i w i i h w h o m w e
interacted previously. A t some p o i n t , scienuflc invesugatois d o k n o w that *, IV * >l>jectivit)': W h y I s D o i n g T h a t K n o w i n g ?
t h e s p e c i m e n t o d a y is t h e s a m e as l h e o n e p r e p a i - e d p r e v i o u s l y I n t h e s e a n d
s i m i l a r cases, i n t e l l i g i b l e s a m e n e s s is k n o w n i n a \ l n u a l l y u n c o n d i t i o n e d ll r. o n e i h i n g l o a g r e e l h a i h u m a n b e i n g s , i n c h i d i u g o n e s e l f , a c i u a l i y d o
fashion precisely because t h e r e a r e " n o f u r i h e r p e r i i n e n t questions." p l l l l ll ur l h e c o n s c i o u s a c d v i d e s t h a t L o n e r g a n e n u m e r a t e s - o r e v e n t h a i
The c r i t e r i o n is n o t j u s t t h a t 1 d o n o t l/iink there are any furiher per- d i . \r p e r f o r m e d i n a n d coiistituted by t h e dynamic s t r u c t u r e that he
t i i i e n t q u e s i i o n s . o r is i l is j u s t t h a t I d o n ' t notice the further peninenl l.irrrrs t h e y are.''-' B u l o n e m a y w e l l a s k , " W h y does t h e e x e c u i i o n o f diese
FiC) l';ii I 1: I 'i c l i i n i i i a T ios O b j e c i i v i i y a n d Facuial I v n o w i n g ,')7
aciiv'ii.ies I I i l n s tl)'iiaiiic sin.icLi.ire clesei've L O bt c a l l e d ' k n o w n g ? ' " - o r as 2.5.2 Corilurid/ng jVol/ovs of Objeciivily and he
l . o i i e r g a n I n n i s e i r p L i l s L . ' ' W h y s d o i n g LliaL k n o \ \ ' i n g ? " ''F.jiisleiN.ologcal '"heoanii"
The root o f this h u m a n capacity fbr cognitional self-transcendence is ii( IUS l o r i n t e l l i g e n c e a n d f b r r e l e c d o n . " i = H i s c l a i i n d i a t a l l h u i n a n s h a v e a n
n o w a v i( k i H \ i l i a i a l l o b j e c i i o n s t o o u r u n d e r s i a n c l i n g s o f t h i n g s h a c i b e e n ( \ r i \g a b o u t e v e r y i h i n g , w h i c h i i i a n i f e s t s i t s e l f i n a n n t r i n s i c a l l v linit-
a i h b c s s e d . ( ) r . t h e r e w o u l d he n o w a y l o a i i a i n l l i e f m ' i b e r i n s i g h i s n e e d e d ii '.s l l o w o ' q u e s u o n s f o r i n t e l l i g e n c e a n d r e l l e c i i o n .
l o inodir\ a fallacious u n d e r s i a n d i n w i n t o a c o r r e c t u n d e r s i a n d i n t ; .
So lhe atiainmeni of.ihe "imconditioned result" (i.e., ilie refleciive 2. 5 . 5 Is Human (nesiioaing Lh/resricled?
iindersiancliiig o f tlie virtually u n c o n d i t i o n e d ) depends absolutely u p o n a
c a p a c i t v tc) r a i s e a l l q u e s t i o n s p e r i i n e n t t o t h e c o r i ' e c t n e s s ofour under- l o i K n g a n ' s m o s t c r u c i a l c l a m is t h a i t h e d e s i r e t o k n o w i h a t issues 'orili
standings. l l depends, in other words, on ihe unresiiicted intention of m o ( p i e s t o n s is unrestricied. M e r e " d e s i r e " i n e a n s n o m o r e a n d n o less l i i a n
t h e pur u n r e s t r i c i e d desire l o k n o w . C o n t i a i T l o t h e h y p o t h e t i c a l siate o f . i . m < a h i n g i l i a i is m a n i f e s t e d i n t h e t e n s i n o f c p i e s t i o n s b r intelligence
affairs w h e r e h u m a n beings w o u l d have o n l y a finite capacity for i n q u i r y , . m d i c l l e c t i o n . l l is l h e d e s i r e t h a t s i i n i u l a t e s , a c c o m p a n i e s , a n d c o n s i i t u t e s
Lonergan c l a i m s t h a t o u r c a p a c i t y f o r i n q u i r y is i n f a c t u n r e s t r i c i e d . O u r I n q u i r i n g , q u e s i i o n i n g , a s k i n g , w o n d e r i n g , b e i n g p i i z z l e d , a n d so o n . L o n e r -
d e s i r e t o k n o w s u n r e s t r i c i e d . Ov this claim wsl all ofthe olher achieveinenls of !;.in observes, " B e c a u s e i t d i f f e r s r a d i c a l h ' f r o m o i h e r d e s i r e , l h i s d e s i r e has
ls liilosofhical luork. l n - c i i n a n i e d p u r , l l is t o fie k n o w n , n o t b ) ' t h e m i s l e a d i n g a n a l o g ) ' o f o t h e r
O f c o u r s e , i n so m a n y cases w e a r e t m a b l e l o a n s w e r f u r t h e r c p i e s i i o n s d r s i r c . b u t b y g i v i n g fVee r e i n 10 i n t e l l i g e u t a n c l r a t i o n a l c o n s c i o u s n e s s . " ' ' '
t h a t ai"e p e r t n e n t t o t h e a t i a n m e n i o f c o r r e c t u n d e i s t a n d i n g . I n those A m o n g l l i e wa)'s t h a t i l i e d e s i r e t o k n o w d i f f e r s r a d i c a l l y fi^oni o i h e r d e s i r e s
cases, t h e o b j e c t i v e j i . i d g n i e n i w o u l d b e , ""1 d o n o t k n o w 'or s u r e . " O b j e c t i v - I'. l h a i i l is u n r e s i r i c t e d . D e s i r e s t b r o i l i e r s a t i s f ' a c l i o n s - f b r b o d , p l e a s n r e ,
i t y c o n s i s t s j u s t as m u c h i n k n o w i u g w h a t w e d o n o t k n o w as i t d o e s n k n o w - .1 s. c o m b r i , l i o n o u r , o r ]3owei', o r e x a m p l e a r e d e s i r e s f o r iden!ifial.)!e
i n g w i i a i we d o know. Notice, hc^wever, that lhe statemeni foi' j n d g m e u i o h j c i i s . O n c e t h o s e o b j e c t s a r e p o s s e s s e d , t b e d e s i r e I b r t h e m is s a t i s f i e d
h a s s h i f t e d : f r o m l h e s t a t e m e u t ' ' X is s o , " w e h a v e s h i f t e d t o t h e s i a t e m e n t u i d iis l e t i s i o i i is c p i e l l e d . T h e d e s i r e 10 k n o w , h o w e v e r , c a n n o t b e s a t i s f i e d
" I d o n o t k n o w f o r s t n e w h e t h e r X is s o . " W h i l e t h e p e r s i s t e n c e o f f u r t h e r b\g s h o r t o f k n o w i n g e v e r y i h i n g a b o u t e v e i y t h i n g . W h i l e w e c a n
u n a n s w e i e d p e r n e n t q u e s t i o n s m a k e s i l i m p o s s i b l e f o r us l o say t h a t a l l i r l r i u i l y w h a i o u r o i h e r desires desire, we w o u l d n o t be able to i d e n i i f y w h a t
l h e c o n d i i i o n s for a f f i r m i n g X have b e e n fulfilled, s i n i u l t a n e o u s l y d i e very o i i i d r s i r e to k n o w desires uniess we a l r e a d y k n e w e v e i y t h i n g a b o u t everv-
s a m e p e r s i s t e n c e o f t h o s e c p i e s t i o n s is t h e f u l f i l l m e n t o f t h e c o n d i t i o n s f o r d i m g - nuiess we a l r e a d y h a d answers t o all o f t h e q u e s u o n s t h a t f l o w f r o m
saying c o r r e c t l y ancl unconduonalb', " I k n o w t i i a i I d o n o t k n o w whedier d i i ' . u n r e s t r i c i e d d e s i r e . T h i s is a m o n g t h e r e a s o n s w h y a n a l o g i e s w i i l i o t h e r
o r n o t X s s o . " dr'.ii<-s p r o v e n i i s l e ; . i d i n g ii a i t e r n p t i n g l o i l i i n k a b o u t l h e " p u r " ' d e s i r e .
Plmnan objeciivily does n o t d e p e n d u p o n h a v i n g answers to all ipies- Instead, Lonergan c o i i t e n d s , this u i i r e s i r i c t e d desire to know is best
tons. I f l h a t w e r e l i i e case, t h e n o f c o u r s e diere could be no objective I n o w n " by g i v i n g ii, f r e e r e i n - t h a i is 10 sa)', " k n o w l e d g e " a b o u t t b e d e s i r e
h u m a n k n o w l e d g e , s i n c e n o h u m a n has e v e r h a d t h e a n s w e i s to all ques- l o k n o w c a n n o t be a i i a i n e d i n t h e h i l h ' liunan sense o f k n o w i n g t h a t lakes
t i o n s . R a t h e r , o b j e c t i v e h u m a n k n c o w l e d g e d e p e n d s u p o n t l i e 'aci t h a i e v e r y pl.icr i h r o i i g h t h e c c j g n i i i o n a l s i r u c l u r e , l u o r d e r to k n o w tbe desire in
h u m a n b e i n g h a s a p u r w o n d e r , a n unresiTcted d e s i r e t h a i is t h e s o u r c e dus l u l l y l u m i a n sense, we w o u l d have t o u n d e r s t a u d c o r r e c t l y everyihing
o a n endless s i r e a m o f cpiesiions c o n c e r n i n g e v e r y i h i n g a b o u t e v e r y i h i n g . d i . u ih<- d e s i r e d e s l e s t o k n o w , a n d t h e n say t h i s is l h e d e s i r e that once
O u r objectivity d e p e n d s , n o t o n h a v i n g answers to every q u e s u o n , b u t o n d sil e d l o k n o w t h o s e n o w - k n c j w n s . B u t t h a t w o u l d a n i o u u t 10 a l r e a d y k n o w -
t h e capacity t o e n i e r i a i n ever)' q u e s i i o n . T h a i capacity resides i n t h e u n r e - l u ) ; w h a i t h e d e s i r e d e s i r e s - i n w h i c h case, l h e e x p e r i e n c e o f this desire
s i i - i c t e d d e s i i ' e . P v e i i f l h e o n l y o b j e c i \ ' e j u d g i n e n t s w e e v e r r e a c h a r e o f t h e u o i i l d a l r e a d y have v a n i s h e d . laiher, t h e least i n a d e q u a t e wa)' i n w h i c h we
biau, "1 k n o w t l i a t 1 d o n ' t k n o w w h e t h e r X s so,'' s u c h o b j e c t i v e judgmenis . m " I v i i o w " l h e u n r e s t r i c i e d d e s i r e is b y p a r t i c i p a d i i g i n its s w e e p , b y g i v i n g
rest u p o n t h e u n r e s t r i c i e d desire. B u t , o f course, those are n o t the o n l y s e b e s o v e r t o its t h r o e . - ' ' " VVe c a n e x p e i l e n c e t h e d e s i r e as d r a w i n g us e v e r
o b j e c i i \ ' e j t i d g m e n i s we d o i n fact m a k e . h r o n i d o u r s e l v e s b y l e t t i n g o u r s e h ' e s b e d r a w n . VVe d o t h i s i 11 a l i m i t e d f a s h -
f l u n n a n c i t i e s t i o n i n g i"eally s m i r e s i r c t e d as P c m e r g a n c l a i m s , t l i e n t h a l i o n w h c i i e v e r w e i i n m e i ^ s e o u r s e l v e s , as c l i i l d r e n d o , i n a h\'ely l o w o f q u e s -
n i e a n s t h e i x is n o q u e s t i o n f o r i n t e l l i g e n c e o r r e l e c t i o n i h a t s b e y o n d the i i o n s , m d a n s w e r s . B t i t s o o n w e w i i l i d r a w b ' o i n t h a i i m m e r s i o n , c a u g h t u p by
capacity o f h u m a n consciousness. T h i s means i i r t h e r i l i a i i t is h u m a n l y odiii desires a n d cares t h a t p i i s h t h e u n r e s t r i c i e d desire to t h e m a r g i n s o f
p o s s i b l e l o b e a w a r e o f all f u r t h e r q u e s t i o n s t h a t a r e p e r t i n e n i l o s u s t a i n e d i i i i i .iwatcness. h takes c o n s i d e r a b l e f o r i i i a u o n i n t h e ethics o f d i s c e r n m e n t
r e f l e c i i o n o n t h e q u e s t i o n "Is t h i s i n t e l l i g i b l e c o n t e n r e a l l y so?" Human lo '.usiain awareness o f a n d participatic^n i n t h e u n r e s t r i c i e d desire, w h i c h
cogniuonal objecdvity, therefore, depends upon a desire for knowing m i l r l i i i i i n g l y draws o u r k n o w i n g a n d o u r l i v i n g ever onwards.
(i'J l',n I I; I'rclimiiiaiics OI:)eci.ivLv a n d f-"acmal K n o w i n g 63
3 Self-Appropriation, Part I : 1.
V i i r i i i j j i i n g t o a n s w e r s u c h t " | n e s t i o n s ch'aws o n e
iiiiiKait.
i n t o p r a c t i c e s o
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dis-
Self-Affirmation o f >.|iiii
In discern lhe differences between when one acttially knows
( m e d o e s n o t . I i r e q t i i r e s a t t e n t i o n 10 i h e a c t i v i t i e s o n e :)erbrins
and
01" o b j e c i (n.iNiiui). To be i n i . e r n i o n a l l v consclons is i,o be o i a e m e c l i.o\vards .\iieiiding, liowever, can also h a v e a m o r e s n b t l e a n d m o r e primordial
s o m e i - b i n g . So i e r e w o i i k l h a v e l o b e a n o n - i d e i i i i i y i n v o h ' e d i n b e i n g c o n - i H r . m i n g . ll can m e a n h e i g l i t e n i n g t h e i n i e n s i t y o f sorne e x p e r i e n c e s a n d
scious o f a n a c i o f consciousness. Consciousness o f a n aci ol'ccjnsciousness d i i n i n i s l n i i g l l i e i n i e n s i t y o f o t l i e r e x p e r i e n c e s . I f I a t i e n d ( i n tliis second
i n l h i s s e n s e w o u l d be l h e i n i e n d i n g o f o n e c o n s c i o u s a c i b\ a n o i l i e i " . Msr) 10 w l i a t \'ou a r e s a y i n g i:o m e , i lia\'e t o r j e c r e a s e i l i e i n i e n s i t y o f m y
L o n e r g a n , o n lhe o i h e r h a n d , disiingnished "consciousness" b'oui "irn:en- . s|>erieiices o f t h e b a c k g r o u n d c o n v e r s a t i o n s a n d t h e ruiiises f r o r n t h e v e n -
lionalii)'/' fie meani someihing inore p r i m o r d i a l by "ccjiisciousness" - i i L i i i m i s)'steni a n d t l i e t r a i l l e o u t s i d e . B u t w l i e i i I d o so, I d o n o t n e e d t o
someihing lie called ''consciousness as e x p e r i e n c e . " ' ' ^ Bv i l i i s h e meani Mi.iki' m y e x p e r i e n c e o f h e a i l n g i n i o t h e o b j e c t o f a s e c o n d a c t o f a i i e n d i n g ,
d i a l consciousness is d i e e x p e r i e n c e i h a i a c c o m p a n i e s lhe perlbiaiuince lll I i r d e r t l i a t I m a y b e i t e r h e a r y o u r v o i c e , or d o I have to b r i n g t h e s o u n d
o t i n i e n i i o n a l ac\'ies s u c h as s e e i n g , h e a r i n g , i n c p i i r i n g , g e i i i n g i n s i g h i s , lll \(nir voice i n t o i l i t e n l i o n a ! c o n s c i o u s n e s s b\ m y v e r y a c i o f d i r e c u n g m y
r e l l e c i i n g , j u d g i n g , e i c . I n o r d e r f o r iioelicacts lo have i n i e n i i o n a l r e l a i i o n - i i h i i i i o n l o i l . R a i h e r , b e c a u s e l h a i s o u n d was a l r e a c h ' d i e c o n t e n o f m\
s l i i p s l o ("(?)//(r//icconienis, i h e a c i s t h e m s e h ' e s rnust have llie m o r e primor- H I l l l h e a r i n g , I c a n re-|3ati.ern d i e e i d o f m y c o n s c i o u s e x p e r i e n c i n g , so
d i a l c h a r a c t e r i s t i c o f b e i n g e x p e r i e n t i a l l y c o n s c i o u s - i l i a t is l o say, n o t o n l y ilrii my l i e a r i n g o f t h e s o u n d o f y o u r voice becornes p r o m i n e n i , while m y
m u s t t h e acts be i n t e n t i o n a l (i.e., have t h e p r o p e r t v o f b e i n g r e l a i e t l to a JiiMi i n g o f t h e d i s t r a c t i n g s o u n d s s i i b s i d e s .
noemac c o n t e n t ) , b i u . t l i e j ' m u s t a l s o be t h e e x [ " j e r i e n c e s o f a s u b j e c t w l i o is In lhis r e - p a i t e r n i n g a n d h e i g l i i e i n n g o' m y eld o f c o n s c i o u s n e s s as
perfoi'iiiing them. I spcrience, I d o n o t m a k e r n y s e l f c o n s c i o u s o f m y a c t o f l i e a r i n g b\ d i r e c l -
C o n s c i o u s acvities i n l . - o r i e r g a n ' s senses a r e n o i l i k e n a t u r a l e\'enis t h a t uir, i n \ a t i e i i l i o i i ( i n t l i e rsi s e n s e ) towTirds thal aci. Rather, heiglitening
c a n o c c u r w h e t h e r o r n o i a b e i n g evei" e x p e r i e n c e s t h e m . ' f l i e p r e l i i s i o r i c \\\s o r c o n s c i o u s n e s s o f niy act o f h e a r i n g presupposes that tlie
i m p a c t s o f meteoTS o n t h e n i o o r f s s u r f a c e c o u l d a n d ti i d o c c m " w i i l i o u t any I m i s d o u s e x p e r i e n c e o f h e a r i n g is a l r e a d y p a n o f the eld o f my expe-
accoiiipan)'ingconscious e x j j e r i e i i c i n g o f t h o s e i m p a c t s , e i t h e r by t h e mete- i i r i i i c , a n d t l i a i I re-|3aiierii i l i a t eld i n o r d e r to g r a n t t b e experiential
ors o r t h e n i o o n o r a n \ ' o n e else. O n t l i e o t l i e r l i a n d , e v e m s like s e e i n g , hear- . niiM ii)usiiess o f m y l i e a r i n g g r e a t e r p r o n i i n e n c e i n t h a t e x p e r i e n t i a l eld.
ing, i n q u i r i n g , a n d i m d e T ' s i a n d i n g c a n o n l y o c c u r i f tlie\ o c c u r c o n s c i o u s l y - I',.icli o f U S is a l r e a d y s k i l l e d t o a g i - e a i e r o r l e s s e r e x t e n t i n t l i i s k i n d of
t h a t is, o n l y i f a s u b j e c t e x p e r i e n c e s t h e m . ' f b e e i i i p l i a s i s l i e r e is o n ilie II I i . n i e r n i n g d i e l l e i d o f s o m e k i n d s o f c o n s c i o u s exjser i e n c i n g , a l t l i o u g l i
evems (ibe a c t s ) , n o t t h e i r c o n t e n t s . I t is t r u e t h a i i n s e e i n g , t h e r e is a n i^r na)' n o t h a v e n o t i c e d o u r s e l v e s d o i n g this. ' f h i s consists o f a sel of
i n t e n o n a l e x p e r i e n c e o l ' t h e o b j e c t s e e n . B u t i t is l i k e w i s e t r u e l h a t t h e r e is ,1 i l l s o f b e i n g a t i e n i i v e l h a t w e h a v e a c q u i r e d l o n g a g o , probably begin-
also a c o n s c i o u s e x p e r i e n c e o f t l i e act o f s e e i n g i t s e l f V V i t h o u t t h a i a c c o n i - ; r a i i y i n c h i l d h o o d . W e d e \ ' e l o p s u c h s k i l l s w h e n pareiiis, leacliers,
paiu'ing conscious experience, t h e s e acls d o n o t o c c u r ai a l l . C o n s c i o t i s n e s s md olhers i m p l o r e us l o " l ' a y a t t e n t i o n ! " ' f l i i s k i n d o f b e i g l i t e n i n g o\'
as e x p e r i e n c e is c o n s t i t n t i v e o f i l i e v e r y b e i n g o f c o n s c i o u s vw;//cacts. . M o r e - om r\|ieriences, t l i e n , lias b e c o m e s e c o n d n a i u r e t o us l i e c a u s e w e h a v e
over, w i i o u t l h a i c o n s c i o u s experience acconi[3anying and i n n n a n e n i in d r \ r i o p e d these skills. B u l d o i n g s o m e t l i i n g s i m i l a r f o r o t h e r exj.)eriences
t h e voesis, t h e iioeuia c o u l d n o t be i i i i e n d e d at a l l . ol iiiuHc-ACis, ( s t i c l i as i n q u i r i n g , l i a \ ' i i i g i n s i g h t , r e l l e c i i n g , g r a s p i n g the
Consciousness as e x p e r i e n c e is i n u n a n e n t i n a n c l iiidispeiisably coii- 'iiuially uiiconditicmed, and Judging) does n o t c o m e spontaneously or
s t i t t i t i v e o f l l i e acts c o n i p r i s e d by c o g n i t i o n a l s i r u c u i r e . ' f h i s rneans thal . , r . i l \o most p e o p l e . In o r d e r t o d o so, o n e needs to a c q u i r e n e w seis
c o n s c i o u s e x [ : ) e i l e n c e o f t l i e s e a c t s h a p p e n s s i m t i l t a n e o t i s l ) ' w i t h i l i o s e acis o l skills o f r e - p a t t e r n i n g a n d h e i g h i e n i n g tlie i n i e n s i t y o f ex|jerieiices of
w l i e n e \ ' e r t l i e y lia|33en. l i is n o t n e c e s s a r y l o d i r e c t o n e ' s i n t e n t i o n a l a t t e n - i h i s r k i n d s o f a c t s . T h e s e ai'e e l e m e n t a l s ^ d l s o f d i s c e r n m e n t . So t h e f i r s t
t i o n to l l i o s e acis i n o r d e r l o b e c o m e c o n s c i o u s o f t h e m - o n e c a n d i r e c i aaj;c o f s e l f - a f f i r m a t i o n (i.e., s e l f - a p p r o p r i a t i o n i n t b e l i m i i e d s e n s e ) is
o n e ' s a t t e n t i o n to t h e r n o n l y because they are amady part of ilie held ol 1 m . i i i c r o f a c q u i r i n g these new skills i n h e i g h i e n i n g awareness o f the
one's e x p e r i e n c i n g . I f o n e directs one's i n t e n t i o n a l attention towards one's I \ i r t i e n c e s o f o n e ' s c o g n i t i o n a l voel/c acis.
o w n iwelicici o f h e a r i n g , t l i i s i r a n s f o r i n s t l i e noec, conscious e x p e r i e n c e ol' 1 lia\'e d e l i b e r a i e h ' a d o p i e d the m e t a p l i o r ""experiential f / e b r iii order lo
h e a r i n g i n t o t h e -laieinac intenonal c o n i e n t o f a s e c o n d act o f a t t e n d i n g . m p h a s i / . e t h a t , i n its n i o s i p r i m o r d i a l s t a t e , o u r e x p e r i e n c i n g is a l i o m o -
to o n e ' s h e a r i n g , ' f h e a b i l i t y t o p e r f o r m this k i n d o f intenonal a t t e n d i n g iM n r o u s a n d u i i d i f f e r e n i i a t e d r e a l m . T h e r e is n o p r i v i l e g e d experiencing
presupposes t h a t the act o f h e a r i n g w o u l d a l r e a d y be p a n o f cjiie's l i e l d o l i / M / M A p c r i e n c i n g w l t l i i n t h a t e l d . I i i p a r t i c u l a r , t h e r e is n o [ p r i v i l e g e d e x p e -
e x p e r i e n c i n g , i n o r d e r t h a t i i c o u l d t h e n be m a d e i n t o a n o b j e c t o f t l i e acl m i i r i n g of ilie self (ego) o r o l " its noelic acts, o v e r a g a i n s t o t h e r experi-
of attending. ' 111 r s , s u c h as l h e noeinalic conicnis. o f .seeing, h e a r i n g , f e e l i n g c o l d , etc. A l l
H'J l'iLii I : l'riliiinaiics Self-.\ppropi-iation, Pao I
r a s l i i o i i , c<:)griiional a t T l n n a i . i o t i is c o g n i i i o n a l s e l f - a T n r i n a i i o n - ii e n c i c a v un u i t i n g o f e x p e r i e n c e , i n a r i ) ' h a v e c o n c l u d e d t h a t t h e r e is n o s u c h t h i n g
o u r s l o a f f i r m w h a i o n e is w h e n o n e is a f f l i ' m i n g w h a i o n e is d o i n g . di< ohjciaively given - i b a i d i e r e are o n l y c o n s i r u c t i o n s (sirucimings)
lii< h are p i i r e h ' h u m a n f a b r i c a t i o n s .
j.^l-y Mediaied Givenness I li>\o'\'cr. l i l i s c o n c l u s i n d o e s n o t n e c e s s a r i l y f o l l o w , b e c a u s e t l i e s t r n c -
I i|; o f a u e n i i o n consiiiui.es w l i a i m i g h t be called a " " m e d i a i e d imme-
When Lonergan wriies i l i a i lhe " f u i n i m e m . o f (lie c o n d i i i o n s is g i v e n lu .11 h \ W h a t is " g i v e n " i n l i t i m a n e x p e r i e n c e is a m e d i a i e d g i \ ' e n n e s s . The
consciousness/' ihe lei'm ''given" can suggesi i m e x a i r n n e d a n d n n s l e a d i n ^ Ulu I I o i c x | " i e r i e n c e is n o t l i a d , as L o n e r g a n p i i i s i t , b y " " m e r e |"jassi\'it)'";
connoiaiions. i l can suggesi i l i a i d i e dala o f c o n s c i o u s n e s s are a special, . .lili 1, lhe given ""occurs w i t h i n [experience's] own dynamic context."'^
foundaiional r e a l m i h r o u g h w h i c h l h e s n b j e c i has i n n n e d i a i e , p r i v i l e g e i l h i ,1 h i g h l y s e l e c t e d a n d p a t i , e r n e d g i v e n n e s s . As L o n e r g a n n o t e s , self-
access i.o h i m s e l f ' o r hei'self, L u d i k e iis access l o a n y c'jdier r e a l m , jrgiai .)tpi 1 i p r i a i i o i i r e q u i r e s a '"reversal" t h a t m e d i a l e s i.lie i m m e d i a c ) ' o f con-
I-lahei*inas g a v e v o i c e l o a w i d e h ' s h a r e d p o s i - m o d e r n c r i i i q u e a n d s u s p i c i o n I l i i i i M K ' s s as e x p e r i e n c e . ' * '
a b o u l au}' siicli appi'oach w h e n h e w r o i e , ' " f l i e p a r a d i g m o f l h e philosopb)' lhai l i l i s is so, h o w e v e r , d o e s n o i e l i m i n a t e i l i e gi\'eii a l i o g e i h e r . The
ofconsciousness is e . x h a u s i e d . " I-lis c o m m e m . c o m e s l o w a r d s i l i e e n d o f his I K 1 ih.ii gi\'eimess is m e d i a i e d m e a n s t h a t e x p e r i e n c i n g r e t a i n s a n e l e n i e n t
e v a l u a i i o n o f M i c h e l Foucauli's c r i t i q u e o f subjectivit)', a n d lie contines, I i ; n e i i m ' s s nouetbeless. Ccmsider the e x a m p l e o f s o r n e o n e .ointing o u t
'"lhe o b j e c d f y i n g a u . i u i d e i n w h i c h t h e k n o w i n g s u b j e c t r e g a r d s i t s e l f as i .lid d e s c i i b i n g a special rock Ibrmaon i n a canyoii to a c o m p a i h o n , 'fhe
w o u l d e n i i e s i n t l i e e x i e r n a l w o r l d is n o \o\\'ev yriveged.'''- - | . i . | en l i n g u i s l i c ex])ressioiis used in p o i n i i i i g oul, the f o r m a i i o n neither
For I-iabermas, llien, the p a r a d i g m o f the p h i l o s o p h y o f the givenness 1.1 l i e o r s u b s t i t u te f b r t h e o t l i e r p e r s o n ' s v i s u a l e x p e r i e n c e s o f t h e f o r -
ofconsciousness has to d o w i i h i h e special privilege a t t r i b n t e d t o self- Mi ll R a t h e r , i l i e y g u i d e t h e l i s i e n e r i n t b e l i e i g h t e n i n g o f \'istial e x p e i i -
knowledge. L i i h e r tliis special privilege is i h o u g l i i t o d e r i v e from some . M i . , I li(.'\ assist l l i e l i s i e n e i " i n L i r i n g i n g s o m e v i s u a l e x p e r i e n c e s t o i h e
special, i i i i i n e d i a t e access t o c o n s c i o u s n e s s , i n 0|:)posii.>ii t o i l i e '"from i.Mi . , M i d i n l e t n g o t h e r s r e c e d e l o t h e p e r i p h e r y , i n h o p e s o f achieving
a disiance" access to t h e " e x i e r n a l world," or self-knowledge is h e l d lo . h.u h,is been called a " C e s i a l i shift." ' f h e l i n g u i s l i c cines h i g h l i g h i subde
become especially pri\'ileged w h e n i i iniiiates the k i n d o f o b j e c i i f y i n g atii- i l i l l e i e i i c e s a m o n g c o l o u r s a n d slia|:)es t h a t w e r e i m n o t i c e d a t first. Wliat
ttide i h o u g h t to be a p p r o p r i a t e to objects in t l i e e x i e r n a l w o r l d . We have I i M o a i iu lhe c o n i e i u s o f l h e listener's ex]:)eriences l i e f b r e , d u r i n g , a n d
already seen t h a t L o n e r g a n sliai-ply dissociates liis p f i i l o s o p l i y f r o m this lili t IIK' descripiion ( i n c l u d i n g the sighis o f the rocks a n d t h e sounds of
notion of exiernal objecufication, F u r t h e r m o r e , tlie d e p e n d e n c e ofself^ llu . p i ' a k e r ' s v o i c e ) d i f f e r s b e c a u s e t h e desc"iptoii i t s e l f h a s s t i m t i l a i e d a
knowledge tq^oii f-nlfillment o f c o n d i i i o n s from tlie data o f consciousnes.s 0 iiiK i n r i n g o f e x p e r i e n c e . Still, in each stage o f this t r a n s f b r m a i i o n o f
does n o t m a k e i l any m o i e certain or privileged than knowledge whose p e i i e n c i n g , l h e r e a r e c o n t e n t s given i n t h e ex[:)erieiices, h o w e v e r m u c h
c o n d i i i o n s are d r a w n from dala ofseiisatioii. "flie certittide of every jiiflg 1 ll ll ( M v e i m e s s varies f r o m o n e i n o m e n l l o t h e n e x t , a n d l i o w e v e r n m c l i thai
i n e n t is g r o u n d e d solely in a grasp o f ilie v i r i u a l l y m i c o n d i t i o n e d . Evei)' ^ I M i n i e s s is f a c i l i t a t e d b y l i n g i . i i s t i c e x p r e s s i o n s . f l i a t the given elements of
such J u d g m e n t is j i i s i as c e r t a i n as cvGvy other, irrespeciive of whedier I . . p e i i e n c i n g a n d a t t e n t i o n \'ary a c c o r d i n g to m e d i a t i n g a n d s t r u c i u r i n g
t h e f u l f i l l i n g c o n d i i i o n s ai^e d r a w n f r o m t h e d a l a o f s e n s e o r i h e d a t a o l M i n i d - s does n o t e l i m i n a r e i h e fact t l i a t tliose e l e m e n t s , o n c e mediaied,
consciousness o r b o t h , loth c o n s c i o u s n e s s and sensaiion e q u a l l y c a n l>e o |M\eii i n c o n s c i o t i s n e s s as e x p e r i e n c e .
sources o f data t h a t may or ma)' n o t c o n t r i b u t e to t h e c o n d i t i o n s for some , o i o n l v are t h e c o n i e n t s o f sensations gi\'en. b u l t h e c o n t e n t s o f rnerno-
particular iiistaiice o f a virtually u n c o n d i t i o n e d judgrnent. ( I . ., i m a g i n a i i o n s , o p t i c a l IIUSOIIS, l i a l l u c i n a t i o n s , a n d d r e a m s a r e g i v e n as
As l-laberiiias l i g h t l y observes, v i r t u a l l y all attention to experience i<- I I A g a i n , n o t o n h ' d o t h e c o n t e n t s o f sense, m e m o r y , a n d imaginaon
( w h e t h e i * s e n s e e x p e r i e n c e o r c o n s c i o u s n e s s as e x p e r i e n c e ) is m e d i a i e d an<l h n e e l e m e n t s o f g i v e u u e s s , b u t a l s o t h e e x p e r i e n c e s o f t h e acts themseh'es
s i r u c t u r e d . ' : * M a n y o t l i e r t w e n t i e t h - c e n i . u r y p l i i l o s o p h e r s have also u n d e r <o ]',i\{'ii II consciotisness i n s o f a r as a c o n s c i o u s sui:)ject is a c i u a l i y per-
scored the fact t h a t o u r e x p e r i e n c i n g is n o t p u r e l y i m n i e d i a t e . T h e y lia\'<- t. M i i u n g d i o s e acts. Y e t t h e g i x ' e n n e s s o f d a t a ( w h e t h e r o f s e n s a i i o n o r of
argued iliat o u r experiencing is o v e r w h e l m i n g l y mediaied and structuri-d i . u M oiisness) n n o wa\ g u a r a n i e e s l h a t t l i e r e is " s o m e t l i i n g r e a l h ' o u l
by l a n g u a g e - that o u r o b s e r v a t i o n s are " t h e o r y laclen," f o r e x a m p l e . ' ' ' 'Flus i h i O ' ( o r I I h e r e ) " t h a t s i n i p r e s s i n g i t s e l f o n o n e ' s c o n s c i o u s n e s s , f i l i s is
is n o less t r u e o f a u e n i i o n t o d a l a o f c o n s c i o u s n e s s t h a n o f aitenon to dala MI ll w l i a l is i n e a i i t b y t b e g i v e n n e s s o f e x p e r i e n c e - l h a t d i e r e s s o m e t l i i n g
o f sense. F r o m t h e fact t h a t l i n g u i s l i c a n d o t h e r f a c t o r s a r e i n v o l v e d i n l h e oui lhere, iiidepeudent ofconsciousness, w h i c h guaraniees givenness. T h e
86 Pan I : Preliminaries S c l l - A p ] ) i i ) p i i a i i ( ) i i . i'art I S7
T a k e n a t face valu, L o n e r g a n ' s claim that " c o n d i t i o n s are given i n c o n HM1 iioelir acts, so t h a t c o n s c i o u s n e s s - a s - e x p e r i e n c e o f acts l i k e i n q u i n e s
sciousness" s e e m s to fall v i c u m l o this l i n e o f c r i t i c i s m . I t seems t o bypass M M I insighis can be discerned over lhe c l a m o u r o f o l h e r experiences that
88 l^ari 1: l'i"clrnln;trics Self-AppiT)priaion, I ' a r t I 89
i
4 The Structure of Ethical
Intentionality: Three
More Ouestions
/ '' 1 iH\lfike lohat is mosi olwious iu atliirs (i.e, (hoire) for whai ethics olmiously is.
- Anonviiioiis
I I Inlrocliiclioi)
h u m a n kiio\v'ng. M e n e e , l ' n l h ' a n s w e i a n g " W h a t is g o i n g o n ? ' ' i ' e q u i r e s i m e l - f h i s n o r m a i i x ' i t y is p r e s e r \ ' e d w i i h i n tlie strucitn'e o f a u t h e n i i c ethic:il
l i g e n r a n t i c o m p l e x syniheses o f b c u h cc^mmonsense praclical ancl scientific i n i e n i i o n a l i t y N e v e n h e l e s s , as w e w i l l see, i h e f a c t t h a t t h e s i r u c u i r e d a c v i -
t h e o r e t i c a l s p e c i a l i z a t i o n s o f f a c i n a l k n o w i n g . S u c h synilieses r e q t u r e strate- iies of factual k n o w i n g occur w i t h i n ilie larger c o m | j r e l i e n d i i i g c o n t e x t of
gies to o v e r e m e i l i e genei'al b i a s - i h a i accornj^arhes c c n n m o n sense. ethical i n t e n t i o n a l i t y does alTect, i n c o m p l e x ways, w h i c h c p i e s t i o n s o f fact
V e t , as l h e h r a s i u g o f t h e q u e s i i o n " W h a t is g o i n g o n ? ' ' s u g g e s t s , t h i s .lie pursued and i n w h a i order.
s y n t h e s i s o f c o m m o n s e n s e a n c l e x p l a n a i o r y f a c t u a l k n o w l e d g e is n o t b e i n g
s o u g h t usi f o r its o w n s a k e . I t i s r a t h e r b e i n g s o u g h t w i t l i l n t h e c c m t e x i o l a pr, Questions and Insights o f Practical import
l a r g e r i n t e n t i o n . M e i ' e f a c t u a l k n o w l e d g e is b e i n g s o u g h t w i t l i i n t l i e a n t i c i -
p a t i o n o f a n e \ ' e n t u a l actix'e respc)nse o n l h e p a r t o f t l i e i n c | u i r i n g s u b j e c t . \ i i i i r ; u e k n o w l e d g e o f o u - s i t u a t i o n is e n d o w e d w i t h e t h i c a l significance
T h i s d o e s n o t n e c e s s a r i l y m e a n , h o w e v e r , t h a t wluu t l i e i n t e r e s t s o f e t i u - ,1'. s o o n as w e ask i h e t p i e s i i o n " W h a t s l i o u l d I d o ? " A s we h a v e s e e n , " W l i a t
cal i n t e n t i o n a l i t y are inti^ocluced, the\ w i l l d i s t o r t i h e n o i a n a i i v e atuononiy d i o n l d I d o ? " is r e a l l y a s k i n g i l i i - e e t l i i n g s a t o n c e . l t c o m ] : ) r e s s e s i n t o a s i n g l e
a n d objeciivitv o f factual k n o w i n g . Dstoriions o f c o g n i t i o n a l struciiu'e o f liii);iiistic e x p r e s s i o n three disiinguisliable incpiiries - '"wliai.?," "should?,"
c c u u ' s e d o occm~. ' f l i e b i a s e s d i a i d i s t o r t c o g i d t i o n a l s t r u c t m ' e e\'en i n its n o n - .1 l i d " d o ? " T i l ese i n q n i r i e s i n c o r p r a t e i.lie a c t i \ ' i i i e s o f o u r c o g n i t i o n a l s t r u c -
e t h i c a l m o d e s d o n o l d i s a p p e a r , S u c h biases c a n r e a p p e a r a n d b e c o i r i e more m i e inte.) t h e b r o a d e r s t r u c t u r e o f o u r e t l i i c a l i n t e n l i o n a l i ly. E a c l i cf t h e s e
i n t e n s e a u d f a r m o r e i n t r i c a t e w h e n f a c t u a l k n o w l e d g e is s o u g l n . w i t l h n t h e disiinguisliable inqniries consiitutes a distinct pliase a n d a f u r t h e r d y n a m i c
lai'gei" l i o r i z o n o f e t h i c a l i n t e n t i o n a l i i y . Yet biases are j u s t as n i u c h d i s t o r - li l . i i i o n s h i p w i t h i n t h e o v e r a l l dynaniic structure ofeihical iiiieiitionaiil)'.
tions o f t h e structure ofethical i n t e n t i o n a l i t ) ' i t s e l f as t h e ) ' a r e distortions lili' present section treais t h e " w h a t ? " c o r n p o n e n t ; the o t h e r iwo conipo-
o f c o g n i t i o n a l s t r u c t i n ^ e . i n c j i h e r w o r d s , a u t h e n i i c e t l i l c a l i n t e r u . i o n a l i t y by iieiiis will be t r e a t e d in i h e snccessive sections.
i t s e l f a n c l as s u c h d o e s n o t n e c e s s a i ' i l y i r u . r o d u c e a l i e n i n t e r e s t s t l i a i d i s i o r i .\ is l h e c a s e w i i l i a l l i n q n i r i e s , i.lie q u e s t i o n " W l i a t c a n 1 d o ? " presu>poses
c o g n i t i o n a l s t r u c t u r e . G e n u i n e e t h i c a l incp.hry i n iiself desires to k n o w w h a i . o n N i h i n g a n d seeks s o m e t l i i n g . I i p r e s u p p o s e s e x p e r i e n c e a n d k n o w l e d g e
t h e f a c t s r e a l l y a r e , so t h a t i t c a n d i s c o v e r p r c ^ p e r l y w h a t s l i o u l d l:)e d o n e . I t is o l ,1 siiuaticn ( w l i a t is g o i n g o n ) i n w l i i c h t l i e e i h i c a l s u b j e c t finds h e r s e l f o r
r a t h e r the biased d i s t o r t i o n s o f e t h i c a l i n t e n t i o n a l i t y i l i a t c l i s t o n c o g r n i i o n a l I self. I t n t e n d s a n d seeks a p r a c t i c a l i n s i g h t ( a n i d e a o r a p l a n ) a b o u t a
objectivit)'. O n t h e o t h e r h a n d , to t h e e x t e n t t h a t b o i l i c o g n i i i c m a l a n d e i h i - I ' mise o l ' a c i i o n d i a l lhe i n t p i i r i n g subject c o u l d undenake.
c a l i n i e n t i o n a l i i y a r e IVee o f b i a s e s , t h e e n t i r e i y o f c o g n i t i o n a l s t r u c t u r e is Praclical insighis respond to "What can I do?" irK|uries b)' grasping
i n c o i p o r a i e d (or "subated") i i u a c t w i t h i n tlie structtu-e o f ain.heiu.ic etiucal o i n s e s o f a c t i o n as i n t e l l i g i b l e p o s s i b i l i t i e s . " f l i e r e s e l e m e n i a l iiiveiitive-
i n t e n t i o n a l i t ) ' . As L o n e r g a n pi.ns i t , s u b l a t i o n i n t h i s s e n s e , " f a i " f r o m i n t e r - 111 '.s a n d creaiivity lo even liie most ordinary o f liuuian actions, which
f e i i n g w i t h the std^lated o r d e s t r o y i n g i i , o n t h e c o n t r a r y needs it, includes d n i\'e f r o m l h e a c i s o f i n t e l l i g e n c e t h a l a d d " a l l e a s t o n e f u r t h e r " p r a c t i c a l
i t , p r e s e i ' v e s a l l iis p r o p e r featm^es a n d p r o 3 e r t i e s , a n d c a r r i e s i l i e m l o r w a u l iiiM)dii lo w h a t t h e subject a l r e a d y knew. Por e x a m p l e , s e l e c t l n g w h i c h t o o l
to a f u l l e r realization w i t l i i n a richer context."''' I I I le h i n q u e t o use a n d n d e r s t a n d i n g h o w t o a d a p i i t t o t h e c i r c u r n s i a n c e s
How t h i s c a n b e so i n t b e case o f i l i e s u b l a t i o n o f c o g n i t i o n a l siiaicinrc u h.ind are matters o f [ji'aciical insiglus. Likewise, p l a n n i n g w h a t to serve
by t l i e stn.ictm*e o f e i l i i c a l intentionality will lie e x p l o r e d in std^sequerit l o ) d i n n e r a n d h o w to p r e p a r e i t r e q u i r e n e w p r a c u c a l insight.s. Pracucal
sections. Suflice i t t o say bi" i l i e p r e s e n t tliai wlien-cogniiional structure insi^ihis a r e i n v o l v e d in figiiring o u t liow to m a k e tbe financial iiumbers
is s u b l a i e d b ) ' a u i h e n t i c e t i u c a l i m e n i i o n a l i i ) ' , its i n i e l l i g e n t a n d i'efleciive \\'i\k" for a m a j o r piircliase o r a new business v e n i i i r e . D e i e r m i n i u g w h a i
c p i e s t i o n s a b o u t facts c o n t i n u t o e s t a b l i s l i t.lie n o r m s a n d c r i i e r i a t l i a t d i r e c i lll a m l l i o w t o sa)' i t i n a s e n s i t i v e interiDersonal s i t u a t i o n are also n i a i -
insiglu.s a n d Tellecve l i n d e r s i a n d i n g s o f l h e x ' i r i u a l h ' i m c o n d i t i o n e d and ii r . o l p r a c l i c a l i n s i g h t . D a i l y e f f o r t s ai m e d i a t i n g a n d r e s o l v i n g ordinary
j u c l g m e n i s n e e d l o saiisIV. A s C i ' o n i n p u t s i i , l o i i l l i r i s . as w e l l as t h e m o r e specialized skills rec|tiired to resolve iniense
I li( is, als(.) r e t | u i r e c r e a t i v e p r a c t i c a l i n s i g l u s o n i h e p a n o f t h e m e d i a t o r .
T i l e q u e s i i o n o f v a l n e seis t l i e c i ' i t e r i o n w l i i c l i g u i d e s t l i e p r o c e s s l o I ' i . i i l i i al i n s i g l i t s e n a b l e [ s e o p l e t o find ways a r o u n d u n e x p e c t e d obstacles
a c o r r e c t s o l u t i o n ... W e k n o w t h a t i n o u r p a s t e x p e r i e n c e w e h a v e hloi L i n g i h e i r pailis. O r g a n i z i n g a n d p l a n n i n g a n y c o o p e r a i i v e h u m a n ven-
m a d e g o o d u c l g m e n t s o f \'aliie a n d scTiiie m i s i a k e n j u d g m e n t s of t i n e iii\'(th<'s n u m e r o u s p r a c t i c a l i n s i g h i s .
v a l u ... W e have ibis strange ability to recognize a c o r r e c t a n d a " P l ,u i i ( a l " h e i ' e is n o t r e s t r i c t e d t o c o u r s e s o f a c t i o n w h o s e c o n s e q u e n c e s
m i s t a k e n answer to the quesuons ofvalne,''' l l l be imniediaie a n d s h o i ' t t e i i n . j u s t as o u r s i t u a t i o n s a r e intelligibly
104 l ' a i i , 11: W l i a i Ai"e Wc D o i n g W'licn W'e A r e B e i n g Jiihlcal? ^ T h e S i r n c i u r c o f lihical liiieini(.">naliiy 105
Max Scheler. Prevlousi)', be t e n d e d to r e g a r d feelings p i l i n a r i l y as sense . ihi< al l e n s i o n s o r i g i n a l l y r a i s e d w i l h t h e " w o r i h w b i l e " a n d " s h o u l d " i n q i i i -
expeiiences t h a t can be o r g a n i z e d by insighis i n t o g i a c e f u l l i v i n g , o r lhat < ll , ,11 e l ) i o u g l i t t o a l e i n p c n a i y r e s t i n v a l u j u d g m e n t s c)f e l h i c a l l e s p o n -
can b e c o m e sources o f i n i e r f e r e n c e (bias) w i t h t h e u o r m a u \ ' e p r o c e s s ot i h i l u v . As w i l h j u d g m e n t s o f t a c i , j u d g m e n t s o f e t h i c a l r e s p o n s i b i l i t y c a n
a s k i n g a n d a n s w e r i n g a l l f u r i h e r p e r t i n e n t cpiestic)ns.--'' i V o w i t is c e r t a i n l y II. l u l l y a n s w e r e d o n l y i n o n e o f t w o ways. A c t s o f e t h i c a l j u d g i n g , i n t h e
t r u e t h a t s o t i i e o f c"iur f e e l i n g s - w h a t 1 s h a l l c a l i " s o m a t i c f e e l i n g s ' ' a r e ll I I i sense, a r e e i d i e r acts o f a f f i r m i n g ("Yes") o r d e n y i n g ( " N o " ) . O n e or
m a i t e i ' s o f sensation.'"*' I l is a l s o ii~ue t h a t t h e s e f e e l i n g s e n s a t i o n s c a n he l h e o l h e r o f t h o s e a c t i v i d e s is w h a t is s o u g h t b y q u e s t i o n s o f e t h i c a l w o r i h
i n t e l l i g e n t l y i n t e g r a t e d i n t o n o b l e ways o f l i v i n g , o r c a n b e s o t u c e s o f i n i e i md t e s p o n s i b i l i t y , I n a t f l r i u i n g a n d d e n y i n g we are making judgmenis
t e r e n c e l h a t l e a d to gi"eai d i s i o i t i o n s . Yet his s i u d y o f t h e aforemenuoned i h o i i i w h a t a r e o r a r e n o t w o r t h w h i l e o r o b l i g a t o r y c o u r s e s o f a c i i o n f b r us,
phenoiTienolcgists revealed t o L o n e r g a n e n t i r e l y diTerent k i n d s o f feelings \n d i e i a f f i r m i n g o r d e n y i n g t h e coui^se o f a c t i o n as h a v i n g e l h i c a l v a l u ,
t h a i m a k e q u i i e diterent, p o s i u v e , a n d i n d i s p e n s a b l e c o n i i l b u t i o n s i n c o m d ) . s e j u d g m e n t s o f e t h i c a l valu a r e o f a j e c l i v e (and therefore responsible)
i n g t o k n o w l e d g e o f vales i t s e l f I n a c r y p i i c l e m a r k , h e wrc"He, ' ' I n t e r m e d i )M . o l , i i as t h e s e t b i l o w u p o n a n d a r e g r o u n d e d i n a g r a s p o f v i r t u a l h ' u i i c o n -
a t e b e t w e e n j u d g m e n t s o f f a c t a n d j u d g m e n t s o f v a l n e l i e a p p r e h e n s i o n s <il d i i H med \'alue.
i h o i i g h i a b o u l i d e a s a n d v a k i e s , w l n c h i h e y d i e n a c i i u d i z e , n o n i a i t e i hi I , ., ! I I m i i i l l i e d a n i a g e l h a t n n e t l h c a l p e o p l e c a n i n t l i c i , b u l o n e c a n n e v e r
w e i l o r p o o r l y i h e y h a v e b e e n i h o u g h i i h r o u g h . C o n i r a r y l o c o m m o n < tpl Mt 1 ihic.il b e h a v i o u r o f a n o t h e r (or oneself).
o n , c h o i c e is n o i l i i e p r i m a i y s o u r c e o l o u i " c o n s c i o u s n e s s o f v ' a l i i e s , h is I I H ( i f I M l l le o l h e r h a n d , p e o p l e Vec|uenily a c t u i i e t h i c a l l y b e c a u s e s o m e t h i n g
as i h o u g h v a l e s First p o p i n t o o u r c o n s c i o u s n e s s e s i n o u r acts o f c h o o s l n n ^1 Hoiie s < r i o u s l y w r o n g at a n e a r l i e r p o i n t in the s t r u c t u r e o f ethical
W e d o n o t c h o o s e i n a v a c u u m . l l is b y c h o i c e s a n d a c i i o n s l h a t w e m a k i ' \ Mllfinaliiy. E l h i c a l i n t e n o n a l i t y s s p o n t a n e o u s l y a n d n a t u r a l l y o r i e n t e d
E
ues a c t u a l a n d t f i a i w e m a k e t h e m o u r o w n . N e v e r t h e l e s s , o u r c o n s c i o u s m i i d s d i ( sions l h a t e n a c t t r u e a n d o b j e c d v e j u d g m e n t s o f e t h i c a l v a l u .
o f t h e valu d o e s n o t first o c c u r w h e n we m a k e a c h o i c e . B e f o r e we ( IUMOII (I.) I - , ex|>iessed a l r e a d y i n t h e q u e s t i o n ' A V h a i s h o u l d 1 d o ? " . M I h u m a n
vales, w e k n o w vales i n u d g m e n i s o v a l u , a n d b e f o r e w e k n o w vales M| itiiKs .isk t h i s q u e s t i o n . T h e q u e s u o n i t s e l f a l r e a d y m a n l f e s i s t h e d e s i r e t o
j u d g m e n i s , we have m o r e p r i m o r d i a l brms o f value-consciousness in ipii> I t v l r i t s e t l n c a l a n d r i g h t . W h e n decsous fail l o d o so, s o m e t h i n g has
tions o f valu a n d feelings t h a t are i n t e n t i o n a l responses. I r i l e i e d wilh that natural, normative orientaiion, Frequendy, ihe prol>
A g a i n , p e o p l e o f t e n s p e a k as t h o u g h i i is c h o o s i n g t h a t l e g i t i m a i e s > I I H lll Is I n c a l e d i n c o r r u p t j u d g m e n t s a b o u l w h a t t h e y s h o u l d d o , a n d l h i s
v a l e s . T h e y s p e a k as t h c u i g h o u r v a l e s a r e t o b e r e s p e c t e d s o l e l y b e c a i i s t lilil c a n be t r a c e a b l e l o f a i l u r e s t o ask a n d a n s w e r a l l f u r t h e r p e r t i n e n t
we c h o s e t h e m . B u t o u r c h o o s i n g d o e s n o t a u t o m a t i c a l l y g u a r a n t c e lli.u ll ^llolls. o r l o d i s t o n i o n s i n t h e h o r i z o n o f feelings i h a i guides the p r o -
w h a t w e d o c h o o s e w i l l b e tnily v a l u a b l e . P r i o r a c i i v i t i e s o f e t h i c a l rclf i , l l l e t h i c a l r e f l e c t i o n . O n e o f t h e c e n t r a l a i i n s o f t h i s b o o k is t o offer
lion and judgmenl perform ihai funciion, provided thai they are d m i ' I iiid IIM r I b r d i s c e r n m e n l that will e n h a n c e the ethical refleciive rocesses
a u l h e n t i c a l l y - t h a t is, w e c h o o s e w h a t is t r u l y v a l u a b l e p r o v i d e d t h a i \ u Iiimaiely grc^und choices.
perform t h e p r i o r activities i n c o m p l e t e fidety t o i h e s t a n d a r d s o t O u i I o t u i ^ a i i a r g u e d t l i a t c h o o s i n g ( d e c i d i n g ) is h u m a n f r e e d o m i n its n i o s i
own ethical incpniang. W h e n e l h i c a l r e f l e c t i o n is c a r r i e d t h r o u g h i n c < i i i i ( .di< A\, i o n n g e n i f b r m . : ' ' 'lls r a d i c a l c o n t i n g e n c y s p e r h a ) ) s m o s i e v i d e n t
p l e t e l y o r c o r r u p d y , its j u d g m e n t s ofFer t o c h o i c e merely a p p a r e n i v.tl 1' dio'.c l i i i i e s w h e n we d o m a k e f l e c i s i o n s a g a i n s t o u r b e t i e r j u d g m e n t s -
u e s t h a t f a i l t o Uve u|) t o t l i e I n g h s t a n d a r d s i n h e r e n t i n t h e s i r u c i i n c o iiir.i o u r j u d g n i c n t s o f e l h i c a l valu aboiu, w h a i we should do. Wilh
ethical intentionality. Choice a u d aciion can cjidy a c t u a l i z e vales ili.ii <l< p l o i . i b l e f r e q u e n c y , p e o p l e f a i l t o d o w h a t t h e y h a v e j u d g e d l o b e w c i r i l i -
p r i o r e t h i c a l r e l e c t i o n d e l i v e r s t o i t , w h e t h e r t h e y a r e k n o w n as v i r t u a l h tdiilr OP o b l i g a t o r y , o r d o a n y w a y w h a t thev' h a v e j u d g e d l o be n o t w o r t h
u n c o n d i t i o n a l l y valuable, o r w h e t h e r they are presenied in flawed, dis d - . i i i c . , I l e r c f e e l i n g s a l s o p l a y a r o l e . I n c h a p t e r 7, w e w i l l e x p l o r e h o w t e n -
t o r t e d , o r d i s l l g u r e d f a s h i o n s . C h o i c e a n d a c t i o n c a n r e a h z e vales o u l ) ' i i i 11' i i i s i n o u r hcH i z o n s o f f e e l i n g s p l a y a m a j o r r o l e i n h o w w e c o m e t o j u d g e
c o n j u n e t i o n w i t h t h e p r i o r acts o f e t h i c a l i n t e n t i o n a l i t y . C h o i c e a n d a c t i m i Hi MHsjuilge vales. T h o s e s a m e h o r i z o n s o f feelings also play i m p o r t a n t
derive their autheuticiiy from the normativitv' o f that siructure. C h o i i r s f U U l o m d e c i d i n g a n d a c t i n g . VVe m a y b e a b l e t o j u d g e o n t h e basis o f
a r e a u t h e n i i c w h e n t h e y c l i o o s e j u d g m e n t s o f e t h i c a l valu t h a l a r e pii) "IM *ade o l a c o n f l i c i in o u r f e e l i n g s , b u t . n e v e n h e l e s s d e c i d e o n t h e basis o f
d u c e d b y t h a l s t r u c t u r e o p e r a t i n g i n its f u l l , t i n d i s t o r t e d m o v e m e n t . ( ) i i dM o l h e r side o f i b a t c o n f l i c i . I n d e e d , o u r feelings i n f l u e n c e in i m p o r i a u i
t h e o t h e r h a n d , c h o i c e s w i l l b e i n a u i h e n t i c w h e n t h e r e is s o m e f a i l u r e i n 1', . h o w w e d e v e l o p o u r h a b i t s o f d e c i d i n g as w e l l as o u r h a b i t s o f j u d g -
p r i o r stages o f t h e s t r u c t u r e o f e i h i c a l i n t e n t i o n a l i t y , o r w h e n t h e y fail i n u i i ; ' f l u s f i i l h ' c o n s i s t e n i e t h i c a l k n o w l e d g e , c h o i c e , a n d a c t i o n l e q t i i r e s
c h o o s e w h a i v i r t u a l l y u n c o n d i t i o n e d j u d g m e n t s o f e t h i c a l valu propose, ilrii u i i d e r i v i n g tensions in o u r f e e l i n g horizons be d i s c e r n e d and resolved.
F r e c i u e n i l y , p e o p l e s p e a k o f t h e c e n t r a l p r o b l e m o f e t h i c s as h o w l o y r l I o n e i g a u anal)'sed this p h e n o m e n o n by m e a n s o f a d i s t i n c t i o n b e t w e e n
p e o p l e t o d o t h e r i g h t t h i n g . T h a t is t o sav; t h e p r o b l e m is h o w t o g e t peoplr I st iial a n d e f e c v e f V e e d o m . T h e ana^j'sis o f l h e a c l o f d e c i d i n g reveis
10 d o w h a t t h e y a l r e a d y k n o w is t h e r i g h t a n d e i h i c a l l y v a l u a b l e c o u r s e n i t i l u il is i n i r i n s i c a l l y r e l a t e d 1 0 , b u i n o t a b s o l n t e l y d e t e r n i i n e d by, t h e acts o f
a c t i o n . l l is o f cc)urse t r u e t l i a t m a n y t i m e s p e o p l e k n o w w h a t is r i g h t a i u l l'ail ioiisness t h a t p r e c e d e it. N e i t h e r o u i f e e l i n g h o r i z o n s n o r o u r v i n u a l l y
t o c h o o s e a n d a c t a c c o r d i n g l o t h e i r valu k n o w l e d g e . Il'we take this lo hr l U M I t n d i t i i M i e d j u d g m e n i s o f e t h i c a l valu c o m p l e i e h ' d e t e r m i n e o u r acts o f
l h e p r i n c i p a l etliical p r o b l e m , t l i e n a t t e n t i o n will ineviiabl)' focus o n h o w l u I l i o i i <. VVe c a n r e f u s e t o t b l l o v v o u r r e s p o n s i b l e j u d g m e n t s . W e c a n o v e r r i d e
/i/rr|)eople a c t e i h i c a l l y . T h i s , h o w e v e r , is i m p o s s i b l e . S e c t i l i n g b e h a v i o m a l l l l l e e l i n g s . I l u m a n c h o o s i n g is r a d i c a l l y f r e e i n i t s i n t r i n s i c r e l a t i o n s h i p s
compliance by means o f i h r e a t s o f forc (whether physical, financial, ni ! , i l l i i i h c i - a c t s o f c o n s c i o u s n e s s . T h i s is w h a t L o n e r g a n m e a n t by e s s e n u a i
psycholc)gical) can never p r o d u c e e l h i c a l b e h a v i o u r . Ethical b e h a v i o u r s are IM > dorii.'"
a c t i o n s d o n e o n t h e bases o f d e c i s i o n s g r o u n d e d i n v i r t u a l l y u n c o n d i t i o n e d .\r\rrilieless, o n c e specific h a b i i s o f c l i o o s i n g have t a k e n r o o t i n o u r lives,
j u d g m e n t s o f valu. E n f o r c i n g b e h a v i o u r m a y b e t h e c o r r e c t o r t h e oiij^ d i . \.111 | ) t < ) l b u n d l v ' a f f e c t t h e p r o b a b i l i t i e s o f c e r t a i n c h o i c e s o v e r o l h e r s .
1H P a n 1 1 : W l i a i A i c W'e D o i i i a W l i e i i We A r e B e i i i y Piiail? T l i e S i r u c u i r e o f l i i h i c a l lnienii<:)n;iliiy ] \o
o o
4.9 Summary
In sLiniiiiar\', t h e n , t l i e a n s w e r t o " W l i a t I a m d o i n g w h e n I a m b e i n g c i l i i
c a l ? " is a s t r u c t u r e o f acvities. W h a t we a r e d o i n g w l i e n w e a r e b e i n g e i l i i
cal is a n e i w o r k o l acis o f c o n s c i o u s n e s s t h a t is c h ' n a m i c a l l y s t r t i c t u r e d bv
i p i e s t i o n s a b o u l i.lie s i t u a t i o n as w e l l as q u e s t i o n s f o r practical i n t e l l i g e n c e ,
c p i e s t i o r i s f o r jractical r e f l e c t i o n a n d c p i e s t i o n s f o r c h o i c e . ' f h a t s t r u c i u r e
m a y be b r i e H y s u m n i a r i z e d as b l l o w s : e x p e r i e n c i n g , i n q u i r i n g , u n d e r s i a u d
i n g , a n d l i n c o n d i t i o n a l h ' j t i d g i n g w l i a t is g o i n g o n i n t h e s i t u a t i o n ; f e e l i n g ;
i n c j u i r i n g a b o u t \ \ i i a i . c a n be d o n e i n t e l l i g e n t l y i n t l i a t s i t u a t i o n a n d c o l l l i l l ^
u p with creative practical insights; responsibly r e l l e c i i n g , u n c o n d i t i o m i l h '
j u d g i n g t h e v a l u o f w h a t o n e s l i o u l d d o ; c h o o s i n g t o d o so, a n d a c t i n g 011
t h a t d e c i s i n , " f h i s is a s t r u c t u r e a n i r n a i e d b y e t h i c a l i n q n i r i e s a n d by ihe
h o r i z o n o f i n t e n t i o n a l feelings t h a t consiute o n e ' s felt i n i e n t i o n s o f v a l n e .
K i n d s o f Feelings 119
SI i o i i s n e s s o f v a l u is s u f f u s e d w i t h f e e l i n g , b u t t h e r e l e v a n c e o f f e e l -
Mij-s l o e l h i c a l r e f l e c t i o n a n d d e l i b e r a i i o n d e p e n d s u p o n what kinds o f
I . . Imgs ihey are. Feelings are g r o u p e d u n d e i " m a n y d i f i e r e n 1 g e n e r i c head-
.ii|';. r m o t i o n s , p a s s i o n s , senineuis, s e n s i b i l i i i e s , i n c l i n a t i o n s (e.g., K a n i ' s
.1 irjiiigrn), a v e r s i o n s , stresses, a f f e c t s , i n c j o d s . a n d so o n . ' f h e m e a n i n g s of
d n '.( l e r m s v a r y w i d e l y .
1 have c l i o s e n l o use t h e w o r d " f e e l i n g s " rather than o t h e r lernis such
I. "emoons" o r "passions" fbr iwo reasons. F i r s t , i t is t l i e l e r r n that
I I ni r rgan himself" used. Second, al least w h e n used by L o n e r g a n , Scheler,
md von H i l d e b r a n d anujug olhers, "feelings" has a c o g n i t i \ ' e connota-
uoii ( i . e . , c o g n i t i v e o f v a l e s ) l h a t is m i s s i n g f r o m t h e c o n n o t a u o n s of
i i h r i terms. For example, " e m o o n , " as d e r i v e d f r o m i t s o r i g i n a l L a i i n
I oiiis, r e f e r s t o f e e l i n g s as s o u r c e s o f m o v e m e n t a n d a c t i o n ( a s w h e n e n i o -
Ui>iis roiise c r o w d s t o assemble i n p r o t e s t ) . " I n c l i n a i i o n , " "aversin," a n d
./ xvould draw on Dielrkh von Hdebrand, and distinguish non-inlenlional statn i t h r r l e r m s a l s o t e n d t o i d e n i i f y f e e l i n g s as m o i i v a t i c n i a l . M o r e recently,
and trendsjrom intentional responses. Inuvrver, " e n i o i i o n " has also c o m e t o m e a n a m e n t a l state o f a g i i a t i o n
- B e r n a r d L o n e r g a n , Method in Tlu'otoy,\ lhat is d i r e c t e d towards a specific object and accompanied by physio-
lo).i,ical c h a n g e s . T b e eiymology o f " p a s s i o n , " o n l h e o d i e r h a n i i , reveis
' m e i n i n g s ot" " l o undergo," o r " s t i f T e r " o r " r e c e i \ ' e , " a n d so tends
5.1 Introduction lo einphasize the passi\'e dimensions of feelings as s o m e t h i n g that we
i i i i d n g o r a i h e r t h a n as s o u r c e s o f a c t i o n . S o m e i h i n g s i m i l a r c a n b e s a i d
T h e p ] e v i c ) u s c l i a p t e i - o l f e r e d a n o v e r v i e w of t h e s t i n c t u i ' e o f e t h i c a l i n i e n iboui the leiiiis " s e n i i m e n i , " "seusibility,' a n d "affeci" as emphasiziiig
u o n a l i t y . C e n t r a l t o d i a t s t r u c t u r e a r e t h e p r o c e s s e s o f e t h i c a l v a l u refle< I he i < < eptive d i m e n s i o n s o f feelings. H o w e v e r , " p a s s i o n " has also c o m e t o
tion a n d j u d g n i e n t . In the course o f t h a t o v e n i e w , 1 m e n d o n e d that after t h r d e s g n a t e e s p e c i a l l y i n t e n s e a n d p o w e r f t i l l e e l i n g s , a n d as a consecptence
p u b l i c a t i o n o f insight Loneigan c a m e to a new undei^sianding o f feelings p.issiuis a r e a l s o s p o k e u o f as s o u r c e s o f a c t i o n s , as w h e n we speak of
and t h e i r 1 o l e i n t h e p r o c e s s e s o f v a l n e r e f l e c t i o n . B e c a u s e o f ts c o m p l e x i t y , I I iiiK's c o m i u i t t e d o u t o f passion.'
the a c c o u n t o f feelings a n d tlieir role in the s t r u c t u r e o f ethical i n t e n t i o n I h e collocpial m e a n i n g s Ibr m a n y o f these terms for feelings tend to
a l i t y was p o s i p o n e t l . T h e n e x t t h r e e c h a p t e r s T-esurne t h a t a c c o t m t . ' f l u s 1 o i u ' e s llie i m p r e s s i o n o f mineiliate r e l a t i o n s h i p s b e t w e e n iiiward experi-
c h a p t e r s u r v e y s se\'ei-al d i f f e i - e n t t y p e s o f f e e l i n g s a n d t a k e s u p t h e c p i e s t i o i i 1 m es . m d o u t w a r d s i i m u l i o r r e s u l i i n g a c t i o n s . S o m e i i m e s liie relationsbip
o f t h e i i n e n t i o n a l i t ) ' ol" f e e l i n g s . T h e i n t e n t i o n a l i t y o f feelings in general, beiween f e e l i n g s a n d o u i e r c o n d i i i o n s o r c o n s e c p i e n c e s is i m m e d i a t e - as
and t h e i r v a r i o n s r o l e s i n e d i i c a l t h o u g l i t a n d a c d o n , is n o t s i m p l e . T h e feel when 1 experience a stalibing pain when siepping on s o m e i h i n g sharp,
ings i l i a t L o n e r g a n r e f e r r e d t o as " i n t e n o n a l r e s ] ) o n s e s t o v a l e s " a r e o l M o i i ' ofieii. Iiowever, l h e r e a r e v a r y i n g levis a n d d e g r e e s o f complexity
p a r a u i o u n t i m p o r t a n c e , b u t h i s w a y o f d i s t i n g u i s b i n g f e e l i n g s as i n t e n t i o n a l ih.ii luediate between feelings a n d o t i i e r occasions or actions, T h e com-
responses t o vales f r o m o t h e r k i n d s o f feelings needs some clariflcation. |ile\iiies a n d s u b d e nuances o f feelings within each of diese categories
T h i s c h a p t e r a t t e m p i s t o ofTer s o m e c l a r i f i c a u o n b y way o f a s u r v e y o f d i f - h.nc been e x p l o r e d i n rich detail by numeros poets, novelists, nuisicians,
ferent k i n d s o f feelings, w b i c h endeavours to prepare t b e way f o r a more .11 t i s i s , p h i k j s o p h e r s , r e l i g i o u s t h i n k e r s , p s y c h o l o g i s i s , neurophysiologists,
specific analysis o f feelings as i n t e n o n a l r e s p o n s e s in the next chapier. i i i d o t h e r s . T h i s I i i e r a i u r e is so vast t h a t i t is i m p o s s i b l e t o e v e n a t t e m p t a
T h a t analysis, i n t u r n , will f o r m t h e b a c k g i o u n d for t h e discussion o f t h e l,m s u m m a r y h e i e . I n the c o n c l u d i n g c h a p t e r o f this b o o k , 1 will present
role that feelings as i m e n t i o n a l r e s p o n s e s play i n e t h i c a l valtie reflection suggestions as t o h o w a m e t h o d i n e t h i c s c a n assist i n t h e explora-
a n d J u d g m e n t , t a k e n u p i n c l i a p t e r 7. i i o n a u d a p p r o p r i a t i o n o f t h e vast d i a l e c t i c a l m i x t u r e o f e t h i c a l i d e a s a n d
l ' a i l 11: VVhal A r e VVe D o i n g W h e n W'v. An: Being Kilhcal? ^ Kinds i)f E r r i i n g s 121
N c M I l l u 1. i M o s i i n o i a l l o f s o m a i i c f e e l i n g s a r e nientional i n l l u I n l . u i . we a r e a b l e t o d i s c e r n d i e v a r i o u s b o d i l y l o c a o n s o f somanc
i n o t i - n c n c i a l s e n s e o f h a v i n g s o m e k i n d o f noeinaiic c o m e n t p r o p e r to the ).. lillas o f p a i n p r e c i s e l y b e c a n s e o f t h e d i f f e r e n c e s i n t h e i r noematic con-
k i i n l s o l l . - c l i n g s t h a i t h e y a r e , e v e n i f i h o s e c o n t e n t s d o n o t i n c h i d e causes, < l l l , A g a i n , i n a d d i t i o n 10 c o n i a i n i n g d a t a o n l o c a t i o n , d i e noeinaiic con-
(Miis, o r vales. I n f a c t , we t e n d t o d e n o t e m a n y s o m a u c l e e l i n g s by m e a u i n I I I . I ll l e e l i n g s o f p a i n a l s o d i f f e r q u a l i t a t i v e l y . T h e pain o f a toothache
o l i h e i r /(J^a/V; c o n t e n t s , e s p e c i a l l y w h e n t h e s e a r i s e i n r e s p o n s e t o e x i e r - I . . !, d i f e r e n d y f r o m t h e l a b o u r pains o f biri, o r the p a i n o f a sharp
n a l c a u s e s . F o r e x a m p l e , w e s p e a k o f f e e l i n g w e t o r f e e l i n g s h a r p n e s s . l l is . . I , .1 p u n c h o n t b e n o s e , o r a b r o k e n l e g . T h e s e d i f f e r e n c e s ate given
t r u e t h a t p h y s i c a l m o i s t u r e a n d s h a r p o b j e c i s ar s o u r c e s o f s u c h feelings, . normalic pain-as-felt c o n t e n t s that m a k e t h e subject aware o f i h e noelic
b u t o u r t e r m s f b r i h e f e e l i n g s r e f e i t o noemalicconianis t h a t are given i n die r Mil l e e l i u t r s as d i f T e r e n t . f u a f e w cases, wc d o h a v e c o n u n o n a m e s f b r
f e e l i n g s t h e m s e l v e s , j u s t as d e e p - p u r p l e is d i e c o n t e n o f a n a c t o f s e e i n g , o t lll. ( e e l i n g acts as w e l l as t h e i r i n t e n t i o n a l c o n t e n t s - s u c h as t b e noeses
C # t h e c o m e n t o f a n a c i o f h e a r i n g , T h e s h a r p n e s s asfd'm l o u c h i n g a razor i , | I . e h i i g c h i l l e d a n d f e e l i n g w a r m e d , a l o n g w i l h t h e noemala of cold aud
b l a d e , I b r e x a m p l e , is n o t a t a l l t h e s a m e as t h e p h y s i c a l , t h r e e - d i i n e n s i o n a l n mih respectively.
s h a p e ot t h e r a z o r b l a d e s e d g e . T h a t p h y s i c a l s h a r p - s h a p e d o e s s d m u l a i r 1 hes<- cases s e r v e l o u n d e r s c o r e t h e f a c t t h a t s o i u a d c f e e l i n g s a r e indeed
t b e sharpness-as-felt, b u t w h a t is f e l t is n o t t h e t h i e e - d i m e n s i o n a l s p a t i a l <Mi< n i i o i i a l i n l h e s i a n d a i d p h e n o m e n o l o g i c a l s e n s e . As l e e l i n g s , t h e y a r e
e d g e - s h a p e t h a t e x i s i s i n s p a c e , w h e t h e r o r n o t s o m e o n e f e e l s i t a.s s h a r p . I . K i s a n d t h e y h a v e j/0w//rcoiitciits. I i is t h e r e f o i e m i s l e a d i n g t o r e f e r
The f e e l i n g o f s h a r p n e s s c o m i u u n i c a t e s lo c o n s c i o u s n e s s i m p o r t a n t dala h> d i e s e f e e l i n g s as u n i u t e n n o n a l o r n o n - i u t e n u o n a l w i d i o u t q u a l i f i c a d o n .
(noei/iala) a b o u t i l i e razor's shape, b u t does n o t c o m n i u n i c a t e the spaual d i h o i i g h t l i e i r c a u s e s o r g o a l s a r e n o t i h e i r noemala, lhe)' d o bave iriten-
s h a p e i t s e l f W h a t is f e l t is a /r)fm;/.//: c o n t e n t h a i i n n o w a y is i h e s a m e a.n UiiiLil contenis noneiheless.
t h e s p a i i a l l y s h a r p e d g e as s e e n . S h a r p n e s s i n t h i s s e n s e is d i e noeiiia of thr lonergan also relied upon von Hildebrand in o r d e r to distinguish
f e e l i n g , b t u w e l a c k a d i s u u c t w o r d f o r i h e noelic a c t o f f e e l i n g i t s e l f . W<- l.i h o e i i f e e l i n g s t h a l i t u e n d vales a n d d i o s e t h a t d o n o i . FJowever, v o n
s i m p l y use i t s noenialiccomcni t o i n d i r e c t l y a m e t h e noelicaci: the "feeliny I hidc b i a n d ' s w a y o f m a k i n g t h i s d i s t i n c l i o n is p r o b l e m a c . F o r v o n Hildel>
o / s h a r p n e s s . " S i m i l a r i y , w e use p h r a s e s l i k e - f e e l i n g a s u n g " o r " f e e l i n g .1 . i n d . i n t e n o n a l i t y is p i i m a r i l y a m a t t e r o f t r a n s c e n d i n g f r o m consciotts-
p r i c k " to a m e s l i g h d y d i f f e r e n t k i n d s o f s o m a u c leelings (noelic nas) hv i.i ,s in h e r e " over to an object " o u i t h e r e " (e.g., " t h e s p e c i f i c p o l a r i t y o f
i n e a n s o f noeinaiic con\e\\\s d i a l are slighdy difTerent in quality f r o m dir du person o h ilie one h a n d , as a g a i n s t t h e o b j e c t on the o t h e r " ' ' ) . He
noeinaiic conten o f razor-edge-sliarpiiess. . IV., i l n n - e b r e , l h a t feelings like h i i i g n e are n o t " a b o n l " a n y t h i n g ; they are
C i o n v e r s e l y . w h e n t h e f e e l i n g s o r i g n a l e b o m s o u r c e s i n t e r n a l 10 t h e b o d y . (u,i e s p e r i e n c e s ofsiai.es o f o u r b o d y f l e n c e , they d o not s e e m to have an
w e t e n d (o use w o r d s f b r t h e noeseshiw not their /O/'///Ccontents - lension. oh|<( t " o u t s i d e o f c o n s c i o u s n e s s . .As h e p u t s i t , i m i n i e n u o n a l f e e l i n g s "do
i n i t a u o n , p a i n , ache, c o n t e n t m e n i , a n d arousal are examples. b i particti M o l possess t h e c h a r a c t e r o f u a n s c e n d i n g t h e r e a l m o f d i e mind."'''
lai-, f e e l i n g s o f i n t e r n a l p a i n a r e s o m e u m e s s p o k e u o f as t h o u g h t h e y wei<- I he m o u v a t i o n b e h i n d v o n H i l d e b r a n d ' s d e s i g n a d o n o f these feelings
p u r e l y noelic, l a c k i n g a n y i m e n t i o n a l noenialic conten. I n d e e d , ihe disuni ,1, i i o i i - i n t e n d o n a l was t o d i s u n g u i s h t h e m from feelings whose noematic
d o n b e t w e e n noesisay] r o m r o f n i e r n a l s o m a i i c f e e l i n g s c a n b e diticull l o leiiis a r e vales ( f e e l i n g s as r e s p o n s e s i h a i i n t e n d v a l e s ) . S i n c e s o m a t i c
d i s c e r n , T h e p a i n - a s - f e h . (noenialic covMem) d i a l o n e feels can seem a l n i o s i \ eliiigs d o n o t i n i e n d vales as d i e i r noemala, they are not i n i e n i i o n a l in
completely absorbed i n t o t h e p a i n - f e e l i n g (noelic a c t ) , b u t t h i s is n o t q u i t e ih.ii l i m i t e d s e n s e , H o w e v e r , v o n H i l d e b a n d ' s uses o f b i l i " u n i n i e n i i o n a l "
c o r r e c t . W e c a n b e m i s l e d i n i d e n t i f y i n g t h e p a i n noema w'ah i i s noesis, espr md " i m e n t i o n a l " are rooted in what Lonergan w o u l d cali d i e counier-
c i a l l y i f we rely t o o heavily u p o n s e e i n g to provide t h e p a r a d i g m for i h r position o n s u b j e c u v i t y a n d objecuvit)'.'"'According to the c o u n t e r - p o s i u o n ,
intenonal r e l a u o n s h i p between noesis Andi noema. B e c a u s e t h e lenses o l ii1i|e t s a r e " a l r e a d y o u i t h e r e n o w r e a l , " w h i l e c o n s c i o u s s u b j e c u v i t y is "n
o u r eyes h a v e a f b c a l p o i n t s l i g h d y i n s i d e o u r s k u l l s , w e t e n d 10 t h i n k o f lli<- l u e n o w . " T h u s t h e s n b j e c u v e s i d e o f i n t e n o n a l i t y (noelic :ia.) i n i e n d s an
noeljcaci as o c c u r r i i i g i n s i d e o u r h e a d s , w h i l e t h e noematiccon\.Q\\\. appeais I ibieeiive noema t h a t i s a l r e a d y o u t t h e r e n o w r e a l . A c c o r d i n g 10 t h i s c o u n t e r -
o u t s i d e , B u t t h i s f b c a h p o i n t p h e n o m e n o n is p e c u l i a r t o v i s i n , a n d d o e s n o [ pi i s i o n , i n t e n o n a l i t y c a n b e o b j e c v e f a n d o n l y i f t h e noelic na. a i l a c h e s
o c c u r i n o t h e r s e n s a l i o n s , e s p e c i a l l y s o n i a d c f e e l i n g s s u c h as p a i n . A l t h o u g l i l o .1 n a l l y - o u l - t h e r e o b j e c t .
t h e d i s u n c t i o n o f noesis a n d noema is n o t n e a r l y as e a s y 1 0 d r a w as is t h r Clearly somauc feelings are n o t intenonal i n this c o u n t e r - p o s i t i o n a l
c a s e w i l h v i s i n , t h a t d i s u n c d o n is s t i l l 1 0 h e f o u n d i n t h e r e a l m o f s o m a l i i .1 u s e . I\>r l . o n e r g a n , o f c o u i - s e , b o t h t h e e x p e i i e n c e s o f noematic contents
feelings. . u i d c i u i . s c i o u s n e s s as e x p e r i e n c e s o f noelic acts are m e r e l y g i v e n . T h e y are
I l'iiilt Wli.M \ i . \ V . h..Mj; W l u r i U V A r e B e i n g E l h i c a l ? K i n d s o f bVelings 127
Moreover, since nu'.>st o f o u r etlncal actions involve bodily movemenis. When somatic feelings i n t e r f e r e with the p a i t e r n i n g o f experiences a n d
these actions cannot occur without bringing about changes i n soiiiali Ul n o l o n g e r s i n i p h ' p a t t e r n e d b)' q u e s t i o n s a n c l c o n c e r n s o f e t h i c a l inteii-
feelings. A chosen cc^urse o f a c i i o n c a n b e c a r r i e d o u t s u c c e s s f u l l y o n h ' l l ni.ii.ilii)', the)' b e c o m e obsessive sources o f b i a s e s a u d [3rof(-")und barriers
t h e p r e c e d i n g ancl r e s u l i i n g somatic feelings are s o m e h o w harmonioush i.i . l u d i e i i i i c e t h i c a l l i v i n g . Y e t preci.sely because somauc feelings can be
i n t e g r a t e d i n t o t h e p a t t e r n o f e x p e r i e n c e t h a t s u p p o r t s t h e a c u o n . T h i s i% p iiiei u e d a n d re-patterned i n the streams o f o u r experiences, this biased
possible because the somatic feelings t h a t enter i n t o consciousness are iidl iMiei I c i c n c e o f somatic f e e l i n g s is n o t i n e v i t a b l e . F a n i i l i e s a n d o t h e r c u l -
w h o l l y d e t e r m i n e c l b y b o d i l y a n d n e u r a l states a l o n e . If a genuinely edil u i i . i l i n s i i i n i i o n s have d e \ ' e l o p e d h i g h l y s o p h i s i i c a i e d l e c h n i q u e s for help-
cal concern guides the patierning o f somatic feelings i n t o the p a t i c i u n l h i i ; I lhl( I r e n d e v e l o p a p p i o p r i a t e l y e t h i c a l ways o f p a t i e r n i n g t h e i r s o m a t i c
II' I-MI II Wli.H \ \\ I) g W lien W c A r e B e i n g EUiicai:- K i n d s o f Feelings
li I I n i i ; ' . . In .nMiit)n, specialized i h e i ' a p e n L i c sLraiegies have been devrU. ..i '1 I C r o s s - D i v i s i o n of F e e l i n g s
Affects, and Moods n .pniises Iti l . o n e r g a n ' s sense. ' f h e y res[3ond u.) l l i e c o n t e n l s l l i a i come
t i l . m . i r e i i e s s t h r o u g h i n i e n i i o n a l a c i s . l u g e n e r a l , d e s i r e s as i n t e n t i o n a l
of Feelings l l . .p.iir, o u r j o y s a n d s o r r o w s , o u r e n t h u s i a s m a n d i n d i g n a o n , o u r
. .i.ran a n d c o n t e m p t , o u r i r u s t a n d d i s t r u s t , o u r l<.)ve a n d l i a t r e d ,
..ni i r i i d e r i i e s s a n d w r a t h , o u r a d m i r a u o n , v e n e r a d o n , reverence,
i.m d r c ; i d , h o r r o r , terror, we are o r i e m e d massively a n d d y n a n n c a l l y
jM ,1 w o r l d m e d i a t e d b)' m e a n i n g . '
i l i a i f e e l i n g s a r e e x p r e s s e d i n s m i l e s : " F i ' o m s m i l e s o n e n i i g l i i . g o o n (.o all WInni we have an nsighl, ilie proper and agent objects of insiglus
lhe f'acial o r l ^ o d i l y m o v e r n e n i s o r p a u s e s , i.o a l i i.lie v a r i a i i o n s o f v o i c e i n bine. T h e I n s i g h t bestows its i n i e l l i g i b i l i l y u p o n l i s a g e n t i m a g e and
t o n e , p i i c h , v o l u i n e a n d i n s i l e n c e , lo a l l d i e ways i n w h i c h O L U ^ f e e l i n g s an m i l <'s i l i n t e l l i g i b l e . S o m e i h i n g s i m i l a r is a l s o t r u e o f afTects as i n t e n t i o n a l
r e v e a l e d o i " b e u ' a y e d by o u r s e h ' e s o r a r e d e p i c r e d b y a c i o r s o n d i e svage."""' 0 ,|)onscs. T h e y also c o m b i n e t l i e i r pro]>er a n d a g e n t objecis. T l i e p r o p e r
AfTective responses can also be expressed s p o n i a n e o u s l y i n s\'nibols. l u ii|i|rci ofan afTect is t l i e v a l u t h a t i t f e e l s . T l i e r e c a n be no consciotis-
f a c , L o n e r g a n g o e s so f a r as t.o d e f i n e s y r n b o l s hy i n e a n s o f l b e i r e x p r s III o f ili;it valu a p a r t f r o m the c o n t r i b n t i o i i made by tbe feehng. Once
si\'e a n d e v o c a i i v e r e l a i i o n s h i p s l o feelings.:*" T l i i s n i e a n s , o f c o u r s e , ihat 1 I r f l i n g responds t o its a g e m o b j e c t , i t f e e l s i t s p r o p e r x ^ a l n e - o b j e c i as
lhe p r o p e r i n i e r p r e i a i i o n o f synibols iiiusi aiiencl lo lhe vales revealed dir v a l u o f d i a l a g e n t o b j e c t . T h e f e e l i n g e n d o w s its a g e n t o b j e c t w i i h i h e
b}' l h e f e e f i n g s l l i e y e x p r e s s . F e l l \'alues c a n a l s o b e e x p r e s s e d i n o r d i n a r y , i.iluc il feels. T h e f ' e e l i n g a n d its v a l u a r e " i n f a l l i b l e " w i t h r e s p e c t t o t h e
c o i n n i o n s e n s e l a n g u a g e w l i e n a f e e l i n g is d e s e r i b e d , a n d i i s c o r r e s p o n d i n g i C ' i i i ol.)ject i n a l i m i t e d sense, F o r e x a m p l e , w h e n we e e l t l i e d e l i g l n o f
v a l u i l i e r e b y l a c i i h ' i r n p l i e d . F o r e x a r n p l e , " I feel l i k e I a n i w a l k i n g o n e g g I I l i i l d ' s s n i i l e as \\'e p e r c e i v e i t , t l i a i percej/l/on is d e l i g h i f t i l . I t is o u r affect
shells a r o i m d b i n i , " expresses l h e l'eli-valuaiion o f his l o i i c l i i n e s s . ol d c l i g h i t h a t r e v e i s i l i a t v a l n e o f t b e s n h l e as jDcrceived by us. A T e c i s
P e r h a p s l l i e p u r e s i e x p r e s s i o n s o f f e l l v a l e s a r e a r i i s i i c . T l i i s is s u g g e s i e d I. l l l h e \'ahie, a n d recognize i t as i h e v a l u o f i l i e i r a g e n t o b j e c i . B u l i f
by L o n e r g a n ' s c o r n m e n i , " P o e i r y , a c c o r d i n g l o V V o i ' d s w o r i l i , is e n i o i i c ^ n r e c - I look m o r e closely, t h e p a t t e r n o f m y e x p e r i e n c i n g m i g h t b e c o m e more
o l l e c i e d i n irancpiilii)'."'^' A r i i s i i c e x p r e s s i o n m a \ l i a \ ' e i l s o r i g i n n s e n s e d i i i i . m c e d , I miyTii n o t i c e the trace o f a menclacious sniirk i n t b a t s n i i l e . II l
or rernernbered experiences, i i n a g i n e d scen;trios, insiglus, u d g r n e n i s , o r l i o , I w i l l n o l o n g e r feef d e l i g h t i n t h i s c l i a n g e d p e r c e p i i o n . I w i l l f e e l p e r -
profound n i o r n e n i s o f r e a c l i i n g decisions, A n y o f ihese c o u l d give rise l o h.ips ( h s a p p o i n t i n e i i i o r a n g e r in response l o it. Affects o f d i s a p p o i n t m e n t
f e e l i n g s o f x'alues. B u l b e c a u s e l i f e i b r o w s m a n y m o v e r s o f f e e l i n g s a i us a l l I ll . i i i g e r a n d t h e i r c o r r e k i t e d v a l e s a r e i u f a l l i i j l e r e l a d v e t o t l i e ways 1 n o w
a l o n c e , L Lakes l i m e s o f i r a n q i h l i i y a n d d e i a c l i i i i e i i i , as w e l l as a r i i s i i c s k i l l , p ' i I <'\'e l h e c h i l d ' s s n h l e .
l o i ^ r o p e r l y s o r L o u L a n d e x p r e s s u s i \ \ ' l i a i vali.ies o n e lias b e c o m e a w a r e o f .\gain, I ma)' feel a d n h r a t i o n t o w a r d s s o m e o n e as g e n e r o u s in response
in l h e m o s i i n i r i c a i e , s u b d e , a n d r e f n i e d o f f e e l i n g s , I n ibis sense, p e r l i a p s h I whai 1 experience, u i i d e r s i a n d , a n d j u d g e o f d i a l p e r s c n i i n l i m i i e d set-
ariisiic expression o f feelings a n d \ a l i i e s is a n a l o g o u s lo ilie ex|3laiiaiory imgs, I m a v l a i e r lia\'e o t l i e r e n c o u n i e r s that cliange m y j u d g m e n i s about
modes o f expression d i a l I . , o n e r g a n a i i r i b u i e d l o l h e n i a i u r e sciences.:^:* dic s a m e p e r s o n , a n d n o h > n g e r a d m i r e h i m as g e n e r o u s . M y o r i g i n a l feel-
W'liile l h e piu'esiexpressions o f feehngs n i i g l i i be i n w o r k s o f ai'i, i l i e m o s i l o i ; o f a d n h r a t i o n was "infallible" with respeci to the l i m i t e d knowledge
c o m p l e l e e x p r e s s i o n s o f v a l e s as f e l l o c c u r i n l u n n a n d e c i s i o n s , aciions, 1 l i . i i w:is t h e o r i g i n a l : i g e i i t o b j e c t o f m y aITecii\'e r e s p o n s e . Yci my original
and d e e d s . V a l e s a r e i n o s i b i l l y ex|:)ressed i l i r o n g l i l h e full commiimeTU I n o w l e c l g e was n o t k n o w l e d g e o f t h e w l i o l e p e r s o n , o n h ' o f s c n i i e limited
10 i l i e i i i b y h u m a n b e i n g s w h o i n c a r n a i e i h o s e v a l e s i n i h e i r a c i i o n s a n d .11 l i o n s . a n d i i i y a f f e c t o f a d m i r a i i o n was i i o i i n f a l l i b l e w i t l i r e s p e c t l o t h e
i n l h e ways i l i e \ Uve i l i e i r l i v e s . I n a p r o l b m i d s e n s e , l h e n , h u m a n acuon u h o l e o t h e p e r s o n ' s r e a l i i ) ' .
and i i s i n c o r p c n a i i o n i n i o l l i e o n g o i n g d r a m a o f h u m a n l i i s i o r \ is ( h e m o s t l i l i s i n a l l i b i l i t y o f afTects is a v e r y l i m i t e d a n d p a r i . i a l k i n d o f \'aliie
probund expression o f l e e l i n g s . P l i s i o r y is i h e p e n u h i m a i e e x ] > r e s s i o n of o h j e c i i v i i . v . ] u s i as t b e i n f a l l i b i l i t y o f i n s i g h t s is o n h ' [ j a r i . i a l , s o t h e infal-
human feehiio-s.'u libih(\ o f afTects is a l s o f a r fVoni u n c o n d i t i o n e d . VVe c a n I e e l i h e v a l u o f
o
s o m e s c e n a r i o we lia\'e c o n s t r u c t e d i n o u r i m a g i n a t i o n , b u l t h a i v a l u c a n
True Vakies and llu; Qiiasi-hiftdlibd/ly ofAffiicls and Vales l i . o c 1 i tile o r n o t l i i n g l o d o w i l h realit)'. O u r p e r c e f j i i o n o f t h e cIiilcTs s m l l e
i i h g l i i n i i s s a s u b t l e t x ' . f i a d wc p e r c e i v e d t l i i s i n i a i i c e m o r e a t t e i n . i \ ' e l y , o u r
C o r r e s p o n d i n g l o i l i e real objecis o f insighis, l h e r e are l h e i r u e objecis o f leelings w o u l d n o t have r e s p o n d e d w i t h d e l i g h t , T l i e d i v e r g e n c e between
f e l l v a l e s . T l i i s b r i n g s us b a c k l o i h e q u e s i i o n o f l h e o b j e c i i x ' i i y o f v a l e s . iimiges a n d r e a l i t y also occiu's i n i h e p r o p a g a n d a and rlieioric of com-
VViili a f f e c i s , j u s i as w i d i i n s i g l u s , i h e c o i ' r e s p o n d e n c e between llie proper i m n c i a l a d v e r i i s e i i i e n t s , p o l i t l c s , a n d war. D u r i n g e l e c t l o n c a i i i p a i g i i s , we
and l r u e o b j e c t s s o\\\y e s i a b l i s b e d b y l h e w o r k o f r e n e c i i o n a n d j u d g n i e m . ,ne lold that candidates a r e soft o n c r i n i e , bate w o r k e r s , are addictive
W h i l e t h e r e c a n be n o c o n s c i c j u s n e s s o f v a l e s w i t h o u t f e e l i n g s , feelings s p t m d e r s o f p u b l i c b i i d s , o r are insensitive lo the p l i g h t o f t h e poor, a n d
a l o n e d o ncn a u t o m a i i c a l l v y i e l d consciousness o f t r u e vales, .frue v a l e s so ( m .I b the e x t e n t iliai such slogans go uncritlclzed, they iiie\'itably
are o n l y k n o w n i n v i r t u a l l y u n c o n d i t i o n e d udgiiieni.s ofA'alue. f l e r e Loner- elicii affects ot" a n t i p a t h y l o w a r d s t h e c a n d i d a t e . M o r e o m i n o t i s l y , p r i o r
gan's discussion o f t h e infallibility o f insights can sbed some light. lo and during ilie Rwandan genocide, Tuisis were called cockroaches.
In Pan. I I : W h a i A r e We D o i n g V\'hen V\'e A r e B e i n g F.ihical? Feelings as I n i e n i i o n a l Responses a n d Florizons o" Feelings 1.51
d e s i r e s as i n t e n o n a l r e s p o n d t o a g e m o b j e c t s , l l i e y d o so o n l y w i t h i n , i J i e h e r s e l f , w h o is cast w i t h t h e n e g a u v e e v a l u a d o n f e l t i n d e p r e s s i o n - h e r
l a r g e r , c o m p r e h e n d i n g h o r i z o n o f f e e l i n g s a n d v a l e s . VVe w i l l r e t u r n lo i i h . t l e w o r l d is f e l l as d e p r e s s i n g . A m o o d l i k e d e p r e s s i o n c a n a l s o a r i s e i n
this in section 6.7. M .p.iiise 10 s e a s o n a l c l i a n g e s as i n t h e " w i n i e r b i n e s . " B u t i l is n o t j u s t t h e
Avei"sions a r e s i m i l a r to desires i n t h a t t h e y feel vales a n d disvalues . IM n i l h a t is e x p e r i e n c e d as d e p r e s s i n g . V e r y l i t i l e a t a l l s e e m s w o r t h w h i l e
indirectly ratlier than dii'ectly T h e y are o f course o p p o s i i e t o d e s i r e s n ! h e n :i p e r s o n is i n a n u : ) o d o f d e p r e s s i o n . A f f e c t s a n d d e s i r e s t h a t w o u l d
t h e i r fell d i r e c t i o n a l i t \ ' . h i k e desires a n d affects, llie\ r e s p o n d to a varieiv ol i . i h e i wise f'eel t h e p o s i t i v e vales a r e s o u r e d o r b l i m t e d b y i b i s d e p r e s s i o n ' s
a g e n t o b j e c t s o f g r e a t e r o r lesser c o m p l e x i t y BiH w l i e r e tlesires i-espond I n I. ll \ ; i h i a i i o n t h a t i h e s e a r e n o t v e r y i m p o r t a n t x'alues a f i e r a l l .
l h e a g e n t objects by f e e l i n g a t t r a c i i o n t o w a r d s d i e i i i , aversions r e s p o n d l u F.ven w h e n i n o o d s l i k e d e p r e s s i o n h a v e a s i g n i n c a n t n e t i r o p l i \ ' s i o l o g i c a l
l l i e i r a g e n t o b j e c l s as s o i n e d i i n g r e p u l s i v e a n d t o b e a v o i d e d . "Repulsive" h. ras, as t h e y f r e c p i e n d y d o , t h e y a r e n o i r n e r e l y s o m a t i c f e e l i n g s . Unlike
h e r e ames t h e f e l i - d i r e c t i o n o f a f e e l i n g o f a\'ersion. W l i i l e an affect may .ini,iii<- feelings, m o o d s b e s t o w v a l u o r d i s v a l u e u p o n a p e r s o n ' s vv'orld,
f e e l t h e a g e n l o b j e c t as a n e g a t i v e \ ' a l t i e (a d i s v a l u e ) , a f e e l i n g o f a v e r s i n u i d d i a l f e l t v a l u a t i o n c a n last a v e r y l o n g l i m e .
a d d s l h e f e l t sense o f t h e dis\'altie o f b e i n g n e a i o r b e i n g i n c o n t a c t w i i l i
t h e d i s v a l u e , w h e t h e r i n a l i t e r a l , p h y s i c a l sense, o r i n a n a n a l o g o u s sense 6.6.5 Qtieslioning as intentional Response
(i.e., w a n t i n g t o a v o i d s o m e t h i n g t h a t w o u l d " i n f e c " o n e ' s valu h o r i z o n ) .
A f e e l i n g o f a v e r s i n is n o t t h e s a m e as a m o v e m e n t o f b o d i l y t u r n i n g away, lhe l e n s i o n s o f i n c p i i r y a r e t h e m s e l v e s f e e l i n g s as i n t e n t i o n a l responses.
a l i h o u g h f e l t a v e r s i o n s c a n b e so s i r o n g as t o e l i c i t s u c h m o v e m e n t s a l m o s i I h e v a r e d e s i r e s f b r noetic a c t s a n c l noematic contents thal are absent f r o m
a u i o m a i i c a i i y , L i k e d e s l e s , a v e r s i o n s c a n a l s o b e p e r v e r s o , i n t h a t i t is p o iie's c o n s c i o u s n e s s . I n c p i i r i e s a r i s e I n r e s p o n s e t o s o m e noenniticcovMcnins
s i b l e 10 f e e l aversin n o t o n l y i u response to d i s v a l u e s b u t also towaid d n i i ; i g e n t objects - cp,iestions o f i n t e l l i g e n c e r e s p o n d t o c o n t e n t s o f e x p e -
vales. I l e i i i i n g , o r C| lies t i o n s f o r r e f l e c i i o n r e s p o n d 1.0 I b r m u l a t i o n s o f i n s i g h i s , f o r
. s , i m p l e . I n q n i r i e s s o m e i i m e s e v e n r e s p o n d t o noeticncia ( a s w l i e n we desire
6.6.2 Moods as alei'il/oiial Responses h l n n d e r s t a n d vvhat u u d e r s i a n d i u g i s ) .
' h i e s t i o n s o f v a l n e a r e a l s o e x a m p l e s o f d e s i r e s as intenti.inal res|.>orises.
People speak o f b e i n g i n a g o o d m o o d o r in a b a d m o o d . G o o d mootls ; i i < h i e s i i o n s s u c h as " I s i t w o r t h w l i i l e ? " o r " S h o u l d 1 d o i t ? " r e s p o n d l o t b e
i n t e n t i o n a l r e s p o n s e s i n c l u d e f e e l i n g s s u c h :S joie de vivie, confidence, hap l e i s i o o d c o u r s e s o f a c t i o n as t h e i r a g e n t o b j e c t s . T h e y d e s i r e t l i e v a l u e -
p i n e s s . j o y , h o p e f u l n e s s , c a l m , c o n s o l a u o n , a n d ecstasy. O n t h e o t h e r h a n d I u o w l e d g e to he k n o w n i n j u d g m e n t s o f valu o r t h e a c t u a l valu be real-
a n x i e t y , d e p r e s s i o n , stress, n o s t a l g i a , g r i e f , d e s o l a u o n , a n d r a g e a r e e x a n i ized i n a u i h e n t i c d e c i s i o n s . Yet t r a n s c e n d i n g all desires as intentional
p i e s o f b a d m o o d s . M o o d s t e n d tc^ b e f a i r l y l o u g - l a s t i n g f e e l i n g s , a n d i n d i le-.p.Mises, i n c l u d i n g all l i m i i e d quesdons o f valu, t h e r e is t h e u n r e -
viduals can even b e c h a r a c t e r i z e d by m o o d s t h a t last v i r t u a l l y t h e i r e n t i r e i i K l e d d e s i r e f b r t h e g o o d . Jt is a d e s i r e m a n i f e s t i n e v e r y one ofour
l i v e s . . M o o d s a r e l i k e afTects i n t h a t t h e y f e e l vales d i r e c t l y , a n d therefoie p i e s i i n i i s a b o u t w h a t is g o o d , w h a t is o f v a l n e . I t d e s i r e s t l i e g o o d n e s s a n d
u n l i k e d e s i r e s a u d a v e r s i o n s i l i a i f e e l vales i n d i r e c t l y . B u t u n l i k e affecis. ' . i h i e i n i e n d e d i n a n y p a r t i c u l a r cpiesti(.)n o f v a l n e , b u t goes beyond to
w h i c h t e n d to c o n f e r t h e vales t l i e y f e e l u p o n a specific object, inoods 1.1 .ibiMii still f u r t h e r vales. It u n d e r f j l n s a n d e m b r a c e s a l l e l h i c a l qiies-
r a n g e a c r o s s a w i d e vaiety o f o b j e c t s . W l i i l e m o o d s c a n a r i s e i n r e s p o n s e Uiin.s : d ) o i i t w l i a i o n e s l i o u l d d o . It i n c l u d e s e t h i c a l cpiestions, b u t goes
10 a p a r t i c u l a r a g e n t o b j e c i , i h e i r f e l t v a l t i a i i o n s w i l l t e n d 1.0 S[3read acros^t hevntid cpicstions a b o t i t the g o o d d i a l eme can make o r d o o n e s e l f It
t l i e w h o l e o f a p e r s o n ' s w o i ' l d . P a i a i c n l a r a f f e c t s , d e s i r e s , a n d a\'ersions r u . n 1 ' l e n d s l o e l i c i t i n g q u e s t i o n s a b o m i l i e g o o d n e s s o f w h a t is b e y o n d o n e ' s
c o m e a n d g o w i t h o u t s i g i h f l c a n t h ' a l t e r i i i g a m o o d . T b e mc^od c o l o u r s i h c <\\- b o t h t h e g o o d n e s s o f w h a t o t h e r h n m a n s h a v e a c c o m p l i s h e d
w'iiy in w h i c h these m o r e specibc f'eelings evalale t h e i r p a r t i c u l a r agent I l e l i n e o n e a r r i v e d o n t h e s c e n e , as w e l l as t h e g o o d n e s s o f n a t u r a l events
objects. m d 1 l i i n g s t h a t w e r e n o L p r o d n c e d by a n y h u m a n a c i i o n ai a l l . l l ex t e n d s ,
A pei"Son n i i g h t b e c o m e J o y f u l i n l e a r n i n g t h a t h i s b e l o v e d l o v e s h i m i n iheic t o i c , l o all q u e s u o n s a b o u i ihe gooclness, i h e valu, o f t h e e i u i r e
r e t u r n , b u t l i i s j o y is n o t l i m i t e d tc^ h i s b e l o v e d . H i s w h o l e w o r l d a n d evet^' universe a n d o f a l l h u m a n beings a n d t h e i r activides w i t h i n the u n f o l d i n g
t h i n g i n i t s e x p e r i e n c e d as h e a r i n g t h e valu o f b e i n g f i l l e d w i t h j o y . ( ) i i. l n . i i u i a l a n d h u m a n history. It even e x i e n d s to questions a b o u t goocL
a n o t h e r p e r s o n m a y b e c o m e d i s c o u r a g e d a n d d e p r e s s e d w h e n s h e loses h e i ness d i a l l u i g h i t r a n s c e n d t h e h u m a n a n d n a t u r a l o r d e r s . VVe w i l l return
J o b . Yet i t is n o t j u s t t h e J o b o r t h e e m p l o y e r w h o l e r n i i n a t e d h e r , o r e v e n t o i l i e s c issues i n c h a p t e r i 3 .
156 P a n 11: V V h a i A r e VVe D o i n g W h e n VVe A r e B e i n g E i h i c a l ? Feelings as I n i e n i i o n a l Responses a n d Ffoi"izons o l Feelings 15/
i n a n u n r e s u i c t e d f a s h i o n . VVe w i l l r e l u r n l o a f u l l e r d i s c u s s i o n o f t h e s e a n d V p a r t i c u l a r f e e l i n g s u c h as a n g e r , d e l i g h t , s o r r o v v , o r w o r r y m a y b e t o n c h e d
t h e i r r o l e s i n o u r h o r i z o n s o f f e e l i n g s i n c h a p t e r S. (ifl hy s o m e e v e n t . Vei t b e f e h r e s p o n s e is n o i j u s t a n g e r b u t a n g e r as ct~>n-
I n a d d i t i o n t o f e e l i n g s t h a t i n t e n d v a l e s as s u c h , t h e r e a r e a l s o feelings I reiely r e s o n a u n g with t h e felt preferences a n d p r o x i m i u e s that c o n s u t u t e
t h a t i n t e n d t h e r e l a t i o n s h i p s a m o n g x ' a l u e s . VVe feel n o t o n l y t h e d i s v a l u e o f dial pei"son's actual w e b o f f e e l i n g life. T h e way i n w h i c h the w h o l e n e t w o r k
s o m e t h i n g u g l y , b u l a l s o t h e r e l a t i o n o f u g l i n e s s l o b e a u t y . VVe f e e l n o t o n l y 1)1 l e e l i n g s i ' e s o n a i e s m a k e s t b e p e r s o n c o n s c i o u s o f l h e v a l u o f t h e agent
l h e valu o f a g e n t h n e l y c o u r a g e o u s d e e d , b i u its i ' e l a t i o n s t o t h e o r d i n a r i - (ihject.wiih all i l i e specihc c o n c r e t e i i e s s w i l h w l n c h he o r she a c t n a l l y does
ness o i ' m o s i d e e d s , as w e l l as i i s r e l a i i o n t o t i i e c o w a i c l i c e o f o t l i e r d e e d s . feel its v a l u . T h a l v a l u n e e d n o t b e e i t l i e r t h e c e n t i T i l or- d i e h i g h e s t v a l u
iVln.x Scheler- n o t e s t h a l c e n a i n k i n d s o f p e i s o n s ( w h o m l i e c a l i s " c o n i i i i o i i " ) irr i l i e s t i b j e c t ' s h o r i z o n o f v a h r e s . Yet l l i o s e c e n i r ' a l a n d h i g h e s t vales w i l l
a r e o n l y a b l e t o f e e l t h e valu o f s o m e t h i n g b\ m e a n s o f f e e l i n g c o m p a r i - (ilay t h e k e ) ' rciles i n d e i e r a i i i n i n g how t h e v a l u o f t h e a g e n t o b j e c t is f e l l .
s o n s a n d c o n t r a s i s . O t h e r s , w h o m h e c a l i s " n o l l e , " S c h e l e r says l i r s i feel linii that. vilue is f e l t d e t e r r r r i r r e s uihal t h a t v a l u is f o r i l i e s n b j e c i wlii:) feels
l h e vales t h e m s e l v e s d i r e c t l y , a n d t l i e i i c o m e t o feel t h e i i - i-elaticnis t o o n e il i n t h a t way. H e n e e , t a k e n as a w h o l e , a n y i n c l i v i d n a l p e r s o i T s concrete
a n o t l i e r . T h i s , h e says, is b e c a n s e t h e n o b l e p e r s o n f e e l s " h i s o w n valu horizon o f feelings i i o i o n l y d e t e r m i n e s ho^v e a c h particular constituent
a n d t h e fullness o f his b e i n g , an o b s c u r e con\'iction t h a t e n r i c h e s eveiy I e e l i n g is f e l t , b u l a l s o d e t e i m i n e s t h e c o n c r e t e raines that are bestowed
c o n s c i o u s m o m e n t o f b i s e x i s t e n c e , as i f h e w e r e r o o t e d i n t h e universe."'-'^ u p o n p a r t i c u l a r agent objects.
V A ' h e i h e r o n e Eii"st f e e l s t h e vales o r t h e r e l a t i o n s h i p s a m c j u g vales, t h e s e f.ach o f t h e spatial m e t a p h o r s - horizcii, t a r g e t , s c a l e , l a d d e r , d e p t h -
r e l a u o n s a m o n g vales c o m e t o c o n s c i o u s n e s s in other kinds of feelings draws a t t e n t i o n to c e r t a i n d i m e n s i o n s o f t h e c o m p l e x interconnecuons
t h e m s e l v e s , n o t i n i n s i g h i s o i " c o n c e p t s ov j u d g m e n t s . V V h e t l i e r o n e has a w i i h i n a l i o r i z o n o f f e e l i n g s as w e l l as i l i e r e l a t i o n s h i p s a m o n g t h e i r i n t e n d e d
n o b l e o r c o m m o n oi^ a n o t h e r k i n d o f c l i a r - a c i e r ; ever'v p e r s o n ' s l i o i - i z o n o f vales. S t i l l t l i e v ; n ' i a t i o n s i n d t r r a i i o n , a n d t h e d y n a m i c s h i f t i n g o f l e n s i o n s
f e e l i n g s w i t l i n c l t r d e f e e l i n g s o f r e l a i i c j n s a r n o n g v a l i r e s , as w e l l as f o r t h e . i i n m i g o u r f e e l i n g s as i n t e n i i o n a l r e s p o n s e s , p o i n t us t o w a r d s a f i n a l m e t a -
vales lliemselves. p h o r - t h a l o f coiii|3osiiioii, as i n t l i e c o m p o s i t i o n o f a p i e c e o f i i i u s i c , a
A m o n g t h e r e l a t i o n s d i a l we f e e l , t h e r e c a n be a n d u s u a l l y ai'e p e r - s i s d n g , p : i i i i l i n g , o r a w o r k o f I i i e r a i u r e . C o m p o s i t i o n s a m u c h m o r e complete
l u i r e s o l v e d felt lensioirs w i t h i n o u r constellaiicjns o f feelings - felt tensions meiaplior fbr ilie concrete constellation o f a person's actual feelings. .or
between dieir- I r o r i z o n i a l l a i ' g e i - l i k e o r d e i ' i n g s a n d t h e i r v e n i c a l s c a l e - l i k c is l h i s c o m p a r i s o n a c c i d e n t a l ; g r e a t w o r k s o f a n e x p r e s s i h e c o m p l e x i t i e s o f
c j r d e r i n g s , f o r e x a m p l e . A p e r s o n m a y w e l l f e e l t h a t g e n e i o s i i y is a h i g h e r fell e x p e r i e n c e s o f vales i n a l l t h e i r p e r s o n a l c o n c r e i e n e s s . In a painting
v a l u t h a n f i n a n c i a l a c c p i i s i t i o n , e v e n t h o u g h f e e l i n g s a b o u t f i n a n c i a l snc- the elements o f colour, line, a n d shape, o r again in music lhe elements of
cess s e e m t o b e c o n s t a n t l y a t t h e f c u e f r o n t o f h e r or h i s a t t e n t i o n . I t is n o i Kiiic, intensity, a n d r h y t h m , are p u t together i n t o c o m p l e x a n d nuanced
a c | u e s t i o i i t h a t i h e p e i s o n says h e v a l e s o n e t h i n g ( g e n e i o s i t y ) , b u t really visual o r a u d i t o r y r e l a u o n s w i l h o n e a n o t h e r T h e s e c o m p o s i u o n s relate
vales a n o i h e r ( f i n a n c i a l success). R a i h e i ; t h e [ j e r s o n r e a l l y x'ahies b o d i l h e e l e m e n t s t o g e t h e r l o pi-c")cluce a n o v e r a l l w h o l e , w h i l e t h e w h o l e g i v e s
g e n e r o s i t } ' a n d f u u u i c i a l success t h r o u g h f e e l i n g t h e m , b i u . d o e s so i n ways s p e c i a l s t i b d e i y a n c l | o i g n a n c y t o p a r t i c u l a r v i s u a l or sonoroirs elements.
t h a t a r e i n c o n l l i c t a n c l r'eally a r e f e l t i n t e n s i n w i t l i o n e a n o t h e r . I''.a(-li p a r t i c u l a r - c o l o u r - o i " u > r i e is l i k e a p a r i i c i i l a r f e e l i n g i n t e n t i o n ofsome
A n o i h e i " m e t a p h o r , d i a l o f a w e b o r i i e t , c a n be hel>nil i n i l l t i s l r a t i n g yei parcular valu.
a n o t h e r as[3eci o f t b e c o n s t e l l a t i o n o f i n t e n t i o n a l f e e l i n g s . A s p i d e r ' s w e b . l''.acli p e r s o n ' s h o r i z o n of f e e l i n g s s l i k e t h e w h o l e o f a n a i - t i s i i c c o m p o
f o i " e x a r i i [ 3 l e , is a n e t w o r - k o f i n t e r c o n n e c t e d n o d e s a n d t h r e a d s . V V l i e n a par- s i i i i n i . By i n e a n s o f t h e c o n c r e t e h ' c o m p o s e d arrangement o f leelings, a
t i c u l a r n o d e i n t h a t n e i w o r k is s t i m u l a t e d , i l i e w h o l e n e i w o r k r e s o n a t e s w i d i p i - r s o n f e e l s vales n o i i n a v a c u m n b u t as r e l a i e d a n d m o d u l a t e d . B y m e a n s
a f r e c p i e n c y a n d p a t t e r n t h a t is c l i a r a c i e r i s t i c o f t h a t p a r t i c u l a i - s t i n i u l a t i o i i . o f lhat. c o m p o s i i i o n o f f e e l i n g s , a p e r s o n situai.es h e r s e l f o r h i m s e l f w i t h i n a
T h e v i b r a t i o n p a i i e r n o f i l i e w h o l e w e b is d e t e r m i n e c l b o i l i b y l h e s p e c i f i c w o r l d o f vales, w i t h c o n c r e t e i n i e i i s i t i e s , e m p h a s e s , p r e f e r e n c e s , nuances,
s t i n i u l u s a t s o i n e s p e c i f i c p o i n t , as w e l l as b y t h e w h o l e w e b ' s n e t w o r k w h i c h aud ainbigiiilies.
sitales l h a i s p e c i f i c p o i n t . ( S p i d e r e a r e a b l e l o i d e n i i f y t h e l o c a t i o n ofa l l l o r d e r t o f u r t h e r i l l u s t r a t e h o w t h e s e v a r i o u s m e t a p h o r s assist i n d i s -
t r a p p e d insect by m e a n s o f t h e d i l T e r e n i resonances o f t h e w h o l e web.) l u a c e r n i n g t h e a r r a n g e m e n t o f feelings in a h o r i z o n , consider ihe e x a m p l e of
s i m i l a r f a s h i o n , f e e l i n g s r e s p o n d t o p a r c u l a r c o n s c i o u s a c t s o r c o n t e n t s as a p e r s o n f o r w h o m r e c e i v i n g h o n o u r f r o m " i m p o r t a m " p e o p l e is b o t h t h e
t h e i r a g e n t o b j e c t s . B u t f e e l i n g s d o n o t r e s p o n d as s e p r a t e , i s o l a t e d acts of c e i i i r a l a n d t h e h i g h e s t v a l u , T h e p e r s o n is w o r k i n g o n a s p e e c l i fb?- a n
c o n s c i o u s n e s s ; r a t h e r , i t is t h e p e r s o n ' s w h o l e w e b o f f e e l i n g s t h a t resionds, i m p o r t a n t a u d i e n c e . A n " u n i m p o r t a n t " n e i g h b o u r c o m e s b y a n c l asks f o r a
T
166 P a n I I : W h a i A r e We D o i n g W h e n We A r e l i e i n g E i i c a l ? Feelings as i n i e n t i o n a l Responses a n d |-iorizons o!" Feelings 1 67
(hst.ihih/.c- i m i - l i o r i z o n s o f feelings. h i c h a p i e r 8, we w i l l r e t u r n l o a f u l l e r
cxploraon oflhese l e n s i o n s as w e l l as l o i h e p r o b l e i n a i i c o f v a l n e objeciiv- 7 Feelings a n d Valu Reflection
ily. I t w i l l b e a r g u e d l h e r e t h a t e v e r y p e r s o n ' s h o r i z o n s o f l e e l i n g s h a s d e e p
a n d p e r t n a n e n t sources o f tensions, w h i c h can o n l y be resolved by whai
l . o n e r g a n t e r i n e d " c o n v e r s i n . " T h a t c h a p t e r w i l l also a r g e t h a t r e s o l u h o n
o f those tensions i h r o i i g l i convei-sion h o l d s t h e key to w h a t n i i g h t be mea ni
by b i l l ( n o i m e r e l y r e l a d v e ) o b j e c u v i t y o f j u d g m e n t s o f valu i n g e n e r a l a n d
J u d g m e m s o f e t h i c a l v a l u n p a r d c u l a r .
7. r Introduction
I h a p t e r 4 o f f e r e d a n o v e r v i e w c^f t h e s i r u c l u r e o f e t h i c a l i n i e n t i o n a l i t y . T h a t
ai l u i u r e b e g i n s t o o p r a t e w h e n cpicstions arise a b o u t w h a t we s h o u l d d o .
flese q u e s i i o n s arise o u l o f o u r e x p e r i e n c e s and our prior understand-
ings a n d j u d g m e n t s o f fact. T h e y iniuaie the dynamism o f the structure
MI elhical intentionality. T h a t structure begins with quesuons seeking to
i t h j i ' c i i v e l y u n d e r s t a u d t h e f a c t u a l s i t u a t i o n i n w h i c h o n e nds o n e s e l f . I t
llien progresses t.o c p i e s i i o n s s e e k i n g p r a c t i c a l i n s i g l u s i n t o p o s s i b l e intel-
lij'Jblc ecjurses o f a c t i o n . l l c o n t i n e s ihroiigi valu r e n e c i i o n , t h e g r a s p o f
MMually u n c o n d i t i o n e d valu, a u d consecjtient j u d g m e n t s o f v a l n e . It ends
(\iili d e c i s i o n s c o n c e r n i n g t h o s e j u d g m e n t s , a n d a c t i o n s t h a t i m p l e m e n t
lliDse d e c i s i o n s .
J i u l g i n e n t s o f e t h i c a l valu a u d h o w we a r r i v e a t t h e m a r e t h e r e f o r e of
Miiiral importance in the structure o f e t h i c a l intentionality. These j u d g -
l u e i i i s lia\'e t h e f o r m , " I n t e l l i g i b l e , possil^le c o u r s e o f a c i i o n / h a s v a l u V"
\e / is s u p p l i e d by a p r a c u c a l i n s i g h l a n d l''is s u | 3 p l i e d b y a p e r s o n ' s h o r i -
.-Mii o f feelings. Because o f i h e c o m p l e x i t i e s s u r r o u n d i n g t h e intenonality
l l l l e e l i n g s , t h e i r r o l e i n a r r i v i n g a l j u d g m e r i i s o f e t h i c a l valu c o u l d o n l y b e
' . k e i e l i e d e a r l i e r i n t h e c h a p t e r z[. S i n c e d i o s e c o m p l e x i t i e s w e r e e x p l o r e d i n
M i m e d e t a l l i n t h e i n t e r v e n i n g c h a p t e r s , i i is n o w p o s s i b l e t o e x p a n d u p o n
1 h.ii a b b r e v i a t e d sketch.
| u d g u i e i i t s o f e t h i c a l v a l u a b o u t a c o u r s e o f a c d o n as w o r t h w h i l e o r
(ihligatory make u p only a p a r t o f tbe m u c h b r o a d e r range ofjudgments
i>l \alu<- i u g e n e r a l . W e d o n o t j u d g e o n l y t h e v a l e s o r d i s v a l u e s o f a c t i o n s
we c d i i t e m p l a i e t i n d e r t a k i n g . VVe a l s o m a k e u c l g m e n t s a b o u l \'ahies t h a t
17(1 l ' . i i t I I : \Mi.ii Ai< WV D n i i i g W h e n We A r e B e i n g EUiical? Feelings a n d Valu R e f l e c d o n 171
So f a r h e r f e e l i n g s h a v e a k i n d o f i n f a l l i b i l i t y . T h e c o m p l e x w a y t h a l l i e t II , i d h e r l o c o r r e c t h e r p i e v i o u s b e l i e f t h a t t h e y a r e l i m i t e d t o females.
feelings r e s p o n d to his a p p e a r a n c e brings lo her consciousness lhe disvaliir Noiiie lhat mosi o f these are cpiesiions ancl answers about biological
o f n n h e a l t h i n e s s i l i a i s e e m s t o h a v e b e f a l l e n h i n i . T h e r e is a n a t u r a l t r u s t (ti I . . r r e c p i e n i l ) ' , t l i e f u r i h e r q u e s t i o n s p e r t i n e n t t o a q u e s t i o n o f v a l n e are
w o r t i u n e s s 10 h e r f e e l i n g s as f a r as h i s a p p e a r a n c e s go. B u t o f c o n r s e then u i d e e d ( p i e s t i o n s o fact. W h i l e k n o w l e d g e o f facts a l o n e n e v e r s i i p p l i e s a l l
is m o r e t o cc")nsider t h a n a p p e a r a n c e s alone. H e r l e e l i n g s a b o u t his a p p e a i dn I o n d i i i o n s n e e d e d i n o r d e r to fully answer quesiions o f v a l n e , arriv-
a n e e p r o m p t h e r t o ask c p i e s t i o n s , a n d t h e q u e s t i o n s a r e p i u s u e d w i t h .1 iiij; .11 k n o w l e d g e a b o u l f a c t s is a l m o s t a l w a ) ' s e s s e n t i a l i n m o s t p r o c e s s e s o f
certain urgency p r o m p t e d b>' h e r f e e l i n g responses a b o u t how he looks (iliie icnecticm. True judginenis ofvalne a r e reastic. G e n u i n e j u d g m e n t s
S h e w o n d e i " s w h a t c h a n g e s i u h i s a p p e a r a n c e a r e m a k i n g h e r f e e l t h i s wa\ <'i v . i l i i e a r e n o t a b o u t v a l e s o n e m i g h t w i s h w e r e a c t u a l ; l a t h e r , a u i h e n t i c
S h e l h e n r e a l i z e s t h a t i t is b e c a u s e h i s f a c e s e e i n s s l i g h d ) ' a s h e n a n d iiioii' .iliir I e l l e c t i o n s f a c e questic")ns o f f a c t o b j e c t i v e l y a n d a r r i v e a t n n b i a s e d , v i r -
gaiiui. His bodily movements s e e m a l i t i l e a w k w a r d . S o o n s h e asks h e r s e l l , i u a l l v u u c j i i d i t i o n e d j u d g m e m s a b o u i t b e u n e vales o r d i s v a l u e s o f t h o s e
is h e a l l r i g h t ? I I I is,
j u d g m e n t o f v i t a l valu - a j u d g m e n t a b o u t w h e t h e r h e is i n g o o d h e a l t h 0 1 III .ilih. Scientists' investigations can stipply some factual k n o w l e d g e about
1101. .Also e n t e r i n g i n t o h e r p r o c e s s e s o f v a l u r e f l e c u o n a r e f e e l i n g s a h o i i i l h e h i o ( h e m i s t r y a n d p h y s i o l o g ) ' o f i h i s k i n d o f d i e t , a n d so o n . W i i h o u t
s o c i a l a n d c u l t u r a ! vales. S h e w o u l d l i k e 10 say, "Yc^u l o o k h o r r i b l e . VVhal dn liMiher, c o n s t i t u l i v e c o n i r i b u i i o n s p l a y e d h\ f e e i i n g s t h a t i n i e n d vales,
is w i ' o n g ? " B u l h e d o e s n o t l o o k so h o n i b l e as t o j u s t i f y so g r e a t a d e p a i hi.wevii. lhis factual knowledge w i l l n o t yet be k n o w l e d g e o f those facts
u n e froin acceptable s o c i a l a n d c u l t u r a l vales r e g a r d i n g c a s u a l c o u v e i s . i fi\l t o t h e valueo h e a l d i . T h o s e quesiions o f a n d answers about
U o i i s . S o i n s t e a d s h e asks t h e m o r e i n i i C ) c u o u s , " H o w a r e y o u d o i n g ? " H i - 1,11 is I a n b e g i v e n a n e w s t a t u s as ) > e r t i i i e n i ( o r as i r r e l e v a n t ) 10 m a t t e r s o f
responds, "Tve made a b i g life change. I am on the Atkiiis diet." Nrvn v . i l u c . h y t h e m a n n e r n w h i c h h e a l t h is f e l t as a v a l u . T h e f e l t v a l u a u o n o f
h a v i n g h e a r d o f t h i s d i e t b e f o r e , s h e b e g i n s t o ask h i m q u e s t i o n s a l x m t i l . h e a l d i w i l l d e t e r m i n e r e l e v a n c e a n d p e r t i n e n c e o f l h e s e facts f o r t h e valu
H e t e l l s l i e r i t is a n a l l - n i e a l d i e t 10 h e l p l o s e w e i g l i t . "1 was b e g i n n i n g t u ol liealih. O n c e t l i e r e a r e n o f u n h e r q u e s t i o n s of f a c t o r valu l h a t a r e
feel fat, so 1 d e c i d e d to lose s o m e w e i g h i . " H e r f e e l i n g s s h i f t a n d i n i e n s i f y i n p e i h n e n i t o t h i s v a l u as f e l t , o n l y t h e n w i l l s h e b e a b l e t o m a k e t h e v i r t u -
r e s p o n s e t o his r e m a r k , b e c a u s e h e r f r i e n d has always b e e n q u i t e s l i m . She .ilh u n c o n d i t i o n e d j u d g m e n t , " M y f r i e n d is n o l h e a l t h y , " w h e r e "healthy"
asks h i m f u r d i e i " q u e s t i o n s , a n d l a t e r s h e b e g i n s to seek answers l o o t h t a _ d e l i v i - s i t s m e a n i n g f r o m h o w s h e f e e l s t h e valu o f h e a l t h . I n o t l i e r w o r d s .
17S l ' a n 11: W h a i A r e We D o i n g W h e n We A r e B e i n g l l r h i c a l ? f e e l i n g s a n d Valne R e l l e c i i o n 179
w i t h the c o n f b r m i t y o f o u r d e c i d i n g a n d a c t i n g to o u r k n o w l e d g e ofethi-
7.7 An Altrnate Inteiprelation
c a l v a l e s . T h e f e l t o r d e i ' i n g o f f e e l i n g s f o r c e n a i n vales ( o r d i s v a l u e s ) i n
our h o r i z o n o f f e e l i n g s c a n b e so i n t e n s e t h a t i t o v e r r i d e s c ) u r J u d g m e n t s
M r e h a e l V e r t i n has a r g u e d f o r a d i f f e r e n t i n i e r p r e t a t i o n <.)f i h e r e i a i i o n s h i p
of raines. P e o p l e c a n a n d d o c h o o s e v a l e s as f e l t e v e n w h e n t h e s e s t a n d i n
lll i w < e n j u d g m e m s o f v a l n e a n d f e e l i n g s as i n t e n o n a l r e s p o n s e s . F i e d o e s
o p p o s i u o n t o e l h i c a l v a l e s as k n o v v n .
,i|u<-e w i l h B r i a n C r o n i n a u d i n e t h a l j n d g m e n i s o f v a l n e can be objective
A s w e i l as o u r j u d g n i e n i s o f v a l n e , so a i s o o u r c i i o i c e s a u d a c i i o n s always viren t h e r e is a g r a s p o f t l i e j u d g n i e n i as v i r t u a l l y u n c o n d i t i o n e d , w l i i c l i s
t a k e t h e i r b e a r i n g s w i t h r e s p e c t t o o u r h o r i z o n s o f feeiings. VVhen we speak M>mj)arable 1 0 t h e act o f refiective nderstanding that g r o u n d s objective
o f " d i f f i c u l t decisions'" o r "ethical d i l e m m a s , " this usually aiiests to conflicts i n d g r n e n i s of fac. H e a i l o p t e d t h e t e r m " d e l i b e r a t i v e i n s i g h l ' ' l o r d i i s , w h i l e I
and tensions a m o n g o u r feelings f o r vales. VVhen we d e c i d e a n d act in li.ixe p r e f e r r e d l o use "gi-;tsp o f v i r t u a l l y u n c o n d i t i c - m e d v a l u " ( w h e r e " g i - a s p "
a c c o r d w i t h o b j e c v e J u d g m e n t s o i e t h i c a l v a l u , w e l a k e s i d e s w i t h o n e set i i i c a u s a v a l u e - r e f l e c i i v e a c i o f n d e r s t a n d i n g , i.e., i n s i g h t ) . ^ '
o f f e e l i n g s f o r vales a g a i n s t o l h e r f e e l i n g s f o r x'alues. W e h a v e t o o \ ' e r c o m e flie difference beiAveen V e r t i n ' s josition a n d m y o w n , h o w e v e r , is m o r e
t h e f e l t vales a u d t h e a t t i a c t i ( j n s o f t h e o t h e r c o u r s e s o f a c t i o n . S u c h d e c i - ihaii l e r n i i n o i o g i c a l , a u d his t h i n k i n g o n ihe nature o f the dcliberaiive
s i o n s have c o n s e q u e n c e s to w h i c h o u r f e e l i n g s also r e s p o n d , a d d i n g t h e f e l l i n s i g h t has u n d e r g o u e s o m e e v o l u i i o n . I n a 1 9 9 5 r d e l e , he a r g u e d t h a t t h e
vales o f t h e c o n s e q u e n c e s o f o u r e t h i c a l a c t i o n s to l h e pric)r consiellaoii l U ' l i h e r a i i v e i i i s i g l i i is a f e e l i n g t h a t is a n i r i i e n i i o m i i r'esponse; " T h e i n s i g l n
o l " f e e l i n g s for- vales. "J'hls t e n d s t o r e i u i ' o r c e d i e f e e l i n g s that ccmformed
\}\ w h i c h I g n i s p l i l i s u n i t y [ o l c c u d i i i o n e d a n d f u l f i l l i n g c o u d i i i o n s j is a u
w i l h o u r elhical j u d g m e n t s , a n d to l e d t i c e tlie iniensity o f those that were
ici o f y/ec/iJ:cognion."'' M o r e r e c e n t l y , h e p r o p o s e d i n s t e a d t h a t f e e i i n g s
i u c o n f l i c t w i t h t h e m . T l i i s t r a n s f o r n i a t i o n c^f o u r l i c n i z o n o f f e e l i n g s su|>
as i n i e n u o n a l r e s p o n s e s f u n c d o n as l h e p r i m a r y f u l f i l l i n g c o n d i t i o n s f o r t h e
p o r t s l h e t r a n s f o r m e d h a b i t of d e c i d i n g a n d a c t i n g t h a t w a s a l s o m o d i f i e d
delil}erau\ i n s i g h t i l i a t g i a s p s a p r o s p e c t i v e j t i d g i n e n i o f v a l n e as v i r i u a l l y
b y t h e decisin.
u n c o n d i t i o n e d , r a t h e r t h a n as i d e n t i c a l w i t l i d i e d e l i b e r a t i v e i n s i g h l i t s e l f
Flowex'er, w h e n d e c i s i o n s d e v i a t e f r o m o b j e c t i v e e l h i c a l j u d g n i e i i i s , t h e y I n b o t h cases, V e r i i n ' s a c c o u n t o f t h e \o\e p l a ) ' e d b y f e e l i n g s i u t l i e g r a s p
a i s o h a v e t h e i r i m p a c t s cjn h o r i z o n s o f f e e i i n g s a n d i i a b i t s o f c h o o s i n g a n t l ni l h e v i r t u a l l y i i n c o i i d i t i < i i i e d g r o u n d i n g g l j u d g m e n t s o f v a l n e d i l f e r s f r o m
a c n g . W h a t was i n i t i a l l y q u i t e d i f T i c u l t f o r us t o d o , b e c a u s e w e h a d t o m y o w n . A l i h o u g h I agree w i t h lilni that teelings e m e r g e in response to vari-
o v e r e m e I x i i h t h e k n o w l e d g e t h a t i t was v v r o u g a n d t h e f e e l i n g s i n s i i p p o r i mis a g e n t o b j e c t s a n d i h e r e b ) ' b e s u n v u p o n t h e m a f e l t s e n s e o f valu,-*' 1
o f lhat knowledge, b e c o m e s less d i f F i c t i l l s u b s e q u e n d y . T h e lestilt o f onr li;i\'e a r g u e d t h a t t h e s e f e e l i n g s a r e c o m p o n e n t s i n o u r m o r e encompassing
t i n e t b i c a l a c i i o n c a n r e i i i f o r c e t h e f e e l i n g s t h a t a t t r a c t e d i t t o us i n t h e ftrst h o r i z o n o f f e e l i n g s o f v a l e s . A s s u c h , t h e i r r o l e is t o p r o v i d e t h e c r i i e r i a
p l a c e , f u r t h e r d i s t o r t i n g o u r h o r i z o n o f f e e l i n g s a n d i i i c l i n i n g us t o w a r d s a( c o r d i n g t o w h i c h t h e i n d i v i d u a l s u b j e c t w i l l r e g a r d f u r t h e r q u e s t i o n s as
repeiilions of the action. Where s o m e o f o u r feelings at least s u p p o r t e d [>ei t i n e n t t o t h e j u d g m e n t o f \ a i u e . T h i s is t h e c a s e w h e t h e r t h e j u d g n i e u t
our knowledge o f the ethical course o f a c t i o n , now those feelings become o f v a l n e pei-tains to a n already e x i s i i n g reality o r a possible course o f a c t i o n .
muffled i n i h e b a c k g r o u n d . Moi-eover, this distortion o f oui" feeling hori- I lence t h e feelings are n o t themselves t h e grasp o f virtually u n c o n d i t i o n e d
z o n s b e g i n s t o lay a m o r e p r o m i n e n t r o l e i n o u r f u t u r e r e f i e c d o n s about v a l u , f o r t h a t is t h e p i o v i n c e o f a k i n d o f u i i d e i " s t a n d i n g o r i n s i g h t s e p r a l e
'^O P a n I I ; W'liHi A r e We D o i n g W h e n We A r e B e i n g Fi.hical? f e e l i n g s a n d Valu Reflection '201
T h e b r e g o i n g e x a m p l e is a d i T e r e n t k i n d o f i l l u s t r a i i o n o f h o w r e l e c t i o n
a r r i v e s a i a j u d g m e n t a b o u t a c o u r s e o f a c t i o n . I t d o e s so u n d e r t h e sway
o f tliese pet'sons' h o r i z o n s o f f e e l i n g s . II" real-li'e e x a m p l e s o f s u c h r i i t h l e s s
p e o p l e a r e r e l a t i v e l y few, i n s t a n c e s o f p e o p l e w l i o s e \ ' e n g e a u c e d i s i o r t s t h e i r
better j u d g m e n t are m o r e n u m e r o u s .
C l e a r l y i l i e r e is s o m e t l i i n g d i s t u r b i n g a b o u t t l i e e x a m p l e o f D a n t s , a n d
i t was d e l i b e r a t e l y c h o s e n l o e l i c i t this d i s t u r b i n g sense. T h e i n i e n i o f t h e
e x a m p l e is t o h e i g h i e n a w a r e n e s s t h a t a u i h e n t i c r e s p o n s i b i l i t y d e p e n d s p r o -
f b u n d l y u p o n living in an a u i h e n i i c l i o r i z o n o f leelings, Such a realizadon
c a n l e a d t o t o t a l d e s p a i r a b o u t t h e p o s s i b i l i t y o f a u t h e n i i c r e s p o n s i b i l i t y II
the exercise o f v a l u r e f l e c t i o n is so u t t e r l y d o n i i n a i e d b y t h e l i o r i z o n o f
f e e l i n g s , h o w c a n a n y o n e e v e r a r r i \ ' e a t o b j e c t i ve j u d g m e n t s a b o u t g e n u i n e l ) '
w o r t h w h i l e c o u r s e s o f a c t i o n ? Is n o t o u r c a p a c i t ) ' f o r r e s p o n s i b l e r e f l e c t i o n
i m p r i s o i i e d w i d i i n the c o n f i n e s o f o u r l i o r i z o n s o f feeling? I t s u r e l y seems
t h a t i f v a l u r e f l e c u o n is d e i e r m i n e d b y f e e l i n g s , l h e r e c a n b e n o w a y t o
t h i n k o n e ' s way o u l o f a n i n a u t l i e n t i c h o r i z o n o f i e e l i n g s .
I'AKT THREE
H.i Introduction
t
212 P a n I I I : VVliy ls D o i n g TIiaL B e i n g Faliical? H o r i z o n s o l ' F e e l i n g s , Convi;rson, a n d O b j e c i i v i l y 213
q u e s t i o n s f o r i n t e l l i g e n c e , a n c l j u s t as t r u t h a n d b e i n g a r e w h a t a r e i n t e n d e d Mil I i n d g m e n t s . F o r h u m a n b e i n g s , a l l c o n c e p u o n s o f a n d j u d g m e n t s a b o u t
in questions for reflecuon."'" Agreeing with Lonergan's p o i n t that vahirs i l n g,outl a i e l i m i t e d , w h i l e i l i e d e s i r e f o r l h e g o o d is u n r e s t r i c i e d . T h r o u g h
a r e i n t e n d e d i n q u e s t i o n s f o r d e l i b e r a u o n , i is n e c e s s a r y t o g e n e r a l i z o his ilnn (|uestioiis o f v a l n e , h u m a n beings t r a n s c e n d t h e i r pre\'ious acliieve-
f o r i n u l a u o u a n d say t h a t t h e n o u o n o f valu is m a n i f e s t a l s o i n q u e s u o n s f u i ni< Ills aud concepuons and judgments regarding the good, and head
e v a l u a d o n , as w e l l as q u e s t i o n s f o r d e l i b e r a t i o n . A s w e saw i n l h e previous i i i \ \ , u < l s vales t h a t a r e as y e t u n k n o w n a n d u n c h o s e n . Q u e s u o n s ofvalne,
c h a p t e r , s o m e t i m e s w e d o ask q u e s u o n s a b o u l t h e v a l e s o f q u a l i u e s , e v e n t s . d n i c l o r e , are f u n d a m e n t a l m o d e s o f h u m a n p a r t i c i p a d o n i n t h e quest t b r
t h i n g s , s i t u a t i o n s , a n d p e r s o n s w i t h o u t f u r t h e r d e l i b e r a i i n g i n o r d e r t o alsn i m l i m i t e d , u n r e s t r i c t e d valu a n d g o o d n e s s .
d e c i d e o r d o a n y d i i n g i n d i r e c t respcinse to t h e s e j u d g m e n t s o f v a l n e . Sonu- f h e fact thal we bave an u n l i m i t e d d e s i r e for tlie g o o d t h a t goes b e y o n d
o f o u r v a l u q u e s t i o n s a r e s i m p l y f o r t b e s a k e C)f k n o w i n g vales w i t h o u t a n \ u n o f tur c o n c e p t i o i i s o l t h e g o o d p o s e s a p r o b l e m . I f l h i s is t h e case, h o w
i n m i e d i a i e i n i e n i i o n l o m a k e d e c i s i o n s o r u n d e n a k e a c U o n s o n t h e basis o l , i i c w'v t o t a l k a b o u t t h e g o o d ? A l t h o u g h w e n e e d t o e x p r e s s t o ourselves
t h e s e j u d g n i e n i s o f vales. D e l i b e r a i i n g , o n t h e o t h e r h a n d , a l w a y s c a r r i e s , n i d l o o t h e r s w h a t w e m e a n b\ d i e w o r d " g o o d , " s i i l l w e c a n n o t adequately
the c o n n o t a t i o n o f c o n s i d e r i n g a course o f action to be u n d e r t a k e n . D e l i h i.itk : i b o u t it b ) ' i n e a n s o f a n v o f o u r c o n c e p u o n s o f t h e g o c ) d , b e c a u s e t h e s e
e r a t i n g i n L o n e r g a n ' s s e n s e is w h a t I h a v e b e e n c a l i i n g " e t h i c a l r e f l e c t i o n " - lll l a l l s h o r i o f ils f u l l m e a n i n g . VVe c a n , h o w e v e r , t a l k a b o u t t h e g o o d i i i d i -
the process o f s e e k i n g j u d g m e n t s o f e t h i c a l v a l n e f o r t h e sake o f c h o o s H ( i l \d h e u r i s t i c a l l y . VVe c a n l a l k a b o u l t h e g o o d i n i i s r e l a t i o n l o o u r
i n g a n d a c t i n g o n t h e basis o f t h o s e j u d g m e n t s . T I u i s , w h e n he defines i i i i i e s i r i c t e d d e s i r e f o r t h e g o o d . l l is p c j s s i b l e t o t a l k a b o u t t h e g o o d as t h a t
lhe n o t i o n o f v a l n e solely i n t e r m s o f (jtiestious f o r d e l i b e r a t i o n , Lonergan u h i i i i d i e u n r e s t r i c i e d d e s i r e d e s i r e s - t o l a l k a b o u l i h e g o c ) d as i l i e cbjec-
s e e m s u n n e c e s s a r i h ' t o r e s i r i c i t h e n o t i o n o f v a l n e t o t h e vales t h a l a r e t o h e i i \ o l l h i s u n r e s u i c t e d d e s i r e o f w h i c h w e a r e a w a r e . T h a t d e s i r e is e v i d e n t
r e a l i z e d i h i o u g h h u m a n c h o i c e a n d a c t i o n , l l is m o r e a c c u r a t e , therefore, .md available a n d m a n i f e s t i n l h e v a l n e - i n q u i r i n g spirit o f each a u d every
t o say l h a t t b e i r a n s c e n d e n i a l n o t i o n o f v a l n e is m a n i f e s t i n a l l q u e s t i o n s fot l i u m a n b e i n g . F l e n c e i t is p o s s i b l e t o t a l k a b o u t t h e g o o d as t h e o b j e c t i v e of
e x a l u a t i o u as w e l l as f o i " d e l i b e r a t i o n - n o t o n l y c p i e s i i o i i s r e g a r c h n g e t h i c a l l h e t o i a l i t y o f a l l t p i e s i i o i i s o f v a l n e - as w h a t is i n t e n d e d n o t i n a n v p : i r i i c u -
vales, b i u a l s o q u e s i i o n s r e g a r d i n g a l l vales i n g e n e r a l . l . u ( | i i e s i i o i i o f v a l n e , b u i i n i h e o v e r a l l , ( m g o i n g , d v n a m i c p r o c e s s o f v;Uue
As a d e s i r e I b r j u d g m e i u s o f v a l n e , d e c i s i o n s , a u d a c t i o n s , l h e i r a n s c e n - iiii|iiir}'. Wc w i l l r e l u r n l o l h i s io|:)ic i n c h a p i e r s i i - i ^ p
d e n i a l n o t i o n o f v a l n e is i t s e l f a f e e l i n g o f i n i e n i i o n a l r e s p o n s e . L ' n l i k e t h e < i l e a r h ' , t h e n , o u r u n r e s t r i c t e d n o t i o n o f v a l n e is a l s o a f e e l i n g w i t h i n o u r
f e e l i n g esponses o f affects, t h i s d e s i r e i n t e n d s vales t h r o u g h its q u e s i i o n i n g - h o r i z o n o f f e e l i n g s . b e c a u s e i t is a u i n i e n i i o n a l r e s p o n s e o f d e s i r i n g vales,
t h a t is t o say, i h r o u g l i its d e s i i ' e f o r answers. T h e u^anscendenial notion l ' u i ( h e r m o r e , b e c a u s e iis d e s i r i n g is u n r e s t r i c t e d , l h i s d e s i r e is a p e r m a n e n t
ofvalne r a i s e s q u e s t i o t i s a b o u t w h e i h e i " s o m e i h i n g is " t r u l y o r o n l y a p p a i s o u r c e ot t e n s i o n s i u the horizc)u o f h u m a n feelings. O u r questions Ibr
ently g o o d . " " M c i r e o v e r , b e c a u s e t h e r e is n o l i m i t t o w h a t w e c a n a s k a b o u l deliberation, evaluaiion, and choice leave us d i s c o n t e n i e d w i t h whatever
goodness a n d valne, o u r t r a n s c e n d e n t a l n o u o n o f v a l n e is a n u n r e s t r i c t e d l i n i t e g o o d s we h a v e t h u s far k n o w n a n d chosen, a u d eveu less c o n t e n
desiiiiig. T h i s transcendental n o i i o n remains dissaiisfled with any l i m i t e d w i l h t h e wavs t h a t b i a s e s h a v e i n f i l t r a t e d a n d d i s i o r t e d o u r v a l u k n o w i n g
i t u a g e s , i d e a s , j u d g m e n t s , f e e l i n g s , o r a i i a i n m e n t s o f valu, B e c a u s e o f o u r , m d c h o o s i n g . T h e tp.iesi.ions i h a i a r i s e f r o m l h e t r a n s c e n d e n t a l n o i i o n o f
n o t i o n o f v a l n e , we c a n n o t rest u n t i l we have a f f i r n i e d , c h o s e n , a n d accepied v . i l i i e l e a d ns t o m a k e b e t t e r w h a t a l r e a d y is g o o d n l i m i t e d ways, a n d t o
e v e r y t l i i n g t o w a r d s w h i c h t h i s d e s i r e i m p e l s us - n a m e l y , e v c r y t h i n g good. o v e r e m e , h e a l , r e c i i f y , a n d restte w h a t e v e r c o r r u p i s a n d d e s i r o y s valu.
L i k e w i s e , i t i m p e l s ns t o n e g a i e ( i . e . , t o o b j e c t i v e l y judge negatively) aud ' f h e l e n s i o n s i u i . r o d t i c e d by t h e u n l i m i i . e d d e s i r e f o r valu are n o t o n l y
i t j e c t e v e i y t h i n g t h a t is a d i s v a l u e . O u r i r a n s c e n d e n i a l n o u o n o f v a l u w i l l ditccted towards e v a l u a i i n g a n d p e r f e c t i n g the exiernal natural a n d h u m a n
be satisfied o n l y i n l h e embt-ace o f ever)'thing g o o d a b o u t eveiy g o o d t h i n g - worlds. O u r transcendental n o t i o n o f v a l n e is a l s o , a n d p e r h a p s m o s t p r i -
a n d only b y w h a t is g o o d . iiiordially, d i r e c t e d towards o u r o w n sellliood. l l is d i r e c t e d especially
U n d e r p i n n i n g e v e r y s p e c i f i c q u e s t i o n o f v a l u , t h e r e f o r e , is a d e s i r e t h a t l o w i u d s o u r horizcjns o f leelings because o u r horizons are prcTfoundly coii-
i n t e n d s valu p r i o r to k n o w l e d g e o r c h o i c e o f vales. P r i o r to j u d g m e n i s siii Ulive o f t h e i d e i i d t v ' a n d valu o f w h o we are. Because i i i s u n r e s t r i c t e d ,
a n d c o i i c e p t i o n s o f t h e g o o d , h u m a n c o n s c i o u s n e s s is i n u i n s i c a l l y o r i e n t e d .IS i i l m o s t n o O l h e r f e e l i n g is, t h e i r a n s c e n d e n i a l n o t i o n o f v a l u is a s o u r c e
towards l h e good, and indeed towards the u n l i m i t e d , unrestricted good. ' '1 p e r m a n e n t l e n s i o n t o w a r d s s e l f - c o r r e c u o n a n d s e l f - t r a n s c e n d e n c e - w h a t
T h e h u m a n desire for the g o o d precedes all h u m a n c o n c e p t i o i i s a n d j u d g - 1 . o n e r g a n calis " m o r a l self-transcendence."'^ T h i s m e a n s t h a t , u l i i n i a t e l y , we
m e n t s o f t h e g o o d . I t also o u t l a s t s a n d goes b e y o n d a l l sucli c o n c e p o i i s < a u n e v e r r e s t c o n t e n w i l h a n y t l i i i i g less t h a n a f e e l i n g h o r i z o n t h a t is n
'Z\4 P:ii-L I l i : W i i y l.s O o i n g T h a i l i e i n g l u l i i a i l r fioriz(.>n.s o l ' Feelings, t ' o n v e r s i o n , a n d O b j e c i i v i i v 2 I\
our nouon ofvalne, praclical insights are soughi, praclical refleciion and j e i l i n g o f b a s i c f u l f i l l m e n t . I n a n u n r e s t r i c t e d f a s h i o n i i i n i e n d s a l l vales
d e l i h e i a i i o n are undertaken, viriually uncondidoned grasps o f v a l n e arv n m l u i d i i i o n a l l y in all t h e i r objective valiie-relationships to o n e a n o i h e r . It
reached, J u d g m e n i s ofvalne a n d c h o i c e s are made, a n d h o r i z o n s offeel- il< es s{) b y i n t e n d i n g t h e u n c o n d i t i o n a l w h o l e w i t h i n w h i c h a b i d e t h o s e c o n -
ings are c r i i i c i z e d , le-evaliiaied, a n d r e f o m i e d . To i h e e x t e n t t h a t o u r j u d g - d i ti* m e d v a l e s a n d r e l a t i o n s h i p s . I t f e e l s e v e r y i h i n g g o o d a b o u t e v e r \ ' g o o d
m e n t s o f v a l u ai'e a i a i v e d a t u n d e i " t h e sway o f h o r i z o n s o f v a l t i e t h a t a r e d n n g w i t h o u t q u a l i f i c a u o n o r limit. Nevertheless, it intends this w h o l e of
in h a i n i o n y with the uni-estricted n o t i o n ofvalne, t h o s e J u d g m e n t s will bc lll vales d i r e c t l y w i t h o u t k n o w i n g i t , j u s t as finite afiects a n d m o o d s i n i e n d
u n c o n d i t i o n a l l y a n d n o t j u s t reladvely objective. A n d t o t h e e x t e n t t h a t the p.ii ii( u l a r vales w i t h o u t y e t h a v i n g a r r i v e d a t c o r r e s p o n d i n g j u d g m e n t s o f
d e c i s i o n s a n d a c t i o n s f o l l o w f r o m t h e s e o b j e c d v e j u d g n i e n t s o f valu, they y a l u e . J u s t as finite f e e l i n g s o f i n i e m i o n a l r e s j s o n s e i n i e n d vales p r i m o r d i -
wll r e a l i z e i n s i a n c e s o f g e n u i n e l y m i c o n d i t i o n a l v a l u a n d g o o d n e s s . .illv b e f b r e vales a t e i n t e n d e d m o r e fuflv- i n j u d g i n e u L s a n d d e c i s i o n s , so
1 h e feef i n g o f basic I u l i d I m c i i t i n t e n d s t h e u n l i m i t e d w h o l e n e s s ofvalne
S.2.y Unresircled Bemg-in-Love . m d g o o d w i i h o u i yet k n c ) w i n g c u d e c i d i n g br t h e w h o l e n e s s o valu.
, \ c c o r c l i n g l o L o n e r g a n , i h i s f e e l i n g o f b a s i c f u l f i l l m e n t is p r i m o i d i a l l y a n
Loneigan i d e n t i f i e d a s e c o n d f e e l i n g , w h i c h is a l s o a p e r e n n i a l s o u i c e ol e x p < ' r i e n c e t h a i is n o t y e i l ' o i a i m l a i e d : " T o say i l i i s d y n a m i c s t a t e is c o n s c i o u s
tensions w i t h i n o u r horizons o f feelings. Like the u n r e s t r i c t e d n o i i o n ol \ n u i l o sa\ t h a t it is k n c i w n . Fcn^ c < j n s c i o u s n e s s is j u s t e x p e r i e n c e , b u t k n o w l -
v a l u , t h i s f e e l i n g is a l s o u n r e s t r i c t e d , a n d f o r l h a t r e a s o n i t is e x i r e i n e l y e d g e is a c o m p o u n d o f e x p e r i e n c e , n d e r s t a n d i n g , a n d j u d g i n g , " ' ' '
difficuli to find language by w h i c h l o a d e c p i a t e l y d e f i n e o r describe it. In ,Still. s o m e t h i n g m o r e is w a n t e d t h a n j u s t t h e l a n g u a g e t h a l a i t e m p t s t o c h a r -
order lo accommcjdaie this diffictiliy, L o n e r g a n p r o p o s e s t o chai'acteri/.<* ,11 i c r i z e l i l i s fimd;uiiental I e e l i n g b y ii.s r e l a t i o u s h i p l o t h e u n r e s i r i c t e d n o i i c m
t h i s f e e l i n g , h o w e v e r i n a d e q n a t e h ' , by its esseniial r e l a t i o u s h i p lo the u n r e - ni valu. L o n e r g a n h i m s e l f i n i e r p r e i e d d i i s e x p e r i e n c e i n l e r m s o f his C l i r i s -
s t r i c t e d desire to k n o w a n d to valu. H e i d e n t i f l e s t h i s f e e l i n g as i h e "lhe li.iii r e l i g i o u s i r a d i i i o n , a n d u s e d t h e p h r a s e s " l x : i n g i n l o v e i n a n u n r e s t r i c t e d
basic f t i l f i l t i i e n i " a u d ' ' l h e p r o p e r f u l f i l m e n i " o f a l l o u r q u e s i i o n i n g . ' ' B u l l . i s l i i o n ... w i t h o u t , l i i i i i i s o i " citiaficauons o r c o n d i t i o n s o r r e s e r v n U o n s " and
t h i s f e e l i n g is o n l y a basic, n o t a c o m p l e t e , f u l f i l l m e n t o f o u i ^ n o i i o n o f b e i n g " h e i n g i n love w i t h G o d " ' ' t o c h a r a c i e r i z e this e x p e r i e n c e o f u n r e s t r i c i e d ftil-
a n d v a l u , b e c a u s e i t leaves a l l p a r d c u l a r q u e s d o n s u n a n s w e r e d , especially h l l m e n t . I i v e n t o say t h a t t h e b e i n g - i n is a " b e i n g - i n - l o v e " s t o g o b e y o n d the
a l l o f o u r q u e s t i o n s a b o u l w h a t is g o o d a n d v a l u a b l e . J l is b a s i c i n t h e s e n s e e x p e r i e n c e as e x p e r i e n c e d . a n c l t o a d d v i n d e r s l a n d i n g s ancl j u d g m e n t s d r a w n
t h a t i l is a f e e l i n g o f u n s l i a k e a b l e r e a s s t i r a n e e l h a t a l l o f o u r q u e s t i o n s h a v e specifically fiom t h e C h r i s i i a n r e l i g i o u s c o n t e x t . > V m o i i g o t h e r t h i n g s , t h e use
answers (especially all o f o u r q u e s i i o n s for evaluaiion, deliberation, and u l i l i e t e r m "love" invites t h e q u e s t i o n " W i t l i w h o m a m I i u love?"
c h o i c e ) , b e f o r e we find o u t j u s i w h a t t h o s e answers are. /Vlthough L o n e r g a n d r e w u|Jon h i s o w n r e l i g i o u s i r a d i i i o n l o t a l k a b o u t
Clearly, the i n i e n u o n a l i t ) ' o f tliis f e e l i n g o f u n r e s u i c t e d , basic f u l f i l l m e n t lilis s e c o n d p e r e i m i a l source o f tensions w i t h i n o u r horizcms offeelings,
is d i f i e r e n t f r o m t f i a t C)f t h e i n t e n t i o n a l i i y cjf t h e i r a n s c e n d e n i a l n o t i o n o h e aIscT h e l d t h a l l h e e x p e r i e n c e is u n i v e r s a l a c r o s s al] t r a d i t i o n s , a n d he
v a l u , t o w h i c h i t is i n i i i n a i e l y r e l a t e d . T h e l a t t e r i n t e n d s vales i n d i r e c t l y i ' i i d o r s e d i b e a u t h e n t i c i t y o f t h e m a n y wavs c i f i n t e r p r e t i n g i t w i t h i n d i f f e r -
hy a i u i c i p a i i n g t h e m . T f i r o i i g h its i r r e p r e s s i b l e q u e s u o n i n g , i h e n o t i o n o f ent r e l i g i o u s i r a d i i i o n s . P r i o r to any a i i e m p t to formlate this e x p e r i e n c e ,
x'alue d e s i r e s a l l j u c l g m e n t s o f v a l u , c h o i c e s , a n d a c t i o n s , T h e s e j u d g m e n i s , il is j u s t a b e i n g - i n . l l is f b r i b i s r e a s o n l h a t L o n e r g a n also d e f i i i e d imre-
choices, and actions are particular and pardal fulfilluienis o f what the s i r i c t e d b e i u g - n - l o v e b y m e a n s o f iis i n t r i n s i c , i n i i m a i e r e l a d o n s h i p l o t h e
n o t i t m Cjf v a l u i n t e n d s o n l y b y d e s i r i n g t h e m , By w a y o f c o n t r a s t , t h e i e e l - unrestricted notion ofvalne. *
i n g o f i>asic f u l f i l l m e n t is a " d y n a m i c s t a t e " t l i a t i n i e n d s l h e w h o l e o f vales L o n e r g a n f u r t h e r characterized u n r e s t r i c t e d being-in-love by saying t h a i
d i r e c t l y . I i d o e s n o t i n i e n d j u s t s o m e p a r t i c u l a r vales, as d o p a r t i c u l a r v a h u - il is e x p e r i e n c e d as a " d y n a m i c s t a t e o f l o v e , J o y , p e a c e , t h a t m a n i f e s t s i t s e l f
j u d g m e n t s , d e c i s i o n s , a n d a c t i o n s , o r d o e s i t i n t e n d t h e t o i a l i t y o f vales in acts o f k i n d n e s s , g o o d n e s s , fidelitv', geuileness, and self-control."''* B u l
i j y a n t i c i p a i i n g i t , as d o e s t h e d e s i r i n g o f t h e u n r e s t r i c i e d n o t i o n o f v a l u , prior lo Chrisiian o r o t h e r interpreiaiions o f t h e experience, there isjust the
l i i n t e n d s t l i e w l i o l e n e s s o f v a l u b y a b a s i c f u l fill m e n i o f t h a t d e s i r i n g . ' ' " ' f)eing-in, where distinctions between l o v e r a n d b e l o v e d a r e n o t yet d r a w n :
H e n e e i h e i n t e n t i o n a l i t y o f t h e f e e l i n g o f basic f u l f i l l m e n t i n i e n d s vales
i u a w a y t h a t is s i m i l a r t o o u r m o o d s as i n t e n t i o n a l r e s p o n s e s - b u t w i i l i o i i i T h i s r e l a t i o u s h i p is n o t s u b j e c t - t o o b j e c t b u t s u b j e c t - t o - s u b j e c t . . .
their finite l i m i i a i i o n s . T i i i s s i m i l a r i t y t o t h e i n t e n t i o n a l r e s p o n s e s o' l i i i i e t o t a t , a n d so o d i e r w o r d l y , b e i n g - i n - l o v e ... [ w h i c h ] p u t s t h e e x i s t e i n i a l
m o o d s is s u g g e s i e d b y L o n e r g a n ' s use o f p e a c e a n d j o y t o c h a r a c i e r i z e the s u b j e c t i n a p e r s o n a l r e l a t i o u s h i p t o G o d . I t is n o t a r e l a t i o u s h i p t o G o d
220 P a n I I I : W h y ls D o i n g T h a i B e i n g Ethical?
9 H o r i z o n s of f e e l i n g s , (lonvei^sioii, a n d ()l)jecii\'iiy 22 1
Typically, n u e l l e c t u a l conversin also involves n o i o n h ' d e c i s i o n s tliai, m n i liccisions of r e l i g i o u s c o n v e r s i n also c o m m o n l y include decisions o
l o w a r d s , I j n i a l s o d e c i s i o n s i h a i i i i r n a w a y T h e Ia(.ier d e c i s i o n s c o m e i n a i - e c i i i - tni I l i n g away frotn something. For example, a religious conveision can
is l i k e l o o k i n g , " a l o n g w i d i a l l d i e i n i p l i c a d o n s r e g a r d i n g o b j e c U v i i y a n d r e a l i t y n o w u n d e r s t o o d t o b e o b s t a c l e s i o g r o w t h i n a d e d i c a o n t;o u n c o n d i d o n a l
m i s t a k e n n o d o n s o f k n o w i n g , objec\ity, a n d r e a l i t y , t h e s e f e e l i n g s w i l l b e i n z o n i n w h i c h o u r k n o w i u g a n d c h o o s i n g w e n i o n a n d i t seis u p a n e w h o r i z o n
i n g W ' h a t is g o i n g o n c o r r e c d y is t h e f i r s t s t a g e o f e t h i c a l i n t e n o n a l i t y , s o o n e r v i d u e s a n d t h e eyes o f t h a t l o v e w i l l t r a n s i b r i n o u r k n o w i n g .
a b o u t w h a i s h o u l d b e d o n e i n r e s p o n s e t o t h o s e false facis. H e n e e i n t e l l e c t u a l
c o n v e r s i n is n e e d e d i f o u r h o r i z o n s o f f e e l i n g a r e t o b e p r o p e r l y o r i e n t e d n o t S.y.y Moral COIWCJSO'H
uses t e r m s f r o m t h e C h r i s u a n t r a d i o n - s u c h as " G o d " a n d " l o v e " - w h i l e ,nid especially placing feelings f o r f m i t e vales a h e a d o f f e e l i n g s for the
A s a C h r i s i i a n t h e o l o g i a n , L o n e r g a n i d e n f i e s G o d as t h e s o u r c e o f u n r e - l e a d t o t h e existenal d i s c o v e r y t h e d i s c o v e i y o f o n e s e l f as a m o r a l
One cloes i i o i b e c o m e m o i a l l y c o n v e r i e d by focusing exclusively upon i p e i s o i i a l r e s ] > o i i s i b i l i t v . " * " H e n e e m o r a l c o n v e r s i n has a ver;' p e c u l i a r
i b e \ ' a l n e o f i h e p e r s o n o n e s b e c o m i n g w h i l e i g n o i ' i n g w h a i s e e m l o b e ih< I Uid o i r e l l e x i v i t ) ' . O u l h e o n e l i a n d , l h e c l e c i s i c m b r m o r a l c o n v e r s i n is
u n r e l a i e c l vales, f o r m o i ' a l c o n v e r s i n is a d e c i s i n w h i c h w i l l c u l m i u a h di. b a s i c r e a l i z a t i o n cf m o r a l s e l l - i r a i i s c e i i d e n c e - t h e c h o i c e o f cue's c i w n
i n t h e p e r s o n a l a c c e p t a n c e o f a l ! vales, i n c l u d i n g , I b r e x a m p l e , t h e valu* l i n e as t h e o r i g i n a i o r o f o n e ' s o w n valu. O n t h e o t l i e r i a n d , t h i s d e c i s i n
of health and aihletic excellence, o f virtuoso musical and d r a m a t i c pci l i l i I (aiimits one l o t h e n d e r s t a n d i n g a u d v a l u j u d g m e n t o" o n e s e l f as
formalices, of masierpieces o f fine a r t , o f g r e a t chscoveries in science aud ni l l . I l i n g a l l O l h e r vales, a n c l y e t as s i a n d i n g w i t h i n , b u l n o l a t i l i e p i n n a d e
s c h o l a r s h i p , o f h o t h g r e a t a n d o r d i n a r y acts o f h u m a n k i n d n e s s , o f achieve M I , l h e l e a l m o f a l l vales i n i t s t r u e a n d o b j e c i i v e s c a l e o f v a l n e p r i o r i t i e s .
i n e n t s in h u m a n social o r g a n i z a i i o n , o f sacrillces f o r d i e sake o f justice, ol v|..i,il conversin chooses w h a t it knows f r o m i l i e c o m p a r a t i v e j u d g m e n t
the a l l - s L i r p a s s i n g v a l u o f i l i e s a c r e d , a n d s o on.'-^ T h o s e w l i o say tliey an
- l l \ , i l i i e t h a t c m e ' s o w n p e r s o n a l v a l u , g r a n d t h o u g h i i b e , is n o t i t s e l f t h e
c o m n u t i e d t o b e i n g a u i h e n t i c pei"sons, w h i l e a t t h e s a m e u r n e s a y i n g thev
hifjiesi o r n i o s i c o m p r e h e n d i n g valu.'"
c a r e n o t l i i n g foi" a t h l e i i c s o r science o r p o l i t i c s , are n o i m o r a l l y conv'eried.
As w i t h i n t e l l e c t u a l a n d r e l i g i o u s c o n v e r s i o n s , m o r a l c o n v e r s i n i n v o l v e s
T h e y are self-deceived.
lll I i s i o n s l h a t t u r n away, as w e l l as t h o s e t l i a i l u r i i l o w a r d s , t h e f u l l r a n g e o
M o r a l conversin places o n e ' s o w n d e c i s i o n s a n d o t h e r acts in a m u c h lll v a l n e . I n t h e o r y , m o r a l c o n v e r s i n w i l l i n v o h ' e r e p u d i a t i i i g a n y l i m i t e d
l a r g e r w h o l e u n i v e r s e o f vales, r e p l e t e w i t l i its t r u e r a n k i n g s o f v a l n e prioii II el i n g a n d v a l u t h a t was p r e v i o u s l y f u n c t i o n i n g as t h e u l u m a t e d e t e r m i n a -
l i e s . The cpicstions l h a t set e t l i i c a l ("real") self-transcendence i n m o t i o n are non o l a person's liorizcni offeelings. This c o u l d have been money, power,
cpiesons about true rather t h a n a p p a r e n t vales. M o r a l l y c o n v e r t e d pei^son pinsical exercise, sex, s c i e n t i f i c research, scholarly research, socializing
bave m o r e a n d d i f l e r e n t cpiesuous a b o u t every p o t e i n i a i course o f action, (odi f r i e n d s , o r m a i n i a i n i n g law a u d o r d e r .
S u c h p e r s o n s d o n o i a s k m e r e l y w h e t h e r t h i s c o u r s e o f a c t i o n w i l l y i e l d pica In fact, i l is o h e n t h e case i l i a t p l e a s n r e , c o i i d b r t , a n d a\'odance o f p:un
s u r e o r e v e u p l m i c a l w e l l - b e i n g . T h e \ g o o n t o ask a l x ) U t a n d c o n s i d e r s e i i - l i n i e U n i as t b e h i g h e s i vales i n p e o p l e ' s valu h o r i z o n s , e v e n w h e n they
o u s l y l i o w it w o n l d c o n i r i b u t e to t l i c i m p r o v c m e n i , p r e s e r v a i i c j n , o r corru|)- i M i n l d c l a i m o d i e r w i s e . ' f l u s m e a n s t h a i b y m e a n s o f t h e i r f e e l i n g s as i n i e n -
t i o n o f t h e i r society, t l i e i r c i i l i u r e , t h e i r p e r s o n h o o d , o r t h e s a n c t i n c a t i o i i o l i i o n a l r e s p o n s e s s u c h e o p l e t a k e d e l i g h i i n , a n d gi\'e t h e l i i g h e s i l e i t p r e e r -
t h e w c j r l d . S u c h p e r s o n s ask n o t m e r e l y h o w a coiu'se o f a c u o n w i l l affect d i e m I I I M ' IO, t h e c o n t e n l s a n d a c l s o f s o m a d c f e e l i n g s o f p l e a s n r e a n c l c o m f o r i , a n d
i n d i v i d u a l l y , en" e v e n h o w i t w i l l a f f e c t t h e i r i m n i e d i a i e l a n i i l y a n d friends, l e s p o n d to s o m a t i c leelings o ' p a i n , disconibrt, a u d d e a d i w i t l i i e e l i n g s lhat
T h e y ask w i d i seriousness a b o u t i h e i m p l i c a i i o n s f o r n a t u r e a n d f o r h u m a n i i i . i k e d e c i s i o n s l o a v o i d i l i e i i i a i a l l cosis t h e h i g h e s t p r i c n a i y . E t l n c a l w r i t e r s
beings disiant o n the globe a n d distani i n the hiture. .Morally convened I I e ( | i i e i i d y i d e n d f y s e n s a l i o n s o f s o i u a t i c p l e a s n r e a n c l p a i n as i h e a n i a g o u i s i s
ethical cpiesiioning cliallenges sausfaciion a n d complacency, a n c l n i o v e s us lo e l h i c a l t l i i n k i n g , c l i o o s i n g , a n d I h ' i i i g . B m i i is r a t h e r t h e ways l h a t inten-
o n w a i c l s l o w a r d s j u d g m e u i s a b o u t t r u e vales, l l t h e r e f b r e s o m e t i m e s b r i n g s iional feelings respcmd l o l h e s o m a t i c feelings t h a t are t l i e sources o f e t h i c a l
US t o d i f l i c u l t j u d g m e n t s a b o u t o u r o w n s e l v e s , a b o u t t h e ways w e h a v e been I O I rii[.)icni. S o m a u c l e e l i n g s o f p l e a s n r e a n d p a i n i n l h e m s e l v e s a r e n a i t u " a l
l i v i n g , a b o u t hcnv o u r f e e l i n g s h a v e p r i o r i i i z e d vales, a n d a b o u t t h e n e e d bi and \';iluable c o i T i p o n e m s in b i i n i a n lib. " f h e v |")rovide d a t a l o r c|iiesiions
p r o f o u n d a n d d i f f i c u l i c h a n g e s . Q u e s t i o n s a b o u t t r u c vales p u i - s u e d w i i h o i i i .ihoiii w h a t s h o u l d be sought a n d w h a i shcnild be avoided. Certainly e x i r e m e
1 e s t r i c i i o n b r i n g u p t h e q u e s t i o n s a b o u t w l i i c h vales a r e u i i l y a n d o b j e c t i v e l y p . i i n s s h o u l d b e a v o i d e d - b u t n o t a l all C(.)sis. W e j i i c l g e as h r o e s i h o s e w h c
g r e a i e r o r lesser, I n p a r t i c u l a r , we raise q u e s t i o n s a b o m t l i e v a l u o f o u r s e l v e s I isk e x t r e m e p a i n a n d e v e n d e a i l i b r t h e sake o f g e n u i n e l ) ' h i g l i e r vales.
as a g e n L s o f m o r a l ,sclf-transcendng a c t i \ ' i i i e s , a n d w h e r e w e a r e s i i u a i e d l i i l h e p r o p e r vales o f \ a r i o t i s p l e a s u r e s a n d p a i n s i u a n y h u m a n l i l e a r e
o r d e r o f i m p o r i a n c e i n r e l a i i o n to o d i e r vales (anci disvalues), l.iiown o n l y i n j t i d g m e n t s o f valu - p r o v i d e d t h o s e j u d g m e n i s are a r r i v e d a i
M o r a l c o n v e r s i n , t h e n , is t l i c a c c e p t a n c e o f o n e s e l f as v a l u a b l e a n d l h e d i r o u g h processes o f e t h i c a l i-eflecuon i h a t are g u i d e d by a h o r i z o n offeel-
r e a l i z a t i o n t h a t i t i s u p t o o n e s e l f t o d e c i d e w h e d i e r t h a i valu w i l l b e l i v e d o u l ings l h a t i n t e n d s t h e w h o l e o f vales i n t h e i r p r o p e r r e l a u o n s h i p s . W h e r e v e r
a u l h e n t i c a l l y B u t m o r a l c o n v e r s i n is a l s o s i t u a t e d w i t h i n a w h o l e r e a l m o o u r h o r i z o n s o f feelings liave b e e n d o n i i n a i e d by a n y feelings for valne that
o t h e r vales, W h a t L o n e r g a n says a b o u t m o r a l c o n v e r s i n a n c l t h e v a l u o f f a c i i i i e n d a n y t h i n g t h a t falls s h o r t o f l h e t o t a l r a n g e o f a l l vales, m o r a l c o n v e r -
tual t r u t h - t h a i i i " i s all t h e m o r e m e a n i n g f u l a n d signiicant b e c a n s e i t o c c i u s s i n b e g i n s a v e r y d i f f i c i i l t a n d u n p l e a s a n t .irocess o f r e o r i e n t a t i o n o f o n e ' s
w i t h i n , a n d plays a n essen b a l r o l e i n , d i e f a r r i c h e r c o n t e x t o f d i e p u r s u i t ofall val I I I n i z o n o l'eelings,
u e s " - c a n b e e q t i a l l y s a i d o f l h e p u r s u i i o f p e r s o n a l (i.e,, m o r a l ) v a l u , f o r m o r a l . M o r a l c o n v e r s i n , t h e r e f o r e , is a d e c i s i n t h a t o r i g i n a l e s f r o m a j u d g -
c o n v e i " s o n a l s o reveis " t h e s i g n i f i c a n c e o f p e r s o n a l v a l u a n d d i e m e a n i n g mi-ni o f fact a n d a s h i f t i n f e e l i n g s . I t is a l s o a d e c i s i n t h a t f b s t e r s siill
2:2 P a n I I I : W h y ls D o i n g T h a l B e i n g E i h i c a i : - l-Ioi-izons o f Feelings, Conversin, a n d O b j e c d v i i y 233
SiK h c o n v e r s i n , o f c o i u s e , f a l l s f a r s h o r t o f m c ^ r a l p e r f e c u o n .
S.y.^f Moral Cotnmsioii and lia: Scale of Vales 1 ) e < i d i n g is o n e t l r i n g , d o i n g is a n o t h e r . O n e h a s y e t t o u n c o v e r a n d
r o o t o t n o n e ' s i n d i v i c l u a l , g r o u p , a n d g e n e r a l b i a s . O n e bas t o k e e p
V l o r a l c o n v e r s i n , t h e n , is a d e c i s i n t o a l i g n o n e ' s h c n i z o n o f feelin d i s t i n c t i t s e l e m e n t s o f p r o g r e s s a n d its e l e m e n t s o f d e c l i n e . One
a c c o r d i n g l o i h e l a n k i u g o f i l i e o b j e c t i v e s c a l e o f vales: ' N o t o n l y d o f has t o k e e p s c i ' u t i n i z i n g o n e ' s i n t e n t i o n a l r e s p o n s e s t o vales a n d
i n g s r e s p o n d t o vales. T h e y d o so i n a c c o r d w i t h s o m e s c a l e o f preferenc l l i e i r i m p l i c i i scales o f p r - e f e i e n c e . O n e has l o l i s t e n t o c r i t i c i s m a n d
So we may d i s t i n g u i s h vital, social, c u l t u r a l , personal, a n d religious valu p i o t e s t . O n e h a s t o r e m a i n r e a d y t o l e a r n f i o m o l h e r s . F o r nror-al
i n a s c e n d i n g or'dei"."''-'
k n o w l e d g e is i l i e p r o p e r p o s s e s s i o n o n l y o f m o r a l l y g o o d [ m e n a n d
N o t C)nly vales b u t a l s o t h e i r - d e g r e e s o f v a l u i m p o r t a n c e a r e f e l t . T h w o i u e n ] a n d , u n t i l o n e has m e r i t e d that t i l l e , o n has still to ach'ance
c r i t e r i o n o f m o r a l c o n v e r s i n , l h e n , is f e e l i n g s , j u c l g m e n t s o f v a l n e , de< and learn.3'
s i o n s , a n d a c d o n s t h a t a r e a i t u n e d tt) t h e o b j e c t i v e s c a l e o f v a l n e piefer-eno
T h o u g h Lonergan seems t o i m p l y h e r e t h a t this a s c e n d i n g scale o f valur I n o l h e r w o r d s , m o r a l c o n v e r s i n is a decisin t h a t b e g i n s a p a d r towrtrcls
preference is a g i v e n i n t h e c o n s c i o u s n e s s o f e v e r y h u m a n b e i n g , h e l a t c i roa Ix'iier- m o r " a l l i v i n g , i n w h i c l i d i s c e r n m e n t o f o n e ' s cpiesons, biases, i n i e n -
o b s e r v e s t l i a i il is a c l i i e v e d o n l y i h r o u g h c o n s i d e r a b l e e f f o r t a n d p r a c i i c e : iii iii.ll ies|.)onses, a n d i m p l i c i t scales o f v a l n e plaj's a n i n d i s p e n s a b l e r o l e ,
\'r< i p l e c a n a n d d o m a k e r e a l a n d g e n t r i n e d e c i s i o n s C)f m o r a l c o n v e r s i n ,
But, once [feelings] have arisen, t h e y m a y be r e i n f o r c e d by advert- i d i , i l l t h a t i m p l i e s - t h a t is t o say, p e o p l e carr d e c i d e for vales o v e r a g a i n s t
e n c e a n d a p p r o v a l , a n d they ruay b e curtaed by d i s a p p r o v a l ancl . iir.hii l i o n a n d d e c i d e to c o o p e r a t e w i t h their- i n n a t e d e s i r e to k n o w and
distraction. S u c h i e i n f o r c e m e n t arrd c u r t a i l m c n t n o t o n l y will l i l i lose t r ' u e ver'sirs a p p a r e n t v a h r e s . T h e y c a n d e c i d e t o l i v e a c c o r d i n g t o a l l
encoiuage s o m e feelings a n d d i s c o i u a g e others b u l also will modify < i h i r s . n o t ust s o r n e . a u d l i v e t h o s e vales i n t h e i r r e a l a n d o b j e c i i v e s c a l e o f
o n e ' s spontanec^us scale o f preferences.''" p i i l c r e n c e . A l t h o u g h each o f l h e s e i m p l i e d c o m p o n e n t s m a y b e c o m e clear-
i m h g r a d u a l l y , a n d d e c i s i o n s i n f a v o u r c)f t h e m m a y n o t c o m e a l l a t o n c e ,
Al a n y m o m e n t , e a c h C)f us feels vales i n r e l a t i o n s o f g r e a i e r a n d less<'i I " opi<- n e x e i t h e l e s s c a n a u d d o m a k e s u c h a d e c i s i n i e a l l ) ' a n d g e n u i n e l ) ' .
i m p c " ) r i a n c e i h r o u g h t h e de fado l a i r k i n g o f o u r o w n h o r i z o n s o f feelings. A* a lll. i I can take t h e resto!" a person's life to d o the harxl w o r k o f d i s c e r n m e n l
we have seen. tire felt preferences f o r valires w i t h i n h o r i z o n s o f f e e l i n g s can ,Hid m a k i n g t h e subsequent decisions recpriied to leadjirst the actual h o r i -
d i f V e r t r e m e n d o u s l y f r o m o n e p e r s o n l o a n o i h e r Y e t t h e r e a r e a l w a y s teir .'i m o l f e e l i n g s a n d s c a l e ( j f p r e f e r e i r c e s a b o u l vales t h a t o n e h a d a c q u i i ' c d
s i o n s , e s p e c i a l l y ihc)se i n t r o d u c e d b y t h e u n r e s t r i c t e d n o t i o n o f v a l n e arui i i p ( o l h e p o i n t a t w h i c l i t h e d e c i s i n fcjr m o r a l c o n v e r s i n was m a d e . In
i n n e s t i i c t e d being-in-lcjve, that tmseltle o u r consciousness of prefer'encf, l i m e s e n s e , t h e n , m o r a l c o n v e r s i n is always a n o n g o i n g p r o c e s s , a n d t h e r e
The i m p l i c a i i o n o f L t u i e i g a n s l e i n a r k s s t o t h e e f f e c t t h a t t h e objeciivr WiW h e s i r t r g g l e s t o r e m a i n f i r m i n o n e ' s r e s o l v e . M o s t p e o p l e w i l l f a i l , e v e n
s c a l e c^f vales t h a t h e p r o p o s e s is a m a j o r s o u r c e o f t h o s e s e i s o f t e n s i o n n . l,ul t i i i s e i a b l y a l u n i e s . T h o s e f a i l u r e s c a n b e c o m e so d i s c o i u a g i n g t h a t f o i - a
.\1c)ral c o n v e r s i n is c o m p l e t e w h e n we a c h i e v e firll a t t u n e r n e n t w i t h t h r I une s u c h p e o p l e w i l l give u p o n t l i e e f f o r t o f m o r a l r e n e w a i . VIost, h o w e v e r ,
o b j e c t i v e s c a l e o f v a l t r e s . T h i s a i i u n e n i e n i r e s o l v e s tirse t e n s i o n s . u lll e v e n t u a l l y r e c o v e r a n d r e n e w t h e i r c o m m i t m e n i t o live a life o f aut h e n -
VVherr w e d e l i b e r a t e l y d e c i d e to c o n i m i t ourselves to the irnrestricte<l ri< m i n a l conversin a n d d i s c e r n m e n t .
n o t i o n o f valu a n d t o t t n r e s t r i c t e d b e i n g - i n - l o v e , we t h e r e b ) ' a l s o c o i i r r n i i \ p e o p l e g r o w i n t h e r e o r i e n t a t i o n t h a t is t h e f r i i i t o f t h e d e c i s i n for
cmrselves x.o t h e n o r ' m a i i v e s c a l e c>f v a l u p r e f e r ^ e n c e . T h i s is b e c a i r s e h o t h itioi.il conversin, they begin to d e v e l o p h o r i z o n s o f feelings that seille
oflhese u n r e s u i c t e d feelings i n i e n d l h e w h o l e l e a l m o vales i n a l l t h c i i p i i i i i i e i i c e o f f u r i h e r value-reflective q u e s t i o n s i n a n u n r e s t r i c t e d l y nor--
o b j e c t i v e r e l a t i o n s h i p s t o o n e a n o t h e r I f w e d o m a k e t h i s f u n d a m e i r t a l dc i - m . u i v e way. T o the extent that t h r o u g h their feelings they prefer valires
s i o n o f m o r a l c o n v e r s i n , t h e n w e e m b a r k a l o n g t h e p a t h t o w a r d s a hoiiz<iii a i i o r d i r r g to l h e normative hierarch)' o f the objective scale o f vales.
-2?,4 l ' a n l l l : W h y ls D o i n g T h a i h e i n g liiliical? H o r i z o n s o f F e e l i n g s , C o n v e r s i n , a n d ObjccLvi\ 250
l ' s \ e l i i c c o n v e r s i n , t h e r e l b i e , is ; m o t h e r m o v e m e n t t o w a r d s w h o l e n d l i i M u s i i i c i e d b e i n g - i n - l o v e m a k e s u s c o n s c i o u s , n o t as a d e s i r e . b u l as a k i n d
in w h i c h t h e lesources o f o n r n c u r o p h y s i o l o g ) ' a r e p a t t e r n e d i n ways t h a l 1 n i o i i d , o f t h e w h o l e n e s s o f i h e e n t i r e r e a l m o f vales. B e c a u s e i l i e c o n v e r -
p r o m o t e e t h i c a l r e f l e c t i o n t m d e r t h e g t i i d a n c e o f (he u n r e s t r i c t e d n o t i o f l i.ac. ,irc d e c i s i o n s i n f a v o u i ' o f t h e s e f e e l i n g s as t h e u l t i m a t e s t a n d a r d s f b r
o v a l u a n d n m e s t r i c t e d b e i n g - i n - l o v e . A s w i t h t l i e o l h e r c o n v e r s i o n s , thii
>iii v . i l i u ' j u d g i n g , c o n v e r t e d h o r i z o n s a r e t h e s t a i i d a i d s b y w h i c h o b j e c d v e
l u r n i n g l o w a r d s w h o l e n e s s a l s o i n v o l v e s a l u r i n n g away. I t i n v o l v e s b r e a k i n g
| u d j ; i i u i u s o f v a l n e a n d d e c i s i o n s c a n b e a r r i v e d at.
with the limitaiions o f o u r pievious patternings o f expeiiences, as w e l l a l
I his m a v s t r i k e t h e r e a d e r as e x c e s s i v e l y d e m a n d i n g as a s t a n d a r d f o r
the limitaiions o f o u r h a b i l u a l knovviug a n d valuing.
uiiiin.ilihed objective j u d g m e n i s o f v a l n e and decisions. T h e reader m i g l u
ol.|( (1 l h a t t h e c o n v e r s i o n s a r e s u c h l o l i y s i a n d a r d s l h a t u o h u m a n b e i n g
8.4 Conversin a n d Objecti>'ity
< o n i d be e x p e c t e d t o r e a l l y m a k e s u c l i d e c i s i o n s . I t m i g h t b e f u r t h e r o b j e c t e d
dt.ii, surely, m a n y p e o p l e m a k e o b j e c t i v e j u d g n i e n t s o f valu a l l t h e t i m e ,
A t t h e b e g i n n i n g o f t h i s c h a p t e r , I Jioposed t h a t j u d g m e n t s o f valu c a n bej
M s o m e i h i n g as r a r e as t h e c o n v e r s i o n s c a n n o i r e a l l y b e t h e t b u n d a i i o n o f
f u l l y o b j e c t i v e u n d e r c e r t a i n c o n d i t i o n s , i h h o t i g h f u i n U m e n t o f t h o s e con-
ilirii jndgments a n d elhical living.
d i i i o n s is n o t easy. I n t h i s c h a p i e r I h a v e a r g u e d i b a i c o n v ' e r s i o n is t h e f u l f i l l -
I w m i l d r e s p o n d by saying, first, l h a t t u l l j ' r e a l i z i n g a u f l c h o o s i n g to a c c e p t
m e n t o f those c o n d i t i o n s , a n d decisions that r a d i c a l l y i r a i i s f o r i n a [lerson's
(\i d e c i d i n g m e a n s - 1.0 a c c e p t o n e s e l f as s e l f < l e t e r n n n i u g w i t h i n a w i d e r
h o r i z o n s c>f k n o w i n g , f e e l i n g , v a l u i n g , a n d l o v i n g w i l ! c l e a r l y n o t b e easy.
l e . i h n o f vales h a s a l r e a d y b e e n a c h i e v e d b y m a n y p e o p l e w i d i o u i r e l i -
I have argued for the f o u n d a i i o n a l character o f the ccuiversions in
.uHe u p o n t h e l a n g u a g e used i n lhis book. T h e r e are p e o p l e w h o have
response 1 0 i h e p r o b l e m p o s e d by lhe role that o u r horizons o f f e e l i n g s play
iiiacii- a n d c o n t i n u t o m a k e d e c i s i o n s f o r m o r a l c o n v e i ^ i o n w i t l i o i i i u s i n g
i n o u t v a l u r e f l e c u v e p r o c e s s e s . l l is p o s s i b l e 1 0 a s k a n d a n s w e r a l l t h e q u e s -
tile s o p h i s t i c a t e d l a n g u a g e o f i n i e n t i o n a l i t y , analysis, a n d conversin. T h e y
tions l h a t are p e r t i n e n t to r e a c h i n g a virtually u n c o n d i i i o n e d j u c i g m e n t of
.liso m a k e t h e d i f l l c u l t f l e c i s i o n s i l i a t c o n i i n i i e i l i e p r o c e s s b y r e p u d i a t i n g
v a l u . H o w e v e r , p e r t i n e n c e is l e t e r m i n e d b y t h e wa\ i n w h i c h c t u r l e e l i n g s
i l i e i i ' falsel)' e l e v a i e d vales. T h e y d o so a d m i r a b l v ' w i i h o u t n e e d i n g t h e c o m -
are o r g a n i z e d w i t h i n o u r h o r i z o n s offeelings. T h i s means l h a t o u r virtually
p l e x a n a l y s e s p r e s e n t e d n t h i s c h a p t e r T h a t a n a l y s i s is n e e d e d , however,
u n c o n d i i i o n e d v a l u e j u d g m e n t s a r e o b j e c t i v e tvlaiveio t h a i c o n s t e l l a t i o n of
v v h t u m i s t a k e n i d e a s a n d r e s u l i i n g c o n f u s i o n s a r i s e c o n c e r n i n g j u s i w h a t is
our feelings. l l can seem, i l i e r e f o r e , that t h e r e c o u l d be n o iiilK' objective
nu'olved in h u m a n d e c i d i n g .
j u d g m e n t s o f vales u n i e s s t h e r e w e r e s o m e w a y t o s t e p o u t s i d e o u r m e r e l y
I w o u l d r e s p o n d f u r t h e r t h a t , a p a r i f r o m l h e individuis w h o actnally
s u b j e c t i v e h o r i z o n o f f e e l i n g s i n o r d e r to g a i n access t o s o m e o t h e r g r o u n d
d o a c h i e v e t h e l u g l i s i a n d a r d s o f c o n v e r s i n as t h e f o n n d a i i o n f o r t h e i r
for m a k i n g u n c o n d i d o n e d j u d g m e n i s ofvalne.
ethical thougiiis, actions, and living, many more people make objective
In response to this p r o b l e m , 1 bave a i g i i e d t h r o u g h o u t this c h a p t e r t h a t
\',due a n d e i h i c a l j u c l g m e n t s a n d d e c i s i o n s w i t h i n t h e c o n t e x i s o f t h e i r
l h e r e a r e s o u r c e s o f t e n s i o n s w i i h i n o u r l i o r i z o n s c>f f e e l i n g s lhemselves
l.imilies, f r i e n d s h i p s . wcjrk seitings, socieiies, a u d c u l t u r e s . C h a p t e r s i 1
that pciiiu, tcjwards a f b u n d a t i o n a l h o r i z o n f b r o b j e c t i v e valu j u d g m e n t s .
.mil 12 w i l l explcu"e h o w v i r t u a l l y u n c o n d i t i o n e d j u c l g m e n t s anci couse-
T h a t f o t i n d a t i o n is n o t a t t a i n e d b y s i e p p i n g o u t s i d e o f h o r i z o n s o f feelings
q u e n t decisions b r i n g about l i u m a n patterns o f cc>operation, insiitutions,
aliogeiher; l a i l i e r , t h a t f o n n d a i i o n lies i n r a d i c a l i r a n s f o r m a i i o n s - con-
.nui cultures. T h e s e paiierns o f h u m a n i n i e r a c i i o u e m b o d y intelligible
versions - o f o u r h o r i z o n s o f feelings themselves. fhese conversions are
r a d i c a l because they are d e c i s i o n s t o accept t h e n o r m a i i v i i y o f t h e feelings loiiiis of cooperation grasped hy p r a c t i c a l i n s i g h i s a n d vales a f l l r m e d
h o r i z o n s o f f e e l i n g s i h a i wc s l i a i e w i t h t h e m . B n t w h e n o n i - h o r i z o n s c
f o r m t o c n h n r a l n o i m s , w e c a n o n l y b e as o b j e c t i v e as o n r c u l t u r e is. N
9 Judgments of Comparative
c u l t u r e t h a t e v e i " h a s e x i s t e d is a f u l l y c o n v e r t e d c u l t u r e . S o a p e r s o n c o u '
be o b j e c t i v e relative to a c u l t u r e , - w i t h o u t b e i n g c o m p l e t e l y objective.
Valu and the Scale of
Henee asking and answering further p e r t i n e n t questions will lead 1^ Valu Preference
valu j u d g m e n t s a n d d e c i s i o n s t h a t a r e o b j e c t i v e r e l a t i v e l o t h e s o c i a l a n d
c u l t u r a l s i t u a t i o n s , because t h e y are also o b j e c t i v e relative to the h o r i z o i n
offeelings t h a t c o n t i - i b u t e d t o i h e v a l u e - c o n s t i t u u o n o f t h e s o c i a l situatiofl
diemselves. I n o t h e r words, p e o p l e can m a k e j u c l g m e n t s o f v a l n e a n d de<B
sions t h a t are virtually t m c o n d i t i o n e d in a social o r c u l t u r a l setting, b e c a v J
t h e y have c o m e to share t h e feelings f o r t h e vales t h a t are embodied
those social o r ctdtural instittitions. ( O f course p e o p l e can a n d d o misuii-
c l e r s i a u d a u d m i s j u d g e t h e vales o f t h e i r society. B u t t h e n t h e y w o u l d n o l
he v i r t u a l l y u n c o n d i t i o n e d u n d e r s t a n d i n g s a n d valuings.)
T h u s w l i e n i t is o b j e c t e d t h a i p e o p l e m a k e o b j e c t i v e valu j u d g m e n t s a m l
d e c i s i o n s w i t h o u t b e i n g c o n v e r t e d i n t b e senses d i s c u s s e d p r e v i o u s l y , i l w
p o s s i b l e t o a g r e e t h a t i n d e e d t h e r e a r e j u d g m e n t s o f x-alue t h a t a i e o b j e c t i v e 1). i Introduction
relative t o t h e social setting. B u t social a n d c u l t u r a l setiings can themselves
be c a l l e d i n t o c p i e s t i o n . T h e s t a n d a r d br r e a c h i n g \ ' i i i u a l l y u u c c m d i d o n e d I he previous t w o c h a p t e r s e x p l o r e d t e n s i o n s that are p r e s e n t i n o u r h o r i -
judgmenLs a b o u t cultures themselves cannot be a superior cultural contexi. zons o f i e e l i n g s a n d h o w d i e y e n t e r i n t o o u r p r o c e s s e s o f v a l u r e f l e c t i o n .
T h e s t a n d a r d is, r a t h e r , c o n v e r t e d p e r s o n s whc^ h a v e a r i s e n w i t h i n s o m e c i i l I hese t e n s i o n s n o u r f e e l i n g s m a y b e so i n t e n s e t h a t t h e y d o m i n a t e o u r
l i i r a l c o n t e x t . T h i s l o p i c w i l l b e a d d r e s s e d at l e n g t h i n c h a p t e r s 1 5 - 1 6 . Koi s c i o u s n e s s t o t h e p o i n t o f p a r a l y s i s . O r t h e y m a ) ' b e so s u b t l e t h a t t h e y
t h e p r e s e n t , h o w e v e r , l e t m e b r i n g t o a c i s e t h e d i s c u s s i o n c-)f t h e o b j e c t i v i t y ,iM' iMniceable o n l y by those w h o are e x c e p i i o n a l l y d i s c e r n i n g . T h e previous
o f j u d g m e n L s ofvalne a n d the decisions a n d actions that follow f r o m them. I h . i p t e r also l e d t o t l i e c o n c l u s i n t h a i <")bjectiviiy i i i j u d g m e n t s o f v a l n e a n d
I d i i c a l valu i n t h e f u l l e s t s e n s e d e p e n d s u p o n m o r a l conversin, w h i c h
begins t h e process o f r e s o l v i n g i l i e m o s t l ' u n d a m e n t a l l e n s i o n s , those aris-
i n g f r o m l h e ways o i n - o t h e r f e e l i n g s c o n f l i c t w i t l i t h e u n r e s t r i c t e d n o d o n
o l \'alue a n d t l i e e x | 5 e r i e n c e o f u n r e s t r i c i e d b e i n g - i n - l o v e . M o r a l c o n v e r s i n
I. .1 f l e c i s i v e c o m m i t m e n t t o a h o r i z o n o f f e e l i n g s iliat embraces the whole
(,mge of\aiues.
N e i w i d i i n t h i s t o t a l i l y , o u r l e e l i n g s a n d t h e vales t h a t t h e y i n t e n d a r e n o i
. l l l o f t h e s a m e k i n d . S o m e vales a r e f e l t t o b e m o r e p r e c i o u s t h a n o t h e r s .
S o t i i e d i s v a l u e s a r e f e l t t o b e g r e a t e r e\'ils j l i a i i o i h e i s . " f h i s c o m e s 10 g l i l
e s p e c i a l l y w h e n w e m u s t c h o o s e a m o n g vales. . M o r a l c o n v e r s i n is t h u s
.liso a d e c i s i v e c o m m i t m e n t t o f e e l i n g s o f p r e f e r e n c e that accord with the
o b j e c t i v e h i e r a r c l i y o r scale t h a t o b i a i n s a m o n g t h e vales t h e m s e l v e s . S u c h
leelings o f p r e f e r e n c e will a c c o r d w i t h t h a t h i e m r c l i y w h e n t h e y are also i n
h . i r m o i i y w i t h t h e u n r e s u i c t e d n o i i o n o f valu a n d w i t h u n r e s t r i c t e d b e i n g -
iu-love, Then j u d g m e n t s o f v a l n e made widiin such a horizon of feelings
will he objeciive i n t h e u n q u a l i f i e d sense, because t h e u n r e s i r i c t e d n o t i c m
o l valu a n d t h e i n i r e s i r i c t e d b e i n g - i n - l o v e i n t e n d t h e t o i a l i t y o f vales i n
.lll l b e i r d i m e n s i o n s .
242 P a n l l l : V\'liy ls D o i n g T l i a i B e i n g Elhical? l u d g n i e i i i s o l :(>iiiparaiive Valu 243
' i n e u i a u d d e c i s i n as 1 d e l i b e r a i e d a b o u t t l i i s q u e s t i o n o f compara-
a n d n n d e r s t a n d i h e scale o f felt vaUre p r e f e r e n c e t h a t a c t n a l l y opi-i.il
i i . i l u c . l u t l i e e n d . 1 w e n t t o m y son's g a m e . Fhe p r i m a r y sponsor was
w i i h i n o u r e l h i c a l r e f l e c t i o n s - w l i a t I w i l l cali our" e x i s t e n t i a l scalr
v a l u |"references. <|iiiii u n h ; i | i p y w i t h m y c l e c i s i c m , as 1 e x p e c t e d , a n d I felt b a d l y a b o u t h e r
menis ofvalne. I n ibis secon I turn a g a i n t o t h e w o r k o f .Vlax S c h e l e r iu W i t h bis acule d i s c e r m n e n t , however, Scheler r e c o g n i z e d thai i h e psychic
o r d e r to explore t h e rnanner in wiiicli feelings fora n objective, norma\'e s i r a t e g y o f ressenlimen is n e v e r c o m p l e t e l y s u c c e s s f u l : "RessenimerU man ,,,
scale o f vales m a y b e said t o b e p r e s e n t a n d o p e r a v e i n e v e r y i n d i v i d u a r s n o w feels 'good,' 'pur,' a n d " l i u m a n ' - a t leasi i n t h e c o n s c i o u s layers o l
h o r i z o n o f f e e l i n g s . H e a r g u e d t h a t d i e s e f e e l i n g s o f n o r m a t i v e valu p r e f his m i n d . H e is d e l i v e r e d from haired, b o m t h e tormenng desire o f a n
erence are p r e s e n t , n o m a t t e r h o w m u c h someone's individual, existential impossible revenge, though deep down bis poisoned sense o f l i f e a n d the
scale o f v a l n e pi-efei-ence inay d e v i a t e f r o m this o b j e c v e scale. lrue vales may still shi'iie throagh the illusory ones."'-^
In [xtriicLilar I w i l l f o c u s o n S c l i e l e i - ' s s i u d y o f iessenive>/l. Rcsseiilimenl is Scheler recognized that there are subde self-deceiis involved in diese
arguably d i e most severe forrn o f distoron offeelings o f valu preference, inversions o f feelings o f preference, .No m a t t e r h o w a d v a n c e d ressentivient
M y p r o p o s a l is t h a t i f t h e o b j e c v e s c a l e s l l m a k e s i i s e l f f e l t e v e n in die con may llave b e c o m e - no matler how"good" w e m a y feel widiin this Ieeling
sciousnesses o f people deeply m i r e d i n ressevlimei/t, then the n o r m a t i v i i y ol dis-orientation - lhere r e m a i n fell lensions w h i c h a r e l h e t r a c e s o f it:s o r i -
t h a t s c a l e is a l s o a c c e s s i b i e tliroiigli t h elensions experienced i n the h o r i z o n s g i n as a d e j j a r i u r e f r o m t h e f u n d a m e n t a l a n d n o r m a t i v e s c a l e o f v a l e s . I n
o f f e e l i n g o f p e o p l e w i d i less s e v e r e d i s i o r u o n s i n t h e i r f e e l i n g s o f p r e f e r e n c e , o l h e r w o r d s , resseuiimeut is a l w a y s f e l t as a s e c o n d a r y r e a c t i o n i n r e l a t i o n t o
25-1 Pan. I I I : W h y Is D o i n g T l i a i B e i n g E t h i c a l ? Jndgirienis i i l ' ( ! < n ! i p a i a l i \ ' f V i i l i i c 2"!.")
tvcv the (iihii iiiily (lerivatively, o n the f o n n c l a t i o n o f t h e lelative prefer lii).;her l e \ e l . . M o r e s u c c i n c t l y , l o w e r r e a l m s o f \'alues a r e f e l l t o b e i b r t b e
e n c e of tlu-ii g r n n s . ..ike o f v a l e s at t h e h i g h e r l e v i s o f i h e s c a l e .
S e c f i n d . \vlK:n w e c h o o s e , w e s e l e c t a p a r t i c u l a r c o i u ' s e o f a c t i o n a n d its f h e s e r e l a t i o n s h i p s w i i l b e c o m e c l e a r e r by c o n s i d e r i n g each o f t h e levis
v a l n e . a n d we t h e r e b y e x c i n d e othere. B u t t h e scale o f valu p r e f e r e n c e is Ul L o n e r g a n ' s s c a l e i n g r e a t e r d e t a i l .
n o l a n i a i i e r o f p r e f e r r i n g i b i s particalnr valne o v e r d i a l o n e ; r a t l i e r , i t is a (a) R e g a r d i n g vital valnes, L o n e r g a n olTers n o t h i n g m o r e l i i a n a s h o r t l i s t
prelerence for one oider of vales o v e r a n o i b e i " . S t i l l , l h i s d o e s n o i mean >i exam|Dles; h e a l t l i , s u ' e n g t i i , g r a c e , a n d v i g o u r . S i n c e t h e s e a r e a l l l e r r n s
p i ' e f e r r i n g o n e o r d e r o f va Ins o n l ) ' a n d I b r s a k i n g a l l t b e o t h e i ' s , R a i h e r , l l is ,i.so( i a t e c i w i t h i l i e c">piimal fiinciic->ning o f biological organisins, it w o u l d be
a i n a i i e r o f a Kiw'ei o r d e r o f vales as t a k e n u p , i u t e g r a i e d , a u d r e l a t i v i z e d , i p p r o p r i a t e t o a d d o d i e r s s t i c l i as n u i r i t i o n , g r o w t h , c i e \ ' e i o p r n e n t , f l c m r i s l i -
i n t o a p i e f e r e i i t i a l l ) ' h i g h e i " o r d e r o f p u r p o s e , a h i g h e r o r d e r o f vales. I n i i i g . a n c l i e r t i l i t ) ' as e x a m p l e s o f t h e vales o f l i i o i o g i c a i h o m e o s i a s i s , g i o w i h ,
p r e f e r r i n g s o c i a l v a l e s , t h e n , w e v a l u v i t a l \'aliies s u c h as l i f e , h e a l t h , v i t a l -
,111(1 r e p r o d u c u o n . N o l a b l y a l j s e n t f r o m t h i s l i s t is s i n " v i \ ' a l , p e r h a p s b e c a u s e
i t y , a n d f e r i i l i t y bolh as v i t a l and f o r i h e r o l e s t h e y p l a y w i t h i n s o c i a l v a l u
w h i l e m e r e b i o l o g i c a l e x i s t e n c e ( s u r v i v a l ) is a v a l u , o p t i m a l b i o l o g i c a l f i n i c -
s u c h as c o o p e r a t i o n o r efficiency.
t i o i i i n g is w h a t mcives us l o f e e l valu p r e f e r e n c e . T h e s e v i t a l vales a r e
Third, while this preferring s o f orders rather than of pardcular i ' P p o s e d l o d i s v a l u e s s u c h as s t a r v a d o n , i l l n e s s , d i s e a s e , w e a k n e s s , l e t l i a r g ) ' ,
i n s t a n c e s o f vales, p a r t i c u l a r i n s t a n c e s C ) f v a l u c a n n e v e r t h e l e s s become .le i l i t ) ; a n d a t r o p h y , a l l o f w h i c h a r e a s s i g i i e d t o t h e s y m p t o i n s o f b i o l c ^ g i c a l
the focal points for the p r e f e r r i n g o f oixiers. Tor example, in Middlemarch, d\sluiiciion.
Lydgate feels t h e pi^eference of orders t h r o u g h p a r t i c u l a r i n s t a n c e s ol l.onergan g o e s o n l o sa\ t l i a i v i t a l v ; i l u e s a r e " u o r m a l l y p r e f e r r e d " to
t h o s e o r d e r s . Me feels p r e f e r e n i i a l l y t h e o r d e r o f p e r s o n a l vales { i n tlu* llie "work. privatioiis [and] pains" recpiired l o acquire, m a i n l a i n , a n d
p e r s o n o f R o s a m o n d ) o v e r t h e o r d e r o f c u l t u r a l vales (as exeinplified lesiore v i t a l vales, 'i'liis m e a n s t h a t a l t l i o u g h v i t a l vales c o m e lowest
i n l h e v a l n e o f n e w s c i e n t i f i c m e d i c i n e ) . H i s f e e l i n g s a b o i i t t h e s e vales lll h i s s c a l e o f v a l u p r e f e r e n c e , they are n o t m e r e l y the basenient class
are g e i i u i n e l y c o n f i i c t e d a n d he siruggles w i t h this c o n f i i c t between the ol \alues w h e r e e v e r y i h i n g o f v a l u t h a t is p r e f e r r e d , is p r e f e r r e d over
valu ( s c i e n c e ) o v e r t h e p e r s o n a l valu o f l o v e f o r his w i f e , b u l ulmately iheiii. Raiher, they are a h e a d y inst in the o r d e r o f preferring, a n d they
c h o o s e s a c c o r d i n g t o w h a i bis f e l l p r e f e r e n c e reveis t o h i m as g e n u i n e l y .ue p r e i e r r e d lo mere c o m f c u i o r s a t i s i a c i i o n in p a r t i c u l a r . F e e l i n g s of
h i g h e r . B e c a u s e t h e p e r s o n b e l o v e s is s o s p o i l e d , t h i s m e a n s t h a t h i s d e c i - prelerence f b r v i t a l vales l l i e m s e l v e s a i r e a d ) ' c a l i u s t o e t i u c a l r e l l e c i i c u i ,
s i n 10 l i v e o i u . t h e v o c a t i o n l o l o v e R o s a m o n d w i l l r e c p i i r e l h a t l i e e n d u r e d e c i s i o n s , a n c l a c t i o n s b\ m e a n s o f w h i c h we t r a n s c e n d self-saiisfaciion
g r e a t s a c r i f i c e a n d i n j u s t i c e . T h i s is w h a t is e n t a i l e d i n t h e s e c o n c r e t e c i r - w i d i o u r p r e s e n i le\'el o l c o m i o r t , in o r d e r t o t a k e r e s p o n s i b i l i t ) ' iov more
c u m s t a n c e s b y h i s d e c i s i n i n f a v o u r o f p e r s o n a l v'alue t h r o u g h t h e l o v i n g \ i i ; i l h ' v a l u a b l e ways o l ' l i v i n g .
o f t h i s p e r s o n , H i s clecisicm r e i n f o r c e s h i s felt scale o f valu preferences, (h) T h e p h r a s e "social vales" calis to m i n d t h e m o r e s o f a society - the
liad he decided o t h e r w i s e - to p n r s u e his s c i e n t i f i c c a r e e r k n o w i n g this i i o i i n s o f a p p r o p r i a t e b e l i a \ i c m r i n v a r i o u s s o c i a l s e l ti ngs. i n act. i b r m o s t
w o u l d alinate his wife a n d his love for her, f o r e x a m p l e - this w o u l d havr people, b e i n g e t h i c a l m e a n s l i x i n g in a c c o r d w i t h social mores. T h e s e ncjinis
r e b o u n d e d i n a s h i f t i u h i s e x i s t e n t i a l s c a l e o f v a l e s . B u l it w o u l d n o t h a v r ate promulgated far m o r e lTec|ueiiily a u d effectively tlirougli inibrmal
altered deep-down bis i n v a r i a n t f e e l i n g o f p r e f e r e n c e f o r p e r s o n a l \'alues social e x c h a n g e s t h a n b y f o r m a l laws a n d t h e i r e n f o r c e m e n t mechanisms.
o v e r c u l t u r a l vales. ^'eI i u L o n e r g a n ' s t e r m i n o l o g ) ' i i i a n y o f t h e vales c a r r i e d by t l i e m o r e s o f a
F o t i r t h , h i g h e r o r d e r s o f vales c l e t e i ' m i n e /; lower orders ofvalne will M l e i e t y c o r r e s p o n d t o w l i a t h e m e a n s by c u l i u i * a l v a l e s , so l u r t h e r c l a r i f i c a -
b e r e a l i z e d w h e n l o w e r vales a r e i n c o r p o r a t e d w i t h i n t h e r e a l i z a u o n s o l u o n is n e e d e d .
h i g h e r \'alues, F o r e x a m p l e , a p r e f e r e n c e f o r s o c i a l vales d o e s n o t e x e l u d e Regarding s o c i a l vales i l i e r n s e h ' e s , { . . o n e r g a n offers b u t a single illus-
v i t a l v a l e s ( u n i e s s ressenlinienl is o p e r a t i v e , as N i e t z s c h e o b s e r v e d ) . R a i h e i , II.Ilion - " s u c h as t h e g o o d o f e n d e r w l n c h c o n d i i i o n s i l i e v i t a l vales o f
a preference f o r s o c i a l vales d e t e r m i n e s t h e k i n d s o f social arrangements I I K ' whole c o n i m u n i t y " ' '- while only menoning without further c o m m e n i
t h a t w i l l be acceptable w a y s o f r e a l i z i n g a n d s u s t a i n i n g v i i a l v a l e s s u c h as d i a l s u c h vales are t h e r e f o r e t o be p r e f e r r e d l o t h e v i t a l vales o f indi-
n u i r i t i o n a n d p r o c r e a t i o n . T h e s e a n d o t h e r v i t a l vales c a n b e r e a l i z e d i n vidual m e m b e r s o f t h e c o m m u n i t ) ' . Yet e v e n d i e s e b r i e f c o m m e n t s reveal
d i f f e r e n t ways a c c o r d i n g t o d i f f e r e n t a r r a n g e m e n t s o f s o c i a l v a l e s . lhe contrast beiweeii i n d i v i d u a l i n s t a n c e s o f v i t a l vales a n d t h e valu o f
H e n e e . coui-ses o f a c t i o n s a n d t h e i r v a l e s o n a l o w e r - l e v e l a r e p r e f e n r t i ,1 w l i o l e t h a t g o e s b e y o n d those i n d i v i d u a l instances a n d makes possible
a n d c h o s e n i n s u c h ways as t o r e a l i z e , p i o n i o t e , a n d m a i n i a i n v a l e s a l t h e l l i e i r r e g u l a r r e j j l e n i s l m i e n t . VVe u i i g l i t say t l i a t s o c i a l vales l i a v e t o do
2()2 P a n II!: W h y ls D o i n g T h a i B e i n g E l h i c a l ? Judgnieni5 o f C o m p a r a t i v e Valu 263
with the emergence, maintenance, and i m p r o v e m e n i of thai whole, and Second, c u l t u r e s also d e v i s e ways o f r e f l e c u n g t h a t " c r i u c i z e , c o r r e c t ,
w o u l d i n c l u d e d i e v a l e s o f c o o p e r a d v e e f f o i i , o r d e r , d e p e n d a b i l i i v , efl- develop, i m p r o v e " p atie rns o f a c i i n g , c o o p e r a i i n g , a u d l i v i n g together-^" l u
ciency,Jusuce-as-hi)-ness, a n d s o c i a l i r a n c p h l i i y . S o c i a l v a l u is o f l h e w o r t h o l h e r w o r d s , c u l u i r a l vales d o n o l m e r e l y p r o v i d e j u s u l c a i i o n i n o r c l e r t o
ol t h e intelligible c o o r d i n a u o n o f aciiviues a m o n g m a n y people w i t h a tnini- m a i n l a i n a society's pracdces. T h e y also c r i u c i z e a n d c o r r e c t those p r a c u c e s
m u m o f c o n fusin, f r u s t r a t i o n , c h a o s o r v i o l e n c e . ' f h e l a u e r w o u l d t h r e a i e n i n o r d e r t o f o s t e r valu g r o w t h a n d d e v e l o p m e n t o f tbe society I n fact, 1
n o l o n l y t h e i n t e l l i g i b l e s o c i a l o r d e r i i s e l l ' b u t also a h o s t o f v i i a l vales i h i n k i t is f a i r t o say t h a t L o n e r g a n regarded improveineni and develop-
t h a t i t e n s i i r e s w i t h s o m e r e g u l a r i i y T r a f f i c l a w s , n o r m s g o v e r u i n g uses a n d i n e n i as l h e proper i\\nc\.]ons. o f c u l u i r e a n d c u h u r a l vales. I n a n unpub-
e . \ c h a n g e s o f p r o p e r i y a n d t h e m o i e s a n d laws s u r r o u n d i n g m a r r i a g e a n d l i s h e d m a n u s c r i p t , I b r e x a m p l e , h e w r o t e , ";Iust as i e g o o d o f o r d e r [i.e.,
c i i i z e n s h i p , a m o n g o i h e r s u c h s i r u c i u r e s , al l serve to p r o m o t e s u c h social s o c i a l v a l u ] g u a r a n i e e s t b c c o n t i n u a l r e c i u T e n c e o f p a r d c u l a r g o o d s , so
v a l e s a s j u s c e a n d t r a n q u i l i t y . .VIore w i l l b e s a i d a b o u i t h e g o o d o f o r d e r
does c u l t u r a l g o o d n o t o n l y e n a b l e the consiant n u c t u a i i o n and change
a n d its r e l a t i o n t o s o c i a l v a l e s i n c h a p i e r s i i , 1 2 , a n d 14, b m i h i s n m c h w i l l
o c c u r r i n g i n t h e o r d e r to a v o i d a b e r r a t i o n s b u t also d i r e c t s i t towards steady
suffice foi" p r e s e n t p m poses.
i m p r o v e m e n t . " " ^ ' I n Insighlhe also h i n i s t h a t t h e p r o p e r f u n c u o n o f c u l t u r a l
(c) L o n e r g a n h a d his o w n u n i q u e way o f d i s u n g u i s h i n g b e t w e e n social \ a l u e s is c r i t i c i s m f o r t h e s a k e o f p r o n i o u n g d e v e l o p m e n t : " C u l t u r e is [ o u r ]
v a l e s a n d cuUural vales, b u t i i m u s t b e d i s t i l l e d f r o m s e v e r a l d i f f e i e n t t e x t s . < a p a c i t y t o a s k , t o r e f l e c t , t o r e a c h a n a n s w e r t h a t a i o n c e satisfies [ourj
T h o s e t e x i s p o i n t t o c u l t u r a l vales as t h e s t a n d a r d s b y w h i c h p e o p l e reflect i n t e l l i g e n c e a n d speaks to [ o u r ] heart. Now i f [ p e o p l e ] are to m e e t the
n|Jou t h e i r ways o f c o o p e r a i i n g a n d l i v i n g t o g e t h e r . T h a t r e f l e c u n g h a s t w o c h a l l e n g e s e l b y m a j o r d e c l i n e a n d its l o n g e r c y c l e , i t w i l l b e t h r o u g h t h e i r
different but coinplementary funciions: mainienance and development. c n h i i r e t h a t d i e y d o so,"''""
first, cultures develop specialized insiitutions and inediods fbr reflecuon T h i s m e a n s c u l t u r a l vales a r e a u t h e n i i c i f i h e y p e r f o r m t h e i r proper
o n p r a c u c e s i n o r d e r 10 " d i s c o v e r , e x p r e s s , v a l i d a t e , " t h e c u l t u r a l v a l e s t h a t funciion o f p r o i n o t i n g s o c i a l a n d personal development. While Lonergan's
p r o v i d e a c o i n m m h t y w i i h i h e " m e a n i n g a n d v a l u n t h e i r H v i n g a n d o p e r - nndersiauding of "development" w i l l be e x p l o i e d more fully in c h a p t e r
ating."''^
I - j , f o r t h e p r e s e n t i t c a n b e s a i d l h a t c u h u r a l vales a r e a u i h e n t i c t o t h e
If s o c i a l vales o f h a r m o n i o u s c o o p e i a t i o n are proinoied by i r u t h iu e x t e n t iat t h e y m o t i v a t e a n d g u i d e a s o c i e t y t o c o o p e r a t e wilh the long-
: i d v e r i i s i n g a u d e x c h a n g e , s t i l l s u c h s o c i a l vales a n d p r a c u c e s c a n b e r e a l - l e r m u n f o l d i n g o f t h e u n r e s t r i c t e d n o d o n o f v a l n e i n its f i n a l i t y l o w a r d s t h e
i z e d i n m a n y d i f f e r e n t ways o f i n t e r a c t i n g . V V h e n a p e r s o n w a l k s i n t o a s h o p r e a l i z a t i o n o f a l l vales, l u c h a p i e r 14 we w i l l r e u i r n t o t h e e . x a n u u a t i o n o f
i n Paris, u n l i k e i u N e w Y o r k City, i t i s e x p e c t e d t h a t t h e s h o p p e r w i l l g r e e t the c u l t u r a l v a l e s i n r e l a t i o n t o t h e o l h e r levis i n L o n e r g a n ' s s c a l e ofvalne
s h o p k e e p e r , 'Baujour," a n d that the s h o p k e c p e r will reply in k i n d . T h e same preference.
s o c i a l v a l u o f h o n e s t y a b o u t p r o d u c s a n d e x c h a n g e o f g o o d s f o r m o n e y is F i n a l l y , i h e r e a r e o l h e r c u l t u r a l vales d i a i a r e e x p r e s s e d lacitly i n t h e
h o n o u r e d i n b o t h cides. B u l t h e differences i n customs a n d d e m e a n o u r i n wa)'s p e o p l e b e h a v e . T h e s e b e h a v i o u r s a n d vales m a y d e v i a t e f r o m t l i e l o f t y
t h e s h o p s r e v e a l d i f f e r e n t c u h u r a l ways o f l i v i n g . f h e s e c u l t u r a l diffeiences vales e x p l i c i t l y e s t e e m e d n l h e s i o r i e s a c u l t u r e t e l l s a b o u t i t s e l f . fhey
a r e d i s u n c t f r o m i h e valu o f j u s u c e i n e c o n o m i c e x c h a n g e . ' f h e y symbolize m a y aLso d e v i a t e f r o m d i e a u i h e n u c t r a j e c t o r y o f t b e i m r e s i r i c i e d n o u o n
d i e l a r g e r c o m p l e x o f vales t h a t c o n s u t u t e f r e n c h versus A m e r i c a n c u l t u r e . n f valu. W h e n i h e y d o so, t h e o p e r a t i v e c u l t u r a l vales a r e u n d e r m i n i n g ,
Nevertheless, the r e g u l a r r e c u r r e n c e o f a c t s t h a t realize a social valu s u c h r a t h e r t h a n m a i n t a i n i n g , a society's way o f l i f e . C u l t u r a l hisiorians, soci-
as f a i r e x c h a n g e r e q u i r e s c o m i n l i m e n i s t o h i g h e r c u l t u r a l vales ( s u c h as ologists, a n d a m h r o p o l o g i s t s e m p l o y critical i n i e r p r e d v e n i e t h o d s to i n a k e
c i u z e n s h i p o r e t h n i c b e l o n g i n g ) , w h i c h s e r v e 1.0 s u s t a i n a n d m a i m a i n t h e m . e x p l i c i t t h e c u l t u r a l vales a n d m e a n i n g s i h a t a r e i i n p l i c i i i n a c u o n s and
C u l t u r e s a r e w h o l e s t h a t i n t g r a t e d i f T e r e n t sets o f c u l t u r a l vales. G<-.s- words, b u l t h a t escape l h e relective d i e m a i i z a u o n o f ie society itsell.
t u r e s , c u l t u r a l c u s t o m s , a n d syudDols r e c e i v e f u l l e r a r u c u l a t i o n i n i h e ways fhese s c h o l a r s also c r i t i c i z e t h e i d e o l g i c a ! f u n c i i o n s h i d d e n w i i h i n t r a d U
diat a people t e l l s t b e s t o r v o f its i d e n u t y . f a c h s u c h s t o r y c o m m u n i c a i e s i(nial siories o f a c u l t u r e . L o n e r g a n ' s discussion o f i h e m e d i o d s f b r c r i u c i z -
t h e c u l t u r a l vales o f t h e i r s p e c i h c , h i s i o r i c a l w a y o f l i v i n g t o g e t h e r A s f l a - ing both acknowledged and u n a c k n o w l e d g e d dimensions o f a c u l i u r e will
n a g a n puLs i l , " A c u l t u r e sets t h e c o n d i d o n s f b r d e v e l o p i n g t h e c h a r a c t e r o b e l a k e n u p i n p a r t V.
its p e o p l e , o r a c u l t u r e is t h e p e o p l e w r i t l a r g e ... T h e ' g e n e r a l i z e d odu-i' (d) Personal W V / I answers to t h e q u e s u o n "VVhai g o o d a m I , he, o r she?,"
o f t h e c u l t u r e is m e d i a t e d t h r o u g h l h e ' s u p e r - e g o ' o f t h e p a r e m s , a n d h o t h n o t " W h a t is o n e g o o d al o r g o o d / O ? " T h e q u e s u o n , rather, concerns the
b e c o m e the i n n e r voice o f personal a n d social conscience fbr the c h i l d . " " ' g o o d o f o n e s e l f as o n e is. P e r s o n a l v a l u is t h e v a l u o f t h e w h o l e n e s s of
264 P a n I I I : W h y h D o i n g T h a i l i e i n g Eihical? liidgiuenis of :ninpai;ilivc V i h i c '.h.~)
t i l i i M i r s i i i t ie<l beng-n-!ove, e v e n w h i l e t h e i r p r a c t i t i o n e r s p r o c l a i m O T I l l o v i e a t i e s i s t h a t t h e l o v e l i n e s s o f p e r s o n s is c o n s u t u t e d b y t h e u n c o n d i -
I hu k o l l h e m s e l v e s as t r t i l y o r t h o d o x . V V l i e n s u c h p s e i i d o - r e l i g i o n s b e h a \ t i o n a l l o v e o f G o d . F a l l i n g i n l o v e u n r e s t r i c t e d l y w i t h a n o t h e r p e r s o n is f a l l -
i o i i i s b e c o m e w i d e s p r e a d , t h e y c o n t a m n a t e t h e a ti t h e n tic m e a n i n g o f i l i r iii); i n t o l h a t u n r e s l r i c i e d l o v e , a n d f i n d i n g the valu o f the b e l o v e d i n t h e r e
r e l i g i o u s \'alues i n a t r a d i t i o n . _
\: wrW. O f c o n r s e , l h i s d o e s n o t n e c e s s a r i l y m e a n d i a l t h e l o v e r t h i n k s o f t h e
P e r s o n a l \alues are t a k e n u p , i n t e g r a t e d , a n d g i v e n ther f u l l e s i valun- lo\ l h a t s h e o r h e is i n as t h e l o v e o f G o d . M o s t o f t e n t h e l o v e r ' s a t l e n t i o n
lion w i t h i n t h e c o n t e x t o f a u t h e n t i c r e l i g i o u s valu. C o m p l e t e a n d u n c o n - I. l i i i c c t e d t o w a r d s the b e l o v e d , r a t h e r t h a n t o w a r d s t h e u n r e s t r i c t e d love
d i t i o n a l l o v e is t h e u n i f i e d v a l u l h a t d i f f e r e n u a i e s i t s e l f i n t o p e i s o n s , Thr d i . i i l h e y a r e n,
differences a i n o n g p e r s o n s e m e r g e as d i f f e i e n i i a i i f j n s w i t h i n t h e u n i t y ot ll is i n l o v e t h a t t h e v a l u o f a p e r s o n as a w h o l e is r e v e a l e d . O t h e r f e e l -
love t h e p e r s o n s are i n a n d r e m a i n i n u n c o n d i t i o n a l l y . T h e valu o f persoii.t
ings f e e l l h e v a l u o f a p e r s o n ' s pln'sical ap|Dearance, p h y s i c a l s t r e n g i h o r
is i n o s t f u l l y a n d c o m p l e t e l v t h e v a l u cjf t h e t i n i i y o f u n c o n d i t i o n a l l o v e , o u l
h e . i l i h v v i g o u r , t h e i r i n t e l l i g e n c e , p r a c t i c a l k n o w - h o w , wit, g e n e r o s i i y , c o u r -
o f w h i c h t h e y a r e c a l l e d to be emissaries a n d agents. ' I b love a n o t h e r person
ij;e, self-contrcTl, aesthetic c r e a t i v i t y , c o m p a s s i o n , n o b i l i t y , a n d o t h e r s u c h
u n c o n d i t i o n a l l y is t o b e c o m e o n e c o n s c i o u s l y w i t h t h e u n c o n d i t i o n a l l o v e l l - ,
i | i i . i l i i i e s . B u l b e y o n d t h e s e v a l e s o f p e r s o n s t h e r e s t h e \'alue o f p e r s o n -
ness a n d l o v e a b l e n e s s w h i c h is t h e v a l u o f t h a t p e r s o n . L o v e i n t e n d s t h r
h o o d as a w h o l e , a p p r e h e i i d e d f u l l ) ' o n l y i n u n r e s t r i c i e d b e i n g - i n - l o v e . L o v e
v a l u o f t l i e p e r s o n as a w h o l e , a v a l u t h a t t r a n s c e n d s t h e p e r s o n ' s o b v i o u H
o l l h e v a l u o f t h e w h o l e n e s s c>f s o m e o n e as a p e r s o n is n o t l i m i t e d t o l o v e
o r h i d d e n faulis, a n d even transcends lhe disvalues t h a i m a r t h e fullness ol
loi- her o r his achieveineuLs. I t is l o v e o f a w l i o t e n e s s l h a i p r e c e d e s a n d i n
t h e i r m o r a l valu.
l.tci s t h e c o n d i t i o n o l d i o s e achievements.
T h i s u n r e s t r i c t e d b e i n g - i n - l o v e is a o n e n e s s t h a i is n o l l i m i i e d t o t h e o n e fad D u n n e r e m a r k s l h a t i n l o v e " w e a p p r e c i a t e t h e v a l u o f o n e a n o t h e r
Olher peison u p o n w h o m o n e ' s l o v i n g a i t e n d o n is c e n t r e d . I n complele s i m p l y f o r b e i n g . " " M i s p h r a s e , " s i m p l y f o r b e i n g " is a p i , a n d y e t i n v i t e s
l o v e w e b e c o m e o n e w i t h c/Wwith w h o m we are i n - I o v e . w i t h a l l w h o s e valu h i l l e i e x p a n s i n . T h e b e i n g o f a h u m a n p e r s o n is t h e e x i s t e n c e o f a n intel-
is t o - b e - i n - l o v e . T o l o v e o n e p e r s o n n n c o n d i t i o n a l l v is t o b e c c j n i e conscious l i g i b l e " u n i t ) ' , i d e n t i t y , w h o l e , " as L o n e r g a n puts it.''' But ontctlogically a
o f t h a t p e r s o n as a l o v e a b l e n i e m b e r o f t h e u n i f i e d v a l u t h a t is t h e l o v e a b l e - h u m a n p e r s c m s n o t j u s t a n y s o r t o f i n t e l l i g i b l e u n i t y . M i i m a n ) 5 e r s o n s a r e
ness o f l h e h i s t o r i c a l c o m m u n i t y o f a l l p e r s o n s .
s p e c i a l k i n d s o f i n i e l l i g i b l e i i n i t i e s c l i a r a c i c i i / e d b y l h e s p e c i a l acts o f c o n -
flowever, w h i l e b e i n g - i u - l o v e is a c o n s c i o u s n e s s o f t h i s c o m m - t m i i y wilh sciHisness t h a t l h e y p e r f o r m . V V h a l m a k e s o u r acLs o f c o n s c i o u s n e s s special
all p e r s o n s w i t h i n t h e n e x u s of p e r s o n a l r e l a i i o n s l h a t c o n s t i t t i t e h u m a n his' ( a u d so a l s o w e as t h e p e r s o n s w h o p e r f o r m i h e t n ) is t h e f a c t that t h e y a r e
t o r y . i t is n o t y e t a k n o w l e d g e o r a f r e e a n d d e l i b r a t e e m b r a c e o f t h a t u n i t ) ' . c i n i s t i t u i e d as o r i e n t e d t o w a r d s c o m p l e l e a n d u n l i m i t e d valu a n c l good-
A r r i v i n g al tliis high d e g r e e o f e x p l i c i t k n o w l e d g e a n d acceptance recpiires
ness - t h e v a l u o f u n c o n d i t i o n a l l o v e .
considerable fiirther developmenLs i n u n d e r s t a n d i n g s , feelings, j u d g m e n t s ,
flus t h e w h o l e n e s s o f t h e v a l u o f h u m a n p e r s o , n h o o d a n a l y s e d i n t h e
and decisions.
p i e v i o u s s e c t i o n is i n t e n d e d m o s t c o n c r e t e h ' a n d m o s t c o m p l e t e l y i n u n c o n -
Jesuit F r Gregory Bc>yle b r i n g s t h i s t o l i g h t i n h i s s e n s i t i v e reflections d i i i o n a l lo\'e. V o n M i l d e b r a n d m a k e s d i i s p o i n t w h e n h e w r i t e s :
on h i s w o r k w\ih g a i i g m e m b e r s i n L o s A n g e l e s . I n h i s b o o k Tallos on llir
HearU h e w i i n e s s e s t o i h e l o v e a b l e n e s s o f e a c h a n d e v e r y p e r s o n , e v e n thos- I n t h e case o ' g r e a t lo\'e. w e e x p e i i e n c e the lovabilii.y o f the beloved
w h o have been involved i n h e i n o u s gang-related crimes. fe reports how as t h e o n l y r e a s o n o f o u r l o v e ; h i s l a g a i i t y a n d g o o c l n e s s c o m e as
r e c o g n i t i o n o f s u c h l o v e h a s b e e n t r a n s i V i r m a t i v e o f t h e lives o f h u n d r e d s o f a c o m p l e t e surprise. B u l at the same l i m e we e x p e r i e n c e that t h e
people. This transformaiive power comes f r o m b e l o v e d is t h e f u l f i l l m e n t o f e v e r y i h i n g f o r \ v h i c h i n a n i n d i s i i n c t w a y
a n d w i t h o u r e n t i r e b e i n g w e h a v e always longed.
the l o v i n g , c a r i n g a d i i l t w h o pays a t t e n t i o n . I t ' s t h e c o m m u n i t y o f
u n c c H i d i i i o n a l love, r e p r e s e n i i n g the very " n o m a t t e r w h a t i i e s s " ol l l is i n lo\'e t h a t t h e w h o l e n e s s o f p e r s o n a l v a l u is n e i i h e r j u s t longed
God ...
b r o r a r g u e d for, b u t n o w b r o u g h t t o f u l l c o n s c i o u s n e s s . F a l l i n g i n l o v e
S o m e t i m e s resilience arrives i n the m o m e n t you discover y o u r own l u i r e s t r i c t e d l y is t h e c o m i n g t o a w - a r e n e s s o f w h a t h a s a l w a y s b e e n true
u n s h a k e a b l e goodness. P o e i Galway K i n n e l l writes, "Sometimes it's .lll a l o n g , t h o u g h n o t r e c o g n i z e d - n a m e l y , t h e s u b l i m e valu o f being
n e c e s s a r y t o r e i e a c l i a i h i i i g its l o v e l i n e s s . " ' ^ ^
:i p e r s o n .
2liM I I I : VVIiy is 1)(.ing T l i a i . B e i n g EUiical? pidg-iiients o f C n i i i p a r a l i v c Valu
A g a i n , ll i i o i j i i s i sine i r a n s c e n d e n i a l e g o l h a i h a s l o d e c i d e a n d a c l c a l i s r e a s o n i n g - a n d t h a t is o n e o f t h e m o s t i m p o r t a n t d i m e n s i o n s o f w h a t I
i n i h i s v a s i a i ray o f c o n c r e t e c i r c u m s i a n c e s i n a c c o r d w i t h t h e scale o f valu h a v e l i e e n c a l l i n g t h e e t h i c s of f t i s c e r i i n i e n t . T o t h e e x t e n t t h a t w e a i e f a i t h -
|nr(ricn(es, l ' ' a c h c o n c r e i e l y e x i s i i n g p e r s o n h a s t o a c t . E v e n f e v e r y o n e iil t o t h e i r a n s c e n d e i u a l n o t i o n o f v a l n e , we gradually inake explicit for
IM>. l h e s a m e scale o f preference^- t h i s d o e s i i o i m e a n t h a t e \ e r v o n e m u s t <iu r s e l v e s a n d c o m e t o t e r m s w i t h o u r o w n a c t u a l , e x i s t e n a l , f e e l i n g s c a l e o f
inake exactly t h e same decisions. E a c h o f us b r i n g s t o t h e s e u i o n i e n i s o f valu p r e f e i e n c e a n d i t s tensions.-''" D o i n g s o c o n f r o n t s u s o n c e a g a i n w i t h
decisin a h o s t o f p r e v i o u s l y a c q u i r e d k n o w l e d g e , skills, a n d p r i o r c o m m i t - d i e c h a l l e n g e o f m o r a l conversin.
n i e n i s w h i c h a r e i n c l u d e d i n " w h a t is g o i n g o u ' ' - t h a t i s , i n t h e c o n c r e t e
c i r c u m s t a n c e s t o w h i c h o u r e t h i c a l actions w o u l d l e s p o n d . So, f o r e x a m p l e , ((.8 C o m p a r a t i v e V a l u e j u d g m e n t s a b o u t Q u e s t i o n s to b e P u r s u e d
w h i l e a b s t r a c i l v i i n i i g h t b e o f t h e h i g h e s i valu t o i n m i e d i a i e l y r e p a i r b y
surgery t h e h e a r t o f s o m e o n e i n life-threatening cardiac t r a u m a , i n fact 1 bus l a r 1 have f o c u s e d u p o n t h e s [ i o n t a n e o u s ways i n w b i c h c p i e s i i o n s o f
lew fany p e o p l e w o n l d b e a c U n g e t h i c a l l y i f t h e y t r i e d t o d o this, precisely valu a n d f u r i h e r p e r i i n e n t f j i i e s i i o n s a r i s e , a m l h o w f e e l i n g s deiermiue
b e c a u s e t h e y w o u l d l a c k i h e r e q u i s i t e k n o v v i e d g e a n d s k i l l . I t is o u r c o m p l e x i h e i i p e r i i i i e n c e n p t c i c e s s e s o f v a l n e r e l l e c i i o n . Yei o u r f u r i h e r cpiesiions
and concrete ways o f e t h i c a l r e f l e c t i n g l h a t b r i n g u s t o t h e l e f i u e d a n d o f f a c t a n d valu a r e i i i l n i i i e . O n c e a c p i e s t i o u arises, m u s i l b e p u r s u e d
c o r r e c i e d insights a b o u l courses o f action that w o u l d be t h e eihical thing relendessly, n o n i a u e r what?
f o r each o f us t o d o c o n c r e i e l y , t a k i n g i n t o a c c o u n t w h o we are. w h a t w e T h e r e are two factors that d e t e r m i n e w h i c l i f u r i h e r questions will be pur-
a r e c a p a b l e of~, a n d w h a t t h e c i r c u m s t a n c e s c a l ! f o r . R e a s o n i n g , therefore, sued: feelings a n d decisions. U p l o this p o i n t , t h e role o f feelings i n deter-
is r e q u i r e d a b o v e a n d b e y o n d feelings ofvalne preference to determine m i n i n g p e r t i n e n c e o f f i u i h e r t p i e s i i o n s h a s b e e n e x p l o r e d , P o s i t i v e h , as w e
objective, e t h i c a l courses o f a c t i o n . c o n s i d e r w h e t h e r c>r n o i t o p i u s i i e a p o s s i b l e c o u r s e o f a c t i o n , o u r h o r i z o n
S e c o n d , w e g o be)'(.uid o u r f e e l i n g s o f v'aliie p r e f e r e n c e w h e n we use o u r o f feelings provides ns w i l h t h e vales f b r l h e sake o f w h i c h t h a t a c t i o n
"reason" to discern - ihai is tcj say, c r i t i c a l l y assess o u r f e e l i n g s f j f valu i i i i g l i t b e u n d e r t a k e n . O u r f u r t h e r p e r t i n e n t c|uestions s c r u t i n i z e w h e i h e r
preference. Although o u r reasoning to )udgmenis a n d decisions aboul <n" n o t t h e c o u r s e o f a c i i o n as u n d e r s i o o d w o u l d b e c o m p a t i b l e w i t h l h e
comparative vales is g u i d e d b y o u r o w n e x i s i e r u i a l s c a l e o f v a l n e prefer- vales as f e l t .
e n c e s , t h i s s c a l e is n o t n e c e s s a r i l y a n o b j e c t i v e s c a l e o f v a l u preference. On l h e Olher h a n d , feelings c a n also be negative s o u r c e s o f bias that
Oten t h e g u i d a n c e o f o u r feelings o f preference reiriains a i die i m p l i c i t i n t e r f e r e w i t h t h e self-eoriecting processes l h a t w o u l d o t h e r w i s e m o v e Ibr-
level o f f e e l i n g s a l o n e w i t h o u t t h e f u l l e r r e r t n e n i e n t t h a t c o m e s f r o m u n d e r - w a r d i n valu a n d e l h i c a l r e l l e c o n . I n d r a m a u c biases, f e a r prevens i l i e
s i a n d i n g a n d c r i u c i z i n g those feelings o f preference. f h e need for discern- e m e r g e n c e into consciousness o f iniages o r memcuies that w o u l d result
m e n t , f o r f u l l k n o w l e d g e o f o u r s c a l e . arises b e c a u s e l a c k o f c l a r i t y , o r m o r e
i n t u i w a n t e d i n s i g h t s a n d l e a d l o d i s t u r b i n g j n d g m e n i s o f fac a n d valu.
p r o f o u n d l y , d i s i o r l i o n s ii t h a t s c a l e , i n d u c e a c c o m | ) a i i ) ' i n g t e n s i o n s i n o u r
P r i v i l e g i n g c)ne's o w n d e s i r e s a n d f e a r s l e a d s t o i g n o r i n g q u e s i i o n s a b d i i i
horizon o f feelings t l i a i u n d e r m i n e t h e o b j e c i i v i i ) - o f o u r valu j u d g m e n t s
t h e desires a u d fears o f o t h e r s a n d prevens t b e s e l f - c o r r e c t i o n t h a i rejects
a n d choices.
c o u r s e s o f a c t i o n t h a t w o u l d s o l v e o n e ' s o w n p r o b l e m s at t h e e x p e n s e o f
In oi'der t o delibrate responsibly, l o arrive at v i r t u a l l y u n c o n d i t i o n e d d e p r i v i n g o r a f f l i c t i n g o t h e r s . G r o u p b i a s resiilLs w h e n a f f e c i i o n s f b r o n e ' s
c o m p a r a v e j u d g m e n t s o f \'alue, t o m a k e t r u l y e t h i c a l d e c i s i o n s , w e h a v e t o iiuersiibjective c o m n u i n i i y i n t e r f e r e w i t h ciuestions a b o u l t h e well-being o f
f i g u r e o i i t j u s t w h a t vales w e c o n c r e i e l y valu as h i g h e r a n d l o w e r , a n d t o p e o p l e b e y o n d t h e r e a c h C)f Cue's i i i t e r s i i D J e c t i v e a l T e c t i c ) n s . G e n e r a l bias
discern w h e t h e r o r not there are unresolved tensions a m o n g those prefer- against theoretical insighis a n d j u d g m e n t s results f r o m t h e a n i m a l feelings
ences. T h e n n a v o i d a b i l i t y o f m a k i n g decisions a n d t h e existential i m p o r t C)f s e c u r i t v t h a t h o l d t i g l i t t o l h e s e n s e o f r e a l i t y as w h a i is i m m e d i a i e h ' a t
o f o u r unrestricted nodon ofvalne i n i p e l us t o e m p l o y o n r s e l f - c o r r e c t i n g h a n d i n sjace a n d t i m e . ' ' *
processes o f k n o w i n g . B e s i d e s f e e l i n g s t h a t m o d e l vales t o b e p u r s u e d a n d f e e l i n g s that inter-
U n f o r t u n a t e l y , a u t h e n t i c d i s c e r n m e n t is r a r e l y d o n e w e l l , i f a t a l l , M o s l f e r e w i t l i n o r m a i i v e v a l u r e f l e c t i o n , w e also d e t e r m i n e which questions
often o u r felt r a n k i n g just l e m a i n s i m p l i c i t . A l l t o o f i e q u e i i t l y w e c h o o s e t o p n r s u e a n d w h i c h t o leave aside t h r o u g h o u r d e c i s i o n s . I n fact, w e d o
a n d act w i t h o u t fully e n g a g i n g o u r feelings o f v a l n e a n d valu preference m a k e decisions a l l t h e time a b o u t w b i c h o f o u r spontaneously occurring
w i t h t h e full r a n g e o f o u r s t r u c t u r e o f e t h i c a l intenonality. O n l y s e l d o m d o q u e s t i o n s t o p n r s u e . S u c h d e c i s i o n s a r e m a d e o n t h e basis ofjudgments
we a p p l y t o o u r feelings i h e self-eorrecng cycle o f l e a r n i n g t h a t L o n e r g a n o f c o m p a r a v e v a l u . VVe h a v e e x p e r i e n c e s o f t h e f u r t h e r q u e s o n s t h a t
Ii7(l l ' a n l l l : \\'hy ls D o i n g T h a l B e i n g Ethical? J u d g m e n L s o f C o n i p a r a l i v e Valu 277
alise WLIIII o t i i ' consciousnesses. We c a n also ask f u i t h e r q u e s t i o n s aboul W h e t l i e r i n cases o f e n i e r g e n c y , or in the more ieisureiy circumstances
tln_")se i n i t i a l q u e s t i o n s . W e c a n h a v e i n s i g l u s i t u o t h o s e i n i t i a l q u e s t i o n s , a n c i o f c h o o s i n g w i i i c l i cpiest.ioiis t o p u r s u e g i v e n t h e f i n i i n d e c^f o u r lives, t h i s
w e c a n d e v e l o p s o i t i e t n i d e r s i a n d i n g o f w i i a t w o u l d b e i"ec|th r e d t o answer means i l i a i w e h a v e t o ask a n d a n s w e r a i l t l i e Tirther p e T ' d n e n t questions
liise c p i c s t i o n s , W e c a n i ' o r n i f a i r i j ' - a c c u r a t e e s t i m a t e s o i ' l i o w i n u c l i t i m e l ahoiU which f u r t l i e r p e r t i n e m cpiestions are coiuparatively m o r e wcjrili pur-
w o u l d r e q u i r e o t ' us. W e m i g h t r e a l i z e i l i a i we w c u i l c l h a v e t o t a l k w i t h o t h e r s u i n g i b a n o t h e r s . W e d o so i u l i g h t o f t h e r e a l i t i e s o' t h e t i m e a v a i l a b l e to
people, read articles o r web-search t h e u:>pic, a l i e n d a t r a i n i n g w c ^ i k s h o p o r US, o u r talents, ancl t h e d e g r e e o f u r g e n c y a t t a c h e d to each l i n e o f q u e s i i o n -
l e c t u r e , t a k e a c o i u s e , g e t a n e w d e g r e e , j o i n a r e s e a r c t i g r o u p . a n d so o n . ing.-^*
W e m a k e these t i m e assessments n o t o n l y or o n e q u e s t i o n b u t f b r r e l a t e d T h i s d y n a m i c is v e r y d i f f e r e n t f r o m t h e d y n a m i c s o f l h e biases, where
sets o f q u e s t i o n s . W e c o m e t o r e a l i z e i h a i w e d o n o t l i a v e e n o u g h ume to (piesons are i g n o r e d f o r n o g o o d reason at a i l . T h e iear o f nndersiaud-
p n r s u e a i l q u e s t i o n s t h a t o c c u r t o ns. j n d g m e n t s o f v a l n e a b o u t t h e u r g e n c y i n g , o r t l i e a r b i t r a r y j ^ r i v i l e g i n g o f o n e ' s o w n fears a n d d e s i r e s , o r l l i o s e oi"
o f s o m e s i u i a t i o n s a n d t h e vales a t s t a k e e n i e r i n t o o u r c o m p a r a i i v e j u d g - o n e ' s o w n i n t e r s t i i j j e c t i v e g r o u p , is cierne a t i l i e l e v e l o f f e e l i n g s a l o n e , n o t
mems ai^ont w h i c h quesiions ai"e m o r e i m p o r t a n t a n d \ ' a l i i a b l e t o us t o at t h e level o f d e c i s i o n s g r o u n d e d i n ol^jeci.ive j u d g m e n t s o f comparative
p n r s u e , a n d w l u c b less so. W e c a n r e a c h v i i - t n a l l y u n c o n d i t i o n e d j u c l g m e n t s \'altie. S u l l , o b j e c t i v e judgmems o f c o i n p a r a l i v e valu e\'en in ernergency
a b o u t t h e v a l e s o i ' p u i ' s n i n g eacli Cjuestion i u c o m p a r i s o n w i t h the o t h e r s . situations presuppose m o r a l conversic^n that brings one's o w n e.xisieiitial
O n t h i s basis w e c a n e t i u c a l l y d e c i d e t o p u r s u e s o m e f u r t h e r q u e s t i o n s a n d scale o f v a l n e pieierence i n t o a l i g u m e n t w i t h l h e n o r m a t i v e ol:)jecii\'e s c a l e .
n o t others.
Eniergency situations b r i n g a b o u l a variatioii in t h e d y n a m i c s o f liow we 9.9 Moral Conversin Revisited
etliically deal w i t h the large n u m b e r o f nnanswei'ed iuaiie]' q u e s t i o n s . I n
cases o f e r n e r g e n c y , w e c a n j u d g e o b j e c i i \ ' e l y t h a t i t is b e s i t o u i k e a c o u r s e lll c h a p i e r S 1 a r g n e d l h a t i n s t e a d o f t l i i n k i n g o f m o r a l c o n v e r s i n as t l i e
o f a c i i o n , w h i c h s i i l l has s o m e u n a n s w e r e d i n r i h e r q u e s i i o n s a b o u t i l i e best b r e a k f r o m s a t i s i a c i i o n l o valu, i t w o t i l c i b e i n o r e a c c u r a l e t o t l i i n k a b o n t i t
course o f a c t i o n , because the a l t e r n a t i v e o f d o i n g n o t h i n g will ceiiainly i n t e r m s o f t h e d i s i i n c t i o n s w i t h i n t l i e n o r m a t i v e s c a l e o f \'aiue p r e l e r e n c e -
resuk in greater harm. l h a t is l o sa\', m o r a l c o n v e r s i n s h o u l d b e r e g a r d e d n o i as a s h i f i a w a y f n : ) n i
I n c i r c u m s t a n c e s s u c l i as l h i s , t h e r e is s u l f i l e c h a n g e i n t h e c o i u ' s e o a b s o l u t e i n d i T e r e i i c e i n f e e l i n g s r e g a r d i n g a l l vales, b u t as a s l i i l ' t w i t h i n
action u n d e r d e l i b e r a i i o n . T h e o r i g i n a l question m i g h l have been "Would ;in inciividual's a c t u a l , felt s t r u c i u r e o f valu preference. I t w o u l d be a s h i f t
i t b e w o r t h w h i l e f o r m e t o d o X t o r e a l i z e valu V\n a c o n c r e t e s i t u a t i o n 5 ? " l o w a r d s t h e n o r m a t i v e scale o f valu p r e f e r e n c e w i t h i n o n e ' s iiiteiiti<:)nal
A i ) o u i v v h e t h e r i i is w o r i h w h i i e o r o b l i g a t o r y f o r m e lo d o A ' i n s i t u a t i o n .V, feelings. So c o i i c e i \ ' e c l , m o r a l con\'ersioii w o u l d o\'ercome p a r t i a l o r dis-
I m a y ha\'e m a n y h i r i l i e i " p e r t i n e n t q u e s i i o n s . B u l as t i m e r i m s oul. a n d a u i o r t e d \'alue b l i n d n e s s , a n d w o u l d i i o i b e e x c l u s i v e l y a m a t t e r o f o v e r c c n i i i n g
eniergency b e c o m e s i m m a n e n t , i l i e s i t u a t i o n c h a n g e s Vom Sio S', w i i e r e .S" a b s o l u t e valu i n d T e r e n c e . ' f l u s s l i i f t i n i h e s c a l e o f v a l n e p r e f e r e n c e can
includes tlie i m m a n e i i c e o f daiiger a n d tlie knowledge i l i a t t l i e r e c a n n o t be p r o c e e d a l o n g a n u m b e r o ' d l I T e r e n t p a t l i s a n d pass i l i r o n g l i a n i m i b e r o f
e n o u g h t i m e t o p n r s u e all t h e f u r t h e r p e r t i n e n t q u e s t i o n s . T h e cpieslion o f siages.
valu t h u s c h a n g e s - f r o m a s i m p i e j u d g m e n i o f e t h i c a l valu - "YVonid i l he A firsi p a d i o i ' u i c ) r a l c o n v e r s i n w o u l c l b e i ' r o n i a t r u n c a t e d t o a 'uil s c a l e
worthwhile l o d o X i n o r d e r l o r e a l i z e v a l u V'm s i i u a t i o n S?" ~ t o a n e t h i c a l o l valu p r e f e r e n c e . F o r e x a m p i e , a fitnei f a u a t i c n i i g h t b e l o i a l l y preoc-
j u d g m e n t o f c o m p a r a t i v e v a l u - " W o u l d A' ( o r e v e n A " ) b e i h e /;ei7 a v a i l a b l e ( i i p i e d w i t h vital vales a n d have n o e f f e c t i v e i e e l i n g f o r s o c i a l , c u l t u r a l ,
a l t e r n a t i v e i n o r d e r realize valu V t h a t avoids evil, g i v e n i l i e e m e r g e n c ) ' p e r s o n a l , o r r e l i g i o u s vales. A r e l i g i o u s f a n a c m i g h t b e i n d i f f e r e n t 1 0 v i t a l
s i l u a t i o n .S''?" i i i i d s o c i a l vales, A b u s i n e s s n i o g u l n i i g i i t h a v e i n t e n s e f e e l i n g s f o r l h e e c o -
in eniergency s i t u a d o n s , t i i e n , p e o p l e d o a n d o u g h t to act w i d i o u l ask- n o m i c g o o d o f liis o r h e r business e m p i r e w i t l i n o a p p r e c i a i i o n i b r c u l i t i r a l
i n g a n d a n s w e r i n g a l l t h e f u r t h e r cp.iestions t l i a t w o u l d ha\'e been i'elevant vales. A c e r t a i n k i n d o f s c h o l a r m i g h t v a l u t h e r e a l m o ' l i e r o r b i s r e s e a r c h
t m d e r d i T e r e n t c i r c i i i i i s i a i i c e s . B u t t o d o so e l l i i c a l l y n i e a n s t o c o m e l o a l o l h e exclusin o f a l l else, T h e I e e l i n g s o f s u c l i p e o p l e w o u l d be t r u n c a t e d
comparative j u d g m e n l o f valu t h a t k n o w s otsjectively t h a t t h e best avail- i n l b e i r e f e c t i v e c a p a c i t y LO I b e i t h e v a l e s i n o t h e r levis o f t h e normave
a b l e t h i n g t o co is t o set a s i d e t h e f u r t h e r q u e s t i o n s p e r t i n e n t t o A', a n d l o scale. T h e s e , o f c o n r s e , are stereotypes; n o o n e ' s a c t u a l scale o f valu p r e f -
e m b a r k o n c o u r s e o f a c o n A' ( o r X") i n o r d e r to realize valu V (niinimize e r e n c e is q u i t e so s i m p l i s l i c o r c r u d e . T l i e s e s t e r e o t y p e s a r e o f f e r e d solely
harm). l o i i i d i c a i e w h a t I m e a n b y a U u n c a t e d s c a l e o f valu p r e f e r e n c e , and how
'.!VM r . i i l i l i : W'hv ls D o i i i g T h E i i B e i n g EihicaK' ^ | u d g n i c i i i s o r C o n i p a r a i - i v e Valne 279
/
2S'I P a n I I I ; W h y Is D o i n g T l i a i B e i n g E l h i c a l ?
g r o w i h a n d d e v e l o p m e n i i n v a l u i n g . S u c h , I b e l i e v e , is i h e r o l e t h a i Loner-
g a n m e a n i his f o r m u l a l i o n o f l h e scale l o p l a y 10 Self-Appropriation Part I I :
If ( h i s is so, l h e n o f c o n r s e l h e q u e s i i o n o f w h e i h e r o r n o t L o n e r g a n ' s for-
m u l a l i o n a c c u r a i e l y c a p t u r e s at least t h e s e b r o a d d i m e n s i o n s o f t h e objec- Why Is D o i n g T h a t
u x e s c a l e o f x a l u e s is o f u t m o s t i m p o r t a n c e . T h i s q u e s t i o n w i l l b e addressed
in chapter 14. Being Ethical?
Self-apfmifmalion Imds lo a discovery lhat the self lo be affrojmaed has to cUnielop ...
// is ihe discoveiy that willivgness is someihing that has lo be deoeloped lo increase my
rffective freed om.
- B e r n a r d L o n e r g a n , Uiniersianding and ieJiig
10.1 Introduction
a/joiit wluil could avd should be done, furiher experiencing as reJ)aUemed by such d e s c r i b i n g w h a t is m e a n t b y b e i n g e t h i c a l t h a n c a n b e a d e q u a t e l y addressed
in(iiines, getting insights inln possible conrses of aciion, rejlecting, grasping vales iu this chapier. For i h e present, therefore, I b e g i n w i t h Arisu:>ile's classic
as iiirlnally unconditioned. d/diberating, deciding, and acting, all within a convei'led siatement, and iheii consider ilie i'elatiousbip o f t h e structure ofethical
horizon offeelings for vales lhat is n confonnily with the notion of valu, being-in- i m e n i i o n a l i t y l o j u s t e i g h t a c l d i t i c m a l , c o i i i m o n h ' h e l d ways o f s a v ' i n g w h a t
love, and lhe normative sccde of vales. il m e a n s l o be e l h i c a l .
A g a i n s t l h e b a c k g r o u n d o f i h i s c o m p l e x a n s w e r l o i h e i i i s i c ] i i e s i o n , we n o w I b e g i n w i t h A r i s t o t l e b e c a u s e h e p r o v i d e d i h e classic e t y m o l o g ) ' o f t h e w o r d
a r e i n a p o s i l i o n t o c o n s i d e r t h e s e c o n d q u e s t i o n : W h y is d o i n g t h a t b e i n g " e t h i c s " i n h i s Niconiachean Ethics. T h e r e h e w r i t e s t h a i thik'is d e r i v e d from
e t h i c a l ? I n i t i a l l y , t h e c p i e s i i o n seems o d d . I t seems l h a t l h e a n s w e r to d i e first W/os b e c a n s e e i h i c a l e x c e l l e n c e , e t h i c a l v i r t u e s {aietai lhikai)come about
quesiion ("Whatam I d o i u g w h e n l a m beingethical?") a l r e a d y stipulaies by as a r e s u l t o f h a b i t (elhos).'-^ Aristode explained ihai our aciions inclcate
d e f u i i i i o n t h e m e a n i n g o f t h e w o i d " e t h i c a l , " so t h a t t h e s e c o n d q u e s t i o n h a b i l u a l ways o f f e e l i n g a n c l a c t i n g , a n d t h e r e b y d e i e r n h n e o u r c h a r a c i e r :
s e e m s r e d u n d a m : d o i n g t h a i (pe f o r m i n g t h a t s i r u c t u r e d s e i i e s o f activi-
des) is b e i n g e t l i i c a l , b y d e f u i i i i o n , B m m e r e d e f i n i t i o n is n o t l h e p o i n i t o I n o u r t r a n s a c t i o n s w i t h o i h e r p e o p l e i t is b y a c t i o n i h a t s o m e b e c o m e
e i i h e r t h e first o r t h e s e c o n d q u e s t i o n . T b e s e c o n d q u e s u o n arises because JLisi a n c l o t h e r s u n j u s i , a n c i b\ a c t i n g i n l h e l a c e o f d a n g e r , a u c i b y
l h e a n s w e r l o t h e f i i s t is b o u n d t o s t r i k e l h e r e a d e r as o d d - as s o m e h o w d e v e l o p i n g l h e h a b i t c^f f e e l i n g f e a r o r c o n f i d e n c e ihaisome become
diffeient from, if not sirongly opposed to, some more fainiliai' n o d o n of b r a v e or c o w a r d l y . T h e s a m e a p p l i e s t o a p p e t e s a n d f e e l i n g s o f
t h e e l h i c a l . I n o t h e r w o r d s , t h e s e c o n d q u e s t i o n asks h o w t h e s t r u c t u r e o f a n g e r ; sorne p e o p l e b e c o m e sell-con t r o l i e d a n d gene, a n d othei's
e l h i c a l i n t e n t i o n a l i t y is l o b e r e c o n c i l e d w i t h n o t i o n s o f i h e e t h i c a l already self-indulgeni a n d shorf-iempered. I u a w o r d , characteristics d e v e l o p
p i e s e n t i n m o r e o r d i n a r y a u d f a m i l i a r s e n s e s o f w h a t is e l h i c a l . I - I e n c e , j u s i f r o m c o r r e s p o n d i n g a c v i d e s . F o r l h a t r e a s o n , we m u s see l o i t l i i a i
as I m m a n u e l K a n t e n d e a v o u r e d to show t h a t his o w n highly theorecal o u r activies a r e c^f a c e r t a i n k i n d , s i n c e a n y variaons i n i h e n i w i l l l)e
a c c o u n t o f m o r a l i i y was a n a p i " e l u c i d a i i o n " o f l h e e n c u n a r ) ' n d e r s t a n d i n g r e f l e c t e d i n o u r character.-i
o l ' c l u t y , ' so a l s o i t is n e c e s s a r y t o s h o w t h a t t h e p e r f o r m a n c e o l i h e s t r u c t u r e
ofethical i n t e n t i o n a l i t y by a c o m ' e r t e d person fulfills t h e expectations of As t l i e passage m a k e s clear. n o i ever)' k i n d o i ' i i a b i i o f a c i i n g anci ieeling
comnionsense n o i i o n s o f eihics. d e s e r v e s l o le c a l l e d a n e t i u c a l v i r t u e . O n l y d i o s e h a b i l u a l w a y s o f acng
'fhe seccmd q u e s t i o n , therefore, n o t o n h ' piesupposes the preceding ihai consisiendy h i t t h e m e d i a n c o i i n i as e t h i c a l v i r t u e s - e.g,, consisieiiily
a c c o u n t o f the s t r u c t u r e ol ethical i n t e n i i o u a l i i y ; it also p r e s u p p o s e s some . i c i i n g w i t h n e i t h e r t o o m u c h iear or too litile, accepting honours with
n o i i o n o f the ethical. f l i e r e are, o l c o i u s e , m a n y d i f l e r i n g ways o f saying n e i i i i e r t o o m u c h p r i d e nov t o o l i i t l e , a n d so o u . ' '
w h a i i l m e a n s t o b e e t h i c a l . Yet it is a x i o m a i i c in Lonergan's approach lo . A r i s t o t l e ' s f o c u s is o n a c t i o n s , b u t i t a l s o e x i e n d s t o i n c l u d e t h e f e e l i n g s
p h i l o s o p h y t h a t b e f o r e we are a b l e to p u t m a n y o f o u r m o s t i m p o r t a n t ideas dial accompany a n d movate o u r habitual performances o f actions. The
i n i o w o r d s . w e a l r e a d y h a v e a p r i o r notion a b o u t t h e m . f o r h i m a n o t i o n i.s focus i n t h i s tx>ok has b e e n o n t h e p r o c e j s o f e t h i c a l r e f l e c t i o n t h a t leads
a n a u t i c i p a i i o n o f v v h a i w o u l d b e k n o w n c>r r e a l i z e d i f i h e a n t i e i p a t i o n w e r e u p IO d e c i s i o n s a n d a c t i o n s , a n c l t h e r o l e s i l i a i i e e l i n g s p l a y i n t i i a t p r o c e s s .
to be fuirilled. H e elabrales o n ihe n o t i o n s o r anticipations o f being, i l u ' B u i l d i n g u p o n lhis analysis, c h a p t e r 7 a r g u e d urther l h a t o u r p r i o r acons
ibing, nature, development, and Cod, for example. aud horizons o f ieelings mc^idd o u r h a b i l u a l v a l u i n g . i n c l u d i n g o u r habiis
L i k e w i s e , e\'eryone has s o m e n o t i o n o f t h e e t h i c a l , s o m e a u t i c i p a i i o n o l ofeihical v a l u i n g , as w e l l as o u r l i a b i t s o f d e c i d i n g a n c i a c t i n g . S o j u s t as
w h a t i t m e a n s t o be e t h i c a l , t h a t p r e c e d e s t h e i r diveree linguisc expres- " ; i c i i v i t i e s are o f a c e r t a i n k i n d " lead to e t h i c a l v i r t u e s a n d c h a r a c t e r accord-
sions a b o u l the elhical. T h o s e linguislic expressions c a n b e m o r e o r less i n g to A r i s i o t l e , so a l s o a c i i o n s t h a t f o l l o w f r o m f a i t h f u l p e r f o r m a n c e ofthe
accurate porirayals o f the pre-linguisiic noon o f lhe ethical. Still, each s i r u c l u r e o f e t l i c a ! i m e n i i o n a l i t y l e a d 1.0 g e n u i n e l y e t h i c a l h a b i t u a l v a l u i n g
linguislic expression d o e s reveal s o m e t h i n g a b o u t i h e n o o n o f i h e cil . m d acng.
c a l , a n d so c o m p a r i n g t h e m l o t h e l i n g u i s l i c e x p r e s s i o n s set f o r t h i n i h e , \ i i s i o t l e ' s s i a n d a r d f o r e i l i i c a i a c t i o n was t h e r e f o r e lhe character of the
preceding c h a p t e r s is i n o r d e r . fhere a r e , o f c o u r s e , m a n y m o r e ways o f elhical person - a person possessed o f h a b i t s o f etliically v i r t u o u s a c i i n g
''' l ' . N i I I I : W l i y ls D o i i i u TliHL B e i n g F.iiatl? Self--'\ppropiaiion. P a n II 289
Beyond the comparison with Aristoe's a c c o u n t o f ihe ethical, I have to ili;it a h o r i z o n o f f ' e e l i n g s ls o r d e r e d n o r i n a v e l y , as i i w o u l d b e I'or a con-
limit m y discussion here l o j u s t eight of those c o m m o n ways o f s a y i n g w h a i verted subject, dien ediical reflecung and j u d g i n g will be objecve, and
m e a n s the f o l l o w i n g : ( i ) " D o i n g w h a t o n e s h o u l d " ; ( i i ) " D o i n g w h a i is r i g h i " of o u r f u r t h e r quesons are detennined by i h e n o r m a v e scale o f vales,
( o r " D o i n g lhe r i g h t t h i n g " ) ; ( i i i ) "Acng for the g o o d o f others, n o i only we will j u d g e objecuvely w h a i is b e s t f b r u s t o d o in the concrete situaon.
for o n e s e l f ; (iv) " O b e y i n g the law"; (v) " ' D o i n g w h a t is a u t h e n t i c ( n o t whai And to lhe extent ihai we freely chose a n d a c l a c c o r d i n g lo diatjndgment
t h e b e t t e r o v e r i h e less g o o d course o f a c t i o n " ; a n d ( v i i i ) " D o i n g n o h a r m to lo lhe situaon. We will ;dso diereby simulianeously consiute ourselves as
otliers. Fhese are s o m e o f the most c o m m o n ways o f s a y i n g w h a t ii means excelleni a n d a u i h e n t i c i n s t a n c e s o f personal \'alue. H o w e v e r , t o i l i e e x t e n t
take n o c e . First, t h e n , all e i g h t ideis o f w h a t i t m e a n s to be e t h i c a l insisi i n i n d t h a t " ' d o i n g IhaC means p e r f o r m i n g t h e s e t o f a c t s as i n d i c a i e d b y the
o n d o i n g and a c u n g - a n d b e h i n d that, c h o o s i n g l o act. B e i n g e t h i c a l means siruclure ofethical inienonality within a liorizon offeelings ordered in
more t h a n having n o b l e beliefs ai'id ideis, o r lalking a good story It ineans acord with ie o b j e c v e scale o f vales. S h o r i o f m o r a l perfecuon, how-
ol l a k i n g r('S[)onsil)ililv l o f oni'"s o w n aciions a n d n o i b l i n d i v loMow
(vii) B r i n g elhical ineans " ( l l u m s i n g ilie better
i n g s o m e o n e e l s e o r b l a n d n g s o m e o n e e l s e . ' " A u i l i e n i i c i i y h e i e in<-aiis
o v e r l h e less g o o d c o u i " s e o f a c i i o n . "
r e s p o n s i b i l i t y to o n e ' s o w n u n r e s u i c t e d , restlessly i n q u i r i n g a n d respon-
s i b l e s p i r i t as i t u n f o l d s i n t h e c o n t e x t o l a h o r i z o n o f f e e l i n g s orden'd I I n i n s i n g t h e b e t t e r o v e r t h e less g o o d c o u r s e o f a c t i o n m e a n s choosing
a c c o i ' d i n g lo l h e objeciive scale o f vales t h a t has b e e n m a d e o n e ' s o w n , i v h . i i r e a l l y is b e t t e r . B u t k n o w i n g w h a t r e a l l y is b e t t e r is a t t a i n e d i n the
n o t foixed tipon one. ^
i.lijeciive, v i r t u a l l ) ' u n c o n d i t i o n e d com|3arative judgmems ofvalne by a
S i i l h l h i s d o e s n c n m e a n t h a l w h a t o t l i e r p e o p l e h a v e t o say a b o u t w h a t
peisnii o p e r a t i n g out of a converied horizc')n o f f e e l i n g s o r i e n t e d b y the
is r i g h t a n d w r o n g m u s t b e i g n c u e d . A u t h e n i i c i t y c a n ne\*er b e m e i e l y a
u n r e s t r i c t e d n o t i o n o f vales, u n r e s t r i c i e d beng-in-!ove. C o n s e q u e n t l y the
k n e e - j e r k r e a c t i o n to d o t h e o p p o s i i e o f w h a t o l h e r s (socieiy, " t l i e herd")
e x i s i e n i i a l s c a l e o f v a l u f o r s u c h p e r s o n s is i d e n t i c a l w i t h d i e normative,
h o l d as v a l u a b l e . O t h e r s m a y s u g g e s t o r i r y l o b e p e r s u a s i v e a b o i u intel-
i m a r i a i u s c a l e o f vales. M e n e e , c l i o o s i n g a n d d o i n g w h a t is t r u l y better
ligible possibilities o n e h a d n o i i h o u g h t of. T h e i r suggestions may raise
t o m e s as t h e c u h n i n a d o n o f t h e e x e r c i s e o f t h i s s t r u c t u r e o f e t h i c a l i n t e n -
questions a n d pose difficulties o n e h a d n o t considered, but that indeed
onality as i t a r r i v e s a i o b j e c i i v e j u d g m e n t s o f c o m p a r a t i v e v a l u l h a t f o r m
are p e r t i n e n t l o t h e vales o r disvalues o f vvhat o n e will do. Refiecting
a b o u t w h a t o l h e r s sav', a u d a s k i n g p e r t i n e n t q u e s i i o n s a b o u t i h e i n is a l s o l h e basis o f l h e s e c h o i c e s a n d a c t i o n s .
entirely o f lhe struciure o f one's own etliical intentionality, i n c l u d i n g the (f e t h i c a l i n t e n o n a l i t y c a l i s f o r t h . " N o i h a r i i i i i i g c > t h e r s " a l m o s t a l w a y s c a r -
This i ' e f b r i n u h i t i o i i u l (lie ( j i u s i i o i i fbciisc-s o n ont- niajor tlinrrrnfl 1nlis(i\aliciu b r i n g s us l o a ( p t e s l i o i i f o i ' e x i s l e n l i a l c h o i c i : - namely,
between the L W O answers. Objeciive kimwleclge of" w h a i is t c r n i i n a i r i ( (IM I | I I I " , I I I I a b o u t w h e i l i e i ' o r u o t l h i s is t h e w a y o n e s h o u l d a c t u a l l y l i v e
j u c l g m e n t s t h a t a i e g r o u n d e c i i n l e f l e c t i v e g r a s p s o l ' t h e v i r i u a l l y iiii< o i i i l l i j
niM 'i I >\\ii l i l e .
t i o n e c l , w h e r e a s b e i n g g e n i n n e l y e l h i c a l always t e r m i n a l e s i n clecisii>ns ana
a c t i o n s . N e v e r t h e l e s s , as t h e p r e c e d i n g s e c t i o n s have m a d e clear aciiiiiu
iM I B r i n g Kthical a n d C h o o s i n g the Valu o f the C h o o s e r :
will be g e n u i n e l y e l h i c a l o n l y i f they realize objective j n d g m e n t s o f v a h i r l
,Scl('-Appropriation, Part I I
N o i j u s t a n y a r b i t r a r y a c i i o n s w i l h d o . M o r e o v e r , as t h e p r e c e d i n g c h a p i r r i
have m a d e clear, j u d g m e n L s o f e i h i c a l valu w i l l be i m c o n d i t i c j n a i l y objrtv
I I M H ,ire nian\ ideas a b o u t w h a t t m e a n s l o b e e l h i c a l , b u l being et\Vica\
tive o n l y i f t h e y r e s u l t f r o m processes o f valu r e f l e c t i o n a n d d e l i b e r a i i o n
I * '.oiiiediig o u e lias to a c t u a l l v d o oneself T h i s fac r e t t i r n s us t o s e l f -
c a r r i e d c u u . u n d e r t h e a u s p i c e s o f h o r i z o n s <jf f e e l i n g s l h a t h a v e b e e n c o n -
. i p p i o p i i a o n , n o w i n a d e e p e r way. C h a p i e r 3 i n t r o d u c e d t h e n o t i o n of
verted ro h a r m o n i z e wiih i h e u n r e s t r i c t e d n o t i o n o f valu, u n r e s t r i c i e d
*< l l . i p p r o p r i a t i o n , b u t t h a i c h a p t e r e n d e d w i d i l h e t a s k i m f i n i s h e d . T h a t
being-in-love, a n d t h e n o r m a t i v e scale o f valu p r e f e r e n c e s t h a t folhtw
t I t . i p i e i i m r o d u c e d i l i e j i r o c e s s o f s e l f - a l f l r m a t i o u o l i l i e k n o w e r as c o t r i p r i s -
from both. The answer to o u r second C | u e s t i o n , t h e n , is " D o i n g t h a l i
l h e fli-sL s t a g e s o f s e l f - a p p r o p r i a t i o n , o n l y t o b e f a c e d w i l h t h e f a c t t h a t
b e i n g e t h i c a l , b e c a u s e " d o i n g t h a t ' m e a n s a c t i n g i n s u c h a w a y as t o r e a l i / p
M II .if f i r m a t i o n is s o m e t h i n g o n e m u s t d e c i d e t o a t t e m p t , o r n o t . T h a t c h a p -
w h a t is o b j e c t i v e l y valuable."
h 1 end<(l incoTUpleie, because self-alTirmation o f t h e k n o w e r liad n o t l i i n g
The p r e c e d i n g s e c t i o n s h a v e a i i e m p t e d tC) shcjw hcjw k n o w i n g , \ ' a l u i n n , l o ' . . i \t t h e p e r s o n as c h o o s e r w h o w o u l d h a v e 10 c h o o s e t o a i i e m p i i h e
d e c i d i n g , a n d a c d n g i n this sense c o r r e s p o n d closely witli many, t h o u g h n o l d i l l i t u l i , l i e r m e n e u c a l p r o c e s s o f c o i i n g l o k n o w h e r s e l f o r h i m s e l f as a
a l l , o f t b e n o t i o n s t h a t p e o p l e c c i n m o n l y h o l d ab<ui w h a t i t m e a n s t o b r I iMnver. VVe c a n n o w r e s u m e t h e a c c o i m l o f w h a t is c a l l e e ! f o r i n self-appro
e t h i c a l . 1 h a v e endea\'Cured t o s h o w i h a t i l i e s i r u c t u r e o f e i h i c a l i n t e n o n a l - p i i . I l i o n iu t h e m o r e c o m p l e t e sense because i n t h e i n t e r v e n i n g chaptei"s
i t y as o u t l i n e d i n l h e p r e v i o u s c h a p i e r s o f t h i s b o o k has t h e c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s l h e a( I o f c h o o s i n g has b e e n e x p l o r e d a n d s i t u a t e d w i t h i n t h e s t r u c i u r e o f
that m o s t p e o p l e have i n m i n d w h e n they t h i n k a n d speak o f " b e i n g ethi-
' ducal inlentionalilv.
c a l . " ) u s t as i m p o r i a n i l v , c o n s i d e r i n g i h e s e c o m m o n n o t i o n s f t h e e t h i c a l
.Self-appi'opriaon i n t h i s m o r e complete sense c a n be staied simply
f r o m t h e perspecuve o f t h e s t r u c t u r e o f etliical inieiionality b r i n g s to l i g h l
e n o u g h . J u s t as s e l f - a f l l r m a t i o n o f o n e s e l f as a k n o w e r is k n o w i n g w h a t w e
s o m e o f t h e i r u n e x a n n n e d assumpons a n d l i m i t a t i o n s a n d , I h o p e , posi-
. l i e d o i n g w h e n w e a r e k n o w i n g , s) a l s o s e l l - a p p r c ) p r a i i o i i ctf o n e s e l f as
tive l e f i n e m e n l s i n t h o s e noticfus.
e i h i c a l i n t h e f t d l s e n s e is k n o w i n g a n d v a l u i n g w l i a t i t is t o b e a k n o w e r ,
f also h o p e ihai the b r i e f e x a m p l e s offered n t h e s e s e c t i o n s c a n s e r v e
\.diier, a n d c h o o s e r . a u d c h o o s i n g t o act i u a c c o r d a n c e with that valued
as m o d e l s for entering inio the more erncliie conLemporary debates
s i l u c i u r e o f k n o w i n g , v a l u i n g , a n c l c h o o s i n g . ) u s t as s e l f - a f f i r m a t i o n o f t h e
a n d c o n f l i c L i n g v i e w s a b o u t w h a i s a n d is n o t e t l i i c a l . E t h i c a l a n d moral
k n o w e r c o n s i s t s i n a " r e d u p l i c a t i o n " o f c o g n i t i o n a l s t r u c t u r e as a p p l i e d
debates are t a k i n g place in a wde variety o f acadeuc, c u l t u r a l , p o l i l i c a l ,
l o o n e s o w n e x p e r i e n c e s o f k n o w i n g , ' " so also s e l f - a p p r o p r i a t i o n in the
a n d r e l i g i o u s setngs. M a n y p e o p l e have c o m e t o d e s p a i r t h a t t h e y are
f u l l s e n s e is t h e r e d u p l i c a o n o f t h e s t r u c t u r e o f e i h i c a l i i i t e i i t i o i i a l i i y as
c a p a b l e o f a n y s o r t cjf r e s o l u t i o n . C h a p i e r s i 5 a n c l 1 (3 e x p l o r e lhe fruit-
fuiness of Lonergan's idea of a method of "functional speciahies" for . i p p l i e d 10 tbe exi^eiiences o n e has o f b e i n g e t h i c a l b}' p e r f o r n n g t h a t
the ideal o f ethical authenticitv - t h a t is, m o r a l l y c o n v e i t e d thinking, s e n s e is d e l i b e r a t e l y c h o o s i n g t o valu, c h o o s e , act, a n d live i n accord
v a l u i n g , d e c i d i n g , a u d a c t i o n , w h i c h takes p l a c e witln a h o r i z o n offeel- w i t h l l i e v e r y s t r u c t u r e o f a c t i v i t i e s t h a t o n e c a n n o t h e l p b u t use i u c o m -
ings c o n v e r t e d and faithful to the i m m a n e n t n o r m s o f t h e unrestricted i n g 1 0 this very decisin.
n o o n o f valu, umesircted being-in-love, a n d t h e n o r m a t i v e scale of This simple s t a i e n i e n t o f v v h a t is m e a n i b y s e l f - a p p r o p r i a i i c m i n lhe
valu p r e f e r e n c e . T h e m e t h o d o f ethics o u t l i n e d i n the c o n c l u d i n g chap- more complete s e n s e is p e r h a p s t o o s i m p l e . Tlieref'c^re, the fbllowing
lees shcjws h o w s e l f - a p p r o p r i a t i o n o f c o n v e r t e d e t h i c a l i n t e n t i o n a l i t y c a n
seclions e n d e a v o u r l o slow d o w n a n d w a l k t h r o u g h t h e steps in t h i s p r o -
c l a r i f y a n d r e f i n e a n d i n a t l e a s t s o m e cases r e s o l v e o t h e r w i s e iutiaclable
cess o f s e l f - a j > p r o p r i a i i o n . 1 liope t h a i d o i n g so w i l l l e n d c l a r i t } ' a b o u t
ethical conflicts.
w h a i is m e a n t b\ s e l f - a p p r o p r i a t i o n a n d w i l l r e v e a l its g r e a t importance
as w e l l .
li'.)8 P-.u-i I I I : W h y ls D o i n g T h a i . B e i n g E i h i c a l r S e l f - A p p r o p r i a t i o n , l ' a n 11 299
Y e t t h i s r e a l i z a t i o t i b y i t s e l f is n o t y e t s e l f - a p p r o p r i a t i o n i n t h e f u l l e r s e n s e . a b o n t o u r e x p e r i e n c e s o f e t h i c a l r e t l e c t i o n , a n d j u d g m e u i s (l e t h i c a l v a l u .
Ii is a b e g i n n i n g , b u t o n l y a b e g i n n i n g . I f s o m e o n e is t o u n d e n a k e self- G o r r e c t l y n d e r s t a n d i n g e t h i c a l r e f l e c t i o n a n d j u d g m e n t g i v e s rise t o s t i l l
appropriation i n t h e f u l l e r s e n s e , s h e cjr h e w i l l h a v e t o b i u l c l u p o n t h i s f u r i h e r q u e s i i o n s a b o u t t h e i r r e l a t i o n s h i p s t o o t h e r acts i n t h e w h o l e of
b e g i n n i n g by f o l l o w i n g the lead o f t h e host o f f t n i h e r cpicstions t h a t arise iu the s u u c i u r e o f e t h i c a l i n t e n t i o n a l i t y - a n d , i n d e e d , t o cpiestions a b o u t t h e
the wake ol this existeiuial realization. These i n c l u d e questions regarding w h o l e o f t h a t s t r u c t u r e a n d a b o u t c u i r s e b e s as t h e a g e n t s o f t h a t s t r u c t u r e .
l h e i m p l i c a i i o n s t h a t this r e a l i z a t i o n lias f o r o n e ' s p r i o r s e l f - u n d e r s l a n d i n g s Most i ni p o r t a ndy, these processes l e a d i n g towards s e l f - a f f i r m a t i o n o f o n e ' s
a n d self-\'aluings. i iwn e l h i c a l i n t e n t i o n a l i t y manifest t h e t i b i q n i i yo f t h e e t h i c a l questions t h a t
It begins w i t h afrmiiig the fact (the existential realization) that o n e is a o n e c a n ask a b o u t . I f t h e a r g u n i e i i t s p r e s e n t e d i n s e c t i o n 8.2.2 of chapter 8
lll ollier looirls. luliile sficcalave and faciual hisiglils are concerned, to lead lo Inioiol
i'/lge of being, fractical insighis are. coacenied lo lead lo lhe viahing of being. llieir
objecl'me is nol whai is bul whai is lo be done.
H e i ' i i a r d 1 . o i i e i ' g i i i i , lii\i'Jn
I 1.1 Iiilrdiiction
o i l l i c a l l y - acL as m o r a l l y c o n v e n e d p e r s o n s f a i i h f u l t o t h e s t r u c t u r e o f e t h i - . m d c o o r d i n a t e d a c t i o n s o f m a n y i n d i v i d u a l p e r s o n s . T h o s e p a t t e r n s of c o l -
cal i n t e n t i o n a l i t y ? l . i b o r a i i o n c o n s i i t u t e social structurings o f the good. Therefore, to fully
T h e s i m p l e a n s w e r is t h a t g o o d is b r o n g h i a b o u t . A u i h e n t i c e x e r c i s e s o f i i i s w e r w h a t is b r o u g h t a b o u l b y " d o i n g t h a t " r e c p i i r e s a n e l a i x r a t i o n of
t h e s u a . i c t t i r e o f e i b i c a l i i u e n t i o n a l - i t y c i i h n i n a i . e i u l i m r i a n acts oichoosing llie various c o m p o n e n t s a n d s t r u c t u r i n g factors that aie consiiiuents o f the
vales k n o w n i n o b j e c t i v e j u t l g m e n i s o f valu a n d a c t i n g u p o n those c h o i c e s )\ l o d .
a n d j u d g m e n t s . T h i s m e a n s t h a t t h e \'alues k n o w n i n o b j e c t i \ judgmenis of There are o l h e r reasons to t h i n k that the simple answer is t o o simple.
v a l u a r e b r o u g h t a b o u t b y t h e c o r r e s p o n d i n g acts o f c h o o s i n g aud acting. VVhen h u m a n b e i n g s j u d g e , c h o o s e , a n d a c t a u t h e n t i c a l l y , t h e y b r i n g a b o u t
l i e c a u s e o b j e c t i v e vales a r e g o o d , g o o d is b r o u g h t a b o u t b y " d o i n g t h a t . " ivhat L o n e i g a n c a l l e d t h e h u m a n g<:)ocl. B u t t h i s h u m a n g o o c l is n o t n e c e s -
I n g e n e r a l , t h e n , g o o d is i n t e n d e d b y t h e s t i u c i m e o f e t h i c a l i n t e i u i o n a l - s.u i l y a l l l h e r e is t o t h e g o c d . I n a d d i t i o n t o t h e q u e s t i o n s a b o u t w h a t g o o d s
i t y S t i l l , t h e g o o d so i n t e n d e d is a n i n t e g r a t i o n o f d i f f e r e n t k i n d s o f g o o d s . h m n a n decisions a n d a c t i o n s c a n a c t u a l i z e , w e a l s o ask a b o u t t h e vales
T h e s t r u c t u r e f e t h i c a l i n t e n t i o n a l i t y is c o n s u t u t e d a n d g n i d e d by t h e d y n a - .111(1 l l i e g o o d n e s s o f n a t u r e t h a t p r e c e d e a n d a r e a c t u a l i z e d independently
t n i s t n o f o u r u n r e s t r i c t e d n o t i o n o f v a l n e . T h a t n o t i o n is o u r d e s i r e f o r t h e ol h u m a n acting, For over a centmy, ihe conservaiion and environmen-
g o o d as m a n i f e s t e d i n o u r cpicstions for practical insight, evaluation, and t.il m o v e m e n t s h a v e b e e n r a i s i n g a w a r e n e s s a b o u l a g o o d n e s s i n i r i n s i c t o
d e l i b e r a u o n . B e f o r e we k n o w t h e g o o d , c h o o s e i t , o r e n a c t i t , we desire t h e u a t u r e t h a i is i n d e p e n d e n t o f h u m a n choices or uiilizations. In addiiion,
g o o d . T h a t d e s i r i n g g u i d e s o u r s u b s e q u e n t acts o f s e e k i n g p r a c t i c a l i n s i g h t s , wi- c a n a l s o ask s t i l l f u r i h e r c p t e s t i o n s a b o u t t h e p o s s i b i l i t y o f a goodness
etlncal r e f l e c t i o n , c h o i c e , ancl a c t i o n . W h e n e v e r h u m a n tjeings t h i n k a n d dial iranscends both natural and h u m a n goodness. Since the unrestricted
act o u t o f a converted h o r i z o n of feelings in accord w i t h the structure o f n o t i o n o f v a l n e i n t e n d s i h e g o o c l t h a t is t o b e k n o w n b\ a n s w e r s t o c///ques-
ethical iruentionalitv, tlierefore, thev antheutically a n d objectively answer l i o i i s o f v a l n e - uot. j u s i t h e q u e s o n s o f v a l n e t o be f i n a l l y s e t l l e d b y h u m a n
questions that arise f r o m the u n r e s t r i c t e d n o t i o n o f t h e g o o d . W h e n human ( h o i c e a n d a c u o n - t h e questicns o f t h e n a t m - a l a n d t h e t r a n s c e n d e n t g o o d
b e i n g s a c t a u t h e n t i c a l l y i n r e s p o n s e lo t h i s i m r e s t r i c t e d c l e s i r e f o r t h e g o o d , .liso m u s t he considered,
t h e y mo\'e f r c m i m e r e l y t h i n k i n g a b o u t a n d e v e n k n o w i u g w'hm would be l u nsighl, Lonergan w r i i e s t h a t f o r h u r u a n s t h e deiniiicui o f b e i n g can
goocl, to b r i n g i n g a b o u t w h a t t h e y k n o w to be w o r t h a c t t i a l i z i n g . B u t t h e o n l y b e "o t h e s e c o n d o r d e r . " ' T h a l is \o say, h n m a n s c a n n o i d e f i n e being
cptesdons t h a t arise f r o m this desire are d i f f e r e m i a i e d a n d structureci, and as s u c l i , f o r d e f i n i i i o n s f o r m l a t e acts o f n d e r s t a n d i n g , a n c l t o u n d e i ' s i a n d
so t h e y i n t e n d a s t r u c t u i e o f d i T e r e n t k i n d s C)f g o o d s . ' f l i e m o s t complete being, one would have to undersiaud everyihing about exeivihing. So
a n s w e i s tC) q u e s t i c > n s from this u n r e s t r i c t e d desire are t h e actions t h a t a c t u - insiead Lonergan offers a secoiidorder approach lhat defines being not ou
a l i z e l h e vales k n o w n t o be w o r t h a c t t i a l i z i n g . B u t l i e c a u s e vales so k n o w n l l i e liasis o n d e r s t a n d i n g w h a t b e i n g is, b u t r a t h e r i n l e r t n s o f how t is t o
a r e r e l a t e d tcj o t h e r c o m p o n e n t s i u the stnicture o f e t h i c a l intentionality, b e k n o w n . I n o t h e r w o r d s , " B e i n g . t h e n , is t h e o b j e c t i v e o f i h e p u r d e s i r e
ethical aciicms t h e r e f o r e a c t u a l i z e m o r e t h a n valu a l o n e ; t h e y a c t u a l i z e a l o k n o w [ a n d ] ... c a n b e d e f m e d , a i a s e c o n d r e m o v e b y s a y i n g t h a t i t r e f e r s
s t r n c t u r e n w h i c h v a l u is t h e k e y component. l o ; d l t h a t c a n be k n o w n b y i n i e l l i g e n t g r a s p a n d r e a s o n a b l e a f l i r m a t i o n . " -
l l e n c e t h e s i m p l e aiKswer is t o o s i m p l e . W h a t is b r o t i g b i a b o u t b y a u t h e n - l h e same h o l d s t r u e for i h e deluiton o f tbe g o o d . f l u m a n bengs cotdcl
t i c c h o o s i n g a n d a c t i n g is g o o d , b u t t b e g o o d is n o t a l l o f o n e p i e c e . M o s t o n l y d e f i n e t h e g o o d f t h e y a l r e a d y k n e w e v e r y i h i n g g o o d a b o u t e v e r y g o c j d
obviously vales a r e b r o u g h t a b o i u . , b u t n o t o n h ' vales. C h o o s i n g aud 1 h i n g , T h e r e f o r e shoi't o f sticli o n m i s c i e n i nderstanding o f v a l n e , a h u m a n
e n a c t i n g any valu s i m u l t a n e o u s l y lealizes o t h e r d i s t i n c t c o n q j o n e n t s ofthe d e f i n i t i o n o f l h e goocl m u s t also be defuid indirectly, a l a s e c o n d r e m o v e .
g o o d as w e l l - t b e g o o d s o f b o t h a n i u s t i i u t i o u , a n d t h e m e e t i n g o f a p a r t i c u - lhat second-order defmidon is t h e f o l l o w i n g : " T h e g o o d is t h e o b j e c t i v e
lar h u m a n n e e d , f o r e x a m p l e , m i g h t be realized s i m u l t a n e o u s l y in a single o l l h e u n r e s t r i c i e d n o i i o n o f v a l u . T h e g o o d is w h a i is icj b e k n o w n n l h e
c h o i c e o f a valu. W h i l e o b j e c t i v e vales are g o o d s , so a l s o a r e t h e c o m p o t o i a l i t y o f answers t o t b e t o i a l i t y o f cpiesiions o f valu."
n e n i s t h a t a r e r e a l i z e d a l o n g w i t h t h o s e vales. I n a d d i t i o n , w h a t is b r o n g l i l l ' l ' h i i s t o say t h a i w h a i is b i o u g h t a b o u t b y h u m a n e t h i c a l a c t i o n is g o o d
a b o u t b y h u m a n c h o l e e a n d a c t i o n is a g o o d d y n a m i c a l l y s t r u c t u r e d i u iw<t is l r u e as f a r as i t g o e s , b u t i l l a c k s d i f T e r e i i t i a t i o n . T h e h u m a n g o o d is p a r t
ways. F i r s t , b e c a u s e a l l h m n a n e l h i c a l i n i e n t i o n a l i t y is d y n a m i c , t h e g o o d ol the g o o d , because i h e h u m a n decisions ancl acons t h a t r e a l i z e it rest
t h a t results frcjm ils p e r f o r m a n c e is a l s o s t r u c t i n e d d y n a m i c a l l y . Second, u p o n o b j e c v e a n s w e r s t o q u e s o n s o f v a l u . B u t t h e h u m a n g o o d is n o t
t h e g o o d t h a t r e s u l t s ls a l s o s t r u c t u r e d b e c a u s e m u c h o f t h e h u m a n g o o < l is the whole o f t h e g o o c l . P e o p l e a s k , " W h a t is i h e g o o d o f thai}" bul they
b r o i i g h t a b o u t t h r o u g h collaboration - t h r o u g h the c o i n b i n e d , struciint-d, m e a n m a n y d i f f e r e n t sorts o f t h i n g s w h e n t h e y ask s u c h q u e s t i o n s . Lhere
P a n I V : W h a i ls B r o u g h t A b o u t b y DoingThat? T h e H m n a n Cood Descnbed :il:
I . o n e i g a i V s m o r e s p e c i h c a n s w e r t o " W h a t is b r o u g h t a b o u t b y p e o p l e d o i n g ( v h a i w e m e a n b y a h u m a n l i f e . I t is a a b r i c o f i u t e i r e l a i e d c h o i c e s a n c l o t h e r
h u m a n g o o d h a s b o t h p e r s o n a l a n d s o c i a l d i m e n s i o n s , as w e l l as d y n a m i c s u b j e c t . T h i s is n o t a s t a t i c w h o l e n e s s , b u t r a t h e r a d y n a m i c , developing
ti<:)us. T h e d y n a m i c a s p e c t is t h e e n t i r e t y o f h u m a n h i s t o r y . T h e s t r u c t u r a l ll0111 a s e q u e n c e o l c h o i c e s t h a r d e v i a r e f r o m r h e n o r m a v i t y o f t l i e u n r e -
a s p e c t is w h a t L o n e r g a n called the invariant structure o f the h u m a n good. -iiicted n o t i o n o f v a l n e , from being-in-love unresiriciedly, a n d from the
T h e followiug sections explain these parameteis o f the h u m a n good. n o i i n a v e scale o f v a l n e p r e f e r e n c e . I n s u c h lives, e a r l y i n i n o r peccaclillos
e s i . i h l i s h a n o r i e n i a o n t o w a r d s r a t i o n a l i z a i i o n ancl i n s e n s i t i v i t y t o f e e l i n g s
II. 3 T h e H u m a n G o o d as P e r s o n a l : T h e G o o d of ' ' I r e g r e t a n d g u i l t . I f s u c h a n o r i e n t a t i o n is s u s t a i n e d t l i r o u g h o i i t o n e ' s l i f e ,
an A u t h e n t i c H u m a n L i f e ih<-se e a r l y mnc")r s e l f - b e t r a y a l s a r e f o l l o w e d l a t e r b y i n c r e a s i n g l y b o l d e r a n d
m o r e evil actions t h a t c c j r r u p i t h e w h o l e o f a p e r s o n ' s life.^
l ' l i f Sil u c L u r e o u U i u c d i n i l i i s d i a g r a n i w i l l b e i l l i i s i r a t e d l u r i h e r i u sec- liom ethical a u i h e n t i c i i y can predomnate, in spite o f the sporadic
i i o n 11.7 o t i b i s c h a p t e r , a n d w i l l b e e x a m i n e d i n a m o r e r i g o r o u s f a s h i o n oc<iirrence ofacts of greed, c o r r u p i i o n , a n d tbe violent abuse of per-
in lhe next chapier. ,j
.oiis. B u l i n a n o i h e r | ? e r i o d . biases c a n d o m i n a t e s o c i a l p r a c t i c e s , so l h a t
disorder reigns a n d increases, and efforts at creaiivity a u d healing are
11.5 T h e H u m a n G o o d as H i s t o r i c a l : T h e C o r p o r a t e 1 i i i . u g i u a l i z e d ( t h o u g h n o t c o m p l e t e l y e l i i n i n a t e d ) . I n still a n o t h e r stage,
Good o f H u m a n History 1 a i ls o f f o r g i v e n e s s , reconciliaon, resignation, a n d l o v i n g self-sacrifice
1.111 r e v e r s e t h e d o m i n a n c e c j f b i a s e s e v e n w h i l e t h o s e b i a s e s c o n t i n u 1 0
I n a d d i t i o n to t h e s i r u c i u r a l a s p e c i o f t h e s o c i a l h u m a n g o o d . t h e r e is a l s o ( l i i p away at t h e edges o f lecovei)'. ( C o n s i d e r , for exaiuple, the Truth
its d y n a m i c a s p e c t . I u f a c t . o u r a c c o u n t o f i h e h u m a n g o o d c a n n o t b e c o n - .md Reconciliaiion processes lhat f o l l o w e d rhe demise o f a p a r t h e i d in the
sidered lully concrete w i i h o u i i n c l u d i n g the d y n a m i c a s p e c t . A scientific
l Ilion of South Africa.)
a c c o u n t o f t h e p l a n e t Mai"s w o u l d b e incomplete i f it i n c l u d e d o n h ' a n
f b e d y n a m i c aspect o f t h e h u m a n g o o d can be viewed i h r o u g h the lens
anah'sis o f ils g e o l o g } ' b u t n e g l e c l e d 1 0 i n c l u d e the a s i r o p h y s i c a l a c c o u n t o f
o l iiisiiuicms. I t w o u l d b e a n o v e r s i g h i 1 0 t h i n k o f i n s i i t u t i o n s a n d t h e i r
its m o u o n a r o u n d t h e s u n . L i k e w i s e , a n a c c o n m o f t h e h u m a n g o o d d i a l
< o n s i i i u e n i r o l e s as r i g i d a n d siac. l u s t u i i o n s a n d r o l e s a i e , r a i h e r , n o d e s
f o c u s e d o n l y c)n i t s s o c i a l a n d c u l i u r a l s t r u c t u r a l d i m e n s i o n s b u t o m i i t e d its
history w o u l d also be incomplete. within aldynamic, flexible, recurring Ilow ( o r social ecosysiem) o f many
h u m a n a c o n s , I l is t h i s d y n a m i c s o c i a l {]o\\' i h a t s e r \ ' e s n e e d s f r o m belo^^'
rVs h u m a n b e i n g s , w e i n c p i i r e a n d f e e l i n r e s p o n s e 1 0 t h e s o c i a l s i t u a t i o n s
a n d e m b o t l i e s vales f r o m a b o v e .
t h a t we i n h e r i t . VVe i i a n s t b r m t h o s e s i t u a t i o n s b y o u r c h o i c e s a u d a c t i o n s ,
Vloreover, institutions and roles are not merely situated within this
i n d i v i d u a l l y a n d ccjllectively, o n l y to set t h e siage f o r f u r i h e r responses a n d
d \ n a m i c flow, f b r t h e y themselves are also d y n a m i c . Roles a n d instnons
i i a n s t b n u a i i o u s . | u s t as l h e w h o l e s e c j u e u c e o f i n d i v i d u a l c h o i c e s a n d a c u o n s
c o n s t i i u l e t h e v a l u o t a n i n d i v i d u a l , p e r s o n a l l i f e , so a l s o t h e s e q u e n c e o f .ue, after all, the construcis o f c o m m o n s e n s e intelligence, ethical reflec-
collecii\'e h u m a n choices a n d a c i i o n s ccjiistiiute the w h o l e , d y n a m i c gcjod tion a n d j u d g m e n t . a n d choice. Like lhe commonsense understandings
o f h u m a n history. .md j u d g m e n t s t h a l c o n s t i i u l e t h e m . roles a n d instuons a r e q u i t e flex-
i b l e . W i t h o u t s u c h t l c x i b i l i t ) ' tlie\ w o n l d s o o n j i e r i s h . T h e i r e f f i c a c i o u s per-
What Lonergan m e a n t by t h e d y n a m i c aspeci ot t he h u m a n g o o d
l o r m a n c e a n d l h e sense t h a t these i n s t i t u t i o n s have i n t r i n s i c w o r t h w i t h i n
t h e " h u m a n g o o d as d e v e l o p i n g o b j e c t " ' - - is i h e e n i i i e t y o f h u m a n h i s -
l h e social ecosysiem'-' depends n o t o n l y o n t h e a c c u m u l a t e d \visdom thai
t o r y , w i t h all its g l o r i e s a n d h o r r o r s , a c h i e v e m e n t s a n d v i o l e n c e . Lonergan
u n d e r p i n s t h e i r s t a b i l i t ) , b u t also o n t l i e " a l least o u e n u t b e i ' ' |3racLical
w r i t e s t h a t t h e h u m a n g o o d "s a histc>r)', a c o n c r e i e , c t i m u l a i i v e p r o c e s s
i n s i g h t " ' a n d j u d g m e u t o f v a l n e t h a t is r e q u i r e d t o a d a p t t h e i r s t r u c i u r e s l o
resuliing f r o m d e v e l o p i n g h u m a n a p p r e h e n s i o n and h u m a n choices lhat
du- i r r e g u l a r l y ever-changing needs a n d circumstances.
may be g o o d or evil. A n d that concrete developing p r o c e s s is w h a i t h e
lu a biological ecosysiem, life flows a n d circuales t h r o u g h c o m p l e x and
h u m a n g o o d i n t h i s l i f e is, t h e h u m a n g o o d o n w h i c h d e p e n d s [human]
i n t r i c a t e patterns a n d c h a n n e l s . B u l these c i r c n l a t i o n s d o n o t m e r e l y r e p r o -
e t e r n a l destiny."'-' L o n e r g a n s p e n t m u c h o f his career t h i n k i n g a b o n t t h e
d u c e l h e natural ecosysiem, f o r i l also evolves. I n fact, i t c o u l d b e argued
d y n a m i c s o l h u m a n h i s t o r y , c o n s t a n t l y r e f l n i u g his a c c o u n t . T h e details
d i a l t h e b a s i c u n i t o f e v o l u i i o n is n o t s o m u c h a s p e c i e s b m a n e c o s y s i e m -
o f h i s l e w o r k i n g o f t h o s e ideas a b o u t t h e d y n a m i c s o f h u m a n h i s t o r y a r e
a 11 a g g r e g a t e o f i n d i v i d u i s a n d s p e c i e s | i i i k e d t o g e t h e r a n d i n t e r a c n g i n
beyc)nd the scope o f this book. B u t i h r o u g l i o n t all those revisions, he
iniricale circnlations o f mutual dependency.
c o n t i n u a l I } ' i d e n t i t l e d t h r e e i u t e r p e n e i r a t i n g tb'namics: progress, decline,
L i k e a biological ecosystepi, t h e h u m a n g o o c l as a s o c i a l e c o s y s i e m not
and recovery (or r e d e m p t i o n ) . Progress comes frotn a u t h e n i i c exercise
o n l ) ' r e p r o d u c e s i t s e l f b u l also evolves a u d d e v o l v e s . B o t h che m a i n t e n a n c e
C)f t h e s t r u c i u r e o f e t h i c a l i n i e n i i o n a l i t y . D e c l i n e l e s u l t s w h e n biases o r
o f s o c i a l s y s t e m s o f i n s t u l i o n s as w e l l as t h e i r posi\'e i r a n s f o r m a i i o n s a r e
c^iher d i s t o r t i o n s i n t h e h o r i z o n o f feelings undercui the propei" unfold-
the results o f h u m a n beings a c t i n g iu a c c o r d with the s t r u c t u r e o f e t h i c a l
i n g o f e t h i c a l i n t e n t i o n a l i t y . Recovery o r r e d e m p t i o n comes a b o u t when
i n i e n t i o n a l i t y . F i e c i u e n t l y o u r acons m o d i f y i n s u t u t i o n a l p a t i e r n s , some-
acts o f r e s i g n a t i o n , forgiveness, o r l o v i n g self-sacrifice h e a l i h e d i s t o r t i o n s
i i i e s i n ways b a r e l y i i o c e a b l e , o t h e r m e s i n ^vays m o s t d r a m a c . O v e r
b r o u g h t inte p l a y b y b i a s e s . W h i l e o n e o r a n o t h e r d y n a m i c c a n dominate
I he l o n g r u n , t h e a c c u m u l a i i o n o f p r a c t i c a l insights will not m e r e l y a d a p i ,
d u r i n g a certain historical period, all t h r e e oprate a n d interpenetrate
b u l w i l l also g r a d u a l l y o r dmmacally t r a n s f o r m t h e roles a n d i n s t i t u t i o n s -
t h r o u g h every stage o f histor)'. I n o n e p e r i o d , collaborave creaviiy a r i s i n g
e\(niiuallv iranslbning even the social, e c o n o m i c , polilical, and cnlimal
320 Pan l \ h.ii ls B r o u g l i r AhouL by D o i n g T h a i ? T h e H u m a n G o o d Descriled S2 1
SDcial v a h i f o l ' g r e a l t r i - l T i c i f iicv a i u l i l i c x a l i i c of l i h c i a l i t i g w o i i i o i T s l i t l l f l I I history or with o u r actual decisions aiui actions a u d tlu-ir coiise-
ancl s i r c n g l h l o r o i h e i " w o r t h ) ' endeavotirs. l i n t m o r e i h a n l h a i . by c h o o M
( p i i u< I s f o i l h e s t o r y o f h i s t o r y .
i n g to accepl ihe w e l l , i h e village J o i n e d Paget i n a c t u a l i z i n g a new and
l u i c . i l i i ) ' a u f i i u \'alue, e a c h a n d e v e r y h u m a n d e c i s i n a n r l ; i c d o i i a f f e c i s
g r e a i e r v a l o r i z a t i o n o f t h e w o m e n i n t h e village, Paget r e f l e c i e d caief'ullv
to ' i i o i \f h u m a n h i s i o r y . I t a f f e c t s t h e s i o r y as a uiholc. - h o w t h e whole
a n d deliberately a b o m . h e r i n t e n t i o n to orignate a small b u t sigiiiricaiit
i i o M u u i i s ( u i t - n o t ust t h e l a s t e p i s o d e w i t h w h i c h t b e s t o r ) ' e n d s . The
t r a n s f o n n a t i o n o f t h e c u l t m a l valu o f t h e w o m e n : " t h e g i f t o f a w o m a n
K I o l d i a l s t o r y is t o b e d i s c e r n e d i n t h e h i s i o r y o f t h e ever-changing
f o r w o m e n , a n d i n i h i s i h i n g [ w e ' l l a n d w a s h l i o u s e ] t h e m e n s h a l l d o as i h r
w o m e n say" as s l i e p u l i l . - ' ' ' p l i l i I ns o l ] ) e r s o n a l r e l a t i o n s , J u s t as t h e r e a l m i s s i o n o f a n i n s t i t u t i o n is t o
disi e i n e i l i n t h e p e r s o n a l r e l a t i o n s a m o n g its m e m b e r s a n d t h o s e w i t h
A few o f t h e \illage w o m e n i n i t i a l l y " l o o k e d s h o c k e d a t t h i s heresy," a n d
H h i i i u it i t u e r a c t s .
w o r r i e d " w h e t h e r i t was u o t i m p i o u s l o w i s h l o a h e r a n - a n g e i n e n t s that h a d
satisfied t h e i r m o t h e r s a n d their grandmolhei"s before them."-''' T h e women B( ( . u i s e t h e d e c i s i o n s a n d a c t i o n s o f e a c h a n d every h u m a n b e i n g con-
i n d e e d b e a g o o d i n n o v a i i o n . Yei P a g e l w a s alsc) v e r y s e n s i t i v e t o l h e c u l t u r a l t . i k e i n e a c h o f o u r d e c i s i o n s a n d a c t i o n s is l u n n a n d e s t i n y , t h e s t o r y o f
a n d g e n d e r vales a t s t a k e i n i h i s v i l l a g e . V V h e n s h e m e t w i d i t h e h e a d m a n h u m . u i i t y . VVe c o n s t i t u i e o u r s e l v e s as p e r s o n s i n a u d t h r o u g h o u i " e x e r -
to p r o p o s e t h e p r o j e c t , s h e f o l l o w e d t h e c u s t o m s a n d p r o t o c o l s a n d s p o k e I Krs a n d evasioiis o f m o r a l self-lranscendence. B u t j u s t as c o n c r e i e l y , we
respectfully. L i k e i h e w o m e n , he t o o i n i d a l l y expressed t h e \'ew l h a t w h a t lillei 1 t h e c o n s i i i u i i o n o f t h e h i s i o r y o f j j e r s o n a l r e l a t i o n s w i t h i n w h i c h we
I m e i g c as p e i s o u s .
h a d b e e n g o o d e n o u g h f o r t h e i r m o t h e i s a n d g r a n d m o i h e r s s h o u l d also b r
I h e r e l b r e , t h e new realities o f physical a u d b u m a n patierns, the new
g o o d e n o u g h f o r t h e p r e s e n t g e n e r a t i o n . B u t P a g e t b u i l t h e r case o n vales
Irxcis o f social a n d c u l t u r a l saines and personal relations. a n d their
a n d r e c e n t h i s i o i y t h a t w e r e already o p e r a t i v e i n t h e c u l t u r e o f t h e village.
t o n i i i b n t i o n s to t h e valu o l h u m a n histoiy all emerged intertwined
h l p a r t i c u l a r , s h e q n o t e d l o t l i e h e a d m a n f r o m a s i i i a i u t h e Qjtr'an: ''Ifye be
l o g e i h e r a t K u a l a T e l a n g . J u s i as t h e p h y s i c a l r e a l i l y o f t h e w e l l emerged
k i n d l o w a r d s w o m e n a n d f e a r t o d o t h e m w r o n g j A l l a h ] is ^vell a c q u a i n t e d
w i t h w l i a t ye d o . " S h e t h e n i n t e r p r e t e d , " l i w o u l d be k i n d l o l e t t h e w o m e n oiu o f lhe c o n d i d o n s s u p p l i e d by p r i o r physical scliemes (in conjunc-
h u m a n bisloi)'. of A a l n e , d e c i s i o n s , a n d a c t i o n s t h a t c o o p e r a t e d w i t h P a g e t ' s j u d g m e n t s ,
decisions, a n d aciions. T h e s e a c i u a l i z a i i o n s w e r e l h e result r)f m a n y acts
VVhen we l o o k o u t a i i h e great forces and movement o f history, we ol h u m a n c o o p e r a t i o n i h a t arse f r o m t h e exei'cise o f e i h i c a l iniention-
n i i g h t b e t e i u p t e d t o say n o t h i n g w e c a n d o w i l l c h a n g e i t s o u t c o m e . B u t alit)' b)' n u m e r o u s p e o p l e w h o m t h e stry reveis t o be o f h i g h d e g r e e s
l h i s is b e c a u s e we a r e t r a p p e d i n o u r i m a g i n a t i o n s r a t h e r t h a n engag-
of luoral coii\ersion.
ing in self-irausceiidence to c o n c r e i e l y i h i n k a n d evalate t h e reality B e f o r e she r e u i r n e d t o M a l a y a t o have l h e w e l l b u i l t , Paget l o o k e d b a c k
a n d v a l u o f h i s t o r y . VVe n i i g l i i w i s h a n d i m a g i n e t h a t w e c o u l d s t o p a n (MI h e r t h r e e )'ears o f c a p i i v i t y a n d l i f e i n t h e . M a l a y a n v i l l a g e . S h e s a i d t o
i m p e n d i n g war or e n d poverty by some a c t i o n we m i g h t take. We might h e r s o l i c i i o r , " I t was t h r e e y e a r s w a s t e d , ust c h o p p e d o u t o f o n e ' s l i f e ... A t
i m a g i n e t h a t s u c h a c i i o n s are t h e o n l y a c t i o n s we c o u l d d o t h a t w o u l d l e a s l I s u p p o s e i i was. 1 k n o w a l o t a b o i i i .Vlalays, b u t t h a t ' s n o t w - o r t h i m i c h
affect l h e o u t c o m e o f history. B u t those are j u s t famasies a b o u r history. h e r e i n E n g l a n d . " T h e s o l i c i i o r r e s p o n d e d s a g e l y , " Y o u w o n ' t k n o w i f i t is
I n t h i n k i n g t h i s way, w e w o u l d n o t b e e n g a g i n g w i t h t h e r e a l i l y o r t i u e w a s t e d u n t i l ) ' o u c c j m e l o l h e e n d o f y o u r l i f e ... P e r h a p s n o t i l i e n . " ' ' " O n c e
l ' a i i IV; vvii:u ls H i o i i g h i A b o m by D o i n g T h a i ? T h e H u m a n G o o d Deseribed V\)
e m e r g e d n e w vales t h a t e n d o w e d t h e s u f f e r i n g s w i t h w o r t h . I n n o w a y was \ M n i l i 10 l i l e i n t h e v i l l a g e . S l i e c h a n g e d i n s l i i u i i o u a l p a i i e r n s by c l i a n g i n g
t h e h o r r o r a n d e v i l cf s u f f e r i n g s g i v e n a j u s t i f i c a i i o n . R a t h e r , P a g e t svas a b l e lhe o p e r a l i o n s a n d c o o p e r a t i o n s by w h i c h basic n e e d s w e r e satisFicd. B u t
t o r e l u r n g o o d s f o r t h o s e e v i l s . S h e was a b l e t o r e d e e m t h o s e e a r l i e r e v e n t s s . i i i s f a c t i o n o f n e e d s was n o t h e r p r i m a r ) c o n c e r n ; h e r p i i m a i ) ' c o n c e r n
f i o m l h e c j b l i v i o i i o f u n i n i e l l i g i b i l i t y ancl e v i l , a n d l o h e l p m a k e t h e m i m o v.is l o n u r i u r e t h e e m e r g e n c e o f e v e n m o r e v a l u a b l e p e r s c m a l r e l a t i o n s o u t
s o m e t h i n g t h a t played a r o l e i n t h e o n g o i n g goocl o f h u m a n history, She ' i | d i o s e t h a t h a d g i v e n t h e v i l l a g e its p r i o r v a l u o r i e n t a t i o n . Y e t s h e svisely
was a b l e t o t t u n t h o s e e v e n t s i n t o s o u r c e s f o r n i e a n i n g a n d v a l u b e y o n d imdi-rsiood that i m p r o v e d personal relations are iniimately l i o u n d u p with
the horrors. .111 intelligibly f u n c t i o n i n g g o o d o f order, a n d w i t h the reasonable satisfac-
litni o f r e c u r r i n g l i u m a n needs. Because lhis k i n d o f c o m m i t m e n t to t h e
A l t h o u g h t h e e p i s o d e i n S h u t e s n o v e l is i c t i o u a l , t h e r e a r e numerous h n m a n g o o d o i i t h e l h i r d l e v e l is a k e y i n d i c a t c > r o f m o r a l c o n v e i s i o n , i t is
r e a l s i o r i e s a b o u l t h e ways l h a t wells o r c o n d u i i s t o villages i n d e v e l o p i n g l . i i i t o sa)- t h a t t h e H c t i o n a l c h a r a c t e r o f J e a n P a g e t is a r e i i e s e n t a t i v e o f
c o u n i r i e s d r a m a t i c a l l y i r a n s f b r m t h e i r s o c i a l lives, ancl e s p e c i a l l y t h e c u l - moral conversin,
t u r e s o f w o m e n . : ' " J h e stcu"y t h e b u i l d i n g o f a w e l l a t K u a l a T e l a n g provides l l is p o s s i b l e l o d i s c e r n t h e e l e m e n t s o f t h e s t r u c i u r e a n d d y n a m i c s o f
a concrete illustraiion o f Lonergan's account o f the c o m p o n e n t s in the l h e h u m a n g o o d n o t o n l y i u Ficiional b u l also i u a c t u a l h u m a n d e c i s i o n s
siructure o f the h u m a n g o o d , a n d o f the d y n a m i c s that are b r o u g h t abonl .md aciions taken in concert with the ethical decisions and acuons o f o t h -
w h e n p e o p l e act i n d i v i d u a l l y a u d c o o p e r a t i v e l y i n a c c o r d w i d i t h e s t r u c t u r e
( i s , D i s c e r n i n g w h e n t h i s h a p p e n s i n social ancl h i s t o i i c a l s i t u a t i o n s c a n b e
of ethical inienuonalit)'.
e n h a n c e d by a n appropriate i n e i l i o d in ethics. Lonergan's account o f the
B r i n g i n g a b o u t t h e g o o d t h a t b e i n g e t h i c a l i n t e n d s is a m a t t e r o f d i s - .iiucture o f the h u m a n g o o d contribiites an i m p o r t a n t heuristic lo such
c e r n i n g h o w t h e g o o d is e m e r g i n g a n c l c o n t r i b u t i n g t h e n e x t i n t e t l i g e i U , .1 m e t h o d . C h a p t e r s 15 a n d 16 w i l l e x p l c ) r e L o n e r g a n ' s c o n t r i b u d o n s t o a
criucal, a n d ethically responsible t h i n g needed lo build u p that g o o d . But n i e t h o d i n ethics m o r e fully. T l i e r e i t w i l l b e c o m e e v i d e n t that g e n u i n e prac-
we d o n " t i n a k e o u r c o n t r i b u u o n by l o o k i n g a i a b l i i e p r i n t o r p l a n o f the iice o f i h i s n i e t h o d d e p e n d s u p o n s e l f - a p p r o | i r i a u o i i i n t h e ullest sense.
h u m a n g o o d a u d t h e n u s i n g i t t o g u i d e o u r a c t i o n s Hke a b u i l d i n g c o i i - f h e n e x t c h a p t e r , h o w e v e t ^ is d e v o t e d t o t h e m o r e l i m i t e d g o a l o f e l a b o r a t -
t r a c t o r R a t h e r , we d i s c e r n ancl c o n t r i b u t e t o t h e h u m a n goocl p r e c i s e l y hy iiig the heuristic structure o f t h e h u m a n good, a n d e x a m i n i n g Lonergan's
d e s i r i n g i t t h r o u g h o u r u n r e s t r i c t e d n o t i o n o f valu, a n d i h e n p u r s u i n g ( l . i i i u t h a t i t is a n " i n v a r i a n t " s t r u c t u r e . H i s c l a i m t h a t t h e s e e l e m e u i s of
l h a t desidertum t h r o u g h Fidelity lo o u r s i r u c t u r e o f e l h i c a l i n i e n l i c m a l - l h e s t r u c t u r e ancl d y n a m i c s o t h e h u m a n g o o d a r e t o be f o u n d i n e v e r y
ity. W e d i s c e r n i h e g o o d t h a t w e a r e c a l l e d t o b r i n g a b o u t b y a s k i n g a m l instance o f cooperative h u m a n relationships goes well beyond what can be
csuihlishjci o n t h e b a s i s o f a d e s c r i p t i v e , lustraiive s i o r ) ' , e v e n i f i h a i s i o r y
w e r e i l i e actual r a t h e r i l i a n the f i c t i o n a l h i s t o r y o f a single village. A differ-
e m a p p r o a c h , a n e x p l a n a i o r y a p p i o a c h , is r e q u i r e d l o j u s t i f y s u c h a c l a i t n
12 T h e H u m a n Good:
a b o u t lhe generality o f thestriictuie a n d dynauiics o f lhe h u m a n good.
nexl chapter therefore t u r n s f r o m d e s c r i p t i o n o f the h u m a n g o o d lo an
The
Explanatory Foundations
e x p l a n a t o r y , f o u n d a i i o n a l a p p r o a c l i r o o t e d i n t h e very s t r n c t u r e s o f e i l i i c a l
intentionality and h u m a n cooperaiion diemselves.
I j. I Introduction
meiaphj'sics a n d iheolog)'.- hv a h e u r i s t i c s t r u c i u r e o f t h e h u m a n g o o d i h a i is r o o t e d i n s e l f a p p r o p r i a -
l i o i i . T h i s is \ v h a t L o n e r g a n w a s e n d e a v t j u r i n g t o o f f e r in his d i a g r a m . His
His accotmt of the s t r u c t u r e o f lhe l u u i i a n g o o d extends tlus focus on
l i e i i i i s u c s i r u c t u r e b r i n g s i n i o s h a r p e r f o c n s l h e d i f f e r e m k i n c l s cf g o o d s 1 0
lhe heuristic dimensions o f h u m a n i h o u g h t t o the realm o f eihics. The
he f o u n d i n t h e h u m a n c o n d i t i o n , a n d t h e r e b y also casis i m p o r t a n t l i g h t o n
t e r m s i n his d i a g r a i n o f i l i e s t r u c t u r e o f t h e l i u m a n g o o d offer guirles a n d
l h e fliferent f'orms l h a t h u m a n evl d o e s t a k e . '
anticipations o f t h e sorts o f possible g o o d s 10 be f o u n d i n i h e r e a l m of
l u o r d e r t o a c c o i i i p l i s h a l l t h i s , t h i s heursic s t r u c i u r e o t h e h u m a n g o o d
h u m a n a t f a i r s . V V h e n p e o p l e ask, " V V h a l is t h e g o o d o f thaff" they mean
nmst have a f a i r l y w i d e r a n g e o f applicablty L o n e r g a n c e r t a i n l y regarded
many dilferem sorts o t h i n g s a n d use l h e term " g o o d " in various ways
l h e s t n i c t u r e o f i h e h u m a n g o o d as i r a n s c u l t u r a l . H e s v r o t e t h a i " i l c a n be
that are sometimes ecpuvc>cal, c o i i l a t e d , c o n f l i c t i n g , a n d o f t e n needlessiy
r e s t r i c t e d . A l l 100 C ) f t e n t h e q u e s t i o n is p o s e d i n a u i m p l i c i d y r h e t o r i c a l f a s h - . i [ i p l i e d t o a n y h u m a n g(.)od [ i . e . , s o c i e t y j b x n i i i h e S t o n e age t o t h e p r e s e n t
/2.5.J7 Furiher Dbiiensions of lhe Integral Heuristic Siructure \ \ ii^ i i s e l f is d y n a m i c ( " e \ ' o I v i n g " ) i n a m a n n e r t l i a t r e f l e c t s t h e v e r y d y n a -
of Profortionate Being iinMii o f l h e s t r u c i u r e o f h m n a n k n o w i n g , Fie a r g u e d that proporiionate
lll I U ) ; i i s e l f has a n " u p w a r d l y b u i i n d e t e r m i n a i e l y d i r e c t e d d y n a m i s m " a n d
W h i l e l h e iripai^tiie s i r u c i u i ' e o'pro]:)oi"iionaie b e i n g s c a n i l i e r e f o r e be said In iiiimeci l h a t d y n a m i s m "geiieialized emergent p r o b a b i l i t y . ' " - ' ^ T h i s is t h e
l o be i n v a r i a n t , still l h e i n t e g r a l heuristic s i r u c l u r e o f p r o p o r t i o n a i e being h u . u n i c w l i o l e t l i a l p r o v i c l e s ie s t r u c t u r a l i n t e g r a t i o n cjf a l l o f t l i e s e " m e i a -
is n o i i d e n t i c a l w i t h i h e i r i p a r i i i e s t r u c t u r e . T h e s t r u c i u r e o f p i o p o r i i o n a t e pli\sii'al elements" laken togeiher into ihe integral heuristic siructure o f
b e i n g as s u c h is i h e s i r u c t u r e o f t h e w h o l e o f w h a t c a n b e k n o w n b y p o s -
piopoitionaie being.
sible h u m a n e x p e r i e n c i n g , nderstanding, a n d udging. T h a t w h o l e does
Itigorotis a r g u i u e n t s for these m a n y details a n d asseriions, and tlieir
n o l n e c e s s a r i l y h a v e l h e s a m e s i r u c t u r e as t h e m u l t i t u d e s o f p r o p o r t i o n a t e
L i i m 10 f b r i i i i n g a n i n v a r i a n t i n e t a p h ) ' s i c a l s t r u c i u r e , w o u l d t a k e us toe
b e i n g s t h a t p o p l a t e i i . A s I j : ) u e i g a n p u l i t , t h e t r i p a r t i t o s i r u c t u r e is " n o l
1,11 . i l i e l d f o r p r e s e n t p u r p o s e s . Y e t L o n e r g a n was c p i i t e e m p l i a t i c t h a t a n y
an instance o f a n integral heiu-istic sii'ucture, for it does iioi exhaust the
l l l i o u s i n t e l l e c t u a l p u r s u i t w o u l d h a v e 10 be o p e n l o t h e possibility o f all
resources o f rlie h i u n a n m i n d i n a n t i c i p a i i n g . " ' " ' T h e l i - i p a r i i t e s t r u c t u r e is
o f t h e b e i n g s i n t h e p r o p o r t i o n a t e u n i v e i - s e , b i u i t is n o t n e c e s s a r i l y the i| d i e s e d i f f e r e n t a s p e c t s o' r e a l i t y as i e n d e a v o u r e d to u n d e r s t a u d cor-
s t r u c t m ' e o the whole o f all the f u n d a m e n t a l relationships a m o n g those 0 ( ily the universe o f p r o p o r t i o n a t e b e i n g . As s u c h , he e u v i s i o n e d that this
2.^. Heurisuc Definition of tlie Human Good \ T2.^.2 Derivatiou of ifw Heuristic Slnicuiv of the Httman Good
in the s t r u c i u r e o f t h e h u m a n g o o c l . I n a d d i i i o n , b e c a u s e i h e basic o i i c u l . i o l o l h e r d e t e r m i n a t i o n . M o r e f u l l y , l i b e r t y is i h e p o s i t i v e c a p a c i t y t o a c t u a l i z e
lions are ahvays l o t r u e t e r m i n a l vales i n t h e u n r e s t r i c i e d sense, convnsioti t h o s e vales t h a t w e a f f i r m i n j u c l g m e n t s . Liberty belongs in the heurisuc
is a l s o a h v a y s a n i s s u e ( i f n o t a h v a y s a n a c h i e v e d r e a l i t y ) i n t h e h u m a n g o o i t N t i u c i i i r e b e c a u s e i t is a b s o l i i t e l v i n d i s p e n s a b l e to b r i n g i n g a b o u t each ancl
O n t h e C)ne h a n d , t h e n , o r i g i n a t i n g valu is t h e v a l u o r i e n t a t i o n t h a t wv 1 \er\e o f t l i e h u m a n g o o d . W i i l i o u t i t , t l i e r e c o u l d b e n o g o o d i n l h e
c o n s i i t u t e f o r o i u s e l v e s as w e s p o i u a n e o u s l y exercise o u r structure o f ethi p o i p e r l y h u m a n sense - t h e g o o d b r o u g h t a b o u i b)' h n m a n s . W i t h o u t l i b e r t y ,
c a l i n t e n t i o n a l i t y . V\'e d o t h i s e i t h e r b y h o n e s d y f a c i n g a n d r e s p o n d i n g l o all \i . i c t i o n s w o u l d b e f u l l y c l e t e i t u i n e d b y t h e f o r c e s a n d laivs o f t h e n a i t u a l
t h e q u e s t i o n s r a i s e d b\ t h e n o t i c j u o f raltie and unconditional being-iu-ltm \\t>\ W i t l i o i i t l i b e r t y , o u r b e l i e f i n o u r s e l v e s as a g e n t s o f c m r o w n making
o r e v a d i n g t h e i r cali to u n r e s t r i c t e d goodness. O n t h e othei" h a n d , we i . u i a u d as a g e n t s o f g o c x l n t h e w o r l d w o u l d b e a n i l l u s i o n . A l l o f o u r efTorts a t
also m o d i l ) ' t h e k i n d s o f c h o o s e r s we w i l l be n o t j u s t by o u r spontau(ou^
eihi( al r e f l e c i i o n a n d d e c i d i n g w o u l d be a sbani. But self-appropriation in
exercises o f e i h i c a l intentionality, b u t even m o r e securely i f w e deliberateh
l h e I n l l sense i n c l u d e s a f f i r m i n g l i b e r t y as r e a l . " L i b e i i y m e a n s , o f c o n r s e ...
cho(Jse t h e valu o f a u i h e i u i c l i v i n g . K a n t o b s e i v e s t h a t a l t h o u g h (udi
selhdeiermination,"'" Self-ap]3ropriation i n t h e full sense, t h e r e i o i e , stands
i i a r y m o r a l i n n o c e n c e is a g l o r i o u s t h i n g , " u n f o r t u n a t e l y , i t d o e s n o t kerp
Ul o p p o s i i i o n 10 t h e s u g g e s i i o n t h a t l i b e r t y is a n i l l u s i o n .
\'ery w e l l a n d is e a s i l y lecl a s t r a y " b y c o r r u p t i n g i n l u e n c e s . L o n e r g a n s i m i
L i b e r t y is m a n i f e s t i u e v e r y d e c i s i n a n d a c t i o n t h a t b r i n g s abc">iit a n y
larly o b s e i v e d t h a t l h e s p o n t a n e o u s g e n u i n e n e s s " o f the siiuple a n d hom-sl
h u m a n g o o c l . I t is s o m e t h i n g t h a t w e h o l d as a m o s t p r o f o u n d a n d precious
s o i i L is a fine t h i n g , b u t f o r m o s t o f us fidelity to o u r structure o f ethical
) ; o o i l , b u t i n a n d o f i t s e l f i i is n o t a t e r m i n a l v a l u . I t i s r a t h e r a c a p a c i t v t h a t
i n i e m i o n a l i t y is s o m e t h i n g t h a i h a s t o b e " w o n b a c k " i f u o u g h sel-scruliuv
i n . n n f e s L s i i s e l f as w e a c t u a l h ' b r i n g a b o n t t h e \'alue o f o u r s e l v e s a n c l vales
and uhimately thicjugh self-appropriation, i h e fully delibrate decisin lo
l i v e a c c o r d i n g t o t h a t s t r u c t u r e . * ' * T h i s is a d e c i s i n w e c o m e t o i f a n d w h r n d i s i i n c i fi'.iin o u r s e h ' e s . T l i o s e vales c o u l d n o t b e w i t h o u i l i l i e r i y , b u t l i l >
d e c i s i n o f m o r a l c o n v e r s i n . T h i s is t h e l i i l l e s t m e a n i n g cjf c l i s c e r n m e n t as ^',oodiiess o f a t e r m i n a l v a l u .
s e l - a p p r o p r i a u o n , as was a r g u e d i n c h a p t e r i o. O r i g i n a t i n g v a l u as n o r m . i L i b e r t y i n t h i s s e n s e is n o t t h e s a m e as p o l i l i c a l l i b e r t y . P o l i l i c a l l i b e r t y is
live o r i e n t a t i o n , t h e n , also b e c o m e s a t e r m i n a l valu w h e n e x p l i c i t l y u n d r i ,1 t e r m i n a l v a l u f b r w h i c h m i l l i o n s o f p e o p l e y e a r n , b u t a v a l u r e a l i z e d i n
stood, o b j e c t i v e l } ' j u d g e d lo be o f valu, c h o s e n , a u d e n a c i e d i n m o r a l , r e l l o n h ' a lew very s e l e c t pLUteriis o f h u m a n c c t o p e i a t i v e li\'iiig. O p p o s e d to l h e
gious, ancl i n t e l l e c t u a l conversin. 11 u e \'alue o f p o l i d c a l l i b e r t y is t l i e d i s v a l u e o f t y r a n n y T y i - a n u ) ' c a n be o b v i -
o u s a n d b r u t a l , b u t i l c a n a l s o b e soft a n d h i d d e n - t h e s o f t i y r a n n \ I b i i u c l i n
W h e t h e r as s p o n t a n e o u s a u d i m p l i c i t , o r as c h o s e n a n d e x p l i c i t , o r i g i n a l d e m o c r a c y , a b o u t w h i c h d e T o c c p i e v i l l e w a r i i e d . ' ' P o l i d c a l l i b e r t y , as w i t h a l l
i n g v a l u as o r i e n t a t i c m is t h e e x e r c i s e o f o u r c a p a c i t y f o r liberty. A s L o u e i
o t h e r l e r m i n a l v a l e s , is d e p e n d e n t u p o n t h e m o r e ftniclaniental meaning
gan puts it,
o f l i b e r t y as t h e h u m a n ca|.)acity t.o o r i g i n a t e a n d a c i i i a l i z e x'alues.
n o t t o be, o f v a l n e .
L i b e r t y , as L o n e r g a n u n c l e i s i a n c i s it, therefore, is o u r c a p a c i t y 'or trulv Vales a i e always k n o w n i n j u d g m e n t s o f valu t o b e t h e valu o f s o m e
a c t u a l i z i n g i n o u r d e c i d i n g a n c l a c t i n g t h e \'aliies t h a t w e h a v e j u d g e d wn- intelligibility. Actual vales a r e vales t h a t s o m e actual i n t e l l i g i b i l i t y is
i h y L i b e r t y d o e s e u t a i l f r e e d o m as r a d i c a l c o n u n g e n c y as was d i s c u s s e d in known 10 h a v e . A n objective j u d g m e n t o act knovvs t h e a c i i i a l i t y o the
chapter 4 - the fieedom o f a n a c t o f d e c ; i d i n g t h a t is r a d i c a l l y undeiermincd i n t e l l i g i b i l i t y , w h i l e a n o b j e c t i v e J u d g m e n t o f \'alue k n o w s l h e v a l u o f l h a t
by a n y d i i n g else, i n c l u d i n g e v e n o n e ' s o w n e t h i c a l j u d g m e n t s a b o u i t h e val- a( t u a l i n t e l l i g i b i l i t ) ' . P o s s i b l e vales a r e t h e v a l e s o f s o m e i n t e l l i g i b i l i t y t h a t
es o n e s h o u l d c h o o s e . B n t l i b e r t y is n o t o n l y n e g a t i v e f r e e d o m , as absen< i * is p o s s i b l e b u t n o t y e t a c t u a l - o r a t l e a s t n o t y e t k n o w n t o b e a c t u a l .
34(i Par IV: W h a t ls B r o u g h t A b o u i b y D o i n g T h a i ? The Human Good: Explanaiory Foundadons 347
Pi-aclical iiisights luider'staiid the iiitelligibiiiiies o f possible courses o' m .1 ( l e r s c u i s horizon o f feelings, competiug orieniaiions are operave.
action. O u r etiucal relleciing ancl juciging determines t h e v a l u o" t h e s e li M e c t i o n a n d a c i i o n w i l l s o m e t i m e s b e i n c o n f o r n i t y w i t h l h e o r i e n t a t i o n
praclical insights - especially o n c e o u r praclical i n s i g h i s have been modi- I ll u i i r d e e p e s t , u n r e s t r i c t e d f e e l i n g s f o r \'alues, a n d at o t h e r m e s i n o p p o s i -
lled and reluied by the sel"-ccurecUng c y c l e o f f i u i h e r C|uestions and i m i i l o t h e m . S u c h p e o p l e w i l l pass i h r o u g h s n c c e s s i v e s t a g e s , b u t t h e p a t -
answers. Pi-aclical i n s i g l u s . there'ore, d e v e l o p . L o n e r g a n i - e m a r k s liat a n i i r u will n o t have l h e c o h e r e i i t i n i e l l i g i b i l i l y o f d e v e l o p m e n t . I n s t e a d , lhe
a t n h e n d c , c o n v e r i e d o r i e i u a t i o n c a n o n l y be realized a n d efective t h r o u g h .i.iges w i l l f o r m w h a i L o n e i g a n r e f e r s l o as a " d i a l e c t i c a l s e c p i e n c e , " w h i c h
dnietofmmt, a n d practical insights are indispensable to d e v e l o p m e n t in the ls " a c o n c r e t e u n f o l d i n g o f l i n k e d b u t o p p o s e d p r i n c i p i e s o f c h a n g e . " ' " T h e
p i o p e r l y h u m a n sense: " O n e has t o a c c p i i i e t h e s k i l l s a n d l e a r n i n g o f a com- i t p p o s e d o r i e n t a t i o n i n t e r a c t s w i t h o u r basic o r i e n t a t i o n t o p r o d u c e sonie-
p e t e n t h u m a n b e i n g i n s o m e w a l k o f l i f e . O n e has t o g r o w i n s e n s i i i v i t y a n d i l i i i i g analogous l o a v e c t o r s u m , i n w h i c h n e i t h e r o r i e n i a t i o n lias abs<ilute
I e s p o n s i v e n e s s l o vales i f o n e ' s l u u n a n i t y is t o be a u t h e n t i c . " i ' \\.\r t h e o l h e r . I n t h e r e s u l i i n g s e q u e n c e , o i n j u c l g m e m s ofvalne and
Relying o n t h e researches o f J e a n Piaget, L o n e r g a n d e f i n e s a skl as a di-cisioiis are s o m e u m e s v i r t u a l l y u n c o n d i t i o n e d , b u l scmiemes llawed.
" g r o u p o f c o m b i n a o u s o f dif'erenuateci o p e r a u o n s " w h e r e t h e i c n u " g r o u p " ! . i c h s u c h d e c i s i n m o c h i l e s o u r c o m p e t i u g o r i e n t a t i o n s , s o t h a i t h e v e c t o r
has t h e s p e c i a l , l e c h n i c a l m e a n i n g of b e i n g a b l e t o r e t u r n l o o n e ' s s t a r d n g M i i u i t s e l f is c o n s t a n t l y s h i f t i n g i n a n i n c o h e r e n t , d i a l e c t i c a l f a s h i o n . Per-
| ) o i n t u i d i e s i i a t i n g l y i - ' f o r e x a r n p l e , a s k i l l e d c a r p e i u e r h a s t o be a b l e l o s t o p I n i p s , t h e n , diah'.ctic\o\\\ also be i n c l u d e d a l o n g w i t h d e v e l o p m e n i in the
in the m i d d l e o f a b u i l d i n g project to m a k e u n e x p e c t e d adjustmeuLs, a n d t h e n d i a g r a m o f t h e heuristic s t r u c t u r e o f the h u m a n goocl.
r e t u r n t o t h e opemtiom t e m p o r a r i h a b a n d c j n e d . 1 he a b i l i t ) ' l o d o this s o r t o f S i n c e s k i l l s a n d t h e i r d e v e l o p m e n t a r e e s s e n t i a l t o l h e r e a l i z a t i o n c>f v a l i i -
t h i n g is a g r o t i p i n g o f g i ' o u p s o f s k i l l s , a u d is d i e I n d e x o f c c j m p e i e n c e a n c l .ible courses o f a c i i o n , likewise the capaciiies for skill f o r m a i i o n a n d devel-
prolciency. S k i l l d e v e l o p m e n t r e c p i i r e s t h e s e l f - e o r r e c l i n g o f p i ' a c t i c a l i n s i g h t s (ipmenial t r a n s f o r m a t i o n - plasticity a n c l perfect ibility - a r e a l s o pars o f t h e
w h e r e I x x l i l ; ' opeiatic^ns yield results a n d e x p e r i e n c e s t h a t d e v i a t e f r o m expec- iiii()lding o f t h e h u m a n gocxl. L o n e r g a n used to remark lhai a newborn
t a t i o n s , r a i s i n g l ' u n h e r c i u e s t i o n s , n e w i n s i g h t s , m o d i f i e d c ^ p e r a t i o u s , a n d so g a / e l l e c o u l d r u n f t f t e e n m i n u t e s afer iis b i r t h , b u t it lakes a b u m a n i n f a n t
on, u n t i l we g e t a u i u i e l l i g i b l y i u t e g r a i e d g r o u p o f o p e i i t u o n s l h a t s i n o o i h l y .1 v e a r t o d e v e l o p i l i e s k i l l s r e q u i r e d t o w a l k . H e w e n t o n t o o b s e r v e t h a i
a c t u a l i z e t h e i n t e n d e d r e s u l t , n o t j u s t o n c e b u t r e p e a t e d l y . T h i s is w h y t h e a b i l - i h i - g a z e l l e ' s n e r v o u s s y s t e m was h a r d - w i r e d t o g i v e i l t h i s s u r v i v a l s k i l l , b u t
ity l o r e t u r n t o a s i a r u n g p c i i n t s c r u c i a l t o m a s t e n ' o f a n y s k i l l . i l i r plasticity o f t h e h u m a n n e r v o u s system m a d e o u r legs ancl o t h e r Iwdy
Bodily-based s k i l l s a r e n o t d i e o n l y k i n d s o f skills t h a t a r e d e x e l o p e d i n t h e p;uts capable o f develcjping a n d being organized i n t o m a n y d i f f e r e n i kincls
h u m a n g o o c l . B e c a u s e t h e h u m a n g o o d is w h a t is r e a l i z e d i n t h e s t r i v i n g o r I ll s k i l l s - n o l o n l y r u n n i n g , b u l a l s o k i c k i n g b a l l s , h i g h j u n i p s , b a c k I l i p s ,
t h e u n r e s t r i c t e d g o o d , t h a t g o o d is n o l r e s t r i c t e d t o v i t a l v a l e s , o r a r e t h e n i p l e Salchows, horseback r i c l i u g , y o g a , a n c l d a n c i n g , 'or e x a m p l e . 1 once
r e c p i i s i t e s k i l l s . I n s o f a r as a s k i l l is a g r o u p i n g o f d i f f e i ' e n t i r i t e d operalions, saw a d o c u m e i i i a r y a b o n t i h e b i r t h d e e c i s c a i i s e c i b y t h e d r u g t l i a l i d o i i i i d e .
t h e n t h e o p e r a ti<:>ns o f e t h i c a l i n i e n t i o u a l i i y c a n alsc) d e v e l o p . I n a i r u l y f u n - I >ue a d u l t w o m a n v i c t i m h a d been b o r n w i t h o u t arms, b u t she h a d devel-
d a m e n t a l way, t h e r e f o r e , beingethical is a matter of sustained (ei>elol>ing. o p e d a n e x t i a o r d i n a r y d e g r e e o f d e x i e r i t y u s i n g o n l y h e r legs a u d feet. She
It m i g h t b e s a i d t h a t d i s o r i e n i e d p e o p l e a l s o d e v e l o p s k i l l s a u d f e e l i n g s l o l o u l d d r i v e a s p e c i a l l ; ' m o d i f i e d car, c a r e f o r h e r i n f a n t c h i l d , a n d s h o p i n
live o u t t h e i r d e v i a n t o r i e n t a t i o n s . L o n e i g a n however u n d e r s i o o d develop- .1 s u p e r m a r k e i b y p l a c i u g i t e m s i n a s h o j j p i n g c a r i w i t h o n e foot and leg
m e n t i n a p a r t i c u l a r w a y t l i a i m a k e s i i d i l T i c u l i t o a p p l y t o s u c h cases, a n d w h i l e b a l a n c i n g o n the olbei". f h a i i h e l i u m a n b o c l v has t h e plascity a n d
he used "decline" instead lo characierize s u c h processes. T h e r e f o r e devel- p 4 i f e c i i b i l i t y n e e d e d t o c l e v e i c t p s u c h s k i l l s is a m o n g t h e g o o d s o n display
opment and decline are the two m o s t f u n d a m e n i a l o r i e n t a t i o n s o f b o t h iu l h e goocl o r i g i n a i e d b y h u m a n e t h i c a l i n t e n t i o n a l i t y .
individual and c o m m u n a l h u m a n existence.
c o l d a n d b u s i n e s s - l i k e , e v e n t h o u g h b o t h hc>spiials m i g h l b e e q u a l l y g o o d ( ( u i s u t u t e d b ) ' t h e c u l t u r a l p a t t e r n i n t o w h i c h s h e o r b e is i h r o w n .
p e c j p l e tlate l o o u e a n o t h e r w h i l e p e r f o i i n i n g t h e i r i n s i i t u i i o n a i l o l e s c o n - s o n a l r e l a t i o n s , w h i l e o t h e r \s w i l l b e p r o m i n e n t e l s e w h e r e . I n o n e s o c i -
stitules their neiworks o f personal relations. ety, c o m p e i i d o n a n d s u c c e s s i n b u s i n e s s o r s p o r t s w i l l p r e d o m n a t e , w h e r e a s
//)/ / / ' T ^ / I / . ' W I 1 be p r e - e n i i n e n t i n another. Likewise, e c o n o m i c efcieucy, love
P e r s o n a l r e l a u o n s o r i g n a t e ii f e e l i n g s ( i . e . . f e e l i n g r e s p o n s e s t h a l i n t e n d
o f lhe m o t h e r l a n c l / f a i h e r l a n d , o r love o f t b e proletariat can a n d have been
vales), b u l lhey d o u o t reside m e i e l y i u t e r n a l h ' i u s e u t i m e n t s . Personal
e x i o l l e d as l h e p r e d o m i n a n i v a l e s i n \ ' a r i o u s c u l t u r e s . O t h e r v a l e s ( e . g . ,
r e l a u o n s also d e p e n d u p o n insighis, b u l t h e y d o n o t reside i n s o m e m e r e l y
liiu'd w o r k , intellectual pursuits, artistic creativity, family affeciion, lumesiy.
352 l'iiii IV: W'hai ls B r o u g h i A b o u t by D o i n g T h a t ? The Human Good: Explanaioiy foniidations 3D3
loyaliy, niodesiy, generosiiy, eic.) r a n k nearei" o r f a i ' l h e r away IVom the I hev m a y p l a c e ibis or that cultural i d e a l as t h e h i g h e s t g o d , almost
p r e - e m i n e n i vaiiit:, r o r i n i n g a p a n i c u l a r c u i i u r c ' s scale o f valu p r i o r i t i e s . I i i i n p l e i e l y i g n c n i n g i h e d i s t i n c t a n d h i g h e r valu o f t h e p e i s o n to w h i c h
T h e p i e - e n h n e i u v a l u a n d ts a s s o c i a t e d s c a l e o f v a l e s is l o b e discerned I u l u i r a l i d e i s ina\ b e c o m p a r e c a n c l i n t e r m s o i ' w h i c h t h e y u t a ) ' b e c r i t i -
i u t h e ways t h a t c e r t a i n p e o p l e a i r d t h e r a c t i o n s a r e h o n o u r e d , w h i l e o t h e r s . i/cd. T h e n t h e r e will be a b e r r a t i o n s i n the c u l t u r e t h a l lead to e i t h e r overt
a r e i g n o r e d . o r e v e n despised. E a c h c u l t u r e valnes s o m e p e o p l e m o i e h i g h l y m s u b t l e d y n a n i i c s o f o p p r e s s i o n , a l i e n a t i o n , a n d msenlimetU, w b i c h wll
t h a n olhers, even w l i e n they espouse universal h u m a n righus a n d ailesi to
I r s u r a n d grow. ' f h e p a t t e r n oi personal r e l a t i o n s will b e c o m e ever more
t h e u n c o n d i d o n a l x^alue ( d i g n i t y ) o f e v e r y h u m a n b e i n g . I n c o n c r e t e cul-
t l i s i o r t e d i n response, a n d t h e clisparity b e t w e e n p e r s o n a l valu i u t h e nor-
t u r a l p a i i e i n s o i h o w p e o p l e are a c t u a l l y t r e a t i n g each o t h e r , each pei'son
m a t i v e s e n s e a n c l i l i e vales a.ssgned l o h u m a n b e i n g s by t h e c u l t u r e w i l l
is v a l u e d m o r e h i g h l y , o r m o r e l o w l y , o r d e v a l u e d c i u t r i g h i , i n l e r m s o f t h e
increase, d e v e l o p i n g a social s u r d .
s c a l e o f vales i m p l i c i t i n t h e s e p a t t e r n s o f i n t e r p e r s o n a l r e g a r d a n d i n t e r a c -
l u r i h e r u i o r e , i t i s n o t possible to just dismiss these a b e r r a n t v a l u a t i c m s c i f
t i o n . A p e r s o n ' s p e r s o n a l valu is t h e v a l u b e s t o w e d upon (or denied to)
p e i s o i i s b y c u l u i r e s as m e r e i l l u s i o n s . E v e n w h e n s h a n i e f u l l v d i s t o r t e d , s u c h
t h a t pe son i n t h e p a r t i c u l a r , c o n c r e i e n e t w o r k o f p e r s o n a l r e l a t i o n s w i t h i n
v . i h i a t i o n s still e n t e r p o w e r l ' u l l y i n t o t h e ccmstituions o f t h e self-valuations
w b i c h they live.
l l l d i e m e n i b e i s o f i h e c u l t u r e . A c e r t a i n k i n c l cjf s t o i c i s n i m i g h t c o u n s e l one
C l e a r l y t h i s a c c o u n t o f p e r s o n a l v a l u a n d p e i - s o u a l r e l a i i c m s s t a n d s n I I t i j . ; m j r e v v h a t s o c i e i y a n d c u l t u r e say a n d t o j u s t b e c u i e s e l f B u t w h a t d o e s i t
s o m e tensin w i t h t l i e a c c o u n t s o i " t e r m i n a l valu, o r i g i n a t i n g valu, a n d liKiui l o b e o n e s e l f - ' N o <.)ne is a solas if>sc. W h e i h e r o r n o t t h i s a d v i c e is t a k e n
p e r s o n a l v a l u u p t o t i i i s p o i n t . S o far, p e r s o n a l v a l u h a s b e e n understood seiinush' will d e p e n d u p o n t b e personal i'elations that f o r m the hearei's of
as a m a t t e r o f s e l i - o r i g i n a i i o n - e i t h e r s p o n t a n e o u s s e l f - o r i g i n a t i o n o r s e l l - such c o t m s e l . S e l f a p p r o p r i a t i o i i i n the f u l l e s t sense t h e r e f o r e relies u p o n a
o r i g i n a t i o n deliberately chosen i n s e l f - a p p r o p r i a t i o n a n d conversin - b u l i ei l a i i i k i n d o f c o m m u n i i y t o c u l u v a t e t h e n s i g l i i s , J u d g m e n t s , a n d feelings
n o t as t h e r e s u l t o f s o c i a l c o n s t r u c u o n . H o w e v e r , o u r p e r f o r m a n c e s ofour
ne<(led t o arrive at this alternative evaluadon, a c o m m u n i t y o f conversin,
e t h i c a l i n t e n t i o n a l i t y a l m o s t always c t c c t i r i n a n i n t e r p e r s o n a l s e t t i n g . T h e
(ll p e o p l e w h o h a v e a l r e a d y e x p l i c i t l y a f f i n n e c l t.he v a l u o f b e i n g agent o f
o n g o i n g How o f e.\periences that f o r m i h e p o i n t s o f d e p a r t u r e f o r o u r exer-
e i h i ( a l a u t h e n t i c i t y a u d h a v e d e l i b e r a t e l y c h o s e n l o l i v e by t h a t af f i r m a l i o n .
cises o f m o r a l s e l f - t r a n s c e n d e n c e o\'erwhelmingly derive frotn o n r experi-
B u t is s u c h a c o m m u n i t y e v e n p o s s i b l e , g i v e n t h e p o w e r f u l i n l u e n c e s o f
e n c e s o f l h e a c d o n s o f o t h e r h u m a n b e i n g s . VVe t r y l o m a k e s e n s e o f w h a t
p e r s o n a l r e l a t i o n s o v e r o i i e ' s e i h i c a l r e f l e c t i o n a n d c h o o s i n g ? It s o n l y p o s -
t h e y a i e d o i n g a n d w h a t t h e y m e a n . VVe t r y t o d e t e r m i n e t h e r i g h t t h i n g s t o
s i b l e i f l h e r e is a c o n i m u n i i y t h a l i n c l u d e s p e r s c m a l l e l a t o n s t h a t c a n n o i b e
d o i u response to o u r e s t i m a d o n o f l h e p a t t e r n s o f personal relations w i t h i n
u b j u g a t e d to t h e c o r r u p u n g inluences o f b i a s e d p e r s o n a l r e l a u o n s . fhe
w h i c h we oprate.
p o s s i b i l i i v a n d a c i t i a l i y o f s u c h p e r s o n a l r e l a t i o n s is a p r o p e r l y t h e o l o g i c a l
T h u s , w h i l e i n p r i n c i p i e p e i " s o n a l v a l u is t h e valu o f a p e r s o n o r i g i n a t - q u e s i i o n , W e w i l l r e t u r n l o l h i s issue i n t h e s e c t i o n o f c h a p t e r 13 d e v o t e d to
i n g l h e n i e a n i n g o f b e r o r his b e i n g t h r o u g h t h e a u t h e n t i c e x e r c i s e o f t h e the p r o b l e m o f evil a n d t h e place o f r e l i g i o u s conversin i n e t h i c s .
d y n a m i s m o f e t h i c a l i n t e n i i o n a l i y , n f a c t , l h a t o r i g i n a t i n g is p o w e r f u l l y I ' i n a l l y , l h e p h e n o m e n a C)f p e i ^ o i i a l vales r e v e a l t h e d e e p e s t m e a n i n g o f
s h a p e d a n d e v e n d o m i n a t e d by s o n i e c o n c r e t e c u l t u r a l p a t t e r n o f p e r s o i i ; i l l.iws ; i i i c l t l i e i i ~ p i ' o p e r r o l e s i n s o c i e l ) ' a n d i n e t h i c s . ' I b a H r s t a p p r o x i m a t i o n ,
r e l a t i c i n s . N o o n e c o n s t i t u l e s t h e valu o f h e r o r his p e r s o n h o o d ( h e r o r his l.iws a r e f o r i h e s a k e o f t h e g o o d o f o r d e r . L a w s c o m m u n i c a i e l h e a g r e e d
p e r s o n a l valu) all a l o n e . R a t h e r t h a n c o n i n g to k n o w a n d valu ourselves up<Mi w a y s t o c o o p e r a t e i n o r d e r t o s e c u r e p a r t i c u l a r g o o d s i n o r d e r t o m e e t
i n i s o l a t i o n as o r i g i n a t c j r s o f v a l n e t h r o u g h a u i h e n u c a l l y e x e r c i s i n g e d i i c a l p . n i i c u l a r n e e d s . P e r h a p s i n o r e obvciusly, l a w s a l s o p r o t e c t t h o s e patterns
inientionality, concreiely w e use t h e a c t i v i t i e s o f t h a t s t r u c t u r e t o u n d e r -
I I I < i ' o p e r a i i c m b\ i i i s i i r i n g s a n c i i o i i s ( p a r t i c u l a r 'ears) l o d e i e r t h o s e who
s t a n c l , f e e l , a n d a c c e p l t h e p e r s o n a l v a l u t h a t is c o i n m i m i c a t e d a b o u t us
would abuse lhe cooperative i r u s t o f o t h e r s n o r c l e r t o sasfy t h e i r n e e d s
a n d t o U S b y o t h e r s who share our culture.
w i i h o n t n i a k i n g socially a g r e e d u p o n c o n t r i b u t i o n s to the overall g o o d of
H e n e e t h e p e r s o n a l v a l u t h a t is p r o p e r t o h u m a n b e i n g s as o r i g i n a t o r s oidei'. B e y o n d the hrsi appi'oximaon, however, die fuller elhical signifi-
o f v a l u is n o t a l w a y s v a l i d a t e d b y i h e c o n c r e t e personal relations i u iusii- i a i i ( < - o f laws has 1 0 d o w i t h p e r s o n a l r e l a t i o n s anci t e r m i n a l vales. V i o l a -
t u i i o n s a n d c u l t i u e s . J u s t as i n d i v i d u i s c a n a n d d o fal l o a f f i r m o i ' c h o s e t<iis o f t h e g o o d o f o r d e r d e n g r a t e t h e t e r m i n a l vales e m b e d d e d in the
t h e m s e l v e s as i n s t a n c e s o f a u t h e n t i c p e i " s o n a l vales, e v e n m o r e frequendy p i i s o n a l r e l a u o n s l l i a t I b i i n t h e d e e p e r bundaticm o f t h e m a i m e n a n c e anrl
c u l t u r e s fail t o c o m n i u n i c a t e a n d cultvate p e r s o n a l valu i n its f u l l and i m p i o v c m e n t o l ' t h e g o o d o f o r d e r ancl its i n s t i t u t i o n s . T h e iid i g u a l i o n l h a t
p r o p e r sense i n a n d t h r o u g h ieir c o n c r e t e p r a c t i c e s o f p e r s o n a l relations. p e o p l e c:el n r e s p o n s e t o t h o s e w h o b i e a k l a w s is a r e s p o n s e t o l h e olfeuces
P a n rV: Wli;tt ls l l i u u g h i A b o u i by D o i n g T h a t ? T h e H u m a n G o o d : E x p l a n a t o r y Foundaons 3.55
i i m e . a n d t h e p o s s i b i l i t y o d e r i v i n g t h e s t r u c t u r e c>f t h e h u m a n g o o d from
lhe m o r e encompassing s t n i c t u r e i l i a i is i n v o l v e d n t h i n k i n g a n d doing
F u n h e r piactical insights conneci skills w i l h lUKds f o i " pariicular goods.
W I K I I i s e t l i i c a l , Fiu-ther, i h a i d e r i v a d o n resis u p o n t w o I b u n d a t i o n s : ( i ) the
Needs as Lonergan understood them are not limited to viial needs
i m a r i a i i t s i r u c l u r e o f e t h i c a l i n i e n u o n a l i t ) ' p r e s e n t i u all h u m a n b e i n g s in
r e q u i r e d t o s u s t a i n h u m a n b i o l o g i c a l e x i s i e n c e , s u c h as n e e d s f o r food,
.lll t i m e s a n d places, a n d ( 2 ) t h e fact that a l m o s t all i n d i v i d u a l a c t i o n s are
water, p r o t e c t i o n f r o m extremes o f weather, a n d needs for r e p r o d u c i i o n .
dr f a d o cc)opeiaii\ actions. 'Fogethei, these t w o prcn'ide t h e g r o u n d s f o r
Rather, needs "are 1 0be l u i d e r s t o o d i n i h e broadest sense; t h e y are not
l h e i n v a r i a n t r e l a t i o n s h i p s a m o n g t h e tct"ins i n l h e h e u r i s t i c s t r u c t u r e o f
to be restricted to necessities b u t r a t h e r t o be stretched 1 0 i n c l u d e wants
l l i e h u m a n g o o d , w h i c h is s u i n i i i a r i z e d i n w h a t i o l l o w s . T h e d e r i v a t i o n a l s o
o f e v e r v k i n d . " ' " " ' S t i l l , as L o n e r g a n uses t h e t e r m i n h i s d i a g r a m o f the
pro\'ides e l a b o i a t i o n s o f t h o s e t e r m s a n d r e l a t i o n s h i p s i l i a i e n h a n c e t h e use
h u m a n g o o d , a n e e d is f o r a pariiculargoo/l. A c c o r d i n g 1 0 his d e l n i i t i o n , a
o l t h e h e u r i s t i c s t r u c t u r e i n investigaon o f p a r t i c u l a r h i s t o r i c a l societies.
"jarticnlar g o o d " m e e t s a n e e d o f a p a r t i c u l a r i n d i v i d i u d a t a g i v e n place
and time."^- These k i n d s o f needs a r e n i e l at o n e iustaut, and vanish I ' h e g o o d that. is b r o u g l i t a b o n l b ) ' e a c h i i i d i v i c l t i a r s d e c i s i o n s a n d a c t i o n s
b e l o \ ' e d s , as w e l l as o u r n e e d s f o r r e d r e s s o f i n j u s i i c e s . B u t o u r n e e d s f o r " b e c a u s e t h a t s t r u c t u r e s r e c i i r r e n t i u e v e r y a c t o f c h o i c e . i t is u n i v e r s a l o n
n d e r s t a n d i n g a n d l o v e a n d j u s t i c e as s u c h a r e n o t n e e d s f o r s o m e t h i n g t h e s i d e o l h e obeci."'''' A l t h o u g h t h e e t h i c s o f e t h i c a l i n t e n t i o n a l i t y a i first
ing goods. Menee n o t all o f o u r needs are for particular goods. Even instead a social ethics. L o n e r g a n ' s account o f t h e structure o f the h u m a n
w h a t is s o a n d w h a t is o f v a l n e , as w e l l as n e e d s b r scjcial o r d e r a n d s e l l - l e c p i i r e s o p h i s u c a t e d d i s c e r n m e n t t o r e c c i g n i z e t h a t t h i s is t l i e c a s e .
our n e e d f o r a ust a n d o r d e r l y s o c i e i ) ' is n o t f o r a p a i ' i i c u l a r g o o d t h a l is lore the compleons o f e a c h p h a s e o O u r eihical intentionality. They can
n i e l o n c e , t h e n v a n i s h e s , a n d is n e e d e d a g a i n lomorrow. he o | ) e r a t i o n s o f t h e h u m a n b o d y ( e . g . , u s i n g h a n d s , l e g s , o r v o i c e s ) 01" l h e y
1.111 b e i n t e n o n a l o p e r a l i o n s , s u c h as i i u p r i n g . i u i d e i " s i a i i d i n g , I e e l i n g , o r
12.5 Summary: T h e Heuristics and the Invariance iudgiug. A l l such operauons presuppose c o r r e s p o n d i n g capaciiies, wiihout
o f lhe H u m a n Good which they could not occur. 0)>eiations can be exireniely p r i m i t i v e , b u t
most nieu they are c o m b i n a o n s o f b o d i l y a n d intenonal o p e r a l i o n s i n i o
The early sections o f this chapter a r g u e d that Lonergan f o r m u l a t e d the i i i i e l l i g i b l y c o n n e c i e d g r o u p i n g s o r skills. R e f i n e m e n t s o f skills are b r o i i g l u
s t r u c t u r e o f t h e h u m a n g o o d in o r d e r 1 0 p r o v i d e a h e u r i s t i c g u i d a n c e i b r . i h o i i i b ) ' deiidopnieutal sequences o f snccessive d e c i s i o n s a n d a c t i o n s , w h i c h
discovering the various k i n d s o f goods l h a t are b r o u g h t a b o u t w h e n liiiuian IIK i d i l y , d i ' f e r e n t i a l e , a n d i n t g r a t e m o r e p r i m i t i v e s k i l l s , F u r t h e r m o r e , ust
b e i n g s act in fidelity to the norms that are intrinsic in t h e i r o w n strnctures as o p e r a l i o n s d e p e n d u p o n c a p a c i u e s , so a l s o r e f i n e m e n t s o f s k i l l s d e p e n d
o i e t l i i c a l i n l e n t i o n a l i l v . I l also b r i n g s 1 0 l i g h t t h e v a r i o u s k i n d s o f evils that upon (he plmlicities a n d perferlihililies r e q u i r e d f o r s k i l l s 10 d e v e l o j i and
result f r o m failures to cooperate ethically. T h e fuller significance o the uot r e m a i n o s s i i e d . S k i l l s ai"e c o m m o n l y e m p l o y e d lo produce o r secure
T h e H u m a n Cood: Explanaiory Konndahons :<r.7
'ifi l ' a i i IV: W'liai. ls l i r o n g h i A b o i i L l)\ D o i n g ThiL?
, M m o s t e v e r y o n e has s o m e a p p r e c i a d o n o f t h e g o o c l n e s s o f n a t u r e . T h i s is
already a p p a r e n t w h e n we s p e a k o f n a t u r a l resources a n d r e g a r d t h e n a t u r a l
w o r l d as a p i o v i d e i ^ o f n a u i r a l g o c x i s t h a t c a n b e u s e d 10 f u l f i l l h u m a n w a n t s
.niel n e e d s . B u t t h e e u v i r o n m e n t a l m o v e m e n t a n d e s p e c i a l l y r e c e c o n c e r n s
a b o u t g l o b a l w a r m i n g a n d c l i i n a t e change have h e i g h t e n e d o u r awareness
d i a l d i e r e is a g o o d n e s s t o t h e n a t i u i i l e n v i i o n m e n i t h a t is u o i e x h a u s i e d b y
roin lhis efforl lherefollow a meihod of eihics lhai paralleLs lhe iuethod oJ Jtietaphysics
i l n r c a t e g o i T o f n a i n i ' a l r e s o u r c e s . I l is a g o o c l n e s s t h a t is i m p e r ' i l l e d b y l h e
and, al lhe same lime, a cosniic or onlological account of the good.
ways t h a t w e l u u ' e b e e n g o i n g a b o u t t h e b u s i n e s s o f u s i n g n a i u i - a l lesources.
B e r n a i c l Lciiuigan, Insighl ( ) f course tire goodness e n v i s i o n e d in conternpor'ai")' ecological concei'iis
is n o l e n t i r ^ e l y n e w . T h o s e w l i o h a v e b e e n a c t i v e i n e c o l o g i c a l movements
liave f o u n d gr^eat a l i i n i t i e s w i t l i p r e - m o d e r n ex|:)ressions o f t h e g o o d n e s s o f
13.1 Introduction
l h e naiLU'al w o r l d , f r e c p i e n i l y g i v i n g a n e w vciice t o vales c o m m o n l v ' h e l d
li\ m e m b e r s o f e a r l i e r c i v i l i z a t i o n s a n d c n l i u r e s .
The p r e c e d i n g c h a p i e r a r g u e d t h a t i n v i r t u a l l y e v e i y case, w l i e n e v e r we
L c j i i e r g a n also h a d a n a p p r e c i a d o n f o r i h e i r i eclncible g o o d n e s s ofthe
exercise o u r ethical inieniionality i n lidelity to o u r nniestricied n o t i o n of
n a t u r a l u n i v e r s e . H e a r g u e d t h a t t h e c o m m i t m e n t 10 t h a t g r e a t e r g o o d n e s s
valu a n d t h e n o r m a t i v e scale o f v a l n e p r e f e r e n c e , we s i m n l t a n e o u s l y c o n -
is a l w a y s i m p l i c i t i n e v e r y c h o i c e w e m a k e b e c a u s e p r a c u c a l l y a l l o f o u r e\'alu-
t r i b u t e to a n d c o m m i t ourselves to the intei^ubjective h t u n a n g o o d . But
aiiiig, choosing, a n d a c u n g occurs not only in a c q n i e x i o f o l h e r h u m a n
L o n e r g a n f u i t h e r a r g u e d t h a t by o u r e t h i c a l actix'ity we also c o n t r i b u t e to a
deeds ancl i n s i i i n i i o n s , b u t also i n l h e c c m i e x t o f a n extra-human natural
g o o d n e s s t h a i is a t o n c e m o r e s u b t l e a n d m o r e p r o f o u n d . J u s t as t h e i n d i v i d -
c i u i r o n m e n t . VVhai we d o r e s p o n d s t o a n c l a f f e c i s t h e natiu^al s e t t i n g . O u r
u a l g o o d is s i t u a i e d w i t h i n t h e l a r g e i c o m p r e h e n d i n g d ) ' n a m i c s t r u c t u r e o f
elhical i n t e r u i o n a t i t v begins i n experiences t h a l arise o u t o l ' t h e nattii'al envi-
t h e h u m a n g o o d , s o a l s o i h e h u m a n g o o d is s i t u a t e d w i t h i n t h e c o s t n i c g o o d
l o n m e n i ancl results i n a c t i o n s t l i a t m o d i f y it. H e n e e , w l i e n we r e s p o n d to
t h a t L o n e r g a n i d e n t i n e d as t l i e d y n a m i c o r d e r o f p i ' o p o r t i o n a t e b e i n g . J i t s i
o i i r t ^ x p e r i e n c e s w i i h t h o u g h i s , f e e l i n g s , 4 i i d a c i i o n s , w e a r e always a l r e a d y
as e a c h i n d i v i d u a l d e c i s i n a n d a c t i o n is a t l e a s l i m ] 3 l i c i i l ) ' i h e r e a l i z a t i o n ctf
d o i n g so w i t h i n a c o n t e x t o f c o n d i d o n s p r o v i d e d b y i h e n a t u r a l w o r l d , F u i -
a s o c i a l , h i s t o r i c a l g o o c l o f o r d e r a n c l l e r m i n a l v a l u , i t is l i k e w i s e i m p l i c i t l y
a n d simiihaneonsly i h e realization o f a goocl l h a t transcends the h u m a n d i e r m o r e , practicaly a l l o f o u r d e c i s i o n s ar-e caia-ied o m by o u r b o d i h ' m o v e -
g o o d . T h e d y n a m i c s t r u c t u r e o f t h e h u m a n g o o d is e m b e d d e d w i t h i n the m e n t s . H e n e e t h e h u m a n g o o d s t h a t we b r i n g a b o u t b y t h e e x e r c i s e ofour
ness t h a t t r a n s c e n d s a l l f i n i i e g o o d s . hv l h e e n v i r o n m e n t i h a i n o u r i s h e s a n d s u s t a i n s o u r b o d i e s .
I h e f a c t t h a t h u m a n g o o d b i u l c l s u p o n a n d is a c o n n u a u o n o f t h e c o n d i -
C l e a r l y t h i s i m p l i c i t c c j m m i t m e n t 10 t h e c o s m i c a n d t r a n s c e n d e n t g o o d is
t i o n s s u p p l i e d b y n a t u r e is i l l u s t r a t e c l i n t h e s t o r y o f K u a l a T e l a n g i n c h a p -
far f r o m o b v i o u s . D i s c e r n m e n t o f lhis i n v o l v e m e n t recpiires t h e assisiancc
i e r 1 i . Y e i d i s c e r n i n g l l i a t t h i s is so e x p l i c i t l y c a n b e f a c i l i t a i e d b y a n e x e r -
ofa c o n s i d e r a b l e i n t e l l e c t u a l exercise. As a c o n t r i b u i i o n lo t h a i exercis<',
I ise p i ' o p o s e d b y Dr. M a r ' i i n L u t l i e r K i n g , J r H e is s a i d 10 h a v e e n g a g e d h i s
lhis chapter explores Lonergan's argumenis for the goodness of lhe whole
.ludieuces in an Imaginaiive exercise lo help t h e m i l i i n k aboul llieir elhical
:(>(I i ' a i i I V ; W l i a t ls l i r o i i g l i i A b o u l by D o i n g T h a i ? T h e N'odon a n d t h e O n t o l o g ) ' o f l h e G o o d 361
basls o f o b j e c t i v e knowledge o f v a l n e s , n o t f a c t s a l o n e . H e n e e , i l i e r e is n o dc\'oid of any ultimate meaning or purpose, period. Lonergan asked
x'iolaiion o f t h e natnralistic fallacy i n the m o d i f i e d a r g u m e n t p i e s e n t e d in ivheihei" a n o t h e r conclusin m i g h t be d r a w n c o n c e r n i n g t h e m e a n i n g of
secMon 1 3 . 2 . 1 . E v e r y " c o n s i s t e n t " c h o i c e o f a n i n t e l l i g i b l e cotn\se o f a c t i o n dic ( o n i i n g e n c i e s o f i h e universe or h u m a n efforts t o live ethically:
known to be xirtually unconditiVjually valuable does c o i m n i i one to tbe
goodness o f the d y n a m i c o r d e r o f p r o p o r t i o n a t e b e i n g , because t h a t o r d e r T o d e l i b r a t e a b o u t d e l i b e r a i i n g is t o ask w h e t l i e i " a i i \ d e l i b e r a i i n g
is t h e w h o l e l u w h i c h o n e ' s c h o s e n v a l t i e a r i s e s a s j t i s t a p a r t . I n c h a p t e r 1 5 is w o r t h w h i l e . H a s " w o r d i w l i i l e " a n y u l l i m a l e m e a n i n g ? Is m o r a l
we will l e t i u i i t o l e l a i e d p r o b l e m s c o n c e r n i n g L o n e i g a n ' s methcid o f eth- e n t e i p r i s e c o n s o n a n t w i t h t l u s w o r l d ? ... is t h e u n i v e i ' s e o n o u r s i d e ,
i c s i n nsighl a n d h o w they, t o o , c a n be resolved by m e a n s o f t h e expanded o r a i e we just g a m b l e r s a n d , i f g a m b l e i ^ , are we n o t p e r h a p s fools,
account o f e t h i c a l intentionality. indi\'idually s t r u g g l i n g for a i n h e i u i c i t y a n d colleciively endeavoring
There is a s e c o n d problem wiih Lonergan's argumeni i n nsighl: he 10 s n a t c h p r o g r e s s i o m i h e e v e r m o u n i i n g w e l t e r o f d e c l i n e ? The
c l a i m s m o i e t h a n h i s a r g u m e n t e s i a b l i s h e s . H i s f u l l c l a i m is l h a t " t h e g o o d t[uestoiis a r i s e a n d , c l e a r l y , o u r a t u t u d e s a n d o u r r e s o l u t e n e s s m a y b e
is i d e n t i f i e d w i t h t h e i n t e l l i g i b i l i t y i m r i n s i c t o b e i n g , " a n d i h a t " t h e m i d d l e p r o l b u n d l y a l f e c t e d by t h e answers. D o e s d i e r e o r d o e s t h e r e n o t nec-
lerm o f t h e ideniification ofthe g o o d w i t h b e i n g is i n t e l l i g i b i l i t y . ' " ' ' L l o w - e s s a r i l y e x i s t a t r a n s c e n d e n t , i n i e l l i g e n t g r o u n d o f t h e u i i i x e r s e ? ls i h a i
ever, h i s a r g u m e n t o n l y e s i a b l i s h e s t h a t l h e g o o d is i d e n t i f i e d w i t h t h e i n t e l - g r o u n d o r a r e we l h e p r i m a r v i n s t a n c e o f m o i a l consciousness? Are
l i g i b i l i t y i n t i i n s i c t o nvjmrlionate b e i n g (i.e., t h e a c t u a l , u n i v e r s a l o r d e r of cosmogenesis, biological e v o l u d o n , hisiorical process basically c o g n a l e
emergent p r o b a b i l i t y ) . His a i g u m e n t does n o t establish thal the e n t i r e t y t o U S as m o r a l b e i n g s 01 a r e t h e y i u d i l f e r e n t a n d s o a l i e n 10 us?^^
o f b e i n g w i t h f i i i i c p i a l i f i c a t i o n is gC}od. T o m e e t t h a t d i f f i c u l t y w e m u s t t a k e
i n t o a c c o u n i n o l on\y t h e q u e s i i o n o f i r a n s c e n d e n t b e i n g , b u l a l s o t h e q u e s -
i L o n e r g a n ' s way o f r e s p o n d i n g l o h i s o w n q u e s t i o n arises f r o m o n e o f h i s
tion o f i i s i i ' a n s c e n d e n i g o o d n e s s . ' I b t h o s e issues w e n o w t u r n .
I m p o r i a n i c l a i m s - n a m e l y , d i a l " i l i e r e a l is c c ^ n i p l e t e l y i n t e l l i g i b l e . " - ' - ' I f t h e
i c a l is c o m p l e t e l y i n t e l l i g i b l e , t h e n c o n u n g e n c y c a n n o i b e t h e final w o r d . I f
13.4 T h e Transcendent G o o d l h e r e a l is c o m p l e t e l v i i i i e i l i g i b l e , t h e n t h e r e c a n b e n o u l t i m a t e , b r i i t e m a i -
i c i s (f f a c t - " n o m e r e m a t i e r s o f f a c t t h a t r e m a i n u l i i n i a l e l y u i i e x p l a i i i e d . " ^ ' '
1 Iranscendent Being as Ullimale Condiiion of Our Valu Choices from these o b s e r v a t i o n s Loneigan arges t h a t l h e r e m u s t t h e n exist a
I x - i n g l h a t is b o t h s e l f - e x p l a n a i o r y a n d e x p l a n a t o i y o f e v e r y t h i n g e l s e . T h i s
L o n e r g a n ' s a r g i n n e n t c a n b e e x t e n d e d s t i l l f u r t h e r , l e a d i n g t o t h e affinnauc">n uieaus that p r o p o r i i c m a i e being c a n n o i be the whole o f being, and there-
cf l h e g o c ) d n e s s o f t h e w h o l e o f b e i n g w i t h o u t l e s i r i c i i c m t r a u s c e u d e u t b e i n g hn<' b e i n g must. i n c l u d e a t r a n s c e n d e n t b e i n g .
as well as p i o p o r t i o n a t e b e i n g . I n nsighl, L o n e r g a n s e e m s t o a s s i n u e t h a t h e D r a w i n g u p o n l l i e s e c l a i m s , i t is p o s s i b l e t o e x t e n d b i s a r g u m e n t a b o u t
already achie\'ed this wlien h e a r g u e d d i a i n o c o n s i s t e n t c h o i c e can c h o o s e l h e i n t r i n s i c g o o d n e s s o f | > r o p o r t i o n a i e b e i n g 10 l h e g(.)<.)cliiess o f t r a n s c e n -
t h e c o n d i d o n e d w i t h o u t alsc c h o o s i n g d i e c o n d i d o n s , a t l e a s t i m p l i c i d y . Y e t , i n dent being, a u d therefore, the goodness t i f belugas a whole.
the a r g i m i e n t t h a t h e a c t u a l l v p r e s e n t s , i h e o n l y c o n d i d o n s d i a l h e idenfies l l l t h e a r g u m e n t f o r t h e g o o d n e s s o f t h e w h o l e ctf p r o p o r t i o n a t e being,
e x p t i c i d ) ' a r e l l i o s e s i i p | j l i e d b y t l i e i m d e r h ' i u g i n t e l l i g i b l e o r d e r s (i.e., n a t u r a l o u e o f t h e c r u c i a l s t e p s was t h e c l a i m t h a t i n a n y act o f c h o o s i n g d i a l w h i c h
a n d h u m a n s c h e m e s o f r e c u r r e n c e a n d ecosyslems) a l o n g w i t h the d y n a m i c I'. g r o u n d e d i n a v i r t u a l h ' u n c o n d i t i o n e d j u d g m e n t o f valu, w e a r e choos-
w h o l e n e s s o f p r o p o r t i o n a t e l x : i n g (i.e., " t h e u n i v e r s a l o r d e r , w h i c h is g e n e r a l - ' " ^ as g o o d all l h e c o n d i i i o n s f o r d i a l v a l u a l o n g w i t h t h e s p e c i f i c valu
i z e d e m e r g e n t p r o b a b i l i t y " ) . ' ' H i s a r g u m e n t as e x p l i c l ) - set f o r d i , d i e r e f o r e , i i s e l f al l e a s l i m p l i c i d y I n l i g l u o f t h e f u r i h e r r e l l e c t i o n s a b o u t t h e existence
d o e s n o t j u s t i f y h i s c l a i m t h a l g o o d is i d e n t i f i e d w i d i t h e i n t e l l i g i b i l i t y i n u i n s i c o l a i r a n s c e n d e n t b e i n g t h a t is t h e c o n d i t i o n f o r a l l c o n t i i i g e i i t g o o d s , w e c a n
to d i e t o i a l i i ) ' o f b e i n g , a n d especially not to t r a n s c e n d e n t b e i n g . n o w sa)' i h a i i m p l i c i t l y w e c h o o s e i t as g o o d e v e n i n o r e t h a n t h e u n i v e r s a l
B u l i t i s p o s s i b l e l o r e f i n e a n d 1 0 e x t e n d h i s a r g m i i e n t so as 1 0 a c h i e \ t h e f u l l oidi'i ol generalized emergent probability i h a i c o n d i d o n e d lhe emergence
generality d i a t h e i n i e n d e d , for n e i t h e r any reality w i t h i n p r o p o r t i o n a t e b e i n g o l t h e ct)iiditoiis o f t h e valu we c h o o s e . I n L o n e r g a n ' s o w n w o r d s , 'the
o r p r o p o r t i o n a i e I x ' i i i g a s a i d i c i l e is s e l l < o i i d i i i o n n g . A s L o n e r g a n o b s e n ' e s , M tual course o f generalized emergent p r o b a b i l i t y is b u t o n e among a
" t h e u n i v e r s e o f | } r o p o r d o i i a t e b e i n g is s h o t t h r o u g h w i t h conungence."^'' l.uge n u m b e r o f o t h e r probable courses ... [ d i a i ] is n f a c t w h a t happens
From the pervasiveuess o f c o n t i n g e n c y , other philosophies have ccni- l o b r . " : * ' B i l l f b e i n g is c o m p l e t e l y i n t e l l i g i b l e as L o n e r g a n argued, dien
c l u d e d t h a i t h e r e s n o t h i n g f u r t h e r 10 s a y VVe l i v e i n a c o i i i i n g c i i t u n i v e r s e l h e . i c l i i a l Cmrse o f l h e e v o i n t i o u a i y h i s i o i " ) ' o f t h e n a i u r a l universe and
T h e Noon and ihe Oniolog)' o f t h e Cood 373
h u m a n k i n c l c a n n o t b e a m e r e i n a t i e i " ot" fac. B e y o n d l h e m e r e l ) ' defacto, \\.\ c o m p l e t e l y i n t e l l i g i b l e , i t was t h e r e f o r e a l s o ' ' t h e p r i m a r y g o o d . " ' - ' As
coiuingeni, conditioned course o f t h e histoiy o f proportionate being, there o li.ive s e e n , h o w e v e r , L o n e r g a n ' s o w n a r g u m e n t f o r t h e g o o c l n e s s o f t h e
is t h e f u r t h e r c o n d i i i o n t h a t m a k e s t h a t p r o c e s s i i l t i m a t e l v i n t e l t i g i b l e , n a m e l y , \dio|[' o f b e i n g is p r o b l e m a t i c ; h e n e e , h i s a r g u m e n t f o r t h e g o o c l n e s s o f t h e
t h e t r a n s c e n d e n t b e i n g d i a t is b o t h e x p l a n a t o r y o f i t s e l f a n d explanatory
iLins c u c l e n t b e i n g is a l s o p r o b l e m a t i c .
ofall l h e c o n d i t i o n s o f e v e i y t h i n g t h a t is m e r e l y v i r t u a l l y u n c o n d i t i o n e d .
I lowe\'er, i n l i g h t o f t h e strengthened argument for the goodness of
' f h e u l t i m a t e reason a n d valu f o r t h e a c t u a l u n i v e t s e b e i n g a n d evolving
I M i n g w i i h o u t r e s t r i c o n , i t is p o s s i b l e t o sitate L o n e r g a n ' s nsight identi-
i n t h e wavs t h a t i t d o e s is ius u l t i m a t e i n i e l l i g i b i l i l y . T h e i r a n s c e n d e n t b e i n g is
lii . I l i o n o f lhe i r a n s c e n d e n t b e i n g a n d t r a n s c e n d e n t g o o d as G o d , where
t h e r e a s o n f o r t h e e x i s t e n c e o f a n y t h i n g a n d e v e i y t h i n g . l l is t b e r e a s o n w h y
I . o d s c o n c e i v e d o f as a n u n r e s t r i c t e d a c l o f n d e r s t a n d i n g . F u r t h e r m o r e ,
s c h e m e s a n d e v e n t s a n d t h i n g s a r e t h e wavs i h a i t h e v a r e , a n d w h y t h e y c o m e
wc c a n also c o n s i d e r Lonergan's a r g u m e n t that G o d conceived o f as a n
l o be t h r o u g h generalized e m e r g e n t p r o b a b i l i t y r a t h e r t h a n i l i i x ) u g h sc>me
u u M ' s n - i c t e c I a c t o f u n c l e r s i a u d i n g is a l s o i d e n t i c a l l y a n u n c c t n d i t i o n a l a c t o f
other means. Loneigan condueles, therefore, that the transcendent being
| o \. A f t e r p l a c i n g t h e s e c l a i m s i n t h e c o n t e x t o f t h e s t r e n g t h e n e d a r g u -
"is t h e g r o u n d o f \'altie, n n d i t is t h e u l d m a t e c a u s e o f causes f o r i t o v e r c o m e s
i t i i n i a b o v e , we w i l l also s h o w h o w t h e m o r e f u l l y e l a b o r a t e d s t r u c i u r e o f
c o n i i i i g e n c e a t L S d e e p e s t level."'^'^ T h e t r a n s c e n d e n t b e i n g w o u l d h a v e t o b e
I d i i < : i l i m e n i i o n a l i t y e x p a n d s L o n e r g a n ' s a n a l o g i c a l c o n c e p i i o n o f G o d as
l h e ultmate c o n d i t i o n o f t h e condions cif o u r e t h i c a l choices.
,111 n m e s t r i c t e d a c t o f n d e r s t a n d i n g i n t o a n a n a l o g i c a l c o n c e p i i o n o f G o d
T h e r e f o r e e a c h c o n s i s t e n t a n d c^bjecve h u m a n c h o i c e o f a g e n u i n e v a l u lis .11) u n c o n d i t i o n a l a c t o f n d e r s t a n d i n g , v a l u i n g , c h o o s i n g , a n c l l o v i n g .
i m p l i c i t l y c h o o s e s as v a l u a b l e a l l o f i t s c o n d i o n s - n o t o n l ) ' p r o p c u i i o n a t e ^ I u liisiglii, L o n e r g a n " e x i r a p o l a i e d " a n a n a l o g i c a l c o n c e p i i o n ctf a n " u n r e -
b e i n g as a w h o l e . b u l a l s o i i s u l t i m a t e i n t e l l i g i b l e s o u r c e , t h e t r a n s c e n d e n t j i icted act o f nderstanding."'" A n y a n a l o g i c a l cc)nceptiou relies upctn t h e
b e i n g . If o u r c h o i c e s a r e u n c o n d i t i o n a l l y e t h i c a l a n d c o n s i s t e n t , l h e y are b.isic S t r u c t u r e o f analog)':
g i o u n c l e d i n objecve v a l u e j u d g m e n t s . //ihe valu j u d g m e n t s a r e o b j e c v e ,
t h e y a t f i r m w h a t is g e n u i n e l y o f v a l n e i n t h e c o n i e x t o f t h e n o r m a v e s c a l e p A:B::C:X
o f vales, ff t h e y a f n n w h a t is g e n u i n e l y v ; i l u a b l e , t l i e y a f f i r m s o m e t h i n g as
o f x ' i r t u a l l ) ' u n c o n d i t i o n e d v a l u - as o f \'aliie i n a n d t h r o u g h a l l ius f u l l l i n g l u l h e s i a n d a r d p a r a d i g m f o r a n a n a l o g ) ' , t h e r e a i e f o u r t e r m s (A, li, C, X)
c o n d i t i o n s . " f h e r e f o r e , i m p l i c i d y i n every g e n u i n e l y e t h i c a l c h o i c e we i m p l i c - .md ihree r e l a t i o n s symbolized by l h e cctlons. fctsiting a n anloga a m o u n t s
i d ) ' a f f i r m a n d c h o o s e t h e v a l u o f t h e i r a n s c e n d e n t b e i n g as t h e u l t i m a t e l o lhe asseriion t h a t two o f t h e relations are identical w i t h o n e another-''
c o n d i o n o f w h a t w e chocase. H e n e e , if we c h o o s e e t h i c a l l y a n d c o n s i s t e n dy, l l l the s)'mbolizecl versin above, t h e r e l a t i o n s b e i w e e n A a n d B ( s y m b o l -
w e a l s o c h o o s e t r a n s c e n d e n t b e i n g as t h e u l m a t e c o n d i t i o n f o r i e a c t u a l - ( / e d by t h e c o l o n between ihem) ls t h e s a m e as t h e r e l a t i o n b e t w e e n C
ity o f g e n e r a l i z e d emergent p t T j b a b i l i t y , a n d as t h e u l t i m a t e c o n d i o n for .111(1 A' ( l i k e w i s e s y m b o l i z e d b y i h e c o l o n b e t w e e n t h e m ) . ' f h e d o u b l e c o l o n
t h e c h o i c e w e m a k e l h a t has i t s p l a c e w i t h i n t h a t e m e r g e n t u n i v e r s a l o r d e r . between B a n d Csymbolizes the relation o f idenuty - not the identity o f B
T r a n s c e n d e n t b e i n g a n d its m i e r t y i r a T i s c e n d i n g valu t h e r e f o r e underlies \\\tU C, b u t t h e i d e n t i l ) ' o f t h e r e l a t i o n s b e t w e e n A \ a n d C j X, respectively.
every g e n u i n e l y ethical choice. F u r t h e r m o r e , since i h e t r a n s c e n d e n t l>eing l u l i l i s a n a l o g ) ' . A, B, a u d C a r e p r e s e n t e d as k n o w i i s , w h i l e A ' i s p r e s e n t e d as
is e x p l a n a t o r ) ' o f i t s e l f a u d o f e v e r y i h i n g e l s e , i b i s m e a n s l h a t t h e reason .111 u n k n o w n . I n s o f a r as A a n d /are k n o w n , t h e n t h e i r r e l a t i o n {A:B) is a l s o
why, t h e valu f o r e v e i y t h i n g else, t h e u l t i m a t e i n t e l l i g i b i l i t y o f e v e r y t h i n g I i i o w i i . I n s o f a r as C i s a l s o k n c t w n , a n c l i t s r e l a t i o n l o A ' i s k n o w n f r o m A:B,
e l s e , is t h e u n c o n d i t i o n a l g o o d n e s s o f t h e i r a n s c e n d e n t b e i n g . T h i s means I I M I I X is k n o w n b y m e a n s o f t h i s r e l a t i o n t o C,
t h a t e v e r y t h i n g t h a t is, is s h t i t d i r o u g h w i t h t h e u l t i m a t e i n i e l l i g i b i l i l y l h a t is L o n e r g a n uses d i i s i d e a o f a n a l o g ) ' i n h i s i n d i r e c t ( a n a l o g i c a l ) definion
u n c o n d i i i o i i a l g o o d n e s s . ' f h e w h o l e o f b e i n g , t h e r e f o r e , is g o o d . o f l h e u n r e s i r i c t e d a c t o f n d e r s t a n d i n g , l i e a p p r o a c h e s i t as a n u n k n o w n ,
\ w h i c h h a s t h e s a n i e r e l a t i o n t o t h e u n r e s t r i c t e d d e s i r e t o k n o w as a s i n g l e
13-'l-2 Tmnscevdent Being as Un der sianding and Loving i n s i g h t lias t o lis c o r r e s p o n d i n g q u e s u o n . T h u s ,
are desirnciive a n d d o w n r i g h i evil. Poisonous snakes kill c h i l d r e n . Tsima- . m d p a r c e l cjf a n e c o s y s i e m i n \\'hich m a n y s p e c i e s i n t e r a c t i n a complex,
mis a n d o t h e r n a t u r a ! disaslers k i l l h i u i d r e d s o f d i o u s a n d s o f p e o p l e . V o l - h i o l o g i c a l l y i n t e l l i g i b l e p a t t e r n . So e v e n t h e d e s t r u c t i o n o f t h e i n t e l l i g i b i l i t y
l a i r e r i d i c i i l e d L e i b i i i i z ' s c l a i m i h a i i b i s is l h e b e s i o f a l l p o s s i b l e worlds. o l l h e l i l e c>f a n i n d i \ ' i d u a l r a b b i t h a s a f u r t h e r i n t e l l i g i b i l i t ) ' w i i h i n t b e more
lleidegger objected l o l - l e g e l ' s c l a i m t h a i t h e r e a l is t h e r a t i o n a l , a n d for omprehending i n t e l l i g i b i l i t y of nature, which Lonergan called general-
g o o d reasons. Lonergan seems to be m a k i n g ihis same egregions error,
urt] emergent probability.
a u d 1 s e e m lo be f o l l o w i n g his b a d e x a m p l e . N o t h i n g i i seems c o u l d be
S o m e t h i n g s i m i l a r can be said a b o u t n a t u r a l disasiei^ o n much larger
m o i e real t h a n t h e h u m a n a u o c i t i e s l l l l i n g every d e c a d e o f the t w e n t i e t h
M.iles: e a r i h q u a k e s , volcanic erupiions, isunamis, hurricanes, lhe impact
ceniury - a c e n t u r y that may have been the most i n h u m a n e in the history
o l .1 m a s s i v e a s t e r o i d . e v e n t h e c o l l i s i o n o f t w o g a l a x i e s i n t o o n e anoiher.
(,)f h u m a n i t y . a
\ l l t h e s e b r i n g a b o u l iii;issi\'e d e s i r u c t i o n o f t h e g o o d , i m e l l i g i b l e f u n c i i o n -
m|; o f i n a n y d i i n g s . I n d i v i d u a l s t a r s , p l a s , a n i m i s , a n d h u m a n lives a r e
^.y.i T/m Unin/dligibilily and Non-Value of Evil \ rirsiroyed. Cosiinc sysiems, ecosyslems, anrl h u m a n g o o d s o f o r d e r are dev-
. i M . i i e d . I n e v e r y c a s e t h e r e is a n e v i l , b e c a u s e t h e loss cjf t h o s e e x i s t i n g i n t e l -
I-lo\\'ever, L o n e r g a n ' s e r r o r is o n l y a p p a r e n t . f l i s w r i t i n g s s h o w h i s o w n hor- l i n i b i l i i i e s is t h e d e s t r u c t i o n o f s o m e t h i n g g o o d . T h e s e e v i l s a r e r e l a t i v e to
r o r a t t h e e v i l s o f h u m a n histoi")', e s p e c i a l l y d i e h i s i o r i c a l p e r i o d o f h i s o w n 1 h e i n i e l l i g i b i l i i i e s n e g a t e t l hy t h e d e s i . r u c i i \ ' e f b r c e s , B u t t l i e s e a i e n o t a b s o -
l i f e w h e n h e r e f e r r e d l o e v e n t s o f t h e t w e n i i e t h c e n t i i r v as " a n e a r i h h ' hell"^-^ l i i i e evils. T h e laws o f p l i ) s i r s , c h e i i i i s i r y , a n d biologx' c a n a l l ije a p p l i e d on
a n d t h e " i n o u s t e r t l i a l has s t o o d f o r t h i n o i u ' t i m e . " ' ' ' T l i e r e is l i i t l e q u e s t i o n w i d e scales t o p r o v i d e i n t e l l i g i b l e a c e o i u i L s o f w h y a n d w l i e r e a n d l i o w o f t e n
t h a t his efforLs i n p h i l o s o p h y a n d t h e o l o g ) ' w e r e d e d i c a t e d b e y o n d all else t o l l u s e e v e m s o c c u r , a n d w h a t t h e i r i n t e l l i g i b l e c o n s e q u e n c e s a r e . .All o f
a d d r e s s i n g t l i e p i o b l e i i i o e v i l , I n d e e d t h e w h o l e o Insighl leads u p t o t h e diese evems o c c u r w i t h i n the m o r e c o n i p t e h e n d i i i g intelligible goodness
c u l n i i n a t i n g c h a p t e r d e v o i e d to t h e p r o b l e m o f evil, i >\i L o n e r g a n c a l i s g e n e r a l i z e c l e m e r g e n t prc:)babilit\'. V V i t h o u t g e n e r a l -
If Lonergan w a s t h e r e i b r e so k e e n l y preoccupied with the problem o" i/ed e m e r g e n i p r o b a l i i l i t y iiself, n o n e of t h o s e g o o d s c o u l d h a v e c o m e lo
exnl, h o w c o u l d h e h o l d s o m e t h i n g so a p p a r e m l y n a i v e , as w h a t e v e r is r e a l is h e c o n c r e t e h ' o r to be goocl at all i n t h e flrsi place, ' l ' l i e i r a c t u a l g o o d n e s s
g o o d ? H i s a n s w e r : t h e r e is s o m e t b i n g u n r e a l a b o u t e v i l , a n d i t is p r e c i s e l y t h i s \.is c o n d i d o n e d by l l i e m o r e f u n d a m e n i a l g o o d n e s s o f w o r l d process - by
u n r e a l i t ) ' d i a l m a k e s e v i l so h i d e o u s . T h i s a n s w e r g o e s b a c k t o L o n e r g a n ' s f i i i e r a l i z e d e m e r g e n t prohabiliiy, which includes not only the condidons
argumeni ihai "the middle term in lhe ideniification o f thegoofi with being ,11 i d p r o b a b i l i t i e s o f e m e r g e n c e o f g o o d t h i n g s a n d o c c u r r e n c e s , b u l also o
is i n t e l l i g i b i l i t y . "'^'' L o n e r g a n a r g e s t h a i e v i l is p r e c i s e l y t l i e l a c k o intel- l l i e i r survivals a n d detnises,
l i g i b l litv,"'** a n d t h u s a l a c k o r e a l i t y . S i n c e Iwing is w h a t e v e r is t o b e known We m i g h t i m a g i n e o r w i s h we c o u l d e x t r a c t s o n i e o f t h e vales w e most
in die toialii)' o f answeis lo quesiions foi' inielligence a n d faciual reflecuon, I h e i ish f r o m t h e p r o c e s s o f g e n e r a l i z e d e i u e r g e m probability that brought
a n d e \ e n ' q u e s i i o n f o r r e f l e c t i o n " l s it? " p r e s u p p o s e s a n i n t e l l i g i b l e " i t , " t h e n i l i e i u i n t o b e i n g i n t h e H r s t p l a c e . B u t t h e n w e w o u l d be v a l u i n g i h c i s e vales
i f t h e r e is n o i n i e l l i g i b i l i l y , d i e r e c a n b e n o a f i r m a t i o n o f t h e b e i n g o f t h a t m e i e l y as w e i m a g i n e t h e m , n o i as t h e y t r u h ' a r e . T h e r e is n o d e n y i n g the
i n t e l l i g i b l e a b s e n c e . So i f e v i l is a n a b s e n c e of i n t e l l i g i b i l i t ) ' , l h e e v i l is not. t i u h ' l a m e n i a b l e loss c i f g o o c l n e s s t h a t c o m e s w i t h i h e d e s t r u c t i o n o f i i i i e l -
H o w e v e r , n o t ever\ d e f e c t of i n t e l l i g i b i l i t y a m o u n t s t o a n a b s c j l u i e noii- lij, i b i l i d e s . B u l t h e s e e v i l s a r e u o t a b s o l u t e . T h e r e is a c o m p e n s a t i n g higher
e x i s i e n c e o f i n t e l l i g i b i l i t ) ' . N o n - i n t e l l i g i b i l i t y c a n be a r e l a t i v e a b s e n c e , so m i e l l i g i b l e g o o d n e s s t h a t e x p l a i n s w h y iTiese losses o c c u r . I t is t h e t e r r i b l e
t o speak. f o r e x a m p l e , i f a h a w k altacks a u d kills a r a b b i t , i t l e r m i n a t e s \r\(Mne i n t e l l i g i b i l i t y a n d g o o c l n e s s o f t h e u n i v e r s e , o f generalized
the intelligible funciioning o f that creature. from the viewpoint of thal emeigeui p r o b a b i l i t y , t h a t m a k e s s e n s e o l " w h y s u c h losses o c c u r . l i m a ) ' w e l l
r a b b i t , a n evl h a s h a p p e n e d , a u d i l i a i e v i l is t h e c e s s a t i o n o f t h e i n t e l l i g i - l e q u i r e i n t e l l e c t u a l a n d m o r a l convei"Sou f o r s o m e o n e t o r e c o g n i z e t h a t
b i l i t y a n d v i t a l valu t h a t c o n s i i i u t e d iis way o f l i v i n g . N o t o n l y r a b b i t s b u l diere is s u c h a g o o c l n e s s b e y o n d d i e s e losses, a g o o d n e s s comprehended
h u m a n b e i n g s also can feel i l i e d i s v a l u e , d i e evil, o f t h e d e a t h o f a rabbit, o i i h i n l i g h l o f t h e f u l l s c a l e o f vales. C e r m i n l y , t o c o m p r e h e n d that there
B u l r o m t h e b r o a d e r v i e w p o i n t o l t h e w h o l e o f n a t u r e , t h a t e v e n t is q i i i u - h .1 \ a l u e h ) r t h e s a k e o f w h i c h t h e s e l o s s e s o c c u r d o e s n o t m a k e t h e m a n y
intelligible. H u m a n beings can e m p l o ) ' ihe meihods o f biological science less p a i n f u l o r s o r r o w ' i d . B u l i t d o e s r e m c j v e t h o s e losses f r o m t h e ab)'ss of
to c o m p r e h e n d t h e i n t e l l i g i b i l i t y o r a b b i t s a n d o f h a w k s - a n d n o t j u s t o f .ibsolnle meauiiiglessness.
an individual r a b b i t or hawk b u l o f tbe inieraciions a i n o n g p o p u l a d o n s o' .Vs w i l h n a t u r a l d i s a s l e r s , h u m a n evil does involve ilie clesii'iicii(m of
r a b b i t s a n d h a w k s a s t h e y b r i n g a b o u t statiscal b a l a n c e s . T h e s e a r e a l l p a r i n i e l l i g i b i l i i i e s . P r o p e r i y a n d h u m a n f a b r i c a t i o n s are stolen o r desiroyed.
380 Wu-i IV: W h a t ls B r o u g h i A b o u l b y DoingThat? 'flic N o t i o n and the Ontolog)' o f lhe G o o d 3S1
Iniricale neiworks of iriisi and cooperaiion aie rined. C u l i u r a l and ai ( j i h r e d m a i i \ i n s i g l i t - s n o i ' d e r tc> b e a b l e t o u s e t h e i r b o d i e s i n s u c h ways,
religious i n s i i i n i i o n s once d e v o i e d to c u l i i v a i i n g h i g h e r vales a r e cor- . m d i n t h a t l i m i t e d wa)', t h e i r b o d i h ' a c t i o n s a r e i n t e l l i g i b l e . T h e i r insighis
rupted. H u m a n beings are killed and lo\'ing p a i i e r n s o f personal rela-
and lhe insiglus o f tlie science of physiology explain h o w t l i e i r b o d i e s ai'e
tions are shattered.
. i h i c 10 m o v e as t h e y d o so as t o c a r i y o u t t h e c h o s e n c o u r s e o f action.
B t i i t h e i e are also p r o f o u n d d i f f e i e n c e s . T h e inosi p r o f o u n d d i f f e r e n c e - r \ i i ' \ ' i l n n g i n t h e i r c o u r s e o f a c t i o n is i m e l l i g i b l e . e x c e p t b r t h e d e c i s i n
w h a t m a k e s e\il p r o p e r l y h i u n a n - is d i e c o m p l e t e a b s e n c e o f a n y higher ih.ii inaugurales t h e c o u r s e o f a c t i o n itself. T h a l decisin lacks any reason
i n i e l l i g i b l e o r d e r t h a i e x p l a i n s o r j u s i i r i e s t h e d e s i r u c t i o n . T h i s is b e c a u s e
lll valu.""
e v i l i n l h e s i r i c t l y h u m a n s e n s e a r i s e s f r o m d e c i s i o n s f o r w h i c h i h e r e s n o
I .ikewise, i h e c o n s e c p i e n c e s i n i t i a t e d by t h e n c j u - b e i n g o f t h e decisin
p r o p e r valu, n o j u s d f i a b l e reason. Properly ethical decisions follow from
1.111 lbllo^v nielligibly f r o m the c o u r s e o f a c t i o n , a n d these c o n s e q u e n c e s
j u d g m e n t s o f v i r t u a l l y u n c o n d i t i o n e d valu t h a t are t h e l e a s o n s f o r t h e d e c i -
.ue all t o o real. A c t s o f r o b b e t y , rape, o r m u r d e r all have i n t e l l i g i b l y c o n i -
sions. r h e j u d g m e n t s o f v a l n e c o n s i i t u t e t h e e n s u i n g c o u r s e s o f a c t i o n as v i r -
pieheiisible i'esnlts, T h e laws o f physics, c h e n i i s t r y , b i o l o g ) ' , a n d ps)'cliol-
t u a l l y u n c o n d i t i c > n a l i n i e l l i g i b i l i i i e s . B u t as was a r g u e d i n c h a p i e r 4 , h i u n a n
ijp 11 c o m b i n a t i o n can explain how the destruction oi iutelligibilities
d e c i s i o n s are n o i d e t e r n i i n e d o r c a u s e d by j u d g m e m s o f valu. H u m a n deci-
aud d i e i r associated vales o f v a r i o u s kinds result from the i:iriginatiiig
s i o n s a r e r a d i c a l l y f r e e . a n d so a r e n o l d e t e n n i n e d e i t h e r by n a t u r a l forces
liodil)' aciions u n d e r t a k e n by i n d i v i d u a l h u m a n beings. S u c h aciions pre-
o r brain f u n c t i o n i n g o r a u i o i i o i n o u s t h o i i g l u piocesses o r eveu judgments
d i i l a L i l y d e p r i v e p e o p l e o f t h e i r h u i d , t h e i r access t o w a t e r , meaningful
o f v a l n e . ^ ' T h e r e always r e m a i n s t h e r a d i c a l possibility o f d e c i d i n g n o i 1 0 g o
wiuk. healthcare, t h e i r s a v i n g s , t h e i r v o i c e s n d e t e r m i n i n g tbe institu-
a l o n g w i t h w h a t o n e t h i n k s o r b e l i e v e s o r j u d g e s u> b e r i g h t o r w r o n g . When
t i i n i a l d e c i s i o n s i l i a t a e c t t h e i r lives, t h e i r p s y c h o l o g i c a l w e l l - b e i n g ancl
t h e r e is a f a i l u r e tc> c o m p l y w i t h w h a i o n e knows 1 0 be l h e \aliiable thing
. I . i b i l i t y - a n d , u l t i n a t e l ) ' , t h e y s n u f f o u l t h e i r lves o r t h e l i v e s o f those
t o d o , i h e i e is n o r e a s o n oi" i h e d e c i s i n , i n s t e a d , o n e is l e f t w i t h radical
di<)' love most.
uninlelligibiliiy.-"'^
All t h e s e e\'il c o n s e q u e n c e s a r e real, 'l'hey all follow quite intelligibly,
This i n c o h e i e n c e and inconsistency b e t w e e n o n e ' s valu k n o w i n g and f;i\'eii l h e b o d i h ' a c i i o n s originaied b)' b u m a n actors. But what cloes n o l
o n e ' s c h o o s i n g is t h e o r i g i n o f a l l e v i l n t h e s t r i c t l y h u m a n s e n s e . I i is f o r h i l l o w i m e l l i g i b l v o r w i i l i a n y v a l n e w h a t s o e v e r is t h e d e c i s i n i h a i was ihe
this reason that there is n o h i g h e r inielligibilily that compnsales for or I l l g i l c)f t h e b o c l i l ) ' m o v e m e n t s a u d t h e c o u r s e o f a c t i o n . A d e c i s i n m a d e
e x p l a i n s cu" j u s t i f i e s h u m a n e v i l . I f t l i e r e w e r e , t h e n i h e h i g l i e r i n i e l l i g i b i l i t y w i d i n u i s u l T i c i e n t \ a l u e a n d r e a s o n is l a d i c . i l l y u n r e a l . B e c a u s e t h e r e is n o
wt^uld e i i h e r m a k e t h e c o n s e q u e n i a c u o n a p u r e l y physical o r neurologcal
l e . i s o n br t h e c l e c i s i c m iself, i t f o l l o w s t h a l uUhnalely t h e r e is n o r e a s o n o r
i n a i i e r t h a t c o m p l e t e l y bypasses h u m a n f r e e d o m o r p i o v i d e i h e g r o i m d s f o r
\ . i l i i e br t h e c o n s e q u e n c e s . W h e n d e c i s i o n s a r e u n i n t e l l i g i b l e , t h a t u n i n t e l -
a v i r t u a l l y u n c o n d i t i o n e d j u d g m e n l t h a t pro\'ides t h e t r u e valu f o r t h e f r e e
ligibliiy propgales a n d infecs the consecpieuces, T h e c o n s e q u e n c e s a c c i i -
l u n n a n decisin.-^*-' B u t s i n c e i h e f o c u s h e r e is u p o n h u m a n d e c i s i o n s t h a i
i m i l a t e to f o r m w h a i L o n e r g a n called t h e "social surd' - a complex corn-
a r e f r e e l y m a d e ti v i o l a l i o n of t h e p e r s o n ' s o w n v a l u k n c i w l e d g c o f w h a t s
I " l u t i c l c^f i n t e l l i g i b l i l v a n d u n m e l l g i b i l i t v . ' " H u m a n s e x p e r i e n c e s i i f f e r n g
l i g h l a n d w r o n g , s u c l i h i g h e r i n i e l l i g i b i l i d e s a r e n o t n play
when tliey e n c o u n t e r ibis c o m p o u n d of inielligibilily and tinintelligibilit)',
This means there is a r a d i c a l n o t b i i i g u e s s at t h e h e a r t o f h u m a n evil. n i d l h a t s u f f e r i n g is f e e l i n g i i s n o n - v a l u e , i t s e \ i l .
' i ' h e r e is n o - i h i n g l o e x p l a i n why humans d e c i d e t o a c l i n ways t h a i go l i ) say t h a l l h e r e is a n u n r e a l i t y ici e^til t h e r e f b r e does not rnean ihai
a g a i n s t vales a n d r e a s o n s l o r acung. e \ i l ( l o e s n o t r e s u l i i n s u f f e r i n g . O b \ ' i o u s l y i t d o e s . T h i s k i n c l o f s u f l e r i n g is
H o w e x ' e r , t o say t h a t r a d i c a l u n i m e l l i g i b i l i t y a n d u n r e a l i t y is a i t h e rool ' . u l h n i n g t h a t is u i i i n i e l l i g i b l e a n d ^ \ ' i t h o u l v a l u . S i n c e i n L o n e r g a n ' s pie-
o f evl h u m a n d e c i s i o n s is n o t 10 say t h a t t h e i r consequences uve unreal or iu I ise a n d t e c h n i c a l s e n s e l h e u n i n t e l l i g i b l e is n o t , t h i s m e a n s t h a t we sufTer
e v e i y s e n s e u n i n t e l l i g i b l e , W h i l e t h e d e c i d i n g i t s e l l is u i i i n i e l l i g b l e , s t i l l t h e l-( a i i s e o f t h e u n r e a l i t y . B u t t o c a l i e v i l u n r e a l s e e m s t o d e n g r a t e p e o p l e ' s
course o f action u p o n which i t decides does have certain intelligibiliues. '.iilfering. LJndeniably, t h e i r suf'ering is r e a l , b u t w h a t t h e y s u f f e r is n o t a
O n c e t h e d e c i s i n f'or w h i c h t h e r e is i i l l i m a t e l y 110 valu has b e e n made, l e . i l i i ) i u t h e sense o f a v i r t u a l l y u n c o n d i t i o n e d intelligibility. T h e y suffer
i t is e x e c u t e d b o d i l y - c a r i y i i i g a w a y s o m e o n e else's p r o p e r i y , assaiilting lhe nniuielligibility o f lhe anniliilation o f s o m e i h i n g intelligible for no rea-
s o m e o n e else b o d y , p u l l i n g a t r i g g e r , o r u s i n g o n e ' s b o d y t o e x p r e s s o n e s e l f M m . (n' (if b e i n g forceci to u n d e r g o c o n d i t i o n s l h a t lack intelligibilit)'. f h e i r
so as l o h u r a n o t h e r ' s f e e l i n g s o r r e p u i a t i o n , t o i n c i t e v i o l e n c e o n l h e par M i t l e r i n g is r e a l e n o u g h a n c l w h a t t h e v s u f f e r has a n i n m i e d i a i e r e a l i l y . i i is
o f otheis, o r lo initiate c o r r u p t schemes o f recurrence. People n e e d to have u h i m a t e l y u i n e a l b e c a u s e i t s u n i n t e l l i g i b l e . ' ' '
:W r a i l I V : W h a t U ltuiii>>lii A l x i u i liy 1 )<>iiig Thal? I h r Nol Ion : i i i d d i r ( nlnlo^V o l h e ( a i o d UH!;
Lonergan's a r g u m e n t for the goodness o f the wholeness o f being, there- . oiM c r n e c l t o m e e t the i i n i n t e l l i g i b i l i t v and disvalue o f t h e w o r l d by discern-
fore, includes the possibility and i n d e e d the actuality o f g o o d that comes i i i j ; h o w t o valu a n d c o l l a b o r a i e w i t h G o d a n d o t h e r h u m a n b e i n g s i n this
o u t o f e\'il, a g o o d t h a t m a k e s w h o l e w h a t is l e f t f r a c t u r e d a n d o n l y p a r t i a l l y u'ork o f l o v e , o f tikkun olani, l o v i n g r e p a i r o f t b e w o r l d , flo\vever, f u r t h e r
i n t e l l i g i b l e f r o m t h e \t o f g e n e i - a l i z e d e m e i g e n t p r o b a b i l i t y a l o n e . 11.1 b o l ; i i i o n o f l h i s is t b e t o j j i c f o r a n o i h e r b o o k .
T h e g o o d n e s s o f t h e w h o l e n e s s o f b e i n g is a n e m e r g i n g g o o d n e s s , a n d t h a t
e m e i g e n c e i n c l u d e s t h e o v e r c o i n i n g a n d h e a l i n g of i n i j u s i i f i a b l e s u f f e r i n g , t \.U T h e N o t i o n of t h e G o o d a n d C o n c e p t i o n s of t h e G o o d
d e s t i ' u c t i o t i , d i s o r d e i " , a n d d i e i n l i i l i s m o f false vales.
g o o d , o r as f a l l i n g s h o r i o f i h e g o o d , o r as d e s t r u c t i v e o f w h a i is g o o d .
T h i s is so b e c a u s e a d j u d i c a t i n g w h a t ls g o o d is a c c o m p l i s h e d |:)recisely h y 14 Explanatory Genera and the
exercises o f l i i e s i r u c t u r e o f e t h i c a l intenonality in w h i c h hosis o f f u r t h e r
p e r d n e n t quesons c o m e forth f r o m the i m r e s i i i c i e d desire, each quesuon Objective Scale o f Vales:
d e m a n d i n g t o be h e a r d a n d u o t r e l e n d n g unl a i t e n t i o n has b e e n p a i d a n d
satisfaction received.
A Preliminary G r o u n d i n g
A d j u d i c a t i n g whzi is g o o d d o e s n o t p r e s u p p o s e t h e visin o f scjtne p r e -
e x i s i i n g i d e a o f t l i e G o o d as i f i n P l a t o ' s n o e t i c h e a v e n - as i f o n e c o u l d l o o k
t h e r e t o see w h a t t h e G o o d r e a l l y is, a n d l h e n see i f o n e ' s I d e a s a n d j u d g m e n l s
c o n f o n n . T h e p r i m a r y s o u r c e s c>f h u m a n n o r m a x i t ) ' a b o u t t h e g o o d a r e n o t
l h e g o o d as e x p r e s s e d i n s o m e d e f m i o n , n o t d i e g o o d as s o m e f u i h b l o w n
I d e a . Riithei", l h e p r i m a n ' s o u r c e s o f nornia\'ity a b o u t t h e g o o d a r e o u r u n r e -
s t i i c i e d flesire f o r ancl u n r e s l r i c i e d love cd'even'i h i n g g o o d a b o u t e v e i y t h i n g ,
I n h u m a n c o n s c i o u s n e s s , t l i e m o s t f u n d a m e n t a l " k n o w i n g " o f t h e g o o d s t o
be frjund in desiring, anticipaiing, being-in-love. T h a t d e s i r i n g a n d being-in-
l o v e is u n l i m i t e d . T h a i u n r e s t r i c i e d d e s i r e a n d beng-in-lo\'e d e s i r e s a n d loves
to know and a c c e p t e v e n i h i n g good a b o u t e \ e i y good ihiug.
I f. I [nlroduction
VVe c o n c l u d e this chapter, therefore, by r e l u r i i i n g t o the p o i m made
at t l i e b e g i n n i n g o f c h a p t e r i i , b u l n o w h o p e f u l l y w i t h f a r f u l l e r nder- Wr are n o w i n a p o s i l i o n to take u p soine f u n d a m e u i a l questions l e g a r d i n g
s t a n d i n g . f h e i n o s t f u n d a m e n i a l d e f i n i t i o n o f t h e g c i o d is a second-order, t h o o b j e c t i v e n o r m a v e s c a l e c^f v a l u p r e f e r e n c e s . T h e p r e v i o u s c h a p t e r s
h e u r i s t i c d e f i n i t i o n . l l is a n a n t l c i p a i o i T d e l u i i o i i . i t d e i n e s t h e g o o d n o l r s p l u e d t h e i m p o r t a n t r o l e p l a y e d by i b i s scale i u t h e ethics o f d i s c e r n -
d i r e c t l y , b u t i n t e r m s o f h o w the gocjd w i l l be realized. T b e g o o d will be iiirni. Chapier S argned that judgments ofvalne can be objective o n l y to
r e a l i z e d b)' exercises o f t h e s i r u c t u r e o f e l h i c a l i n t e n t i o n a l i t y l h a t o)jeraie Mil' e x i e n t t h a t d i e p e r s o n m a k i n g t h e m is m o r a l l y c o n v e r t e d . T h a l is t o sa\',
i n c o n v e r t e d persons, w h e r e t h e u n r e s t r i c t e d n o i i o n o f valu, u n r e s t r i c t e d
d u r e w i l l b e v a l i i e o b j e c t i v i t y c i n l y i n s o f a r as t h e p e r s o n m a k i n g t h e s e j i i d g -
b e i n g - i n - l o v e . a n d t h e n o r m a t i v e scale o f v a l n e p r e f e r e n c e a r e f o l l o w e d w i l h
m e n l s o p r a l e s w i t h i n a h o r i z o n of f e e l i n g s a t l i m e d t o a n d o r i e n t e d b y l h e
f i d e l i t v , AJI o t h e r c o n c e 5 i i o n s o f t h e g o o d d e r i v e d I V o m p e r f o r m a n c e s ol
iimcstricied n o i i o n ofvalne, unresuicted being-in-love, and the normave
t h e s t r u c t i u e o f e t h i c a l i n i e n i i o n a l i t y i h a i f o r m s t h e l^asis o f d i i s e l e m e n t a l
.lie o f v a l n e p r e f e r e n c e . Clia|3ter 9 d i e w a t t e n t i o n l o each p e r s o n ' s pat-
h e u r i s t i c d e f u i i i i o n . A l l o i h e r c o n c e p t i o n s o f t h e g o o d a r e s u b j e c t l o its c r i t l -
n u l a r , e x i s t e n t i a l scale o f v a l n e p r e f e r e n c e u n d e r l y i n g h e r o r l i i s j u d g m e n t s
c i s n i s . T h i s f o r i n s t h e basis o f d i c m e t h o d i n e t h i c s that w i l l b e e x p l o r e d i n
o l c o m p a r a t i v e valu. I t f o l l o w e d L o n e r g a n , S c h e l e r , a n d vc>n H i l d e b r a n d
c h a p t e r s 15 a n d 16. ig|
m c l a i m i i i g t h a l l h e r e is a l s o a s h a r e d n o r n i a t i v e s c a l e t h a t " s h i n e s t h r o u g h "
e.M h o f l h e s e i n d i v i d u a l s c a l e s . T h a t c h a p i e r a l s o n o t e d t h e ways t h a i L o n e r -
i;,iirs a c c o u n t o f l h a t objecii\ scale differs fi"om t h o s e p r o p o s e d b y o t h e r s ,
UK l i i d i n g Scheler and von H i l d e b i a n d .
I l w s e d i f f e r e n c e s raise q u e s t i o n s a b o u t t h e basis f b r L o n e r g a n ' s account
ol l h e scale o f valu p r e f e r e n c e , and what son of argmneni niight be
. i i h a i i c e d i n its f a v o u r l u t h i s c h a p t e r , I o f f e r o n e a p p r o a c h t o a n s w e r i n g
diese (piesiions. I p i o p o s e t h a t a Justificaiion f o r Lonergan's a c c o u n t o f lhat
scale c a n b e p r o v i c l e d b y c h a w i n g u p o n h i s n o t i o n o f " e x p l a n a t c u ' y g e n e r a . " '
I he first s e c t i o n s o f t h i s c h a p t e r , t h e r e f o r e , a r e d e v o t e d t o e l u c i d a n g w h a t
he iue;uii by "explanatory genera."
388 \\\n IV; VVh:ii, ls l i r o u g h i A b o u r b)' D o i n g "rbal? I L x p l a n a t o r y G e n e r a ancl i h c < ) l ) j c c i i v i ' .Scale u l Vales iW.l
challenge of providing a g i o u n d i n g of Lonergan's a c c o u n t o f t h e scale l - n v i n ' a n d l u g l i e r without one b e i n g logically declucible f r o m tlie othei".
o l ' vales. I le u s e d t h e r e l a t i n n s h i p s b e t w e e n l w o n u m b e r s y s t e m s - i h e w h o l e n u m -
h e i s a u d r e a l n u m b e r s - ic> m a k e b i s a r g u m e n t . T h e w h o l e n u m b e r s a r e
The extended a n d t e c h n i c a l discussicjus i n this c h a p t e r may seem to
delinee! by snccessive o p e r a t i o n s o f a d d i n g o n e . w h i l e t h e real n u m b e r s
d i g r e s s r a t h e r f a r f r o r n t l i e s u t j j e c t o f e t h i c s , - B u t t h e d i g i e s s i o i i is n e c e s s a r y
.lie d e f i n e d as w h a t . r e s u h f r o m t h e f u l l y g e n e r a l i z e d operalions of add-
f o r t h r e e i'easons. F i r s t , L o n e r g a n ' s c l a i m t h a t t h e r e is a n o b j e c d v e s c a l e o f
iii(;. s u b i i a c i i n g , m u l t i p l y i n g , d i v i d i i i g , e x i r a c i i n g r o o i s , a n d t a k i n g l i m -
v a l u p r e f e r e n c e is c r u c i a l , b u t it is n o l o n g e r p o s s i b l e t o g i v e a s i m p l e a r g u -
tis. B e c a u s e t h e s e d e f i n i t i o n s a r e s o d i f f e r e n t , t h e r e is n o wwy o f d e d u c i n g
m e n t i u LS favour; p r e m i s e s t h a t o n c e c o u l d have s i i p | i o r t e d Lonergan's
. i . i i e m e n t s a b c n i t o p e r a t i o n s w i i h i n e m e set o f n u m b e r s f i t m i statements
c l a i m are no l o n g e r widely accepted. Second, l i i s i c i e n t i n c a t i o n o f t h e five
. i h o u i l l i e O l h e r sel. I n fact, f r o m a s t r i c d y l o g i c a l p o i n t of view, e v e n lhe
d i s t i n c t levis o f t h a i s c a l e ( v i t a l , s o c i a l , c t i l i u r a l . p e r s o n a l , a n d r e l i g i o t i s ) is
leiiiis " n u m b e r " a n d " a d d i n g " mean s o m e t h i n g entirely d i l f e r e i i i i n lhe
also i n need o f substaiitial s u p p o n since t h e r e are c o n t e n d i n g altcinatives.
vn a x i o m a t i c sysiems.
T h i r d , t h e s u p p o r t I a m p i ' o p o s i n g s d r a w n f r o m L o n e i g a n ' s d i s c u s s i o n s o f
\ ' e \ ' e r t b e l e s s , we d o use e x a c d y t h o s e s a m e vvcncis n t h e w h o l e a n d r e a l
e x p l a n a t o r y g e n e r a anci species. B u l t h o s e discussions are a m c m g t h e m o s l
i i i m i b e r systems. Lonergan's discussion offers a reason why. H i s t o r i c a l l y ,
t e c h n c a l l ) ' d e m a n d i n g s e c l i o n s o f insighl. There lie p r e s e n t s a n i n t r i c a t e
w h o l e n u m b e r a r i i h m e i i c c a m e fu-st. f h e acti\ities o f dciing w h o l e uum-
a r g u m e n t against t h e "extra-scieniific" a s s u m p u o n that m o d e r n science
hei a r i i h m e i i c p i o v i d e d "a large, d y n a m i c , v i r i u a l i m a g e " f r o m w h i c h new
implies a reductionisni o f huuiaii consciousness and h u m a n freedom to
insiglus e m e r g e d a n d grasjied new possibilities.'' T h e s e new insighis led to
t h e l e v e l o f p h y s i c a l p r o c e s s e s . So i n o r d e r t o o f f e r s u p p o r t f o r Lonergan's
n e w a n d d i f f e r e n t ways o f d e l l n i n g a n d p e r f o r m i n g a d d i t i o n . s n b t r a c i i o n ,
c l a i m s abc)ui t h e o b j e c t i v e scale o f v a l n e preference, t s n e c e s s a r y t o p r e s -
. m d o t h e r o p e r a t i o n s so t h a t t h e i r ranges b e c a m e m u c h w i d e r .
e n t this somewhat l e n g t h v preliniinary digression.
\n t h o u g h t h e r'eal i i t u n b e r s c a n n o i b e l o g i c a l l y d e d u c e d f r o m t h e d e f i -
L v e n so, t h i s c h a p t e r o f f e r s o n l y a p r e l i m i n a r y e f f o r t a t e s t a b l i s h i n g a basis niiions a n d axioms o f t h e w h o l e n u m b e r ? , ihey are nevertheless i n t e l l i g i b l y
f o r Lc>nergan's a c c o u n t o f t h e o b j e c t i v e scale o f valu p r e f e r e n c e . It pro- Iel.Ued because t h e ideas f o r t h e real n u m b e r s c a m e h'oiii i n s i g h t s i n t o
ceeds i n d i r e c t l y , d r a w i n g i n t e r m e d i a r y assistance frcmi L o n e r g a n ' s explana- I I K ' experiences of doing whole n u m b e r arithmeiic. These insighis made
t o r y g e n e r a a u d h i s i h e o i e m i h a i " t h e g o o d is i d e n t i f i e d w i t h t h e i n t e l l i g i - II p o s s i b l e t o /nor e v e r v c t p e r a i i o n i u t h e w h o l e n u m b e r s y s t e m \','ith a n
b i l i t y I n t r i n s i c t o b e i n g . " ' ' B e c a u s e t h i s a p p r o a c l i is o n l y i n d i r e c t , i l i i s m e a n s
e q u i v a l e n t o p e r a t i o n newly d e f m e c l i n i h e real n u m b e r system, b u t also t o
t h a t l a m d e v i a u n g f i o m t h e p a t h I have f o l l o w e d up to n o w - t h e m e t h o d
di I far m o r e - f o r e x a m p l e , t o s u b t r a c t a l a r g e r n u m b e r f r o m a s m a l l e r a n d
o f a p p r o a c h i n g e t h i c s d i r e c t h ' f r o m t h e s t r u c i m e c>f e t h i c a l i n t e n t i o n a l i t y
i n i i e r a i e a perfectly i n t e l l i g i b l e negativo n u m b e r , to niukijjly iwo negative
iLself I will therefore r e t u r n l o t h e c p i e s t i o n o f t h e basis o f t h e objective
i n n n b e r s a n d get a posiiixe n u m b e r , a n d to ex trac t the r o o t o f a non-perfect
s c a l e o f vales i n c h a p t e r t 6 .
.1 | u a n ' n u m b e r a n d g e t a I e g i i i m a t e i r r a t i o n a l n u m b e r , etc.
3'-!') I'ai', IV: U h a i ls H n . u g l u A b o u l by D o i n g T h a i ? E x p l a n a t o r y G c n e n i a n d t h e O b j e c i i v e Scale o f Vales 3 9 1
i h c r e is s u c h a s e r i e s , btiL i i d o e s e x p o s e d i e a r b i i r a r i n e s s o f r n e t a p h y s i t a l e m e r g e n c e o f r e g u l a r l y r e c u r r i n g processes t h a t b e l o n g p r o p e r i y t o t h e
n i o n i s n i s s u c h as p h y s i c a l i s n i o r m a i e r i a l i s m . W h i l e it is q u i i e I e g i i i m a t e tt
higher biological level.
ask f o r f u n h e r a r g i L u i e n t s l o s h o w t h a i L o n e r g a n ' s i d e a s a r e m o r e t h a n j u s t
p o s s i b i l i t i e s ( i . e . , t h a t l h e r e a c t t i a l l y a r e a u t o n o m o u s h i g h e r v i e w p o i n t sci-
.\..\ H i e r a r c h i c a l S c a l e o f N a t u r a l Vales
e n c e s a n d t h a t t h e u n i v e r s e a c t u a l l y d o e s d i s p l a y r e a l h i e r a r c h ies o f e x p l a n a -
i
t o r y g e n e r a ) , t h e s a m e can he asked o f t h e m e i a p h y s i c a l m o n i s m s . What
I his n c c o u m o f e x p l a n a t o r y h i g h e r g e n e r a alscj i m p l i e s a h i e r a r c h y ( a s c a l e )
e v i d e n c e is t h e r e i n f a v o u r o f t h e i r a s s u m p t i o n s ? C a n t h e y p r o v e t h a t t h e r r
n i \'aliies. A l t h o u g h L o n e i ' g a n h i m s e l f clcies n o t d r a w i b i s c o n c l u s i n e x p l i c -
a r e n o r e g u l a r i i i e s t h a t c a n n o t b e f u l l y a c c o u n t e d f o r b y i h e o n e , s i n g l e sci-
lllv, h e cloes p o i n t t o t l i i s .)OSsl.)ility i n nsight. " W i t h i n l e r m i n a l vales t h e n i -
e n c e , e s p e c i a l l y s i n c e i t is v e t t o b e compleied?
nelves t h e r e is a h i e r a r c h y : f o r e a c h is a n i m e l l i g i b l e oi'cler, b m s o m e o f l h e s e
A l t h o u g h L o n e r g a n h i i n s e l f d i d n o t s u p p l y t h e a r g u m e n t s t h a t w o u l d be
orders i n c l u d e o t h e r s . s o m e are c(.nidi l i o n i n g ancl o l h e r s c o n d i t i o n e d , s o m e
n e e d e d t o e s t a b l i s h h i s l u e f a r c h i e s as m o r e t h a n p o s s i b i l i t i e s , h e d i d h o l d
conditions are m o r e general a n d .nhers l e s s . " " 'fhe c o n t e x t f o r t h i s pas-
t h a t l h e d i f f e r e n t i a t i o n s o f t h e m o d e r n s c i e n c e s m a k e i t is l i i g h l v l i k e l y t h a l
a g e was L o n e r g a n ' s d i s c u s s i o n o l h i e r a r c l i i e s o f i n t e l l i g i l i l e o r d e i ' s i n h u m a n
t h e r e are iive d i s t i n c t , h i e r a r c h i c a l l y - r e l a t e c i e x p l a n a t o r y g e n e r i c orders -
c o o p e r a t i v e o r g a n i z a t i o n s . b u t t h e basis f o r t h e c o m m e m is so g e n e r a l i l i a t i l
t h a t is, t h o s e c o r r e s p o n d i n g t o t h e s u c c e s s i v e l y higher viewpoints o f the
also a p p l i e s t o h i e r a r c h i e s i n t h e n a t u r a l u n i v e r s e as w e l l . l u o i h e i w o r d s , l h e
s c i e n c e s o f p h y s i c s , c h e n i i s u y , bolog\', s e n s i t i v e p s y c h o l o g ) ' , a n d rational
h i e r a r c h i c a l r e l a u o n s h i p s a m o n g t h e /;////f/7)////>.s d i s u n c t i v e o f a n d p r o p e r
psycholog)'.'" F o r t h e sake o f bre\ny, I w i l l r e f e r l o these c o r r e s p o n d i n g gen-
t o :ach C)f l h e e x p l a n a t o r y g e n e r a i m p l y i h e i r h i e r a r c h i c a l valu o r d e r i n g .
e r a as l h e p h y s i c a l , c h e m i c a l , b i o l o g i c a l , s e n s i t i v e , a n d h u m a n . Lonergan
f h i s valu h i e r a r c h y w i t h i n i h e n a i u r a l u n i v e r s e i o l l o w s i r o m l h e prin-
d i d n o t a r g e t h a i i b i s is t h e o n h ' p o s s i b l e s u c h o r d e r C)f e x p l a n a t o r y h i g h e r
ii|)le a r g u e d i n t h e p i e v i o u s c h a p t e r t h a t i d e n t i f i e s t h e g o o d w i t h i h e i n t e l l i -
g e n e r a . o r d i d he arge d i a t there c o n l d n o t be o t h e r e x p l a n a t o r v g e n e r a
f^ibiliivol'realilv: "For ihe m i d d l e term in the identificatioii o f t h e g o o d with
i n t e r m e d i a t e b e t w e e n s o m e o f t h e levis l h a t h e p r o p o s e s . R a t h e r , h e s i m p l y
h e i n g is i m e l l i g i b i h i y . "' F h e r e , t h i s p r i n c i p i e was u s e d t o a r g e f o r a d i s t i n c -
s t a t e d l h i s as t h e m o s t l i k e l y m a n i f e s t a u o n o f a h i e r a r c h y o f explanatory
lion a m c m g potential, f o r m a l , a n d actual goods becanse o f t h e disunctness
g e n e r a i n o u r n a t u r a l univei'se.
o l T h e i r k i n d s o f i n t e l l i g i b i l i t i e s . T h a l same princi)3le can iiow be a p p l i e d t o
T h i s series o f g e n e r a w o u l d be scientifically e x p l a n a t o r y . logically a u t o n - t h e d i f f e r e n c e s a m o n g t h e i n t e l l i g i b i l i t i e s of e x p l a n a t c n y g e n e r a , i i n p l y i n g
o m o u s , serially r e l a t e d , h i e r a r c h i c a l l y r a n k e d . a n d e m e r g e n t . T h e series of a c o r r e s p o n d i n g h i e r a r c h y o f v a l e s . T h e a r g u m e n t r u n s as f o l l o w s : A c t u a l
g e n e r a w o u l c l be scientiFically e x p l a n a t o r y because t h e i r m e m b e r s would vales a r e t h e v a l e s o f a c t u a l i n t e l l i g i b l e o c c u r r e n c e s , p r o c e s s e s , o r t h i n g s .
be c o n s t i t u t e d by l h e p r o p e r t i e s that are i m p l i c i d y d e f i n e d b y t h e e x p l a n - f h e s e o c c u r r e n c e s , processes, o r t h i n g s are f o i i u d w i t h i n o n e o r another
a i o r y , classical c o r r e i a t i o n s (laws) a r r i v e d at t h r o u g h t h e researches of explanatory genus, within s o m e p o p u l a i i o n whose mend^ers share the same
t h e i r respective sciences. The\ w o u l d be logically a u i o n o m o t i s because g e m s o f e x p l a n a t o r y i n t e l l i g i b l e p r o p e r t i e s . I n s o i i t r as t h e s e g e n e r i c intel-
l h e laws a n d systems o f t h e l o w e r s c i e n c e c a n n o t a c c o u n t f u l l y f o r a l l t h e l i g i b i l i t i e s a r e o r d e r e d b y h i g h e r v i e w p o i n t s , t h i s h i e r a r c h y c^f i n t e l l i g i b i l i t i e s
observed regulariiies, therefore r e q u i r i n g a h i g h e r science to i n t r o d u c e i m p l i e s a c o r r e s p o n d i n g h i e r a r c h y o f t h e vales. S o w h i l e l h e a c t u a l ralue of
n e w h i g h e r c c i r r e l a t i o n s a n d p r o p e r t i e s t h a t c a n n o t be d e d u c e d f r o m l h e each e v e n t , p r o p e r l y , process. o r t h i n g w i l l be i i n i c p i e , still t h o s e vales w i l l
lovver cjiies by f o r m a l l o g i c alone. They can o n l y be d e r i v e d by means h e r e l a t e d t o o n e a n o t h e i " h i e r a r c h i c a l l v i n wavs t h a t r e f l e c t i h e h i e r a r c h y o f
o f t b e novelties o f h i g l i e r v i e w p o i m i n s i g h t s . T h e series o f g e n e r a would the genera i n w h i c h they are inembei-s.
b e s e r i a l a n d h i e r a r c h i c a l b e c a u s e t h e i n s i g l u s t h a t u n d e r s t a u d , say, t h e f i l i s m e a n s , t h e r e f o r e , t h a t t h e i e s h o u l d be a scale o f v a l n e preference
strictly biological c o r r e i a t i o n s a n d p r o p e r t i e s arise o u t o f the experiences
in a s c e n d i n g o r d e r o f p h y s i c a l , c h e m i c a l , b i o l o g i c a l , sensate, a u d h u m a n
o f puz/ling regulariiies iu chemical occurrences. The higher viewpoint
vales. T h i s a l s o m e a n s , a c c o r d i n g t o o u r p r e v i o u s d i s c u s s i o n , t h a t a m o r a l l y
insighis would therefore grasp polentialities latent i n the processes of
( ( n i v e r t e d p e r s o n s h o u l d h a v e f e e l i n g s I b r a l l o f t h e s e l e v i s o f x-ilues, a n d
the lower clieinical genus - namely, their potentlalitles for f u n c t i o n i n g
Ieel t h e m p r e f e r e n u a l l y i n t h i s p r e c i s e h i e r a r c h i c a l o r d e r .
in the more comprehensive systems a n d o p e r a t i c m s p r o p e r to l h e higher
Lonergan's r e m a r k a b o u t t h e h i e r a r c h y o f t e r m i n a l vales i n c l u d e s l h e
bicjiogical level. Finally, t h e h i g h e r g e n e r a w o u l d be e m e r g e n t because
phrase " s o m e o f l h e s e o r d e r s i n c l u d e odiei-s, s o m e are c o n d i u o n i n g a n d
non-systeinaiic, c o i n c i d e n i a l convergences o f events a n d processes of the
<iiliers c o n d i t i o n e d , s o m e c o n d i t i o n s are m o r e general and olhers less."
lower c h e m i c a l gems can (eventually) a c c i d e n t a l l y set c o n d i t i o n s f o r t h e
l i l i s phrase offers criieria t h a t can prove lielpftil i n t h i n k i n g a b o u l d i s t i n c t
:ill l'Ltri IV: W h a i Is l l i o i i g l u A b c m i by D o i n g r i u i l r ^ E x p l a n a t o r y G e n e r a a n d t h e O b i e c i i v e Scale u f Vales 395
adjnsi or replace social i n s l i l u t i o n s to meet evei-chaiiging demands. i i i i i i o u o f valu, p e o p l e inevitably c o m m i t themselves ic-> v a l n e s b e y o n d the
Culttiral vales provide ihe meanings c>f b e i n g a people ihai make liiniis o f t h e i r o w n finite c u l t u r e s . W h e t h e r they t l i i n k o f this e x p l i c i t l y o r
and c o n t e n t s o n o n e s i n g l e level - f o r e x a m p l e , t h a t nderstanding, j u d ^ * itMK w i l h O l h e r p e o p l e ' s a c u o n s . ' - ' ' H o w e v e r , DoraiTs way o f m a k i n g t h e
(experiencing). l>Hiou;il c o n s c i o u s n e s s a n d c u h u r a l v a l e s . O n t h e e m e h a n d , t h e e f f o r t s o f
lll l i d l e v e l c o n s c i o u s r e f i e c d o n a r e d i r e c t e d t o w a r d s a s s e t n b l i n g c o n d i d o n s ,
Doran inay well have h i t uporr the p r o p e i e x p l a n a d o n for Lcuiergan'i
((i.ispiug t h e v i r i u a l l v u n c o n d i t i o n e d , a n d m a k i n g j u d g m e n t s oi' fact. On
scale. H i s a p p r o a c h n i i g h t even be w h a t L o n e r g a n h a d i n m i n d . S t i l l , t h e r e
I h r o t h e r h a n d , w h i l e i t is u n e t h a t c u l u i r a l vales ( s u c h as t h e vales o f
a r e s o r n e d i f i c i i l t i e s t h a t t h i s a p p r o a c h w o u l d h a v e t o a d d r e s s . F i r s t a n d per*
w I r i i c e a n d s c l i o l a r s h i p ) i n c l u d e t h e p r a c t i c e s a n d iiistituons t h a t c r i u c i z e
h a p s oi'eiiiost, D o r a n ' s i s o n i o r p h i s i n relies u p t > n lve c l e a r l y d i s t i n g u i s h e d
I laims a b o u t f a c t u a l i i i i i h s , c u l t u r a l vales e x t e n d b e y o n d c o n c e r n w i t h t h e
l e v i s o f c o n s c i o u s n e s s . A l i h o u g h I a g i e e t h a t l h e r e a r e five l e v i s o f c o n -
\A\\U- ol f a c t u a l truilis. Cultural institutions c o i i m i u n i c a t e , cultivate, a n d
s c i o u s n e s s , t h e r e is n o e v i d e n c e t h a t L o n e r g a n h i m s e l f t h o u g l i t so a l the
i r l i u c l h e vales t h a t m a k e h n m a n lives, instuons, a n d g o o d s o f o r d e r
l i m e h e w a s w i i i i n g Method in Theology. T o t h e best o f i i i y k n o w l e d g e , t h e firsi
UHMiiingful a n d *vc")rth c h o o s i n g . C u l t u r e s l e l l s i o r i e s a n d s i n g s o n g s a b o u t
me that Lonergan nientioned a fifth level was i n fall I97'J, after Method
I M ' I O C S a n d l i e r o i n e s a n d t h e vales t h e y i n c a r n a i e . C u l t u r e s b u i l d monu-
in Theology h a d b e e n p u b l i s h e d . " ' ' N o w , i t is p o s s i b l e t h a t L o n e r g a n devel-
iiicuts l o g r e a t a c h i e v e m e n t s o f p e o p l e l o b e e i i i u l a t e d a n d t o b e e m b o d i e d
o p e d h i s f o r m u l a u o n o f t h e scale b a s e d o n cliffei-euces i n e x p e r i e n c e s o f h i t
lu i n d i v i d u a l d e e d s a n d i n social i n s t i t u t i o n s . C n l u i r e s devel(.)p u n i v e r s i t i e s
own levis o f c o n s c i o u s n e s s , e v e n t h o u g h h e h a d n o t yet a r t i c u l a i e d t h i s f o r
U K I o t h e r i n s t i t u t i o n s d e d i c a t e d t o c r i t i c i z i n g c l a i m s r e g a r d i n g vales, i n
h i m s e l f w i t h c o m p l e t e c l a r i t y . Hfjwe\'er, I t h i n k t h a t h e w o u l d h a v e needed
i t d d i t i o n l o c r i l i c p i i n g c l a i m s r e g a r d i n g facts. I n d e e d c u l t u r e s cultvale c o m -
to h a v e at least s o m e k i n d o f v a g u e l y f o r m u l a t e d l i n d e i s t a n d i n g o f t h e fivc
m i t m e m s t o t h e vaha; o / f a c t u a l t r u t h . I t is n o t c l e a r . t h e r e f o r e , t h a t ibis
lex'els o f c o n s c i o u s n e s s i n o r d e r t o t h i n k o u t five v a l u levis o n t h i s b a s i s .
l i i o . i d l l e l d o f c u l t u r a l vales c a n b e e m b r a c e d w i i h i n a correspondence
A s e c c ) u d d i f f i c u l t y a r i s e s w i l h r e s p e c t lo ihe specific correspondences
w i l h the t h i r d l e v e l o f c o n s c i o u s n e s s . f h e y s e e m m o r e a p p r o p r i a t e l o l h e
b e t w e e n t h e level o f consciousne.ss a n d t h e p r o p o s e d c o r r e s p o n d e n c e w i t h a
l o i i r i h le\'el cf c c j n s c i o u s n e s s .
l e v e l o f v a l e s i n a t l e a s t t w o c a s e s , i f n o t m o r e . I n i d a l l y t h e cor t e s p o n d e n c c
fhese c o n s i d e r a t i o n s led m e to p r o p o s e the altrnale way o f s u p p o i ' t i n g
between i h e level o f e x j i e r i e n c i n g a n d vital vales seems lo m a k e sense,
L o n e r g a n ' s f o r m u l a l i o n o f t h e scale o l valu p i e f e r e n c e that 1 presenied
b u t c o n s i d e r f o r a m c n n e n i s o m e e x a m p l e s o f v i t a l vales: h e a l t h , s t r e n g t h ,
r,u lier i n ibis c h a p t e r . I n fact. D o r a n h i m s e l f p r o p o s e d a s e c o n d a p p r o a c h
vitality, r o b u s i n e s s , ferdlity, fic>urishing ( a l o n g w i t h t h e i r o p p o s i t e s , t h e dis-
( o o i m d i u g t h e s c a l e o f vales t h a t is v e i y c i s e t o m y o w n . H e w r o t e : " F r o m
values o f disease, weakness, l e t h a r g ) , e i c ) . Ifwe restrict ourselves to d i r
I H ' I O W , m o r e basic levis [ o f v a l n e ] a r e r e q u i i e d f o r t h e e m e r g e n c e o f h i g h e r
data o f sense a n d c o m p a i e t h e acts a n d c c ) n i e n t s o f sense e x p e r i e n c i n g
I r v r i s ... w h e r e a s fi'oni above. diese p r o p c ) r t i o n a t e d e v e l o p m e n t s are tbe
w i t h t h e s e v i t a l vales, i is d i f f i c u l t t o d i s c e r n t h e c o r r e s p o n d e n c e s . Seeing
I n i u l i i i o n o f possibilit)' o f the a p p r o p r i a t e schemes o f r e c u r r e n t events at
c o l o u r a n d s h a p e , h e a r i n g p l i c h a n d inbre, f e e l i n g t h e r o u g h , s n i o o t h ,
die m o r e basic levis."'''
p a i n f u l , p l e a s a n t , h o t , c o l d , t a s t i n g sweel, sour, saliy, etc. - these a r e m a i ' k -
H e r e O o i a i i m a k e s a very s u b t l e but very i m p o r t a n t d i s t i n c t i o n . O t l i r r s
e d l y d i f f e r e n t f r o m d i e vales r e v e a l e d i n f e e l i n g h e a l t h y , s t r o n g , e n e r g e l i c ,
i i i i g l i t t h i n k o f c o i i d i t i o n i n g i n o n l y o n e d i r e c o n , f r o m b e l o w : we m u s t e a t
etc. M o r e o v e r , L o n e r g a n ' s t w o s c ) u r c e s , S c h e l e r a n d vcjri F l i l d e b r a n d (as
I n ( u d c r t o w o r k o r p a i n t o r t o pray. W h i l e c o n d i u o n i n g f r o m b e l o w c e r i a i n l y
'106 Pan. IV: Wh-ai ls lroLighi A b o u l by D o i n g T h a i ? L x p l a n a i u r y G e n e r a a n d i h e O b j c c n v . Scale o l ' Vales
h a p p e n s , D o r a n l e c o g n i z e s l h a t l h e r e v e r s e is a l s o t r u e , i h e i e c i p r o c a l f o n n f h i s a r g u m e n t m a y ov m a y u o t b e c o r r e c t - B ) ' r n e h a s e a r l i e r r a i s e d
o f c o n d i t i o n i n g f r o m above. VVhen p e o p l e lose a l l sense o f h i g h e r p u r p o s e , a g o o d q u e s t i o n a b o u t w h e i h e r v i t a l \'aliies m a y b e i d e n t i f i e d w i t h
they a b a n d o n d i e i r plows i u the. fields. p a r t i c u l a r g o o d s i n c o n t i - a d i s i i n c t i o n t o g o o d s o f o r d e r - b u t i t seems
D o r a n clearly recognizes tliis c o n d i t i o n i n g o f i h e l o w e r by the h i g h e r a n d l o m e u n d o u b t e c l l y t o be l h e o r i g i n a l gnesis o f L o n e r g a n ' s scheme.
illustrates his keen o b s e r r a i i o n w i t h examples f r o m all f o u r o f t h e inter^ Vloreover, i l relates ( m u c h m o r e d i r e c d y than d o e s B y r n e ' s a r g u -
faces b e t w e e n i h e five levis o f v a l e s . H e says i h a i w h i l e i t s t r u e t h a t t h e m e n t ) l h e p r e f c i e i i c e - s c a l e o f vales l o l h e d i s t i n c t i o n s b e t w e e n
h e a l t h a n d s t r e n g t h (viud vales) o f a m u l t i p l i c i t y o f p e o p l e are n e e d e d to p a r t i c u l a r gciocis, g o o d s o f o r c l e r , a n c l t e r m i n a l vales.
i m p l e m e n t n e w social organizations, o n c e l e c h n o l o g i c a l , e c o n o m i c , and
p o l i l i c a l i n s i i t t i t i o n s are f u n c u o n i n g actually a n d r e c u r r e n d y , they b e c o m e hl .Anide 4 ("The C o m p a r i s o n o f G o o d s " ) o f d i e s o o i i - t o - b e - p u b l i s h e d De
t h e i n d i s p e n s a b l e c o n d i t i o n s fcir l h e e f f e c t i v e and regular couiinuation of ldnii/'liorie,'^' Lonergan presents o n e his m o s t extensive discussion ofthe
T h e r e is a h i e r a r c h ) ' a m o n g i h e s e t h r e e . T h e g o o c l o f o r c l e r is ... 1 Mialh; althougli the reviewer did iioi exieiid die proposed .ui.ilojp
s u p e r i c > r t o p a r t i c u l a r g o o c l s ... C u l t u r a l g o o d is ... f a r s u p e r i o r t o i l i n d e l h i n g t h e scale o f valu p r e f e r e n c e l o its Fifth l e v e l o f r e l i g i o u s \.
the good oforder I
IIMI r o m i e c i i o n is m a d e e \ ' i d e n t b y t b e g e n e r a l c o i i t e x i as w e l l as i h e p . i i
Ul i i l . i r s o f Ue Hedewplioiie. T h e o v e r a l l g o a l o f t h e t e x t s t o p r o v i d e a " d e e p < i
Lonergan later ehiborates hi.s leascjns ibr the ascending h i e r a r c h y ol ind nn)re f r u i t f u l , " albeii an imperfect, analogical i n i e r p r e t a t i o n o l ihc-
p a r t i c u l a r g o o c l s , g o o d of o r d e r , a n d cultiu-;d g o o d . Particular g o o d s . he I luisiiaii d o c t r i n e o l f e d e n q j t i o n . Lonergan r e g a r d s t h a t d o c t r i n e as t h e
obseives, are diose goods t h a t m e e t "the r e q u i r e m e n i s o f l i v i n g " - that I H . itliim;i[ion of "the iiiysiei) oi"Gocfs will, 'to gaiher u p all things in Cluisi.
v i t a l g c j o d s . A g o o d o f o r d e r t h a t w o u l d b e f r e e f r o m d i s o r d e r s o r injustice ilnii^sin hea\enandc^n earth' (Ephesians 1 : 9 - 1 0 ) . " f i i o i d e r to a c c o i i i ] l i s h
w o u l c l p r o v i d e "a c o n s t a n t series o f p a r t i c u l a r g o o d s . " O n t h e o t l i e r h a n d , d n s o h e c i i \ e , L o n e r g a n says, h e n e e d s t o f i r s t c c m s i d e r " h o w e a i i h l y r e a l i -
a c u h u r a l gc>od, i n s o l a r as i t is f r e e o i c l i s t o r u o n s a n d russcntimenls, guides lies :ue to be b r o u g h t t o g e i h e r ... h o w t h e i m m a n g o o c l e s p e c i a l l y is p u t
" w i s e p r c ) g r e s s t o w a r d b e i t e r a n d b e t t e r o i c l e r s " a n c l resists t h e f c u c e s thal lll o r d e r " t h r o u g h h u m a n collaboi-ation.^-' VViihin this t h e o l o g i c a l context,
w o t d d l e a d to spirals o f d e c l i n e a n d d e t e r i o r a t i o n . C u l t u r a l g o o d s , accord- I onergan emphasizes t h e i a c t t h a t h t m i a n o r i g i n a i i n g v a l u is a p a r t i c i p a -
i n g t o De Rcdcmplimie, are ccjnstiluteci a n d n n d e r p i n n e d bv n u i i u a l l ) ' f r i e n d l y n o n i 11 d i v i n e g o o c l n e s s , ' " f o r cli\'ine o r i g i n a t i n g valu is n o t o n l y t h e c o n d i -
and loving interpersonal relations. t i o n l h a t m a k e s p o s s i b l e f i n i t e h u m a n o r i g i n a t i n g valu; h u m a n o r i g i n a u n g
F o u r i h , L o n e r g a n siiuates his discussion o f the s t r u c t u r e o f the h u m a n potenc)': f o r m : aci: h u m a n agent: divine agent::
g o o d i n De Reitieplione w\ih\i\ m u c h b r o a d e r a n c l r i c h e r c o n t e x t l h a t a l s o v i t a l ; s o c i a l : c u l t u r a l : p e r s o n a l : r e l i g i o u s vales
j j r o v i c l e s s t r o n g s u p p o r t f o r t h e r e v i e w e r ' s s u g g e s t i o u o f i n t e g r a i i n g t w i i h lhe reviewer also drew atienuon to Lonergan's extended discussion
p e r s o n a l valu, l u m i e d i a i e l ) ' i o l l o \ v i n g the p a r a g r a p h w h e r e he idendiles
o l l h e s o c i a l o r d e r I n De Redemplioiie, where Lonergan t r e a i s l h e levis o f
the t h i r d l e v e l o f t h e h i u n a n gcjoci w i t h c u l t u r e , L c ) n e r g a n w r i i e s t h a t
doiiiesticii)', technolctg)', economy, a n d politics w i t h i n t h e s e c o n d level of
l.md Kindly Ughf... do not asl to see the dstant scene, one step enough for me.
-|<ihii H e n i y Ncwman
15.1 E t h i c a l I n t e n t i o n a l i t y as M e i h o d i c a l
B u l lilis, o f course, does n o l go fai" e n o u g l i , VVe n d g l u . j u s t as w e l l sa\ Meihod in Theology' cloes n o l m a k e a n y c l a i m s 1.0 p r o v i d e a m o d e l f o r i n e i l i o d
l h a i e v e i y h u m a n b e i n g uses l h e s c i e n t i f i c m e i h o d , b e c a u s e e v e r y h u m a n I U e t h i c s , bul/,v/^//does. I n t h e " P r e f a c e , " L o n e r g a n w r o t e t h e f o l l o w i n g :
b e i n g has e x p e r i e n c e s , asks q u e s i i o n s , g e i s i n s i g h i s , f o r m s h y p o i h e s e s , a n d
e n g a g e s i n s e l f - c o r r e c i i n g processes i n o r c l e r l o c h e c k o u i i h o s e hypotheses A s m e t a p h y s i c s is d e r i v e d f r o m l h e k n o w n s i r u c t u r e o f t^ne's k n o w -
which is w h a i s c i e n i i s i s d o . T h i s s e e m s a b s u r d , liowe\'er, b e c a u s e b y "sci i n g , so a n e i h i c s r e s u l t s fi'oni knowledge of lhe c o m p o u n d siructure
eniilic mediods" we mean someihing m u c h more specialized than such o f c->iie's k n o w i n g a n d c l o i i i g ; a n d as i l i e m e l a p h y s i c s , sc-> t o o l h e e t h -
geneiic performance o f these aciiviiies. cine w i i h o u i h i g l i l y specialized i c s p r o l o n g s t h e i n i t i a l s e l f - c r i t i c i s m intc> a n e x p l a n a t i o n o f t h e o r i g i n
s c i e n i i n c i r a i n i n g c o n l d l e g i t i n i a t e l y be s a i d 1 0 be u s i n g a s c i e n t i f i c m e i h o d , o f a l l ethical positions a n d into a criieritm for passiiigjudgment o n
Specialized meihods therefore in\'ol\'e m c i r e i b a n s i m p l y t l i e e x e r c i s e o l each o f them.:'
l h e n o r m a t i v e s t r u c t u r e o f h u m a n consciousness. ' f l i e y i n v o l v e s o m e sort o l
r e n n e m e n t of that exercise which comes f r o m training and practice, ( i l e a r l y a m e l l i o d so ccHicei\'ed c o u l d p a ) ' l h e r o l e o f c r i t i c a l l y e n g a g i n g
flence, f o r a v a r i e t y o f r e a s o n s , m e t h o d i n a less g e n e r i c sense involves s o u r c e s o f e t h i c a l t h o i i g h i a n d a c t i o n t h a l ha\'e b e e n p a s s e d a l o n g t o us.
m o r e i h a n t h e p l a i n e x e r c i s e o f t h e mai\'e e n d o w m e n t o f o u r o w n s u a i c t u r e I l o w e v e r , L o n e r g a n d i d 1101. a c t u a l l y f o l l o w t h e p a t h t o that. i n e t h o d i n t h e
ofediical i n i e n t i o n a l i t y . W h a t is n e e d e d i n a d d i t i o n is l h e e x p l i c i t u n d c i ' - i i K u i n e r h e a n n o i m c e d i n t h e p r e f a c e . KacI h e d o n e so, h e w o u l d h a v e first
s i a n d i n g , f o r m n l a t i o n , ancl delibrate c o m m i u n e n i to a m o r e differendated .uiicnlated this c o m p o u n d s i r u c t u r e o f s t r u c t u r e o f k n o w i n g a n d doing,
ancl r e f m e d p r a c i i c e o f t h a t s t r u c i u r e . n e x t i n v i t e d t h e r e a d e r 10 a p p r o p r i a t e t h a l s t r u c t u r e f o r h e r s e l f ctr h i m s e l f ,
I n l i i s r e c e b o o k , Doing Beiier: The Next H<niolulio)i iii Eihics, Tad Dunne ,111(1 o n l y t h e n w o r k e d o u l t b e m e t h o d f o r e v a l u a u n g a l l e i h i c a l posiUons.
has a r g u e d i h a i w h a t L o n e r g a n called t h e " e i g h t f u n c i i o n a l specialties" ol I b i s was t h e p a i l i h e d i d f o l l o w i u w o r k i n g o u t a m e t h o d f o r melaphysics
t h e o l o g i c a l m e t h o d are airead)' operative in o r d i n a r ) ' exercises o f h u m a n 011 t h e basis o f .self-affirmation o f c<:)gnitional s i r u c t u r e , b u l h e i i e g l e c t e d lo
e t h i c a l i n i e n t i o n a l i t y . - l u l h i s c h a p t e r I w i l l b u i l d u p o n liis c l a i m , f o c u s i n g lollc>w t i l r o u g h o n l h i s [3ath t o w a r d s a m e t h o d i n e i h i c s .
o n h o w t h e m o r e e x p l i c i t ap|ropriaiion o l those e i g h t f u n c i i o n a l special Instead, Lonergan's first step i n h i s insighl c h a p t e r on e i h i c s vvas t o
ties c a n b e c o r n e a m o s l i m p o r t a n t p a r a d i g m f o r a m o r e r e l i n e c i m e t h o d i n ' w o r k c j t i t s u c h n o t i o n s as t h e g o o d , w i l l , v a l u , o b l i g a t i o n . " ' ' O n l y after
e t h i c s . I n d o i n g so, I e n d e a v o u r t o t a k e D u n n e ' s anal)'sis a s t e p f u r t h e r . 1 I h i s d i d h e t h e n ( l u n 10 s o m e t h i n g l i k e a n ' A c c o u n t o f t h e s t r u c i u r e o f e t h i -
w i l l p r o p c s e t h a t i n o u r o r d i n a r ) ' e x e r c i s e s o f e t h i c a l i n i e n t i o n a l i t y w e alwavs t . l l nieniionaliix'.'' flowev'er, h e d i d so u n d e r l h e h e a d i n g , " T h e N o d o n cjf
r e s p o n c l l o e t h i c a l l e a c h i n g s we have r e c e i v e d f r o m o n e o r a n o t h e r source freedom," r a t h e r t h a n i i i i c i e r a h e a d i n g s u c h as " T l i e C o m p o n n d Struc-
o r t r a d i t i o n . I w i l l f t n a l i e r a r o ' u e d i a t i l d e l i i v 10 the s t r u c t u r e o f o u r ethi- iure o f K n o w i n g a n d Dcjing." I n o t h e r words, he used the a c c o u n t o f the
cal i n t e n t i c m a l i t y m e a n s t h a t w e c a n ancl s h o u l d engage w i t h i h o s e sources ( o m p o u n d s t r u c t u r e o f k n o w i n g a n d d o i n g as i h e basis f o r l i i s p h i l o s o p l i i -
a n d t r a d i t i o n s criticall)'. ] will suggest f u r t h e r t h a t L o n e r g a n ' s meihodical, c.il a c c o u n t o f f r e e d o m , n o l as l h e b a s i s o f a n i n t e g r a l h e u r i s t i c s t r u c t u r e
i n t e g r a t e d f u n c t i o n a l specialties p r o v i d e t h e h e u r i s d c g u i d a n c e n e e d e d for for eihics.
thai critical engagement. This f u n h e r refinement o f o u r practice ofethical N'ow w e m a y i v e l l a s k , "I-Io^v c a n s u c h e i h i c a l n o t i o n s as t h e g o o d , v a l u ,
i n i e n d o n a l i t y i n t o t h e i n t e g r a t e d e i g h t f u n c t i o n a l s p e c i a l e s is w h a t 1 w i l l a n d o b l i g a t i o n be ' w o r k e d o u t ' m e t h o d i c a l l y , p r i o r to a r t i c u l a t i n g a n d
416 P i i n V: M e i h o d i n l u h i c s ' M e i h o d in fihics I: l'reliniinaiies 417
appropriaiing lhat compound s t r u c i u r e ? " 1 have a i g u e d i n c h a p t e r i;^ b e i n g , n o t m e r e l y cogniuc"uially, b u t really, existentially ("real self-tran-
a n d elsewhere i h a i L o n e r g a n ' s analysis o f l h e n o i i o n o f t h e g o o d i n Insighl .( e n d e n c e " ) w h e n w e c h c i o s e a n d l o v e " a c t u a l g o o d n e s s . " . M u r n i o n g o e s o n
suffers f r o m a n i n n b e r o f d i l T i c u l t i e s , b u t t h a t those c o i d d h a v e b e e n over- I n say t h a t f r o m A q u i n a s ' perspeclive,
e m e i f L o n e i g a n h a d i n v o k e d i k e u n r e s t r i c t e d n o i i o n o f valu." H e a d m i t -
ted later on that he h a d not recognized this n o t i o n o f v a l n e at the t i m e [ ' f h e r e l a i i o n o f i l i e i n i n d t o being as good occurs in reality insofar
o f t h e w r i u n g o f Insight, a n d this u n q u e s t i o n a b l y affected his approach to as t h e m i n d [ b y l o v i n g ] a p p r o p r i a t e s t h e vales i n t h e m s e l v e s o f t h e
e i h i c s i u Insight. I n the earlier chapiers o f this book I have explained why
b e i n g s i t a c t u a l l y k n o w s ... K n o w l e d g e o f t h e t r u t h a l w a y s s u p p l i e s
1 think thal self-appropriation of tlie luuesiricted n o t i o n o f v a l n e would
a percepiion of ihe goodness of being, even if tlie goodness o f more
have affected bis answers to the t h r e e basic ethical q u e s t i o n s , i n c l u d i n g an
p a r t i c i d a i " b e i n g s is a i u m e s m o r e i i u m e d i a t e a n d c o m p e l l i n g t h a t
a c c o u n t o f t h e g o o d . B e f o r e m o v i n g o n l o t h e q u e s i i o n o f hc>w a f u l l a m l
that o f goodness i t s e l f "
explicit a p p r o p r i a t i o n o f the u n r e s t r i c t e d n o t i o n o'valu a n d the struc-
t u r e o f e t h i c a l i n i e n t i o n a l i t y affects t h e a p p r o a c h t o a m e t h o d i n ethics,
l h i s i m p l i e s t h a t w i t h o u t a suTicieny c o m p r e h e n s i v e heuristic n o u o n
however, I offer a brief account o f m y nderstanding o f w h a t Lonergan
ni b e i n g , o n e ' s n o t i o n of t h e goocl will be r e s t r i c t e d tiierely to t h e l i m i t e d
was a t t e m p t i n g i n Insighl.
i i a l i i i o tbe beings that o n e actually knows. O r in an even m o r e severe
The key n o t i o n i n t h e Insight approach t o e t h i c s is w h a t Lonergan u n p o v e r i s h m e n t , apart IVom a sufficiendy o p e n n o d o n o f being, i h e n o U o n
termed t h e " e x i g e n c e for s e l f - c o n s i s t e n c y in knowiug and doing,"" An lll t h e g o o d w i l l c o u t r a c t t o w h a t o n e m e r e l y perceives i m m e d i a t e l y and
e x i g e n c e is a d e m a n d o r a r e q u i r e i r i e n t o r a n e c e s s i i y . T h i s e x i g e n c e f o r lecis i n t e n s e l y , l a c k i n g g e n u i n e k n o w l e d g e o f s u c h t h i n g s .
self-consisiency i t n c i i o n s as l h e i n t r i n s i c nCH"m f o r e t h i c s i n Insight. It h w o u l d seem, t h e r e f o r e , t h a t a w a i ' e n e s s o f ( o r conversin lowards) d i e w h o l e -
plays t h e r o l e i n e t h i c s liat t h e d e i a c h e d a n d d i s i i n e r e s t e d d e s i r e t o k i i o w III-SS o b e i n g is a p r e c o n d i i i c u f b r c o n v e r s i n a n d a w a i e n e s s o t h e w h o l e n e s s
(i.e., t h e n o t i o n o f b e i n g ) plays i n b i s m e t a p h y s i c s . B u t as I a r g n e d n I 'I t h e g o o c l , a n d t h a t t h i s i n l u r n is t h e basis f b r g e n u i n e e t h i c a l k n o w l e d g e a n d
chapier i y , a p r o b l e m a i i s e s i f w e a s k , " V V i i h j u s t w h a t kind o f k n o w i n g is . i c i i o n . . V I u r n i o n arges f u r t h e r t h a t L o n e r g a n , f o l l c n v i n g A q u i n a s , d e v e l o p e d
o u r d o i n g su|Dposed to b e c o n s i s t e n t ? " It w o u l d s e e m l h a t t h e consistency
.111 e t h i c s o " s e l f r e s p o n s i b i l i t ) ' o f f r e e w i l l " t h a t respecLs t h e f u l l n e s s o f b e i n g f a r
s h o u l d be with o u r value-knowing, a n d especially w i t h o u r k n o w i n g the
h c t i e r t h a n a n y o f t h e o t h e r majen" c o n t e n d i n g e t h i c a l t i ( i d i i i o n s .
nu:)ral valu o f w h a t w e o u g h t to d o . U n f o i t u n a i e l y , L o n e r g a n ' s discus
N o w i f L o n e r g a n was i n d e e d i m p l i c i d ) ' a d o p t i n g s o m e i h i n g l i k e A c p i i n a s '
s i o n o f t h a t k i n d o f kiTOwing c o m e s aftei", n o l b e f o r e , his d e p l o y m e n t ol
p o s i t i o u as M u r n i o n d e s e r i b e d i t , t h e n i t ls p o s s i b l e L o n e r g a n t h o u g h i t h a t
lhis n o t i o n o f the e x i g e n c e for consistency. T h e o n l y k i n d o f knowiii),;
h i s m e t a p h y s i c s w o u l c l s u f f i c e as t h e basis f o r h i s e t h i c s - I'or t h i s w o u l d
l h a t l i a d b e e n d i s c u s s e d u p l o t h a t p o i n t was f a c t u a l k n o w i n g - c o i n n u u i -
esiablish t h e " p a r a l l e l ancl i n i e r p e n e i r a t i o n o f m e l a p h y s i c s a n d ethics."'"
sense/descripiive k n o w i n g , inierpersonal/dramaiic k n o w i n g , scientific/
I h e r e is s o m e e v i d e n c e t h i s . l u 'lopics in lducation L o n e r g a n w r o t e , "VVe w i l l
explanatory k n o w i n g , k n o w i n g the realily o f "things,"' a n d philosophical
\tart f r o m t h e w e l l - k n o w n l a g ens el bonum convertuntur, being and the good
self-knowledge o f t h e k n o w e r , o f o b j e c i i v i l y , a n d o f b e i n g . N o valu k n o w
,ire c o n v e r t i b l e . " ' : ' I n De redemptioin h e i r e a i s l h e c o n v e r t b i l i t y o f b e i n g a n d
i n g h a d been discussed p r i o r to L o n e r g a n ' s m e n i i o n of t h e consistency n i
l h e g o o d as a k i n c l o f a x i o m , f r o m w h i c h h i s w h o l e a c c o u n t o f g o o c l , e v i l ,
k n o w i n g a n d dc>ing, at least u o t e x p l i c i t l y .
.111(1 r e d e m p t i o n p r o c e e d s . ' ' B o t h w o r k s w^re w r i t t e n o n l y a c o u p l e o f years
O n e possible e x p l a n a t i o n f o r L>nergan's a p p r o a c h i n /W/^//is suggesied , i l i e r l h e c o m p l e t i o n o f Insight. The ideniification of being and the good
by a rece p a p e r by ilie late VVilliain M u r n i o u . ' ^ T h e r e V I u r n i o n arges that . l i s o ' i u i c i i o n s as t h e f o u n d a i i o n a l a - s s u m p i i o n . ou t h e basis o f w h i c h t h e
f o r A q u i n a s , a n y p h i l o s o p h y ( i n c l u d i n g e i h i c s ) m u s t r e s t u p o n a n analysis ln\ight chipter ou e t h i c s u n f o l d s . ' - '
c>f b e i n g . T h i s i m p l i e s t h a t , f o r A c p i i n a s , " w e c a n d o g o o d w h e n w i l l is f t i n i ,Sill, a l t h a t p o i n t i n L o n e r g a n ' s career, t h e c o n v e r t i b i l l t y o f b e i n g and
l i o n i n g , i n onr (fue.'it to ideniify our m i n d s xuith being" and "the m a t c h beiweni l h e goocl f t u i c l i o n e d s i m p l y as a n a s s u m p t i o n f o r w h i c h n o g r o u n d s are
a p p e i e a n d being m good o c c u r s i n realily, i n s o f a r as a p p e t i t e is g r a i i l i e d b\ olfered, If lhe "tag" derives ultimately f r o m Aqninas's a p p r o a c h , Lonergan
t h e c/frt/goodness o f w h a t e v e i i t d e s i r e s . " - ' I n o l h e r w o i d s , f o r A q u i n a s , l h e w o u l d h a v e h a d to e x p l a i n h o w A q n i n a s ' s way o f m a k i n g t h e t h e o r y o f b e i n g
m o s t f u n d a m e n t a l q u e s i for h u m a n b e i n g s is t o " i d e n i i f y w i t h b e i n g . " VVe l o u m i a t i o i i a l t o e t h i c s c o u l d be transp(3sed uto h i s o w n m e t h o d , A u d w h i l e
" i d e n i i f y " w i t h b e i n g c o g n i t i c j u a l l } ' w h e n we b e c o m e o n e w i t h s o m e aspeci 1 . o n e r g a n c e r t a i n l y was a c a r e f u l r e a d e r o f A c p i i n a s , t h e r e is n o l e x i u a l e v i -
o f b e i n g i n a v i r t u a l l y u n c o n d i t i o n e d j u d g i u e n t o f w h a t i s . ' " VVe " i d e m i l ) " d e i K ( t h a t t h i s p o r u o n o f A q n i n a s ' s i h o u g h t i n f l u e n c e d L o n e r g a n d i r e c t l y
418 P a n V: M e i l i o d i n E i h i c s Meihod in Lihics l : freliuiinarics I l'i
o n U i i s n i a L i e r . S t i l l , t h i s i n f l u e n c e is a p o s s i b l e e x p l a n a t i o n f o r t h e p u z z l i n g I h e p r i n c i p a l i m p l i c a i i o n is t h a t t o b e g e n u i n e l y h u m a n is l o l i v e ii a w a y
way t h a i L o n e r g a n p r o c e e d e d in chapier i 8 of Insight. ili.li c o o p e i a t e s w i t h a n d p r o m o t e s tlie i m e l l i g i b l e n i o v e m e m of geiicral-
T h e r e is, h o w e v e r , t e x t u a l e v i d e n c e f o i " a s o m e w h a t r e l a t e d w a y o f u i a k i n g i/ed e m e r g e n t p r o b a b i l i t y , w h i c h c h a r a c t e i i z e s the finality o f t h e universe.
s e n s e o u i o f L o n e i g a n ' s a p p r o a c h i l i Insighl.. T h e r e is a t l e a s t o n e p o i n t in K e n n e t h A l e l c h i n h a s m a d e l h i s p o i m a i u p l y i n h i s Histoty, Ethics and Emn-
Lonergan's earlier chapters where the consistency between factual knowing yi-ul Erobability."' O l h e r things i n l h e universe c o n t r i b u t e to this i n t e l l i g i b l e ,
and hiunan performance is d i s c u s s e d a t s o m e l e n g t h . T h i s , 1 b e l i e v e , p r o - I n i e i g i n g o r c l e r i n v o l u m a r i l y . T h e y d o so a u i o m a t i c a l l y o n l h e basis c)f t h e i r
v i d e s a m o r e d i r e c t c l u e as t o h o w l . o n e r g a n c o n c e i v e d o f e t h i c s i n Insighl. n.iiurLdly g i v e n c e n t i a l ancl c o n j g a t e f o r m s , w h i c h d e t e r m i n e h o w t h e y w i l l
After a rich and prolonged discussion of the complexities of human I m u i i o n u n d e r a variet)' o f c o n d i t i o n s . H o w e v e r , h u m a n c o n t r i b u t i o n s d o
development, Lonergan wriies, "Genuineness is d i e a d m i s s i o n o f i h a t t e n - nol o c c u r a u t o m a t i c a l l y T h e conients (i.e,, c o n j g a t e f o r m s ) of properly
sin i n t o consciousness, a n d s o i t is t h e n e c e s s a r v ' c o n d i i i o n o f t h e h a r - l i u m a n c o u r s e s o f a c t i o n c a n o n l y c o m e f i o m h u m a n acts o f n d e r s t a n d i n g ,
m o n i o u s co-operation o f the conscious and nnconscious compcments ol h o n i i n s i g h t s , w h i c h p r e c e d e d e c i s i o n s a n d a c i i o n s . I n s o f a r as t h o s e i n s i g h i s
developnieni."''' B y " t f i a t tensin"' L o n e r g a n m e a n s the tensin o l finalily .ne v i r i u a l l y u n c o n d i t i o n e d , tliev' g r o i m d c o u r s e s of action thai constitme
o f the universe, the " u p w a r d l y but i n d c l e r n i i n a l e l y directed d y n a m i s m of mielligcni cooperation within pre-existing schemes o f recurrence, o r lhe
all p r o j j o n i o n a i e b e i n g . " ' " T o be a u i h e n t i c a l l v ' h u m a n , d i e r e f o r e , is t o ask i n i e l l i g e n t o r i g i n a t i o n o f n e w schemes, or new stages i n d e v e l o p m e n t s thal
a n d f l n d i n i e l l i g e n t a n d r e a s o n a b l e a n s w e r s a b o u t hovv o n e ' s o w n knowing . l l l ' m o r e i n t e l l i g e n t l y d i f f e r e n i i a t e d t h a n p r i o r siages. M o r e o v e r , w h e n we
is r e l a t e d l o o n e ' s o w n o n g o i n g b u t p r e c o n s c i o u s i g a n l e d e v e l o p m e n t , and pul i n i e l l i g e n t plans i n t o a c t i o n , we are n o l c h o o s i n g t h e m i n i s o l a t i o n . O u r
h o w b o t h are s i t u a t e d w i t h i n t h e ongc')ing, e m e r g i n g u n i v e r s e o f g e n e r a l i z e d ,11 t i ( n i s b u i l d u p o n t h e c i r c u m s t a n c e s t h a t g a v e r i s e l o t h e e x p e r i e n c e s t o
e m e r g e n t probability. Geiiihneness, in this sense, w h i c h o u r i n s i g h i s a u d c h o i c e s r e s p o n d . VVe a r e t h e r e b y c o o p e r a u n g with
die i m e l l i g i b l e , e m e r g e n t d y n a m i s m o f p r o p o r t i o n a t e b e i n g itself, w h e t h e r
r e v e i s t o a m a n a i m i v e r s e c)l b e i n g i n w h i c h h e is b u t a n I t e m , a n d tve t h i n k o f t h i s e x p l i c i t l y o r n o t . T h i s is t h e c e n t r a l p o i n t m a d e i n c h a p -
a u n i v e r s a l o r d e r i n w h i c h h i s d e s i r e s a n d feai"s, h i s d e l i g h t a n d tei i\y. " E v e r y consistent choice, a t least i m p l i c i t l y , is a c h o i c e o f univer-
a n g u i s h are b u t i n f i n i t e s i m a l c o n i p o n e m s in the history o f mankind. ..il o r d e r , " a n d " t h e r e a l i z a t i o n o f u n i v e r s a l o r d e r is a t r u e v a l u " b e c a u s e
l l invites m a n to b e c o m e i m e l l i g e n t a n d r e a s o n a b l e not o n l y in "seU-conscioLisness c a n n o t c o n s i s t e n d y c h o o s e t h e c o n d i t i o n e d a n d r e j e c t t h e
his k n o w i n g b u t also i n bis l i v i n g , l o g u i d e bis aciicms b)' l e f e r r i n g fiiidition."-" T h e p e n u l i i m a i e c o n d i t i o n f o r t h e r e a l i z a t i o n of a n y o f our
i l i e m , n o t as a n a n i m a l t o a h a b i t a t , b u l as a n i n t e l l i g e n t b e i n g t o t h e I o u i s e s o f a c i i o n is l h e llnality o f the universe, w h i c h b r o u g h t a b o u l the
i n t e l l i g i b l e c o n t e x t o f s o m e u n i v e r s a l o r d e r i l i a i i s o r is t o b e ... Tt is M i u a t i o u o u l o f w h i c h o u r a c t i o n e m e r g e s ancl to w h i c h i i responds.
c o n f r o n i e d w i t h a universe o f b e i n g i n w h i c h i t nds itsell, n o t the . ( ) f c o u r s e , p e o p l e c a n a n d d o inconsistently a n d selfishly choose t h e c o n -
center o f reference, b m an object c o o r d i n a t e d with o t h e r objects d i t i o n e d a n d r e j e c t l h e c o n d i t i o n - t h a t is t o say, t h e y c h o o s e a c o u r s e of
a n d , w i t h t h e m , s t i b o i d i n a i e c i io s o m e d e s t i n y t o b e d i s c o v e r e d or ,n ( i o n l h a t s e r v e s a i r i i n c a i e d v i e w o f l h e m s e l v e s a n d t h e i r w o r l d , a n d w h i c h
invented, a p p r o v e d or disdained, accepted o r repucliated.'^ i l i e n ' f o r e vilales t h e l a r g e r i m e l l i g i b l e d y n a m i c t r a j e c t o i y o f t h e universe
, i i i d h u m a n h i s t o r y S u c h , i t w o u l d s e e m , is t h e e x a c t o p p o s i i e o f genuine-
T h e r e a r e o f c o u r s e several t e r m s i n t h i s passage that r e f e r e n c e matiers ness - k n o w i n g w h o o n e is i n l h e u n i v e r s e a n d h i s t o r y , a n d d o i n g w h a t is
ofvalne a n d n o t m e r e l y m a t t e r s o f f'act " a p p r o v e d or disdained, accepted (lusistent w i l h o n e ' s k n o w i n g o f l h e i m i v e r t e o f p r o p o r t i o n a t e being,
o r r e p u d i a t e d , " f o r e x a m p l e . A t t h a t p o i n t i n Insighl d i e r e is n o g r o u n d f"or Ik l h i s , i t s e e m s , is t h e k i n d o f k n o w i n g r e l e v a n t t o t h e m e t h o d o f e t h i c s ii
addressing how such itidgmeuts ofvalne a n d decisions m i g h t be m a d e ou liisif^ht. T h i s i n t e r p r e t a i i o n is bc"U"iie o m i n t h e s e c i i o n a c t n a l l y e n t i t l e d "The
an objective basis. L o n e r g a n may well have b e e n aware o f t h i s difficulty, b u l \leiliod o f Ethics." T h e r e L o n e r g a n proclaims that tbe "parallel a n d inter-
if h e was, h e d i d n o t a d v e n t o it. T o all a p p e a r a n c e s , t h e p r o f o u n d c h a l l e n g r p e i i e i r a t i o n o f metaphysics a n d eihics" leads to a t h r e e f o l d conclusin:
o f genuineness thal Lonergan i d e n t i f i e s s s i m p l y a m a t t e r o f consistency
betvveen o n e reahn w i t h i n p r o p o r t i o n a t e b e i n g - the actualities o f himiaii f h e obligatory s t r u c t u r e o f o u r rational self^;onsciousness ( i ) nds
d e v e l o p m e n t a n d a c t i o n - a n d the d y n a m i c e m e r g e n t p r o b a b i l i t y o f p r o p ( M l i s n i a i e r i a l s a n d i t s basis i n t h e p r o d u c s o f u n i v e r s a l finality, ( 2 ) is
t i o n a t e b e i n g as a w h o l e . T h i s c a l i f o r c o n s i s t e n c y is s a i d t o a r i s e s o l e l ) ' f r n i i i
i t s e l f f u i a l i t y o n t h e level o f i n i e l l i g e n t ancl r a t i o n a l c o n s c i o i i s n e s s ,
the factual knowledge based largely u p o n self-affimiauon o f one's cogni
a n d (_i) is f i n a l i t y c o n f i c m i e d w i t h t h e a l i e r n a i i v e o l c h o o s i n g either
t i o n a l s i n i c t u i ' e a n d its i m p l i c a i i o n s .
development and piogress o r decline and exiinction.-'
420 PinV: M e i h o d in Ediics M e t h o d i n f d i i c s 1: l ' i c l i i i i i i i a r i f s V>\
15.3 P e r s o n a l D e c i s i o n s as S i t u a t e d a n d M c t h o d i c a l l o say t h a t t h i n k i n g a n d a c t i n g e t h i c a l l y w o u l d b e i m p o s s i b l e w i i h o u t f o r m a -
tion in c o m m o n s e n s e . A t l e a s t as L o n e r g a n a n a l y s e d i t , c o m m o n s e n s e is
T h e s h i f t i n e t h i c a l m e t h o d p r o v o k e d by L o n e r g a n ' s l a t e r t h o u g h t d o e s n o t c o m m u n a l a n d t i a d i u o n a l , b m a l s o d y n a m i c a n d i n n o v a t i v e . " I t is c o i i u n u -
reverse his p o s i t i o u o n t h e situatedness o f h i m i a n acon i n t h e finality o f n a l i n s o f a r as t l i e c o n t e n t s o f c o m m o n s e n s e v v i s d o m r e s i d e , n o t n a n y one
the universe. It does, however, place m u c h g r e a t e r emphasis o u ie situat- person's consciousness, b u t r a t h e r are d i s t r i b u t e d d u * o u g h o u t a c o m m u -
e d n e s s c i l ' h u t n a n a c t i o n w i t h i t i t h e c o n i e x t o f h u m a n h i s t o r y as t h e most i i i i v . N o o n e p e r s o n a l o n e possesses a l l o f t h e c o i n m o n s e n s e i n s i g h t s , J i i d g -
s i g n i f i c a n t par o f i h e l i n a l l i y o f t h e i m i v e r s e , w i t h i i s o n g o i n g t i - a n s f o r m a - m e n l s o f f a c t a n d valu, f e e l i n g s , o r beliefs t h a t a r e n e e d e d t o n a v i g a t e the
t i o n s a n d d e l b r m a t i o n s o f m e a n i n g a n d valu. c o u r s e o f a u e t h i c a l l i l e i n a c o m m u n i t y . P e o p l e o f c o m m o n sense t u r n to
T h e need fbr a m o r e d i l T e r e n t i a t e d a n d refined n i e t h o d i n ethics becomes one a n o t h e r for i n f o r m a t i o n , advice, counsel, encouragement, correcuon,
a p p a r e n t v v l i e n we r e f l e c t u p o n t h i s s i t t i a i e d n e s s m o r e c o n c r e t e l y . N o exer- and reprimand. Again, c o m m o n s e n s e is t r a d i o n a l b e c a u s e p e o p l e rely
cise o f e t l i i c a l i n i e n t i o n a l i t y o c c u r s i n i s o l a t i o n . A t a b a r e m i n i m t i m , e t h i c a l f b r t h e i r e d i i c a l t h i n k i n g a n d a c u n g u p o n vast n u i n t ^ e r s o f connnonsense
i n t e n t i o n a l i t y always b e g i n s as a r e s p o n s e t o s o m e p r i o i " s e t o f expeiiences, insighis, j u d g m e n t s , feelings, a n d beliefs t h a t were o r i g i n a t e d before t h e m
and experiences in g e n e r a l are almosi never o u r o w n selfk:reauons.^- How- by p a r c u l a r i n d i v i d u i s , b u t t h e n c o m m u n i c a t e d q u i c k l y a n d efFiciendy
e v e r m u c h we select, s t r u c t u r e , a n d p a t t e r n o u r e x p e r i e n c e s , they always 10 t h o s e w h o c o m e a f t e r . H o w e v e r c o m m o n s e n s e is u o t t r a d i i i o n a l i n a
arise f r o m events i n t h e n a t u r a l a n d social l e a l i n s . H e n e e o n r responses of s t a u c o r d o g i n a t i c s e n s e ; c o m m o n s e n s e is a d y n a m i c a n d i n n o v a t i v e form
e t h i c a l i n t e n t i o n a l i t y are always s i i n a i e d w i d i i n t i i e e v e m s t i f t h e n a t u r a l a n d n f tradion. T h e inventories o f commonsense i n s i g l u s , J u d g m e n t s o f facts
social w o r l d s . a n d vales, f e e l i n g s , a n d b e l i e f s a r e a l w a y s c h a n g i n g , b e c a u s e t h e y " r e m a i n
L i i n h e r m o r e , b\ i l i e l i m e a n y o f us a r e l e a r n e d e n o t i g l i 10 r e a d t h e w o r d s incomplete u n u l d i e r e is a d d e d at least o n e f u r t h e r " insighi,sn j u d g t n e n t ,
o n t h i s |3age, we h a v e b e e n f b r m e d i n m a n y wa\'s. T h e formation ofour f e e l i n g , o r b e l i e f f h a t m e e t s t h e c h a l l e n g e s p o s e d b y a n e w s i t u a t i o n t h a t is
h a b i t u a l ways o f t h i n k i n g , f e e l i n g , v a l u i n g , d e c i d i n g , a n d a c t i n g c o m e s o u t uot completely identical with a n y t h i n g previously encountered. In c o m m o n
o f o u r responses to t h e w o r d s a n d deeds t)f o t l i e r h u m a n s , a n d c o n s t i t m e s sense, t h e r e f o r e , we rely u p o n t h e i n h e r i t a n c e s o f o u r social, c u h u r a l , a n d
w h a i sociologists a n d a n t h r o p o l o g i s t s cali o u r " a c c u l t t i r a u o n , " T h e y are the liisl:orical t r a d i u o n s , w i t h o u t b e i n g c o m p l e t e l y d o m i n a t e d o r c o m r o l l e d by
ways t h a t w e h a v e c o m e 10 b a b i t u a l l y u n d e r s i a u d , u d g e , a n d b e l i e v e facts, l l i o s e accp.iisit.ions,
a n d t o valu (or d i s a p p r o v e ) and make our own (or reject) ilie c o i u m o n - N e v e r d i e l e s s , as L o n e r g a n o b s e r v e d , c o m m o n s e n s e has l i n h t s . 1 1 i e s e l i m -
sense i n s i g h t s , j u d g m e n t s , f e e l i n g h o r i z o n s , a n d vales o f o u r social and its a r e t h e b i a s e s t h a t w e a l s o i n h e r i t f r o m o u r f b r b e a r e r s - d r a m a t i c , g r o u p ,
c u l t u r a l s e t i i n g s . A c c u i t u r a d o n is t h e w a y w e c o n s u t u t e o u r s e l v e s b y a c q u i r - a n d e s p e c i a l l y g e n e r a l bias. T h e s e biases l i m i t t h e r a n g e o f f u r t h e r q u e s u o n s
i n g s o m e s e l e c d o n o f t h e i n s i g h t s , J u c l g m e n t s , f e e l i n g s , a n d vales o f o t h e r s . wc a r e a b l e t o r e g a r d as p e r t i n e n t . G e n e r a l bias i n p a r t i c u l a r w i l l t e n d t o
I n p a r t i c u l a r , i h e h o r i z o n s o f o n r f e e l i n g s a r e f o r m e d t h r o u g h c^tir i n t e r - r e s i r i c t t h e assessments by c o n u n o n s e n s e t o c o n c e r n s t h a t are proximate
actious i n f a m i l y social, a n d c u l i u r a l instiiiiiioiis. O u r horizons o f feelings in space b u t e s p e c i a l l y i n u m e . ' f l u s ineans, a m o n g o t h e r i h i n g s , l h a t t h e r e
c o n d i t i o n h o w we s e l e c t a n d p a i i e r n o t i r e x p e r i e n c e s , assess o u r s i t u a t i o n s , are l i m i t a t i o n s I n o u r c o m m o n s e n s e c a p a c i i i e s 10 t a k e s e r i o u s l y w h a t p e o p l e
c o m e t i p w i t h insights i n t o practical courses o f a c u o n , a n d especially whai h a v e s a i d a n d d o n e i n d i s t a i i t t i m e s a n d p l a c e s as p o s s i b l y r e l e r a n t t o t h e
w e r e g a r d as p e r t i n e n t f t i r t h e r q u e s t i o n s a b o u t t h o s e p o s s i b l e c o u r s e s ol decisin a t h a n d . H e n e e t h e c a p a c i u e s o f c o m m o n s e n s e evaluaiion o f rhe
a c t i o n . I l is a g a i n s i a l l o f t h i s b a c k g r o u n d f o r m a t i o n t h a t w e e v e n t u a l l y r e a c l i s o u r c e s o f o u r e t h i c a l e v a l u a i i o n a n d d e l i b e r a u o n n e e d t o be s u p p l e m e n i e d
o i n - d e c i s i o n s a n d l a k e a c t i o n . T h i s m e a n s t h a t t b e c o n c r e t e ways i n w h i c h by e d i i c a l m e t h c x l o f a n o i h e r k i n d , A b o n t s u c h a m e i h o d f l a n a g a n o b s e r v e s
we e x e r c i s e o u r e t l i i c a l i n t e n t i o n a l i t ) ' are also s i t u a t e d w i t h i n t h e h i s t o r i e s lhai
a n d b i o g r a p h i e s t h a t i n f l u e n c e d o u r f o r n i a t i o n s . /Vs J o s e p h Llanagan pul
it, " j u d g m e n t s o f fact o r valu o c c u r w i t h i n a c u l t u r a l c o n t e x t o r h o r i z o n , l h e c e n t r a l p r o b l e m i n a c h i e v i n g a u t h e n c i t y as a k n o w e r a n d a
w h i c h m e a n s t h a t s u c h j t i d g m e n t s are l i m i t e d b y t h a t hoiizc^n."'*^ c h o o s e r lies i n d i s u n g u i s h i n g b e t w e e n s h o r t - a n d l o n g - t e r m c u l t u r a l
The cpiesiion of method i n ethics, tlierefore, is a q t i e s t i o n of how c y c l e s o f m e a n i n g a n d m o t i v e s as t h e y a r e o p e r a t i n g b o l h i n t b e
w e l l c^r h o w p o o r l y we c r i t i c a l l y evalate a n d a p p r o p r i a t e w h a t bas been c o n c r e i e a n d lived m e a n i n g s o f a c u l t u r e a n d i n the reflecdve and
b e q t i e a t l i e c i t o us by t h o s e w h o p r e c e d e d us. M o s t p e o p l e r e l y o n t h e c o n - deliberative procedures o f theoreucians in nderstanding a n d evalu-
s i d e r a b l e r e s o u r c e s o f o r d i n a r y c o m m o n s e n s e . I n f a c t i t is n o exaggeration a i i n g their own and others' lived meanings. f h e basic p r o b l e m o l
424 Part V: M e i h o d i l l l l t h i c s M e i h o d in E i h i c s I ; l ' r e f i i n i i i a r i . ' s 42.")
H o w e v e r , a l fist s i g h t i t d o e s n o t s e e m i l i a i a m e t l i o d i n t l i e o l o g ^ ) ' c o n i i l e v a l u a t i o n w i l l b e e x c e e d i n g l y d i f f i c u h . I n s o m e r e a s , s u c h as n d e r s t a n d -
be s u f U c i e n t l ) ' o | i e n anri g e r i e i a l to m e e i t h e p r o b l e m s o f e t h i c a l c o n f l i c t in i n g lhe p r o o f o f a t h e o r e m i n a b s t i a c i algebra, conflicts o f interpretaon
o i t r c o n t e m p o r a i y p h i t a l i s t i c s o c i e i y A m e i h o d n t h e o l o g ) ' , it w o n l d s e e m . w i l l be m i n i m a l . B u l i n o t h e r r e a s , c o n l i c t s o f i n i e r p r e t a t i o n w i l l a b o u n d
m u s t p r e s u p p o s e at least t h e e x i s t e n c e o f a G o d a n d p r o b a b i ) ' also conles and appear insurmountable.
s i o t i a l a l l e g i a n c e t o s o m e r e l i g i o u s i r a d t i o u a n d ils p e r m a n e n t d o c t r i n e s . A 'fhe selves w e b r i n g to l h e task o f i n i e r p r e t a t i o n w i l l c o n t a i n several
m e i h o d i n e t h i c s so c o n c e i v e d , i t w o u l d s e e m , c a n n o i b e r e l e v a n t t o p e o p l r
sniiixes o f c o n d i c t . Because o u r c u l t u r a l i n h e r i t a n c e s themselves ccmtain
w h o c a n n o t accepl the existence o f G o d o r s o m e p a r u c i t l a i religioits afllli-
I iHilicting j u d g m e m s a n d f e e l i n g s , w e w i l l a c c e p t s o m e p o s i l i o n s as o u r
aiion. Whatever i n ghi b e m e a n t b y a m e i h o d n t h e o l o g y , t h e n , t w o u l d
n w n a n d l e j e c i o t h e r s . ' f h i s m e a n s t h a t we will be i n c o n l l i c t w i t h s o m e o f
s e e m t h a t s o m e t h i n g e l s e is n e e d e d t o m e e t t h e c h a l l e t i g e s o f e t h i c a l c o n -
l h e e t h i c a l views passed a l o n g l o us, a n d w i l l n e e d , t h e r e f o r e . a m e i h o d -
flict iu a pluralistic w o r l d .
ical way o f c l e a l i n g w i t h t h e v i e w s w h i c h w e o u r s e l v e s c t p p o s e . B u l mc")i'e
It is s o m e t h i n g of a surprise. iherelcue, to discover that Lonergan' p i o f o u n d l y , t h e cc^nllicis o f o u r c u l t u r e t e n d to p r o d u c e snbtle conflicts
approach lo the questicm ot method i n iheolcjg)' does n o t presuppose within ourselves. These are o f two kinds, b o t h o f w h i c h are m u c h more
e i t h e r t l i e e x i s t e n c e o f G o d en- a s p e c i l i c l i s t o f r e l i g i o u s d o c t r i n e s o r c o n i - d i l h c u l t to d i s c e r n a n d to resolve t h a n t h e conflicts we have w i t h parts o f
m i t m e n t to any p a r t i c u l a r l e l i g i o u s i r a d i i i o n . I n s t e a d , he c a m e to his pro- c u l i u r a l h e r i t a g e s . ' f h e f i r s t k i n c l o f c o n f l i c t is t h e m a t i c - c o n l i c t s between
p o s a l s r e g a r d i n g i h i s m e i h o d o u t o f h i s s i r u g g l e s w i t h t h e v e r y g e n e r a l sel propositions that we h o l d s i m u l t a u e o u s l ) ' w i t h o u t r e c o g n i z i n g i h a t they are
o f p r o b l e t n s h a v i n g t o d o w i t h iniei-pretaon - t h e h e r m e n e u i i c p r o b l e m . - * ' l o g i c a l l y i n c o n s i s i e n i . B u l a s e c o n d k i n c l o f c o n l l i c t is e v e n m o i e s u b t l e a n d
T h e p r o b l e m o f i m e r p r e i a t i o n is i n fact a n i n i e r r e l a t e d set o f p r c ' ) b l e m s - a p r o f o u n d . f h e s e ate the conlicts between t h e p o s i l i o n s we h o l d ancl o u r
" p r o b l e m a t i c , " as . M i c h a e l B u c k l e y has c a l l e d i t . O n e o f t h e k e y c o m p o n e n t s
ver)' o w n s t r u c i n r e o f e t h i c a l intemionalii)' itself Some people hold with
i n t h e h e r m e n e u t i c a l p r o b l e m a t i c is t h a l e a c h h u m a n b e i n g b i ' i n g s a v e r y
g r e a t c o n v i c i i o n t h a t i t is b a d l o h o l d t h a t t h e i e a r e o b j e c d v e vales. B u t b y
p a r t i c u l a r f o r m a i i o n t o i h e tasks o f i n t e r p r e t i n g i l i e e x p r e s s i o n s o f a n o t h e i
this c o n v i c t i c m , t h e y lhemselves t r e a t as o b j e c v e t h e i r j u d g m e n t s ofvalne
( o r e v e n o n e ' s o w n s e l f - e x p r e s s i o n s , as Bal R i c e o u r h a s n o t e d ' ' ' ) . Personal
a b o u l j u c l g m e n t s o f v a l n e . l u a r r i v i n g a l t h e s e v e r y acLs o f g r e a t c o n v i c i i o n ,
f o r m a u o n cotiiprises one's previous habits a n d experiences, insights, lan-
ihese individuis are e x e r c i s i n g i h e i r o w n s t r i i c i u r e o f e i h i c a l i n t e n t i o n a l i t y
g u a g e f o r t n a t i o n . j i i d g t n e m s o f fact, h o r i z o n s o f f e e l i n g s , scales o f valu
i n o p p r ) s i t i o n t o t h e v e r v t h i n g t h e y say n o o n e s h o u l d d o . T h i s is a f a r m o r e
p r e f e r e n c e , j u d g m e m s o f v a l u , d e c i s i o n s , b i a s e s - as w e l l as i h e p a r t i c u l a i
s u b t l e b u l m o r e basic k i n d o f c o n l l i c t .
ways t h a t o n e h a s a s s i m i l a t e d t h e s e f r o m o n e ' s c u l t u r e . T h e r e is n o w h e r e to
I n d e e d , a l l o f l l i e s e k i n d s C)f c o n l i c t s b e t w e e n siaieinents and perfor-
b e g i n o n e ' s acts o f I n i e r p r e t a t i o n e x c e p l t o b e g i n w i t h w h o o n e a c t u a l l y is,
mances are t r a c e a b l e i n large m e a s u r e t o t h e c c u d l i c t i n g lensicjus i n t h e
w i l h t h e forniatiC)n o n e a c t u a l l y has.
h o r i z o n s o f feelings, A m o n g these conlicts t h e m o s t s i g n i f i c a n t are ihose
F o r man)', this seems t o i m p l y l h a t l h e r e can be n o objecve i n t e r p r e - arising from lensions between o u r o w n p e r s o n a l cbnstellaon of feeling
taiion ( a n d i f t h i s i n e t h c j c l is e x t e n d e d to ethics, n o objective evaluation preferences, ou the one h a n d , ancl t h e n o r m a t i v i t y o f t h e u n r e s t r i c t e d
o f e t h i c a l p o s i t i o n s ) . L o n e r g a n at leasl d i d n o t d r a w t h a t c o n c l u s i n , n(H- notion o f v a l n e a n d unrestricted being-in-love (with t h e i r implicit, objective
dc) I . L o n e r g a n ' s great insighl, ofconrse, is t h a t t h e p r i n c i p a l sc)urces of scale o f v a l n e s ) , o n t l i e o t h e r . U n i e s s t h e s e d e e p c o n f l i c t s a i e i i o i i c e d a n d
normaiivity - t h e i m r e s t i i c t e d n o i i o n (.)f v a l u a n c l u n r e s t r i c t e d b e i n g - i n - d e a l i w i t h m e t h o d i c a l l v , ( h e v w i l l p e r s i s t as s o u r c e s o f c c u i f l i c t s i n o u r i n t e r -
l o v e - a r e always e m b e d d e d within (tliough perhaps badly obscured by) p r e t a o n s . ' f h e s e c o n l i c t s w i l l f u n c i i o n as t h e u l l i m a l e f o n n d a i i o n t h a t w e
l h e profusin o f o t h e r e l e m e n t s i n t h e f o r m a u o n o f each a n d e v e r y per- rely u p o n w h e n we a d o p t o n e a u d reject o t h e r s a m o n g l h e conliciing views
son. T h e y provide the capacities for t r a n s c e n d i n g whatever l i m i t a t i o n s a n d d i a l have b e e n passed a l c i n g l o us b)' t h e w o r d s a u d d e e d s o f o l h e r s .
b i a s e s m i g h t h a v e a c c r u e d t h r o u g h a c c u l t u r a t i o n , as w e l l as f r o m t h e b a d f h e c h i e f a i m o L o n e r g a n ' s structure of eight inierrelated components
decisions l h a t are w h o l l y o n e ' s o w n . T h e r e f o r e , t h e fact that we s t a r i o m ( i t n c o n a l s p e c i a l e s ) is n o t j u s t t o a r r i v e at o b j e c d v e i n t e i p r e i a o n s o f d i i s
i n t e r p r e t a t i o n s a n d e v a l u a i i o n s w i t h w h o we a r e cloes n o t necessarily i m p l y or' t h a t e x p r e s s i o n o f e t h i c a l p o s i o n s . . M o r e h m d a m n m l l y , its a i m is t o b n n g
t h a t o b j e c t i v e i n i e r p r e t a t i o n a n d cibjective e v a l u a t i o n o f one's o w n t r a d i t i o n about an e n c o u n t e r o f t h e interpreter with the interpreter himself o r herself
is i m p o s s i b l e - b e c a u s e w h o w e a r e i n c l u d e s n o t c">nlv c)ur biases, b u t a l s o l h e a i m is t o s u r f a c e a n d d r a w a t l e n t i o n t o t h e n o r m s a l r e a d y o p e r " a t i n g i u
o u r a c h i e v e m e n i s a n d o u r s e l f - t r a n s c e n d i n g d y n a m i s m s , all m i x e d together u n e s n w n [jerformance o f the structure o f e t h i c a l intentionalitv in the very
i n u n i q u e ways. l i d o e s , h o w e v e r , i m p l y t h a t o b j e c v e i n t e r p r e i a o n a n d w o r k o f e v a l u a i i n g i i i h e i i t e d e l h i c a l p o s i o n s . I l is o n l y o n c e inleipretei's
4'2S 'an. V: M e i h o d in l i d i i c s M c l h n d in f.iliics l : r i < l i i n i i i ; i i ies I'.!'.)
have i n i l y c o n f r o n i e d a n d a p p r o p r i a i e d u'ho l h e y are a n d i h e i r o w n i n i e r n a l Figure 15,1. Strncture of the Eigfit Functional Specialties
conflicis i h a i i i becomes possible for i h e i n l o have o b j e c d v e i n t e r p r e t a d o n s o f
Structure of Ethical Functional Specialties
l h e c o n f h c i i n g views o f o l h e r s a b o m e t h i c a l m a t t e r s . h i l h e n e x t s e c o n s 1 w i l l
Intentionality
briely e x p l a i n h o w L o n e i g a n i i n d e i - s i o o d this i n t e g r a t e d s t r u c i u r e o f e i g h t
f u n c t i o n a l s p e c i a l e s , a n d w h y i t is a n a p p r o p r i a i e m e t h o d f o r m e e n g the Level o Consciousness Encountering the Past Acting Towards the Fuiure
n T i
15.6 T h e Eight Functional Specialties o f Elhical M e t h o d History Doctrines
Reasonableness (Judging)
"i" l
L o n e r g a n s p e n i m o s t o f his m a t u r e s c h o l a r l y c a r e e r a u e m p n g to w o r k o u l Systematics
Intelligence (nderstanding) Inierpretation
the s i r u c t u r e o f a n a p p r o p r i a i e i n e t h o d for ilieolog\'. A l t h o u g h o r i g i n a l l y
1\ T
f o r m u l a t e d as a m e t h o d f o r t h e o l o g ) ' , L o n e r g a n e x p l i c i d y a c k n o w l e d g e d thai \
Attentiveness (Experiencing) Researcfi Communications
i t h a d i m p i i c a o n s f o r a l l r e a l m s o l ' h u m a n s t u d i e s a n d h u m a n sciences.-':*
Underlying the sirucuire o f these meihodical specializations is the
s i r u c t u r e o f e t h i c a l i n i e n t i o n a h i y itself. T o each level o f c o n s c i o u s opera-
u o n s i n t h e s i r u c t u r e o f e t i i i e a l intenonality i h e r e c o r r e s p o n d t w o dis- d e s l g n a i e d i n d i e l e f t - h a i i d c o l u m n o f F i g u r e 1 5 . 1 . f^ach k i n d o f a c t a n d c o r r e -
t i n c t s c h o l a r l y s p e c i a h i e s . S c h e m a c a l l y , l h e s i r u c t u r e l o o k s as i t d o e s i n l a t e d c o n t e n is d i e p r i m a r y o b j e c d v e o f e a c h g i v e n f u n c d o n a l s p e c i a l l y Yet i t
F i g u r e 15. t . ' I lakes t h e e x e i c i s e o f t h e e n r e t y o f e t h i c a l i n i e n i i o n a l i t y t o d e l i v e r g o o d w o r k
Lonergan d e v o i e s a n e n d r e c h a p t e r to t h e e x p o s i o n o f e a c f i o f these i u a n y o n e o t h e s e h i n c o n a l s p e c i a l e s . I n o l h e r w o r d s , s p e c i a l l y s t r u c t u r e d
f u n c i i o n a l s p e c i a l e s ( a n d t w o c h a p t e r s to i h e s p e c i a l t y o f l l i s t o i y ) . C l e a r l y , acts o f e x p e r i e n c i n g , i n q u i r i n g , d i r e c t i n s i g h t s , q u e s u o n s l o r r e f i e c o n a n d
t h a t l e v e l o f d e t a i l c a n n o t b e r e p e a i e d i n t h i s c h a p t e r , so i h e r e a d e r is r e f e r r e d d e l i b e r a u o n , i i u e n o n a l f e e l i n g s , j u d g m e m s o f f a c t a n d valu, d e c i s i o n s , a n d
t o Meihod in Theology hse\t as w e l l as to w o r k s b y I v o C o e l h o , T a d D u n n e , a n d acons a r e a l l r e q u i r e d t o p r o d u c e r e s u l t s i n a n y o n e o f d i e m c o n a l s p e c i a l -
Roben D o r a n f o r d e t a i l s . ' ^ W h a t is p o s s i b l e h e r e is t o s h o w w h ) - t h i s f u r t h e r es. W h a i d i s n g u i s h e s a g i v e n l u n c o n a l s p e c i a l l y is n o l d i a l i t e.xercises j u s i
i n v e s u g a u o n w o u l d be o f b e n e f i t i n a p p r o a c h i n g c o n f l i c t s aMut e i h i c s . o u e k i n d o f a c i (e.g., u n d e i s i a n d i t i g ) . b u t t h a i i t e x e r c i s e s a l l t b e acts i n p u r s u i t
Transposed i m o i h e c o n i e x t o f e i h i c a l m e i h o d , t h e first f o u r o f these o f p r o d u c i n g resnlis d i a l u l t i m a t e l y a r e l h e comeiit.s o f Jnsi o n e k i n d o f act.
f u n c d o n a l speciahies (Research, Inierpreiaon, H i s t o r y , a n d Dialecc) are f . x a m p l e s o f h o w i l i i s is so w i l l b e p r e s e n i e d i n t h e n e x t c h a p t e r .
designed t o f a c i l i i a t e a s c h o l a r ' s c o m i n g to t e r m s w i t h d i e d e e d s , vales, In addion, ie i n t e g r a i i n g c o n n e c t i o n s a m o n g tbe producs oflhese
a n d m e a n i n g s l h a t o t h e r s h a v e p a s s e d a l o n g t o u s . W h a t e v e r i i is t h a t o l h - disiinci specialized m e i h o d s c o m e frorn the d y n a m i s m o f e d i i c a l intenon-
ers h a v e tatight, argued, and modelled a b o n t w l i a t s g o o d a n d r i g h t to a l i t y i t s e l f j u s t as t h e u n r e s t r i c t e d n o o n o f v a l n e a n d u n r e s l r i c i e d b e i n g -
d o - t h e I i r s t f b u r speciales d e v o t e t h e i r e n d e a v o u r s 10 e x a m i n i n g these i n d o v e p r o v i d e t b e i n i r i n s i c c o n u e c o n s a m o n g d i e acis a n d d i e i r c o n t e n t s
s o u r c e s . T h e s e c o n d f b u r s p e c i a l e s ( F o u n d a o n s , D o c t r i n e s , S)'stemacs, II the o r d i n a r y exercise o f e t h i c a l i n t e n o n a l i t y , so a l s o t h e y c o n n e c i t h e
a n d C o m m u n i c a t i o n s ) are all d e d i c a t e d ulmately l o w a r d s a r r i v i n g at deci- p n i d u c i s i n d i i s m o r e r e f i n e d a n d difTerenated e.xercise o f l h a t s i r u c t u r e .
s i o n s r e g a r d i n g f u t u r e c o u r s e s o f a c o n - w h a t w e w i l l pass a l o n g t o p o s t e r - The w o r k s o f o n e f u n c t i o n a l specialty provicle the tiiaterials for o t h e r func-
ity. T h i s i n t e g r a t e d s i r u c t u r e o f e i g h t l u n c o n a l s p e c i a l t i e s is d e v o t e d to d o n a l s p e c i a l t i e s , i n j u s t t h e s a m e w a y as t h e c o n t e n t s o f o n e a c t o f c o n -
d i s c e r n i n g w h a t we will m a k e o f t h e past a n d h o w we incorprate i t i n t o s( i o u s n e s s b e c o m e s o u r c e s I b r s u b s e q u e n t a c t s o f c o n s c i o u s n e s s , according
the actions we p e r f o r m w h i c h will affect the futiires o f t h e natural w o r l d , o f l o t h e d y n a m i c s o f t h e s u u c t u r e o f e t h i c a l intenonality. T h i s bestows a
o t h e r p e o p l e , a n d o f we ourselves. d o u b l e - m o v e n i e n i u p o n the overall eightfold s i r u c t u r e - the dynamisms
W l i a t m a k e s t h e s e e i g h t d i v i s i o n s sfiecudizations o\' funcuon, h o w e v e r , is t h a l f r o m below u p w a r d a n d f r o m above d o w n w a r d , These conuecons are sym-
p r a c o n e r s o f a g i v e n divisin d e v o t e a l l o f t h e i r e f f o r t s , acts ofconscious- b o l i z e d by t h e a r r o w s i n F i g u r e 1 5 . 1 .
ness, c a p a c i u e s , s k i l l s , a n d e n e r g i e s 10 a r r i v i n g at t h e c o n t e n t s p r o p e r lojiisi These reciprocal movements f r o m below u p w a r d a n d above d o w n w a r d
o n e k i n d o f act o f consciousness (i.e., f u n c u o n ) i n t h e s t r u c t u r e o f e t h i c a l also o p r a t e i n o r d i n a r y e x e r c i s e s o f e t h i c a l i n t e n o n a l i t y . U p t o t h i s p o i n t ,
i n t e n o n a l i t y T h e k i n d o f a c t ( a n d i m p l i c i d y its c o r r e s p o n d i n g c o n t e n ) is however, f o r t h e sake o f s i m p l i c i t y 1 have n o t d w e i l e d u p o n h o w these lwo
430 Pan V : M e i . l i o d i n l.hics M e t l i o d in E i h i c s I : l ' r c l i i i i i n a t \ MI
movements are differentiated f r o m one another (although Lonergan d i d ) . ' " l l is q u i t e s i g n i f i c a n t t h a t i n F i g u r e 13.1 t h e r e is n o a r r o w a t t b c j u u < -
So l a r I h a v e o n l y s p o k c n o f t h e l e n s i o n s t h a t i h e u n r e s i r i c t e d n o u o n of uire between Dialecc a n d F o u n d a d o n s , w h i c h w o u l d c o n n e c t lhe u p w a r d
valu a n d u n r e s t r i c t e d l ) e i n g - i n - l o v e i n t r o d u c e i n t o o u r h o r i z o n s offeelings. movement of the middle column with lhe downward movement of the
t)ut these t w o p r i n c i p i e s o f o u r e d n c a l i n t e i u i o n a l i t y d o i n fact have i n v e r s e I i g h t - h a n d c o l u m n . T h i s is b e c a u s e d i e r e is n o m e t h o d f o r fnnducingeither
and compiemeniaiT dynamics. T h e i m e m i n a l i tA' o f n o u o n valu is f r o m free h u m a n decisions o r God's free besiowal o f grace o r t h e i r c o n f l u e n c e i n
our experiences o f s i t u a d o n s l o w a r d s n n d e r s i a u d i n g a n d j u d g m e n t s o f fact h u m a n d e c i s i o n s o f c o n v e r s i n . /\ L o n e r g a n p m s i t , "M c o n s i d e r religious
a n d valu, a u d t h e n c e l o w a i d s d e c i s i o n s , a c t i o n s , a n d u l m a t e l y t o w a r d s t h e conversin a presupposioii o f m o v i n g b o m the Iirst [ u p w a r d ] phase lo
u n c o n d i t i o n a l love that embraces e v e t y i h i n g o f valu. B u t t h e d y n a m i c o the second [ d o w n w a r d phase o f t h e f u n c d o n a l speciales] b u t I h o l d t h a t
i m i - e s i r i c t e d b e i n g - i n - l o v e b e g i n s f r o m d i a t l o v e , n o t as c h o s e n b u l as e x p e r i - conversin o c c u r s n o t i n the c o n t e x t o f d o i n g dieology, b u l in die context
e n c e d . As s u c h , i t o p e n s u p f e e l i n g s f o r t h e o t h e r v a f u e s t h a t u n r e s t r i c t e d l o v e o f l e c o m i n g r e l i g i o u s . " i''
embraces. T h i s o p e u i t i g o f feelings becomes the source o f wider a n d more To t h i s 1 w o u l d a d d t h a t m o r a l c o n v e r s i n o c c u r s n o t as a p r o d u c t o f
l e f i n e d J u d g m e n t s o f valu ( i n c l u d i n g t h e vales o f c r i d c a l l y b e l i e v i n g a n d ethical m e i h o d , b u l i n the c o n i e x t o f striviug towards a n d g r o w t h in b e i n g
n o t b e l i e v i n g o i h e i s ) , w h i c h t h e n seek n n d e r s i a u d i n g o f w h a t o n e has c o m e e d i i c a l . -N'evertheless, i f a person takes seriously the c h a l l e n g e of critically
t o valu i n i d a l l y t h r o u g h t h e m i n i s t i y o f l o v e . T h i s m o v e m e n t culminates e n g a g i n g e t h i c a l l e a c h i n g s t h a l h a v e b e e n r e c e i v e d , a n d e n d e a v o u r s 1.0 use
in e x p a n d e d openness to experiences o f t h e w o d d , othei-s, a n d o n e s e l f t h a l t h e h e u r i s t i c aids p r o v i d e d by L o n e r g a n ' s e i g h t f u n c t i o n a l specialties, lhis
have been c l o s e d o f f by biases. T h u s , t h e t w o d y n a m i c s o r g a n i z e t h e levis incre;ises t h e l i k e l i l i o o d t h a t she o r h e w i l l be p r o f b u n d l y m o v e d in the
o f o p e r a u o n s o f d i e s t r u c u n e o f e d i i c a l intenonality i n i o two r e c i p r o c a l l y direcon o f m o r a l conversin.
related p a t i e r n s . O n c e a p p i o p r i a i e d a n d refined, these two dvnamics f o n n C h a p t e r 13 c l o s e d w i t h c o m m e n t s a b o u l h o w L o n e r g a n ' s a p p r o a c h t o t h e
t h e basis f o r a m e i h o d t h a t c a n i n t e r c o n n e c t t h e r e s u l t s o f e i g h t specialized (pieson o f evil raises t h e q u e s t i o n o f a relignous d i m e n s i n to d i e ethics o f
s u l > i i i e t h o d s a n d t h e r e b y c r i d c a l l y evalate a h o s t o f e t h i c a l views. d i s c e r n m e m . B u t r e l i g i o u s d i m e n s i o n s a r e n e v e r a b s t r a c t ; t h e y always a r e s i u i -
flowever, at die risk o f p r e n i a i u i e l y c o m p l i c a t i n g m a t t e r s , 1 b a s t e n to a t e d i n s o m e k i n d o f a h i s t o r i c a l t r a d i t i o n , a n d h i s i o r i c a l t i - a d i t i o i i s c a n b e less
add lhat the arrows in Figure 15.1 i n d c a t e t h e p r i m a r y , b u t 1101 the only o r m o r e g e n u i n e l y r e l i g i o u s i n t h e s e n s e p r o p o s e d i u c h a p i e r 13. E v e n p e o p l e
r e l a u o n s h i p s a m o n g d i e e i g h t speciales. T h e r e w i l l be o t h e r reciprocies. w h o say " T m s p i r i t u a l b u t n o t r e l i g i o u s , " a r e e c h o i n g w h a t d i e y h a v e h e a r d o r
F o r e x a m p l e , i-esults f r o m F o u n d a o n s o r Sysiernacs c a n b e pt-oiably f e d read f r o m o d i e r s fielbre t h e m , a n d i l i e r e b y p l a c i n g tlieniselves in a k i n d of
back to e n h a n c e the w o r k o f I m e r p r e t a d o i i o r History. tradion. L o n e r g a n c l a i m e d t h a t r e l i g i o u s c o n v e r s i n is u l m a t e l y d i e o n l y
h l l i g h t o f w h a t has b e e n s a i d i n t h e p r e v i o u s s e c i i o n s o f i h i s c h a p t e r , l h e s i a n d a r d by m e a n s o f w h i c h r e l i g i o u s iiTididons can be evaluated fbr t h e i r
c r u c i a l f u n c d o n a l s p e c i a l t i e s a r e t.he t w o t h a t c o r r e s p o n d t o t h e f b u r t h l e v e l o f a u t h e n c i e s as w e l l as br t h e i r i n a u i h e n c i u e s . So h e o f f e r e d a m e d i o d o!
e v a l u a u n g a n d d e c i d i n g : Dialecc a n d F o u n d a l i o n s . Dialecc e n d e a v o u r s 1.0 t h e o l o g ) ' t o assisi i n d i s c e r n i n g d i e d i f f e r e n c e s w i d i i n t r a d i t i o n s b e t w e e n w h a t
i d e n d f y t h e f u n d a m e n t a l r o o t s o f conlicts d i a l have p e n n e a t e d t h e p r i o r his- is a u i h e n u c a l l y a u d w h a t is i n a u t h e n u c a l l y r e l i g i o u s w i d i i n diem.
t o i y o f c l a i m s i n w o r d s a n d d e e d s a b o u t w h a t is r i g h t a n d g o o d . Foundations I w o u l d a r g e t h a l t h e r e is a l s o no n i e t h o d for auiomatically produc-
e n d e a v o u r s 10 s p e l l o u t a n d a p p r o p r i a t e t h e d i f f e r e n c e s b e t w e e n w h a t is a n d i n g auihenc d e c i s i o n s for m o r a l , intellecial, o r psychic conversin. The
is n o t i m p l i c i t I n c o n v e r s i o n s 10 l h e u n r e s t r i c t e d n o u o n of v a l n e a n d u n r e - eight meihodical speciales c a n remove misunderstandiugs and lower
s t r i c t e d b e i n g - i n - l o v e . T h e f u n c d o n a l s p e c i a l t i e s p r i o r 1.0 D i a l e c c e n d e a v o u r o t h e r b a r r i e r s a n d e x c u s e s t h a l a r e o b s t a c l e s 10 c o n v e r u n g d e c i s i o n s . They
10 c o m p i - e h e n d h u m a n acls o f m e a n i n g a n d valu i n a l l t h e i r n u a n c e s a n d c a n h e i g h i e n t e n s i o n s l h a t f a v o u r s u c h d e c i s i o n s . B u t t b e m e t h o d as s u c h
complexies, T h e f u n c i i o n a l speciales f o l l o w i n g F o u n d a o n s endeavour provides n o a u t o m a u c m e c h a n i s m s f b r p r o d u c i n g decisions t h a t are c o n -
t o use w h a t h a s b e e n l e a r n e d d i i o u g h sel-a|5propriauon o f t h e u n r e s t r i c t e d verung. These are matiers o f radical freedom, h u m a n a n d divine. As the
n o t i o n o f v a l n e a n d u n c o n d i d o n a l l o v e i n o r d e r t o a p p r o v e w h a t was v a l u a b l e n e x t c h a p t e r e n d e a v o u r s 10 s h o w , e x e r c i s e s o f t h e f u n c u o n a l s p e c i a l t i e s c a n
i n l l i e p a s i , 1.0 i m p r o v e iis i n c o m p l e t e o r l l a w e d r e s u h s , a n d 1.0 l e a v e a s i d e p r o n i o t e , b u t c a n n o i cause, t h e c o n v e r s i o n s t h a t a r e c r u c i a l 10 achieving
i r r e m e d i a b l e e l e n i e m s , if t h e r e a r e a n y I t d o e s so w i t h a n eye t o w a r d s o r g a - fully objecve results i n the m e t h o d o f ethics (or theolog)'). To expect more
n i z i n g a n d e n a c U n g courses o f a c u o n t h a t will have consequences f o r one's ihai that o f a m e t h o d i n e i h i c s m u s i h e d a n g e r o f t r a n s g r e s s i n g t h e realies
o w n futtu-e, f o r t h e futures o f o i h e r I m m a n beings, a n d fbr the f u t u r e o f l h e of fiunian freedom a n d ethical intentionality.
natural universe. T h e n e x t c h a p t e r will explore i n g r e a t e r d e i a i l these two
f u n c d o n a l speciales a n d t h e i r r e l e v a n c e f o r m e t h o d i n ethics.
McMulll i l l l'.ihii s I I : !)ialcciic a n d I ' n m i d a i i n i i s 'K
iesearch. C r i t i c a l e n g a g e m e n t w i t h t h e e i h i c a l s o u r c e s t h a t h a v e c o m e d o w n
l o U S is t b e o b j e c t i v e o f t l i e first. o f t h e t w o p i l a s e s , E v e r y i n e t l i o d i c a l i i i v e s -
tigatioii begins w i t h data f r o m experience. O h i a i n i i i g d a l a , h o w e v e r , is s e l -
d(.nii as s i m p l e a m a t t e r as j u s t l o o k i n g t o see w h a t is o u l l h e r e b e f o r e o n e ' s
eyes. I n n a t u r a l s c i e n c e , l a b o r a t o r ) ' nsiruments m u s t be c a l i b r a i e d , p u r i -
// is imporlniil for us ... tn take an inielligent part in this birth ing process ...A gotiil
lied o f c o n t a n i i n a t i n g elements, a n d tested before the data derived from
outcome depends on a lot of cooperation with the process ai lhe instinctual le7>el cei
lainly, but also through a Ihorough nderstanding of whai is happening... To viakr t h e i r use c a n b e d e e m e d r e l i a b l e f o r f u r t h e r i n v e s t i g a i i o n . l i i s o c i a l science,
use of .such a heritage, lo recognize and nurlutv il in a new form, distinguishing il survey questioiinaires { " i n s i r n m e n i s " ) m u s t be caiefully p r e p a r e d in o r d e r
from lhal is lo be kt go, we need lo undersiaud... lo i n s u r e r e l i a b i l i t y o f ilie responsos, a n d review processes bave been devel-
o p e d to screen o u t u n r e l i a b l e o r f r a u d u l e n i data.
- Roseinaiy F i i l i n g I-laiight<in. "Transcendeiice and
Preparatioii of dala for l i n i n a n i i i e s disciplines, i n c l u d i n g ethics and
lhe lieivilderiTicnt of lieing Modern"'
iheologv, poses d i f f e r e n t k i n d s o f c h a l l e n g e s . T h e p r i m a r ) ' d a l a for ethics
.u"e d a t a o n h u m a n e x p r e s s i o n s , a n d especially lhe d at a o f w r i t t e n texts.
Discovering ourselves as sinners and victims will go hand in hand with disceniiug
L o n e r g a n a d o p t e d t h e label "Reseai-ch" to desiguale the range o f scholarly
authenticity and oppression in our communiiies of meaning. There are no shoricut.s,
and- though theie ene aids to facililate such tasks, each person and community must lechnicpies that focus o n p r e p a r i n g a n d a u i h e n d c a t i n g l h e dala o n h u m a n
w r i i i e n a n d phaces diem inio a sdll larger and m o r e complex coniexi. The In the contexi ofthe present discussion of meihod in eihics, we might
molo o f c r i i i c a i h i s i o r y has b e e n Silz m Lebc/n - ihe i n j u n c u o n lo compre- echo Grifllihs by saying, 'The dialecucians do not need to worry about
h e n d lhe meanings o f expressions p r o p e r l y by n n d e r s i a n d i n g a n d s i i u a u n g lhe u n k n o w n toiality o f t h e story o f history. T h e y need only do their work
diem in lhe c o n i e x t o f their o r i g i n a ! , lived, social, c u l t u r a l , a n d hisiorical methodically, atienvely, intelligendy, reasonably, responsibly, and with
settings. But there is a s u b d e oversighi in this a p p r o a c h . What exactly is love.'' This ineans appiying iheir structure ofeihical inienonality to the
the "historical setting" o f a n expression? Coniextiializing meanings Siz im scholarly work lhey receive, gnided by the unresu-icied notion of valu,
Lebai is i n d i s p e n s a b l e as f a r a s i t g o e s , b u t i t e x c e s s i v e l y r e s t r i c t s t h e con- unrestricied being-indove, and the normave scale ofvalne preference.
iexts \\'iihin u ' l i i c h e x p r e s s i o n s are lo be u n d e r s t o o d . A l l social a n d cultural f h i s is t h e w o r k o f d i s c e r n m e n t as p e r f o r m e d by a scholar o f Dialecc.
coniexts are lhemselves situated u'iibin the contexi of hisiory itself Tbe
I t is i h e r e l b r e q u i t e a p p r o p r i a t e f o r i h e d i a l e c u c i a n to p r e s e n t a v e r s i n
penuliiniate sen i n g a n d context o f t h e m e a n i n g o f any expression therefore
ofa l i m i i e d h i s i o r i c a l e p i s o d e as " b e t t e r t h a n i t r e a l l y w a s , " b e c a u s e h i s t o r y
IS h i s i o r y i i s e l f , a n d Lonergan devoied m u c h o f his c a r e e r to developing a
as a w h o l e is b e t t e r t h a n a n y o f i t s l i m i i e d e p o c h s . S o m e h i s i o r i a n s regard
phiiosophical and heurisuc account of history Rather than Stz im. Lebeii,
|:)Ower a s i h e reality u p o n w h i c h historical studies s h o u l d be focused. For
then, lhe slogan w o u l d be revised in Lonergan's coniexi i.o r e a d Silz iv dir
l . o n e r g a n o n d i e o i h e r h a n d , h i s t o r y is a b o u t t h e r e a l i t y o f t h e a d v a n c e s a n d
C-escbJdile.
declines in intelligibility,goodness, a n d love.
Tlhs does n o t m e a n , however, that die dialecucian m u s t hrsi have some As was argued in chapter 13, g e n e r a l i z e d emergent probabiliiy, h u m a n
Hegelian or God's-eye lindersianding of the whole of history (Geschichle), history included, is good because it is inielligible. lis intelligibility
and then forc t b e r n e a n i n g ofa t e x t o r a historical period luto ihat pre- includes b u l goes b e y o n d all the violence a n d social evil thal is s o obvi-
conceived whole, Rather the dialecucian accoinplishes this uisk o f situang ous i n h i s i o r y . .As L o n e r g a n remarks, positions and coimter-posions "are
expressions within the c o n i e x i o f history itself while b e i n g led in the dark to be undersiood as o p p o s e d niomenis in an o n g o i n g process. They are
by t h e very d y n a m i c s c o n s u m d y u s e d by hurnan beings as d i e y consiute to be apprebended in their proper dialecucal character"" The process
t h e u n f o l d i n g o f h i s i o r y i i s e l f - i h a i is, t h e d i a l e c u c i a n i-eceives f r o m h e r or Lonergan speaks o f is g e n e r a l i z e d emergent probability, which incorpo-
b i s p r e d e c e s s o r s i e i r b e s i s c h o l a r l y e f l b r u s , l a k e s t h e i r c o n d i c i s as i h e stari- rales the dialecilcal movements of progress, decline, and redempon.
ing point, and then uses t h e s i r u c t u r e o f e t h i c a l intenonality in o r d e r U ) I t is a p r o c e s s which can iransibrm even the counter-posiiions and the
trace the origns o f those conflicts back to posions o r counter-posiiions. lu great dainages they b e g e i i n t o c o n t r i b u t i o n s 1 0a surpassing valu. Itis for
d o i n g so, t h e d i a l e c u c i a n a d d s w h a t was m i s s i n g f r o m t h e a c c o u m s he or she lhis reason iai Lonergan can hold thai ihe most objecve t h i n g a dia-
receives a n d i l i e r e b y transforms ihe received meanings i n t o s o m e t l i i n g "M^ei- lecucian can d o is t o r e m o v e t h e m e a n i n g or a historical period Irom iis
ter t h a n it really w a s . ' ' T h e d i a l e c u c i a n makes h i s o r h e r m e i h o d i c a l c o n t r i b u - seemingly isolated Silz im ..eben contexi and reveal i t as a n irreplaceable
uon to the g r a d u a l consirucon o f Hisiory, the process o f p i e c i n g together c o m p o n e n t i n t h e l a r g e r v a l u o f Ceschichte as a w h o l e . I n d o i n g so, lhe
m e a n i n g s a n d r e s o l v n g o f conlicts t h a i has b e e n g o i n g o n i n h i s i o r y a n d i n Dialecucian passes a l o n g ihe resources ofthe past in p r o f o u n d l y refmed
scholarship, a n d w h i c h will c o n u n u e for m a n y generaons to come. <n-nis l h a i c a n used profiiably in the b u i l d i n g u p o f t h e good of genei-ah
ingon t h e b i b l i c a l b o o k The Songo/Songs, Griffiths writes, It is not a failure of objecviiy, therefore, when a converted scholar
iransforms Research, Inierpretaons, a n d H i s t o r i e s by compleng them
None ofthis means ihatall versions [inierpretaons] are equally ilirongh lhe evaluave ineiliod of Dialeciic. Sll, w e may ask, w h e r e are
g o o d . . . B u t i t is n o s i m p l e m a t t e r t o d i s c r i n i i n a t e t h e g o o d from i h e s e c o n v e r t e d s c h o l a r s 10 b e f o u n d , o r h o w : i r e t h e y 1.0 b e t i a i n e d ? Loner-
t h e l e s s so. T h i s is b e c a u . s e t h e r e a r e i n a n y v a r i a b l e s a t p l a y . . . Some gan's answer is, i n ihe very work of doing Dialecc itself While conver-
versions die and s o m e live; s o m e enier- d e e p l y into the corporate and si<ms certainly do happen wiihout lhe methodological assistance of Dia-
i n d i v i d u a l life o f die Lord's p e o p l e a n d s o m e r e m a i n o n the mar- leciic, c o m m i u e d engageineni in die h e u r i s u c structure and hard w o r k of
g i n s OI- f a l l d e a c h b o r n i r o m t h e jaress. r o r t u n a t e l y , t h o s e w h o o f f e r a D i a l e c c s l l h a s d i e c a p a c i t y 10 p r o m o t e the conversions. T h i s is b e c a u s e
versin o f a coinmenian' do noi need t o w o r r y vei"\ m u c l i a b o u t tlhs. Dialecc, along with Research, Inierpretation, and History, brings aboul
T h e y n e e d o n l y do t h e i r w o r k i o u g h i f u l l y altenvely, p r a y e r f u l l y , personal encouniers between scholai^s and those wlio came before them.
and wilh love."" I h e p u r p o s e o f D i a l e c c , d i e n , is 'To b r i n g conlicts to l i g h t , and lo provide
440 P a n V: iVleihoci i n Kihics . V l e l h i x l i n E i h i c s 11: D i a l e c c a n d K o i m d a i i n i i s 111
w i t h w h o m h e is a l l i e d . F u r t h e r , h o w e v e r , t h i s a c i i o n is r e c i p r o - be t h a t a conversin o f p e r s o n a l r e l a t i o n s l o w a r d s h i g h e i le t.d \ %
c a h j u s t as i i is o n e ' s o w n s e l f - i r a n s c e u d e n c e that enables one to is n e c e s s a r y before a n y m e a n i n g f u l r e f o r i n o f iusiiintius < o i i l d bi pxt
k n o w O l h e r s a c c u r a t e l y a n d l o u d g e i h e n i f a i r l y , so i n v e r s e l y i t sible. T h e valu o f l h e w o r k o f i h e l a t t e r t h r e e l u e i h o d i e . d spei i.diie'.,
is i h r o u g h k n o w l e d g e a n d ai>|3reciauon o f o i h e r s i h a i we come i l i e r e f o r e , will d e p e n d u p o n h o w w e l l l h e y h a v e t a k e n i n u i . n ( 011111 i h e
Lo k n o w o u r s e l v e s a n d lo fill o u l a n d refine o u r a p p r e h e n s i o n of works of Foundations,
vales.-^''
16.5 Foundations
Lonergan himself makes expHcii die i n i i m a i e connecon beiween a m e i h o d
o f l u n c i i o u a l S|3ecializ:aton a n d a n e i h i c s o f d i s c e i i u u e i i i . f h e b a s i c u i s k o f F o u n d a o n s is t o c l a r i f y t h e c o n v e r s i o n s a n d t h e i r i m p l i c a -
T h e p o s i t i v e w o r k o f D i a l e c d c is d o n e b y p e o p l e w h o r ^ c o n v e r t e d , n o t iions. T h e conversions diemselves d e n v e d i e i r authencity f r o m t h e fun-
necessarily p e o p l e w h o can give a c o h e r e n i a n d p o l i s h e d a c c o u n t ofwhat d a i u e m a l s i r u c t u r e d r e l a u o n s h i p s t h a i o c c u r r e p e a t e d l y a m o n g t h e acts o f
c o n v e r s i n is. T h a t is t h e w o r k o f F o u n d a d o n s . c o n s c i o u s n e s s o f e a c h a n d e v e r y h u m a n b e i n g . H e n e e , 10 s p e a k o f t h e c o n -
v e r s i o n s as f o u n d a o n a l is t o s p e a k o f p e o p l e w h o h a v e c o m e l o correcdy
16.4 Responsible Initiative for the F u t u r e : n n d e r s t a n d , 10 v a l u , a n d l o c o m m i t t h e m s e l v e s to living a n d t h i n k i n g i n
Policy, P l a n n i n g , a n d E x e c u t i o n a c c o r d w i t l i tliose n o r m a i i v e s t r u c i u r e s . l i i o t l i e r w o r d s , c o m ' e r t e d people
a r e p e o p l e c o m m i u e d t o d i s c e r n m e n t as i h e s t a n d a r d o f d i e i r e t l n c a l i h i n k -
The second phase o f i n e t h o d i n e t h i c s takes a s t a n d a n d c o n f r o n t s the i n g a n d acng, S u c h p e o p l e are n o t p e r f e c t , b u l d i e y have d e c i s i v e l y com-
p r o b l e m s o f t h e p r e s e n t . C r i u c a l e v a l u a t i o n o f t h e s o u r c e s 10 b e employed m i u e d l l i e m s e l v e s t o o v e r c o m i u g w h a t e v e r b i a s e s a n d ressenlhii<;nls ilie)' may
i n l h e p r e s e n t is p r i m a r i l y t h e t a s k o f l h e f i r s t f o u r f u n c t i o n a l s p e c i a l e s : h a r b o u r a n d that i m p e d e their living and t h i n k i n g auihenucally. They com-
Research, I n t e r p r e i a u o n , History, a n d Dialecdc. C o n n r d t m e n i a n d acuon m i t themselves, however f r a g i l e l y . 10 d i s c e r n i n g d a i l y h o w t o b e i n t e l l i g e n t
( a n d especially the aciions of leachiug and persuading oihers), rather a n d r e a s o n a b l e t h i n k e r s a n d t o be r e s p o n s i b l e a n d l o v i n g valtiei-s, c h o o s e r s ,
than c r i u c a l e v a l u a t i o n , is d i e p r i n c i p a l objecdve of lhe second four a u d aciors.
m e i h o d i c a l specialties (Foundations, Doctrines, Sysieinaiics, C o m r n u n i - T h i s means that rhe Foundaons ckirifies t h e conversions a n d t h e i r i m p i i -
cauons). Lonergan h i m s e l f oljserved that the siruclure o f t h e last t h r e e c a o n s l3y c l a r i f y i u g t h e s i m c i u r e o f e d i i c a l i n i e n o n a l i t y a n d its i m p l i c a -
m e i h o d i c a l specialties c o u l d be a d a p t e d frorn the field o f theolog)' to i i o n s , l i d o e s so b y p r o v i d i n g w h a t L o n e r g a n c a l i s " b a s i c c a t e g o r i e s . " s ' These
"policy making, p l a n n i n g and execution" in cooperative v e n t u r e s to pro- basic categories spell o u t t h e key c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s o f t h e s t r n c t u r e s o f c o g n i -
m o t e t h e h u m a n g o o d a n d h e a l t h e d a m a g e d o n e b y evil."*' T h e u s e o f i h i s on a n d e l h i c a l i n i e n t i o n a l i t y , as w e l l as d i e i r m o s l f u n d a m e n t a l i m p i i c a -
s e c o n d phase o f s i r u c t u r e d speciahies can make personal a n d especially ons. T h e m e i h o d f b r arculang these c a t e g o r i e s is i n f a c t d i s c e r n m e n l
g r o u p e t h i c a l a c u o n m o r e m e i h o d i c a l a n d less h a p h a z a r d . T h i s w o r k w i l l ;is s e l f - a p p r o p r i a o n .
be gready e n h a n c e d i f it employs t b e p r o d u c s o f F o u n d a t i o n s (i.e., ils
"basic caiegories"). While Lonergan attributes the work o f developing I f c a t e g o r i e s a r e t o b e d e r i v e d , t h e r e is n e e d e d a base f r o m w h i c h
p o s i o n s a n d r e v e r s i n g c o u n t e r - p o s i i i o n s 10 D i a i e c t i c , i n f a c t m o s t o f t h e l h e y a r e d e r i v e d . T h e b a s e ... is t b e a l t c n d i n g , i n q u i r i n g , reflecung,
n i t i y - g r i t t y details o f iai w o r k are l a k e n u p by i h e f u n c t i o n a l s p e c i a l - d e l i b e r a n g s u b j e c t .,, a n d t b e s t r u c t i r e w i i h i n w h i c h i e opera-
t i e s o f D o c t r i n e s , S y s t e m a t i c s , a n d C o m m u n i c a t i o n s (as p o l i c ) ' , p l a n n i n g . u o n s o c c u r , T h e s u b j e c t i n q u e s i i o n is n o t a n y g e n e r a l o r a b s t r a c t
a n d e x e c u i i o n ) . T h i s is w h e r e |:)ersons a n d g r o u p s r e a l l y a j a p r o p r i a t e ; i o r t h e o r e c a l s u b j e c t ; i t is i n e a c h case t h e p a r c u l a r [ p e r s o n ] who
i r a d i i i o n as t h e i r o w n a n d w o r k t o i m p r o v e i t - o r 10 r e j e c t i t i n p a r t o r h a p p e n s 10 b e d o i n g [ t h e operauons]
whole. In particular, ihe general heurisuc structure o f t h e g o o d t h a i is
d e v e l o p e d i u F o u n d a o n s c a n b e u s e d b y t h e s e lasi i h r e e f u n c u o n a l s p e - Lonergan devoied m u c h o f h i s c a r e e r 10 w o r k i n g o u t s u c h b a s i c c a t e g o -
ciales. l l p r o v i d e s a s t r u c i u r e f o r d e l i b e r a i i n g i n d i v i d u a l l y a n d c o i n u i u - ries, especially his o w n accounts o f t h e three conversions lhemselves. In
nally a b o u l w h a t sorts o f goods are called for a n d possible i n the preseiu a d d i t i o n , his o w n c o n t r i b u d o n s t o F o u n d a t i o n s i n c l u d e p o s i n g a n d answer-
s i t u a d o n . It m a y be t h a t new skills are r e q u i r e d to m a k e n e w parcular i n g the ihree questions regarding cognitional structure, fectual objectiv-
g o o d s available. O r i t m a y be t h a t n e w instuons are n e e d e d . O r i t uiay ity, a n d reality. H i s c o u t r i b u o n s also i n c l u d e t h e f o l l o w i n g a c c o u m s : lhe
444 P a n V: i M c l h o c I i u l i i h i c s M . l h . . d i l l K l l i i i s 11: D i a l e c l i e a n d K o u i u l a l i u i i s 11.^
agency o f converied p e o p l e i n i r a n s f o r m i n g hisiory. T h e special c o n t r i b u - own, will gradually emerge f r o m the work o f practitioners o f Fon iida tions
i i o n o f E o m i d a i i o n s l o l h i s n i e t h o d i c a l t r a i i s f o n u a u o n is lo m a k e "conver- on t h e t o p i c o f t h e scale o f vales.
sin a l o p i c a u d i h e r e b y p i ' o m o t e i t , " t o m o v e t h e d i s c u s s i o n o f t h e p r e s e n c e
01" a b s e n c e o f c o n v e r s i n i n e t h i c a l e^dea\'ours l o t h e f o r e f r o n i , t o e v e r 16.6 Conclusin
correct a n d refine a tradiiioiVs t t n d e i s i a n d i t i g o f lhe g o o d a n d the right,
and l o p r o n i o i e h o n e s i a n d decisive v a l u i n g a n d c o n i m i i m e n t t o l i v i n g Iti This b o o k endea\'ours to s h o w i h e i m p o r t a n c e o f L o n e r g a n ' s work for
fidelity to those conversicms. l h e field o f e t h i c s . I s u g g e s t t h a t d i s c e r n m e n l is a t t h e h e a r t o f t l i i s i m p o r -
S i n c e m u c h o f w i i a t is p r o p e r t o l h e w o r k o f F o i t n d a t i o n s i n t h e m e t h o d lance, a n d t h a l d i s c e i n m e n t is e q u i v a l e n i to what Lonergan c a l i s self-
i n e i h i c s has b e e n s e l f o r t h e a r l i e r i n i b i s b o o k , I w i l l o n l y d w e l l o n one a p p r o p r i a t i o u . D i s c e r i u n e n t as s e l f - a p p r o p r i a t i o n b e g i n s w i t h increased
topic here - ihe Foundations o f the n o r m a i i v e scale o f valu prefer- a t t e n t i v e n e s s l o w h a i is m o v i n g i n o u r c o n s c i o u s n e s s as w e e n g a g e i n e t h i -
ence. In chapier I offei'ed a n i n d i r e c t e f f o n a i e s i a b l i s l i i n g a basis cal r e f i e c i i o n s , d e c i s i o n s , a n d a c t i o n s . I p r o p e n s o t h a t i t is i i i o s i i m p o r t a n t
for L o n e r g a n ' s a c c o u n t o f the objeciixe scale o f \ a l i i e p i e f e i e n c e - thal lo p a y a t t e n t i o n t o t h e s t i r r i n g o f q u e s t i o n s a n c l f e e l i n g s t h a l i n t e n d v a l e s
is l o say, I a r g u e d f r o m t h e c o g n i t i o n a l f a c t s o f h i g h e r \ ' i e w p o i n i s a n d t l i e and t h e lensions a m o n g those feelings, a n d to e n d e a v o u r to d i s c e r n t h e
|OSsibilit\ o f h i g h e r v i e w p o i n t s i n t h e e m p i r i c a l s c i e n c e s l o t h e c u i t o l o g i - s o u r c e s o f t h e s e l e n s i o n s i n t h e u n r e s t r i c t e d n o u o n o f valu a n d u n r e -
cal structure ofa hiei'arch)' o f e x p l a n a t o r y genei'a, a n d f r o m t h e r e to an stricted being-in-lcjve.
objective h i e r a r c h y o f vales. T h a t i t i d i r c c t a p p r o a c h m u s t b e regarded Yet d i s c e r n m e m requires m o r e t h a n attentiveness to diese e x p e r i e n c e s of
as m e r e l y piovisional and inadequate. Taking Loneigan literally, the l h e d ) ' n a m i c s o f conscicmsuess; i t also r e q u i r e s g a i n i n g s o m e i n s i g h t s l u t o
g r o i r n d o f e t h i c a l objectivity, a n d especially the g r o u n d o f t h e norrrrative t h i s n e w , \'ast, f i e l d o f s i i r r i n g s i n c o n s c i o t i s n e s s . l l f u r i h e r r e q u i r e s t e s t i i i g
scale o f valtre p r e f e i e n c e , is a n d c a n o n l y b e r i i o i l h ' c o n v e n e d human t h o s e i n s i g h u s w i t h e v e r f u r t h e r q u e s o n s so as t o r e a c h i r t i l y c o r r e c t u n d e r -
beings. T h i s means that a r t i c u l a t i n g t h e p r o p e r a n d c o r r e c t normative s t a n d i n g s o i h o s e d y n a m i c s - n n d e r s i a u d i n g i h e r o l e o f t h o s e d y n a m i c s i n
s c a l e o f v a l e s is s o m e t h i n g t h a t o n l y m c u a l l y c o n v e r i e d human beings r e a c h i n g o b j e c t i v e j u c l g m e n t s o l facts ancl o f v a l e s ancl a u t h e n t i c e t h i c a l
can do, It means t h e h a r d w o r k o f d i s c e r n i n g t h a l n o r m a t i v e s c a l e by decisions. D i s c e r n m e n t also ineans c o r r e c t l y nderstanding o i h e r d y n a m -
b e g i n n i n g w i t h the ghmpses i h a t "'shine t h r o u g h " one's o w n e x i s t e n t i a l ics, e s p e c i a l l y t l u i s e t h a t v i l a l e u n r e s l r i c i e d \ ' a l i n n g a n d l o \ ' i n g , a n d n d e r -
s c a l e o f vales. . M o r e o v e i ' , p e o p l e e n d e a v o n r i n g t o d i s c e r n i b i s n o r m a t i v e s t a n d i n g li(.)w t h e s e d i f f e r f r o m l h e cl\'namics t h a t l e a d t o a u t h e n t i c a l l y e l h i -
s c a l e o f \'alues c a n n o t d o t h i s w o r k i n i s o l a i i o n , T h e \n a c h i e v e such cal d e c i s i o n s a n d a c u o n s .
ai"tictilatons o n l y i n c o m m u n a l d i a l o g u e w i t b o i h e r s who are i n t e l l i g e n t D i s c e r n m e m as s e l f - a p p r o p r i a t i o n g o e s b e y o n d even c o r r e c d y under-
ancl s e i i o u s a b o u t these cptestions o f valu. T h e y will d o i i b y m e t h o d i - s u m d i n g the dynamics that provide norms for a m b e m i c etiucal i h o u g h i ,
c a l l y i n c l u d i n g i n t h e i r d i s c e r n m e n t l h e e l l i i c a l e x p r e s s i o n s i u w o r d s ancl c h o i c e , a n d a c t i o n . D i s c e r n m e m also i n c l u d e s r e c o g n i z i n g f e e l i n g s and
d e e d s of o i h e r s f r o m \ery d i s t a n t places. l i m e s , a n d ciilitires. T h e y will q u e s i i o n s a b o u l h o w o u e is t o r e s p o n d t o s u c h k n o w l e d g e a b o u i o n e s e l f .
c o n s i d e r a c c o u n t s cjf i l i e p i o p e r p r i o r i t i e s o f v a l n e i h a i a r e d i f l e r e n t f i ' o r n Discerning tbe siructure o f elhical inienuonaliiy, therefore, leads up
t h e i r o w n . T h e y will use t h e first f o u r m e i h o d i c a l specialties t o set u p to q u e s t i o n s o f d e c i s i n f o r o r a g a i n s t c o n v e r s i n , n o t lo join a religious
l l i e i r d i s c e r n m e u i o f w h a t is c o n v e n e d a n d w h a t is u i i c o n v e r i e d among o r p o l i l i c a l g r o u p . b u l t o a b i d e by t h e e i h i c a l n o r m s a l r e a d y 0|3eraiiiig i n
c o n f l i c t i n g a c c o u n t s o f valu p r e f e r e n c e s . They will correct their own one's o w n consciousness i h r o u g h q u e s i i o m ancl tensions a m o n g feelings
o r i g i n a l a s s u m p t i o n s abc">ut h i g h e r a n d l o w e r vales as a r e s u l t o f t h e i r fbr vales.
enccjimters with the i b o u g h t s and deeds o f others. They will offer increas- N o n e o f t h i s is eas\'. . M a n y t l i i n g s c o m p e t e f b r o u r a i t e n d o n , a n d dis-
i n g l y m(.)re a c c u r a t e c a t e g o r i e s it> e x p r e s s h o w i h e y ha\ c o m e t o u n d e r - i r a c t US fiom d w e l l i n g w i t h o u r quesiions a n d feelings. I t takes c o m m i t -
s t a u d ancl e m b r a c e t h e p r o p e r o r d e r i n g o f vales. S o m e i i m e s this will m e n i , perseverance, a u d p r a c i i c e to achieve lhis h e i g h i e n e d sensiuvity to
mean changing iheir own f o r m u l a i i c m s o f t h a t scale. S o m e t i m e s i l will these d y n a m i c s i u o u r consciousness. a n d a c c j i n m u n i i v t h a t can s u p p o r t ,
i n v o l v e t h e h u m b l i n g r e c o g n i t i o n t h a t i l i e i r o w n felt valu p r i o r i t i e s are
c i i l i g l i i e i i , a n d e n c o u r a g e o n e i n s u c l i efbrts.
u u n c a t e d or distorted. Such recognition will lead t h e m into the hard
T h i s b o o k aitempts to p r o r i d e a small c o n t r i b u u o n for those w i s h i n g ui
wcu'k o f p e r s o n a l r e f o r i n . l u l h e e n d , h o w e v e r , r e f i n e d f o r m i d a t i o n s o f t h e
e n g a g e i n self-ap)5ropriauoii o f t h e i r o w n s t r u c t u r e o f e t h i c a l i n t e n t i o n a l i t y .
p r o p e r scale o f valu p r e f e i e n c e , p r o b a b l y s o m e t h i n g cise t o L o n e r g a n ' s
I l e n d e a v o u r s t o w o r k o u t s o m e o f t h e niajc">r i m p i i c a o n s iat l u U u w i u n i
448 l ' a i i V: M t - i h o d i n E i h i c s
Preface
Introdiiclion
1 D i s c e r n m e n t and Self-Approprialion
1 S e l f - a p p r o p r i a i i o n is i h e e x p l o r a i i o n o f e d i i c a l i n t e n i i o n a l i l y by ineans
o f e t h i c a l i n l e n t i o n a l i l v . T l i i s w i l l bc e x p l o r e d i n d e i a i l in i l i e s u h s c q u c n i
c h a p i e r s n diis h o o k .
450 N o i e s l o pages 5 - 2 2 N o t e s 10 pages 2 2 - 6 -If!
a n d even sol objecis o f acls o f nderstanding. l x ) n e r g a n a i i r i b u t e d m a n y lhe.se n i o d i f i e r s i n very specific ways. ' f h e i n i e i n o f d i i s c h a p i e r is 10 m a k e
o f l h e faiilis o f s c h o l a s i i c a n d |josi-scliolLi.siie p h i l n s o p l i y m tliis d o m i n a n c e clear i h o s e precise m e a n i n g s ; a n d l h e r e a d e r is a d v i s e d 10 i g n o r e ( u l i e r
o f c o n c e p i u a l i s m . I l l s endeavcnir l o lesttire p r o p e r emphasis n p o n i l i e p r i o r m i s l e a d i n g c o n n o i a i i o n s o f those l e r n i s .
a n d f o u n d a i i o n a l aci o f //////^wie ( i n s i g h t o r nderstanding) was i n d e e d 18 See Insight, 3 8 0 , 4 0 7 . M o r e precisely, i t is t h e i r s m i c i u r a l l o c a t i o n i n l e l a l i o u
l h e c o r n e i s i o n e o f a l l o f his siih.seqneni p h i l o s o p h i c a l a n d t l i e o l o g i c a l 10 t h e f u l l e r set o r c c > g n i i i o n a l a c i i v i t i e s ( i n c l u d i n g nderstanding, l e l l e c i i i i g ,
achieve m e n i s . a n d j u d g i n g ) i h a i c o n s i i i i i i e s s o m e acls ciacis o f e x p e r i e n c i n g . I n u i r n ,
(i Imiglil, 3-4. t h e a c i i v i t i e s o f l i n d e i s t a n d i n g , l e f l c c t i n g , a n d j u d g i n g themselves are
7 I b i d . , 3 4 , emphasis a d d e d . T h e passage can be r e a d as r e f e r r i n g e i t h e r t o c o n . s u i u i e d hy i h e i r r e l a i i o n s h i p s 10 inc|uiries as w e l l as 10 t h e o i l i e r activities.
l h e p i e - l i i i g u i s i i c tensin o f i n q u i r y b e h i n d a p a i l i c u l a i ' linguisc e x p r e s s i o n T h e l e r m s i n t h e w h o l e n e x u s o r s t r u c i u r e are " i m p i i c i t l y d e f i n e d " i h i c m g h
of'"V\1i\'?" <i- i t can also be l e a d as r e f e r r i n g t o t h e even m o r e f u n d a m e n t a l l h e p a t t e r n o f r e l a u o n s h i p s 1 0 o n e a n o i h e r . See ln.sighl, 3 6 - 7 , 3 5 7 - 8 .
a n d c o m p l e t e l v c o m p r e h e n s i v e pur u n r e s u i c t e d d e s i i e 10 k n o w . 1 9 See Insighl, 2 0 9 .
,S CS, L'O-i.
2 0 In particular, Lonergan p i i d e d himself on lediscovuiing lliai for Aquinas
t) I b i d . , ^ ' 0 7 . I n d e e d , L o n e r g a n insists l h a i h i n n a i i k n o w i n g is a " i o r m a l l y " i n s i g h t is i n t o p t i a n i a s m s ( i m a g e s ) " r a i h e r t h a n i n t o c o n c e p t s . See, f o r
d y n a m i c s u i i c u i i e " i n w h i c h n o i o n l y is each o f i h e conscious acts active e x a m p l e . Insighl, 3 1 - 3 . See also B e r n a r d L o n e r g a n , Verbom: Word and Idea
( d y n a m i c ) , h m i n a d d i i i o n i h e very s i r u c i u r i n g u.)gedier o f diese acts in Aquinas, v o l . 2 o f Collecled Works of Hernard ^onergan, e d . K r c d e r i c k 1-1.
i t s e l f is also d y n a m i c . T h i s is a c r u c i a l fcau.11 e o f t h e s i r u c m i e o f e l h i c a l C r o w e a n d R o b e n M . D o r a n ( T o r o n i o : U n i v e r s i i y o f T o r o n t o Press, 1 9 9 7 ) ,
i n l e n t i o n a l i l v as w e l l . .See c h a p i e r ,p 39111 2 6 : .see also 1 6 8 - 7 9 , 1 9 4 - 7 : h e r e a f i e r c i i e d as Vrrbnin.
1 0 L o n e r g a n does irse s n c i i t e r m i n o l o g ) ' , f o r e x a m p l e , i n his 'l'iipirs in Ediicatimi,
2 I Insighl. 3 .
v o l . I o o f Cotlecled Waiks of ieniiid l^ooergan. e d . T r e d e r i c k l i . C r o w e a n d
2 2 | o h n R e a d , Thmugh Akheins lo Chemistn {>iew\'nr\: 1-Iarpei a n d Row, 1963),
R o b e n M . D o r a n (Toi'onu:: L n i v e r s i l ) ' (.)f "roronu.) Piess, 1 f | < i 3 ) , S-S; c i i e d
179-So.
h e r e a f i e r as Topics.
2 3 H e says, f o r e x a m p l e . "Wc have devoiecf so m u c l i care 10 w o r k i n g out i n
i i T h i s cloes iwl m e a n i h a l / y a c d v i t y in t h e f l o w o f o u r s u e a m o f
g e n e r a l i h e dlrt'erenc b e i w e e n noesis ... ancf n o e m a . hecause a p p r e h e n d i n g
consciousness m u s t b e s o m e h o w r e l a t e d t o o t h e r aciiviiies vio l h i s s t r u c t u r e
a n d m a s t e r i n g ihis d i l f e i e n c e are o f i l i e greaiesi i m p o r t I b r jJhenon^enofog^'.''
o f con.sciou.sness. .Vlany o f o u r acLs o f ccjnsciousness are r a n c l o i u l h c ) u g h t s ,
L d m t i n c I Hns,serl, Ideas for a Pur Phenomenology and Phenomenological l'hilosopliy:
n o l c o i n r i b u i i n g 10 a n y i n t e g r a t e d set o f a c t i v i t i e s t h a i makes u p a n instance
Pirsl Hook: Ceneral liilrodiniion lo Piae Phenomenology, trans. D a n i e l O . D a h l s i r o m
o f g c m i i n c h u m a n c o g n i i i o n {i.e.. k n o w i n g ) . T h e asseriion o n l y m e a n s t h a i
(Indiana|>ols, I N : l-Iackeii, 2 0 1 4 ) , 1 9 2 .
i n g e n n i n e instances o f k n o w i n g , l h e activities o 1101 m e i e l y s n c c c e d o n e
2 4 Insight, 1 5.
a n o i h e r . T h e y are r e l a i e d 10 o n e a n o t h e r i n t h e f o r m of this s i r u c l u r e .
25 Ibid., 4 4 .
I 2 R i c h a r d Kearney, Tlie Wake of tlw, Imagination ( N e w York; R o u i l e d g e , 199S).
2 6 I b i d . , 4 4 1.
13 .-\ugusline, Co'ffssions, ii~.ins. R.S. P i n e - C o f f i n ( N e w York: V i k i n g P e u g u i n ,
27 Ibtd., 2 8 . '
1 9 6 1), X . 1-2I:), ciiect liei^eafler as A i i g L i s l i n e , Confession.w f-Ienri U e r g s o n ,
2 8 " l s i t s o r " is b u l o n e way o f e x p r e s s i n g l i n g i i i s t i c a l l y this f o r m o f i n q u i r y .
Wat tei and Memory ( I . . o n d o n : G. A l i e n a n d Co., nji^).
S o m e o t h e r f o r i n s o f e x p r e s s i o n are "ls i r e a l r . " " l s it i h e case"-." a n d " I s
i 1 R o b e n l i e l l a h e l a l . , litdts of llie Heart: Individiuilism and Coiiiinuiiity
i l ULier" I n all cases, t h e " i t " is i h e i n i e l l f g i b l e c o m e n t o f sf)me i n s i g h l , A n
( B e r k e l e y : U n i v e r s i i y o f C a l i f o r n i a Press, 1 9 8 5 ) , 1 5 3 ; c i t e d h e r e a f i e r as
a r g n m e m f o r l h e f n n d a m e n i a f ef[iiivafence o f ihese v a i l o u s l i n g u i s l i c f o i i n s
B e l l a h e i al., Habits.
is t5e\'oncl t h e goal o f this c h a p i e r . See, however, Insighl, 4 1 3 , 5 1 3, 5 7 5 - 6 .
I 5 Insight. 204-14.
2 9 Ibid., 3 0 5 .
1 6 I b i d . , 2 1 2 - 1 4 . ^^'^ '''s'^' c h a p i e r 5 , sections 5 . 3 a n d 5 . 5 , o f i h i s b o o k .
3 0 F o r L o n e r g a n ' s g e n e r a l a c c o u n t o f reflecdve u n d e i " s t a n d i n g a n d " t h e
I 7 See. f o r e x a m p f e , Insight, 1 c^fk t ^ h a p i e r 4 w i l l l a k e u p t h e f u r i h e r k i n d s o f
v i r t u a l l y u n c o n d i i i o n e d , " see Insighl. 3 0 5 - 6 : f o r h i s a c c o u n t o f s o m e o f t h e
cpiesiions, b e y o n d c o g n i t i o n a f , i t u i t have l o d o w i t h v a l u i n g ancl d e c i d i n g .
e x t e n d e d complexies, sec 3 0 7 - 1 ( 1 .
T h e modFiei"s " f o r i n t e l l i g e n c e " a n d " f o r r e f l e c d o n " may suggesi a x-arieiy o l
3 1 See, f o r e.\ample, A m i r D . A c z e l , Fermal's Last Theomii: Unlocking lhe Sene! of nn
m e a n i n g s - f o r e x a m p l e , " q u e s t i o n s I b r r e f l e c t i o n o n i h e a.ssigned readings
Anrieni Mathematical Problem { N e w York: F o u r V\'alls E i g h i W i n d o w s , 1 i|i)fi).
f o r ttxlay's class" o r e v e n f o r "lelecon o n o n e s life.' However, L o n e r g a n uses 3 2 Insight, 3 0 4 - ( i .
456 X'oies t o pages 5 2 - 6 4 N o t e s l o ))agc.s 6 1-73 157
33 Ibid., 305.
5 4 Insighl. 373.
34 T h e u.se o' lhe q u o i a h o n marks a r o u n d ie woixl " k n o w i n g ' here s i n t e n d e d L o n e r g a n presents l u n g analyses o f varius strategies f b r i n l e r l e r i i i g w i i h d i c
10 indcate lhai, lhe\ are pari.ial " k n o w i n g s " ( " k n o w i n g in a ktose o r g e n e n c u n r e s t r i c t e d desire to k n o w - t h e \'arious f b r m s o f biases, as he calis d i e m .
sense") as opposed 10 Lonei-gaii's IIII.SLHCL sense o f h u m a n k n o w i n g (see CS,
See insighl, 214-27, 244-57.
2 0 7 ) . H u m a n knownng i n i h a i full sense always lesLs u p o n theeuLre, suucLured 5 6 iV/7; 157.
sequence ofacts o f consci<;)usne.ss c u l n i i n a t i n g in reasonable i u d g m e i i i s . 5 7 See Insight, 2 14-27, 244-67.
" K n o w i n g s " in less t h a n Lhat full sense lack l h e c u l n i i n a t i n g e l e m e n t o f
58 I b i d . , 2 0 6 .
j u d g m e n l . VMiilc it is possible lhai b o t h a l i n k a n d fulfill ment o f condions can
59 Ibid., 2 7 6 - 9 -
he k n o w n in the full .sen.se LS a l l i n n e d p i o p o s i t i o n s , in general h o i h i h e l i n k a n d
6 0 See, br e x a m p l e , A77", 24 1. ' f h e n o t i o n o f i m e l l e c m a l conversin w i l l be
l h e c o n d i i i o n s will be " k n o w i f " in "a m o r e iTidimentaiT siate" {insighl, 305-6).
discussed f u r t h e r in c h a p t e r 2, s e c u o n 2.6.2, a n d c h a p t e r 8.
35 /nsighl, 3 0 S - 2.
61 As l i m e r g a n rightly m >tes, " t h e condions for t he prospecve jucigment are fulfilled
3 6 I b i d . , 3.
when u l e r e a r e n o further p e n i n e n t quesiions. Note i h a t i i Ls not enough tosay iat
37 I b i d . , 4 4 1 .
lhe condions are fnllilled w h e n n o fuither C|ue.stions occm 10 me" (Insighl. 3 0 9 ) .
38 I b i d . , 3 f ) S - i 2.
62 For p u r p o s e s o f s i m p l i c i t y 1 lia\ o n i i i i e d discussion o f i h e m o r e
39 I h e q u e s t i o n o f w h e t l i e r o r l u a i h e i-eader does in fac a c m a l l y p e r f o r m these c o m p l i c a i e d q u e s t i o n o f w l i a t is k n o w n in a n e g a t i v e j u d g m e n l . In o t h e r
acis of con.scionsne.ss i n l h i s d y n a m i c su-uciLire is t h e Lopic o f c h a p t e r 3. w<.)rds. w h a t d o we k n o w w l i e n we j u d g e t h a t s o m e i n i e l l i g i b l e c o n i e i u i s
40 I n Insighl. 3 9 ( 1 - 4 0 9 , L o n e i g a n sets f o r t h a m o r e c o m p l e x a c c o u n t o f not? W h i l e s o m e t i m e s n e g a t i v e j u d g m e n i s s i m p l y a m o u u i 10 k n o w l e d g e t h a t
o b j e c t i v i t y - i n l e n i i s o f a p r i n c i p a l n o t i o n o f o b j e c t i v i t y pUis i h r e e paral s o m e t h i n g is n o l , L o n e r g a n ' s m o r e n u a n c e d a n s w e r is that f r e q u e n d y w c
n o t i o n s ( e x p e r i e n d a l , n o r m a t i v e , a n d a h s o l m e ) . I n inieresis o f space, I
k n o w disncuons a n d d i f f e r e n c e s w i i l n n r e a l i t y See Insighl, 513-14.
mus f o r e g o any d e t a i l e d discussion o f this m o r e c o m p l e x i i - e a i m e n i . ' f l i e 6 3 See Insight, 523.
n o r m a t i v e a n d a b s o k i i e d i m e n s i o n s o f t l i e n o t i o n o f objeciivi\ are i r e a i e d
6 4 L o n e r g a n i n t r o d u c e s his l e c h n i c a l t e n i i i n o l o g y o f "pi.sit.ions" a n d " c o i m L e r -
i m p l i c i t l y t l i r o u g l i o u i t l i e s e c i i o n . T h e j j r i n c i p a l n o t i o n o f o h j e c i i x i i y puus
p o s i t i o n s " r e g a r d i n g w h a i is real in Insighl. 4 1 3.
k n o w 4 e d g e o f self a n d k n o w l e d g e o f ie o t h e r o n t h e same f c x n i i i g , a n d
6.-, IbicL, 2 2 .
u n d e n n i n e s any p r i v i l e g i n g o f ' i n t e r i o r ' s e l f - k n o w l e d g e as p r i o r t o , a n d a
66 In s p e a k i n g c>fie atutudes o f o r d i n a i y pragmatic p e o p l e , I d o n o t i m e n d t o
f o i m d a t i o n o f k n o w l e d g e of. an " e x t e r i o r " o t h e r .
also i n c l u d e the posions o f t h e philosophei-s k n o \ \ T i ;LS pragmatists. F o r a t least
,| 1 MT, 2 9 2 ; sec also 2 6 5 .
s<.)nie ofthe.se phl<:)soiihers, l h e r e can be n o d i i e c i access l o j'ealil.)' f r o m w i i h i n
42 CS, 21 I , emphasis added.
iea.sonngas pragmatic-discursive. For ilie mosl e x i r e m e o f these, TIIII a n d realit)'
43 I b i d . , 213.
are n o m o r e and no less i b a n w l i a i piagmaiic-di.scursive le-.usoningarrives at.
44 1 u.se t h e t e r m " p r o b l e m a t i c " r a t h e r t h a n " p r o b l e m " to convey t h a t l h i s is not 67 T l i c n o t i o n o f i n t e f f e c i i i a l conversin will be di.scussed f u n h e r in c h a p i e r S.
o n e isolated p r o b l e m , b u t a c o m p l e x a n d i n t e r c o n n e c t e d sei o f p r o b l e m s . 1 ti8 L o n e i g a n refers 10 t h e " b o r r o w e d c o n i e n i s " o f j u d g i n g : see Insighl, 300-1.
a m i n d e b i e d f b r this use o f t h e l e r n i i f i M i c h a e i \ l i i i c k l e y S[, 69 Vednini. 1 9 2 .
4 5 f h i s is w h a t L o n e r g a n n i e a n i by iioriiiat\'e obJccii\'it)'; Insight, 404.-5. 70 See M o r e l l i , At the Threshold ofthe Haljway liouse. a n d .Vlalhews, Lonergan's
46 CS", 21 1, 2 1 3 .
Clue.st, 5 7 - 7 i ,
4 7 T l i i s is w h a t L o n e r g a n n i e a i i i b\ absoliiLe o h j e c i i v i t y ; Insighl. 4,02-4.
71 See CS, 2 1 8 .
48 Ibid., 372.
72 Ibid.
49 Ibid., 373.
73 insigln, 44.
5 0 S e e j e r o m e .Vliller, /// the TInve ofWondei: Intimotions of lhe Sacred in a f^o.st-
74 I b i d . , 5 2 3 , 6 9 5 . Lonergan'.s f u l l e r a c c o u n t o f r c a l i i y - b e i n g - i n c l u d e s
Modern World ( A l b a n y : SiaLe L'iiiversii.y o f N e w Y o r k Press, 1 9 9 2 ) .
d i s t i n c t i o n s between L r a n s c e n d e n t a n d p r o p o r t i o n a t e b e i n g , as well as t h e
5 I Insight, 375-6.
d i s t i n c t i o n s a m o n g several featiires o f p r o p o r t i o n a L e b e i n g t h a t can be
52 Ibid., 375,
anaiy/ed heuriscally H o w e v e r , diese f n n h e r disncuons w i l l be l a k c n u p in
5 3 T h e p r o b l e m o f s u s t a i n i n g c r i t i c i s m o f valu issues, as well as o n t o l o g i c a l
chapter 1 3 in their relaiions to lhe strucuii'e o f the h u i i i a i i good.
issues, w i l l be discussed i n t h e n e x t chapter.
75 /.v/g-///, 3 0 9 , e m p h a s i s a d d e d .
458 N o i e s l o pages 7 6 - 8 7 N c a c s 10 ] . a g c s H7-<IH 4:.')
conccitedness, anci Jane A n s i e n \vas well aware o f i h e difTerences. O n p r i d e as a 27 As A r i s t o d e p m s i l , " m a k i n g [f/oesis] a i m s a l a n e n d di.stinct f r o m 1 he acl
viruic a n d l h e deviaiions h o n i it, see A i i s i o d e , A7:, IV,^. i i 23334-1 12rja35. o f m a k i n g , whereas i n d o i n g \ t h e e n d c a n n o i he o i l u - r IIKIII lhe a i l
7 S i r i c i l y s p e a k i n g , Eli/abetli d i d laise a new q u e s i i o n I b i " valu j u d g m e n t - " I : iLself: d o i n g w e l l Ls i n i i s e l f i h e e n d " (.Arisiotle, \'F, V I . - , , i i . p ) b -,-l>).
m a r r i a g e trj D a r c y w o r t h w h i l e f o r n l e ? " - a n d she r e s p o n d e d 10 i t negatively 28 Insi^il, 6 2 4 .
However, t h e secpiel provides a m u c h clearer e x a m p l e o f h o w a new 29 O n d i e l i a b i l u a l d i m e n s i o n s o f o u r e t h i c a l b e h a v i o u r , see usighl, (i-j i - , | a n d
question emerges o n i o f habitual valuing. 6 4 3 - 7 ; f'"" u n e i h i c a l h a b i m a l i t i e s , .see 6 5 3 - 6 .
S A n s i e n , PcfP, 153. 3 0 Sl. Paul, Hoiiians. 7:18-19.
9 I b i d , , 71-2, 3 1 See .Vlichaet V e r h r i , '"|iidgnieiiis o f Valu f o r i h e i i e r L o n e r g a n , " Method:
10 I b i d - , 153. ournat of .ouergan Studies 1 3 ( 1 9 C ) f , ) : 22 1 - 4 8 , a n d " D e l i b e r a t i v e I n s i g h t
11 I b i d . , 155, e m p h a s i s i n d i e o r i g i n a l . Revisiled." u i i p n l i l i s h e d l e c i u r e d e l i v e r e d a l t h e West Coast M e i h o d s
I 2 I b i d . , 156. h i s t i t u i e , L o v o l a . M a r y m o i i m U n i v e r s i i y , 2 8 - 3 0 A p r i l 201 1, c o n i m u n i c a i c d
13 ALigusline, 6')fi/m/fj/j.. X . 3 3 , by l h e a u t h o r , c i t e d l i e r e a h e r as V e r t i n , " | u c l g m e i i t s , " a n d V e r t i n , " I n s i g h l , "
14 See c h a p t e r 5, s e c t i o n 5.7. respectively. T h e e a r l i e r a r t i c l e t e n d s t o focus m o r e o n raines o f possible
I 5 See A l e x i s d e T o c q u e v i l l e , Oeinonarx in mericn, trans. G e o r g e I -iwrence decisions 10 b e rnade, w h i l e i h e later o n e focuses o n j u d g m e m s o f valuc
( C a r d e n City, NY: A n c h o r l l o o k s , 1 gCn.)), h e r e a l i c r c i t e d as de T<ic<)uevi!le, a b o n t realities a l r e a d y a c t u a l i z e d . T h i s d i s i i n c i i o n ts n o t h a r d a n d fasi, as
Democracy, B e l l a h e l al., Habits, R o b e r t P u i n a m , imoling Ahne: The Collapse Verii e n v i s i o n s a delibei'ati\ process " d i a i l e r m i n a i e s i n a decisin 10
and Peidval of American Community ( N e w York: Simc>n a n d Sch usier, 2 0 0 0 ) ; enjoy i l i e a c t u a l valu" ( V e r i i n , " J u d g m e m s , " 2 3 9 ) , a n d p r e s u m a b l y f o r this
see also his e a r l i e i ' siiidy, Miihing Democrocy Work: Civic Trcalilions in Modern reason r^cgards b o t h as deliberative i n s i g h i s , W h i l e I d o a g r e e t h a i iher"e are
taly ( P r i n c e t o n , N|: P i i n c c t o n U n i v e r s i i y Press, 1 9 9 4 ) .
i n d e e d p r o f o u n d decisions 10 a c c e p i l h e valnes o f acmalil.ies n o i u f one's
1 6 See, or e x a m p l e , A l a s d a i r M a c i n t y r c , Afier Virtue ( N o t r e D a m e , I N : o w n m a k i n g , I also c o n t e n d i h a i d i e r e are \'alne r-efleciive proce.s.ses t h a t
U n i v e i " s i t y o f N o i r e D a m e Press, 1 9 8 1 ) , 2 3 - 4 . s i m p l ) ' l e r m i i i a i e i n i u d g i i i e n i s ol'valu w i t h o u i aii\ i n m i e d i a i e necessiiy o f a
1 7 Insight, 3 0 9 . decisin 10 a c c e p t those vales. See also V e r t i n , " I n s i g h l , " ri 1 1.
15 See also i b i d . , 6 3 4 . 32 V e r t i n . " | i i d g n i c n L s . " 231. T h e c o n t e x t o f this r e m a r k m a k e s i l clear i h a i
19 See c h a p t e r 2, s e c t i o n 2.4.4. "c///fic//w;cognition" means a f e e l i n g i h a i is a n nlem.i(.)nal response 10 valne.
20 J a n e A n s i e n , Northanger Abbey ( N e w York: B a m a n i B o o k s , 198-,). T h i s 3 3 M o r e precisely, " i h e c o n d i t i o n 10 w h i c h i h e l i n k c o n n e c i s t h e h y p o i h e i i c a l l y
e p i s o d e a n d all q u o i e s are t a k e n f r o m c h a p t e r 1 i . t r u e j n d g n i e i u . o f v a l n e is n o t s i n i p h ' e x p e r i e n t i a l data b m , m o r e i i a n - o w l y
2 I Ibid., 66-7. t h e data oconsciousness lhat are m v positive feelings t o w a i ' d i h e reality
22 I n c h a p t e i " I 1, f o l l o w i n g L o n e r g a n , I a r g i i e i h a i vales a r e always c o n c r e t e . whose valu I a m w o n d e r i n g a b o u t ; a n d t h e fullllnient o f i h a i c o n d i t i o n is
T h i s nieans t h a t each new a u t h e n i i c decisin aclualizes a new, c o n c r e t e my c o n c r e t e e x p e r i e n c e o f tho.se f e e l i n g s " ( V e r t i n , " I n s i g l n , " 9 ) .
\'alue. I n t h i s case, t h e t r i a l c a l l e d f o r t h e a c t u a l i / a t i o n o f a n e w valu, a n e w 34 V e r t i n . " J u d g m e n t s , " 2 3 2 - 3 .
i n s i a i i c e o f t h e valu o f j u s t i c e . W h i l e o u r u i a l clid n o t crate a d r a m a t i c a l l y 35 See c h a p l e e i o.
i m i o v a i i v e new d e p a r t u r e i n t h e r e a l m o f justice as is p c n t r a y e d , br 3 b V e r t i n " J u d g n i e n t s , " 235 a n d 2 4 3 , a n d V e r t i n , " h i s i g h t , " 7 - 8 a n d 1 1.
e x a m p l e , i n .Aescyleus' Eumenides, i t was nevenheless a n i n s t a n c e o f \ilue 37 V e r t i n " I n s i g h l , " 13. *
n o t p i e v i o u s l y actualized c o i i c i e l e l y . 38 See c h a p t e r 4 , s c c n o n 4.7.
23 Recall t h a t " W h a t s h o u l d 1 d o ? " is a c o m p a c t f o r m i d a i i o n o f d i r c e closely
r e l a t e d q u e s i i o n s : "W'hat c o u l d I d o ? , " "Is i l w o r t h w h i l e f o r m e 10 d o it?," 8 H o r i z o n s o f Feelings, Conversin, a n d O b j e c t i v i t y
and " S h o u l d I d o it?"
24 See, f b r e x a m p l e , E u g e n e T. G e n d l i i i , Focusing (New Y o r k : B a m a m Books, 1 .Vlax Weber, "Science as a V o c a t i o n , " i n 'rom Max Weher: Fssays in Sociology, eti,
19S1). Hans H . G e r i h a n d C. V\righi M i l l s ( N e w York: O x l ' o r d U n i v e r s i i y Picw, 1946),
25 T h e g o o d s t h a t are b i o u g h t a b o u t by p e r f o r m a n c e o f e i h i c a l i n i e n i i o n a l i i y 129-56. T h e subtleties o f Weber's o w n a c c o u n t o f t h e fact/value d i s t i n c l i o n
w i l l be e x p l o r e d in g r e a i e r d e t a i l i n c h a p t e r s 1 1 a n d i 2. are n o l always appi'ecialed by all w h o cite h i m i n s u p p o r t o f t h e i r views,
26 See nsighl, 4 2 . 2 ns'igit, 5 2 3 ; aLso 4 1 3 .
468 N'oies l o pages 2 0 8 - 2 1 N o i e s 10 page.s 22:l-.'n ir)9
4 9 M'l\.
13 I b i d . , 77, e m p h a s i s a d d e d .
50 Ibid., 32.
14 For a m o r e d e i a i l e d discussion, see P a i r i c k H . B y r n e , " W h i c h Scale o f Valu
5 1 i b i d . , 2 4 0 . VVe w i l l r e u i r n l o l h e siages o f d e v e l o p n i e n i o f m o r a l conversin Preference? L o n e r g a n , Scheler, v o n H i l d e b r a n d a n d D o r a n , " n Meauiiigatid
i n c h a p t e r 1 1, s e c t i o n 1 1 .fi. T h e r e l h e c o n n e c i i o n beiu-een i h e levis i n Histoiy iu Svstematic Theology: Essays iu Honor of Robert M. Doran, S.J., e d . J o h n
l h e siT-uciure o f d i e h u m a n g o o d a n d t h e siages o f m o r a l conversin w i l l Dadosky (.Vlihvaukee. W I : M a r q u e t i e U n i v e r s i i y Press, 2 0 0 9 ) , 1 9 - 4 9 .
be e x ] i I o r e d . Ai d i e lowesl siage, w h a i L o n e r g a n c a l l e d " p a r t i c u l a r g o o d s " 15 M V , 3 1 ,
l i m c u o n as i h e b i g l i e s i goods f o r h u m a n choice. i \ i r i i c u l a r g o o d s i n c l u d e , I (.i A f u l l e r c r i i i c a l e n g a g e i n e n i w i l h l l i e h o s i o f o i h e r f o n i u d a i i o n s o f .scales
b u l g o b e y o n d , olijecis o f s o n i a u c pleasnre a n d c o m f o i a , a n d p a i l i c L i l a i ' lis o f v a l n e p i i o r i i y falls 10 a i n n c l i l a r g e r s c h o l a d y p r q j e c i i h a i w o u l d be
i n c l u d e , b u l g o b e y o n d , objecis o f s o m a i i c p a i n a n d d i s u i r b a n c e . f a c i l i c u e d bv d i e n i e i l i o d (.if eihics l l i a i s e x p l o r e d i n i h e fhral c l i a p i e r s o f
52 /WV, 240.
lilis hook.
5 3 I h i d . . 2 9 2 ; sec also 2 ( 1 5 . 17 Schc\cr, l'orimd/sm/Values. 100,
5 4 A u g u s t i n e , Confesshms, V I I . 12. See also, " e v i l is n o d i i n g b u t d i e r c m o v a l o f 18 I b i d . , 1 0 3 - 1 10.
good u n d i Ilnally n o t h i n g good remains" (III.7). 19 I b i d . , 108. L o n e r g a n o f c o n r s e assigns a m u c h h i g h e r ( c u l i u r a l ) valu t o
55 Ibid., VI 1.12-13. s c i e i i d l i c / c x p l a n a i o r y k n o w l e d g e , becau.se f o r h i m i i is n o t reducble 10 ils
5O I b i d . , V H . 1 8 . lechnological applicaUons in " c o n t r o l l i n g " nature.
57 Rosemary H a u g l u o n . The Tramfarmation ofMan: A Study of Conversin aud 2 0 Ibid., 93.
Chuntnnly ( S p r i n g h e l d , I L : T e m p l e g a t e . 19S0), 3 8 . 21 See, f o r e x a m p l e . v o n H i l d e b r a n d , CE, 2 3 7 , 2 3 9 .
5 8 l'vodoi- D o s i o e v s k y e p i l o g u e l o Crime aml Puiiishnumt, uans. Conslance 22 I b i d . . 6 4 - 7 I .
G a r n e u (NY: R a n d o n i House, I n c . , 1 9 9 4 ) , 2.62S. 23 I b i d . , 4 0 , 4 3 .
5 9 A n s i e n , l'fP, ' - ' 7 ' " ' - 7 .
24 I b i d . , 4 0 .
60 MT, 64.
25 I b i d . , 136.
61 lbid.,6G-7.
26 M V , 3 1 .
27 I b i d . See c h a p i e r s 11 a n d 1 2 f o r a f u l l e r discu.ssion o f " t h e g o o d o f o r d e r . "
62 D o r a n , " T w o Ways o f H e i n g C o n s c i o u s , " I - L 8 .
28 A/V,32.
2 9 Flanagan, The Quest, 2 0 2 .
9 J u d g m e n t s o f C o m p a r a t i v e Valu
3 0 MI', 3 2 .
3 i See also his De Redemptioue, so<.ni t o b e p u b l i s h e d i n y o l u m e 9 o f Collecled
1 MT, 3 6 .
Works ofiiei-nard Lomngan, i r a n s l a i e d a n d e d i t e d by R o b e r i J . D o r a n a n d
2 R o b e r i N i s b e i , The Quest for Cammunity (Umdon: Oxor Univei-siiy Press,
j e r e n i y W i l k i n s , cied h e r e a f i e r as De Redemplione Drafl. I a m g r a i e f u l t o
1 9 5 3 ) ' '-1'-'. q u o n g v o l . 2 o f H e g e l ' s Aesthelics. See also R o l i e r i R. VMlIiams,
R o b e n D o r a n , SJ, f o r m a k i n g l i l i s d r a f l a\'ailable 10 m e .
.liegel'sEthics of Recogiiilhu (IJerkeley: U n i v e i i i y o f C a l i f o r n i a Press, 1997), 348.
3 /'/,v/4'-/i, 4 6 S - 9 : see also 195. 32 Insighl, 26 I .
4 G e o r g e E l i o u Middlemarch ( N e w Y o r k : B a n i a i n Books, 1 9 9 2 ) . 267; c i i e d 3 3 /V/7', 104.
h e r e a f i e r as E l i o i , Middieinarch. 3 4 C r o n i n , Valu Eihics, 164. See also P a t r i c k f l , Byrne, " M o r a l V a l n e , Personal
;j I b i d . , 27. Valiic a n d H i s t o r y , " Lonergan Workshop -fy ( 2 0 1 3 ) : 1 3 - 5 2 .
O Ibid., 538. 3 5 See Flanagan, The Quiisl, oo-\.
7 Ibid., 5 9 1 . 3 6 Even l h e p e r s o n a l valu o f a n o i h e r p e r s o n is realized i n s o m e o f o u r choices
8 Ibid., 595. a n d courses o f a c t i o n , as w h e n we s t a n d u p f o r t h e d i g n i t y o f a n o i h e r p e r s o n
9 Ibid., 762. o r love t h a l p e r s o n uncondionally T h i s w i l l be e x p l o r e d f u r t h e r i n l h e
1 o See .Vlax Scheler, ''Ordo Amoris," i n Selected Philosophical Essays ( E v a n s i o n , I L : n e x l chapter.
N o r i h w e s i e r n U n i \ e r s i i y Press, 1 9 7 3 ) , 9 8 - 1 3 5 . 3 7 Scheler also makes d i i s d i s u n c t i o n , b u i does n o i i n i e g r a i c i i w i t h i h e
i 1 Scheler, Resseutimeut, r,S. s e l f - i r a n s c e n d i n g d y n a m i s m o f e t h i c a l i n q u i r y a n d responses ibat I h;ive
1 2 Ibid., 73. d e v e l o p e d h e r e a n d i n c h a p i e r 7. See Scheler, l'ormalism/Values, 27-9.
472 N o i e s l o ]3ages 2 6 4 - 7 5 N o u s l o |)iiges 27;'.-8H 173
7 i h i d . , II.3 i 1 0 5 5 4 - 9 .
7 l l is f o r i b i s rea.sc>n that Flanagan emphasizes t h e i m p o n a n c e o f
8 Stit.- P a u i c k l-l. l i y n u ; , "Plirovsisu\d CommonsenseJudgnicm: Aristotle inid undentandingfeelings. See F l a n a g a n , The Quest, 1 9 9 .
l o n e r g a n o n .Moral W i s d o m , " Virtues and Virtue Tlienes: Pmceetliugs ojt/ie
Ameticmi Caiholic Philosophe.al Associaliou 71(1 9 9 7 ) : 1 63-77- 11 T h e H u m a n G o o d Descnbed
9 K a n t . CyV/A7,9and 1 4-1 (i <397 a n d 4 0 1 - 4 > .
10 Sec " O n a SLippo.sed R i g h t L O L i e liecause o f P l i i J a n i l i r o p i c C o n c e r n s , " KaiM, 1 nsighl, 374.
CMM, 6 3 - 6 7 . <425-30>.
2 I b i d , , 372 a n d 3S4.
I I l l l s o m e cases, ofcour-se. wc may objectively j u d g e t h a t t h e r e is m o r e t h a n 3 I b i d . , 28. F o r details, see Topics, 3 3 - 4 1, a n d V/7', 4 7 - 5 2 .
o n e p o s s i b l e course ol" a c t i o n t h a t w o u l c l be v a l u a b l e f o r us 10 d o , t h o u g h
4 "The Subjeci," 83.
l h i s is less fi"ec|uem i b a n is u s u a l l y stipposed. I n s i i c i i cases, o n e siill has t o 5 C r o n i n , Valu lthics, 164, a n d Byrne, " M o r a l Vale, Pei"SonaI Valu a n d H i s u n y . "
c h o o s e a m o n g t h e c>ptions. since i s n o t po.ssible 10 d o i h e m a l l , a n d i l is
T h e s u r d w i t h i n a n i n d i v i d u a f s life is p a r a l l e l 10 w h a i L o n e r g a n refers t o as
noL e t h i c a l t o d o n o n e . I n l h e e n d , t h e s i r u c t u r e o f e i h i c a l i m e n i i o n a l i t y
" l h e .social s u r d . " See nsight, 2 5 5 - 7 .
shifis, t h e n , t o ask, " A m o n g t h e several possible e t h i c a l l y w o r t h w h i l e t h i n g s
7 B e r n a r d L o n e r g a n , Grace and 'leedom: Operative Cruce in tie Thoughl ofSt.
10 d o , w h i c h o n e s h o u l d 1 d o , since 1 k n o w 1 mus c h o o s e one--" H e r e very
Thomas Aquinas, v o l . 1 o f Collecled Works nf Bernaal l.onergan, ed. Frederick
s u b i l e g r a d a i i o n s in o u r scale o f vales c o m e f o n v a r d t o g u i d e these e i h i c u l
F.. C r o w e a u d R o b e r t M . D o r a n ( T o r o n t o ; U n i v e r s i i j ' o f T o r o n t o Press,
rellections a n d delilieraiicms.
2 0 0 ) ; nsighl, c h a p t e r 20; B e r n a r d L o n e r g a n , " T h e S u p e r n a t u n i l O r d e r "
12 See c h a p i e r s 1 1 a n d 12. [ t r a n s l a t i o n < >!" /> Ente Supernalurali: Supptementum srhematicum], trans.
I 3 T h e s e steps are o u i l i n e d by Martn L u i l i e r R i n g |r. i n his " L e i i e r IVom M i c h a e l G. S l i i e l d s , i n vol. 1 9 o f Collecled Worlis of Hernard Lonergan, e d .
a B i r m i n g h a m J a i l , " i n j a n i e s M , W a s h i n g t o n ( e d . ) . A Test o men I of Hope: R o b e r t S^. D o r a n a n d H . D a n i e l M o n s o u r ( T o i x i n t o : U n i v e r s i i y o f T o r o n i o
The Essential Writings and Speec/ies of Martin l.uther King. /: (San f r a n c i s c o ; Press, ,'( 11), 5 3 - 2 5 5 . F o r t h e d e v e l o p m e n t . see |. M i c h a e l S t e b b i n s , The
H a i p e i C o l I i n s , 1991), 2 8 9 - 3 0 2 . Divine Inilialive: (hace, World-Order and Human Ereedom in the Early Writings of
14 1 a m g i a i e f u l t o C h r i s t o p h e r B e r g e r f o r poinng o u i t h e i m p o n a n c e o f Hernard Lonergan ( T o r o n i o : U n i v e r s i i y o f T o r o n i o Press, 1995).
i n c l u d i n g these r e m a r k s o n civil d i s o b e d i e n c e ,
8 A/7". 4 8 .
I 5 A m e i h o d fui* a p p r o a c h i n g i l i e c r i t i c a l e v a l u a t i o n o f laws a n d instimons 9 1 a m u s i n g t h e l e r m s "social e c o s y s i e m " o r " e t h i c a l c c o s y s t e m " i n place o f
w i l l b e c o n s i d e r e d i n c h a p i e r s 15 a n d 1 . l h e u a d i t i o n a l phrase " t b c c o m m o n g o o d . " T l n s is because " l h e c o m m o n
16 F o r a m u c h m o r e c o m p l e l e a n d e s p e c i a l l v i i i s i g h t f i d s t u d y o f L o n e r g a n ' . t gCM)d " is all t o o f r e q u e n t l y d i o u g h i o f n an a b s i r a c i wav, as a c o n c e p t o r
nd e r st andi ng o f a u i h e n t i c i t y i n c o m p a r i s o n w i i l i t h e i n n u e n t i a l p l a n , whereas " e c o s y s i e m " e m p h a s i z e s l h e c o m p l e x a n d ccjncrete p a t i e r n s
a c c o u n i s o f f e r e d by M a r t i n H e i d e g g e r a n d C h a r l e s T a v l o r . see B r i a n J . o f i i i i e r d e p e n d e i i c e that make u p every instance o f l h e l i i m i a n g o o d life
B r a m a n , Meaning and Autheniicity: Bernard Lonergan and Charles Tayloron
in c o m m o n . A l s o , "ecosysiem" a i lea.sl i m p l i e s situaiedness i n an o n g o i n g
lhe Drama of Auiheniic Human Existence (Toronto: Universiiy o f Toronto
e v o i n t i o n a n ' process {see n e x i s e c t i o n ) , whereas " t h e c o m m e m g o o d " tends
Press, 2 0 0 8 ) .
to be i h o u g h t o f i n a liniele.ss f a s h i o n . j a n e Jacobs o b j e c i e d 10 t h e phrase
17 CS'. 208.
" t h e c o m t i i o n g o o d " because it r e m i n d e d f i e r of" t h e way R o b e r t Mcwes
18 MT, 38.
p l a m i e d l h e " g o o d " f o r t h e ciiizen*of" New York Cilv, a " g o o d " t h a t became
1 9 Insighl, 4 6 1 .
a n all-too-real i i i g h t m a r e . Sec |acobs, response 10 B y r n e , Eihics in Making a
20 .'V/7; 38.
.iving, ed. F r e d L a w r e n c e ( C h i c o . C,A: Scholars Pi^ess, 1 9 8 9 ) , 186-7.
2 1 F r i e d r i c h N i e l / s c l i e , Beyond Cood and Evil. i n The Basic Writings of Nietzsche, 10 See usighl, 2 3 4 - 4 4 .
irans. a n d e d . V\alter K a i i n u a i m ( N e w 'i'ork: ' f b e Moclei'n I . i b r a i y , 1968), 279. 1 1 A i 7" 4 8 - 5 2 . A series o f p r o v i s i o n a l versions o f t h e s t r u c t u r e o f t h e h u m a n
22 Topics, 217. g o o d s i r e i c h f r o m L o n e r g a n ' s essay " F i n a i i i y , Love, . M a r r i a g e , " i n v o l . 4 o f
23 nsighl, 3. Collecled Worhs of Hernard Lonergan, 1 7 - 5 2 , i h i x n i g h t o nsighl, 6 1 9 - 2 i , a n d
24 See F l a n a g a n , The Quest, 199.
Topics 3 3 - 4 3 .
25 See c h a p i e r s 1 1 a n d 13.
1 2 Tapies, 2 8 - 7 8 .
a 6 See c h a p i e r 4, s e c i i o n 4.2.
13 I b i d . , 33.
476 \ o t c s t u pages 3 1 9 - 3 3 Notes t o pages 3 3 3 - 4 1 477
4 I See Ivo C o c l l i o . Hermciiculics aml Meihod: The Uiiiveisal Vieopoinl. io ieniard way o f c o n u a s t , says I.<:mergan, w h e n this elVori is m a d e by s o m e o n e l a c k i n g
l.onergan ( T o r o n t o : U n i v e r s i i y o f T o r o n i o Press, 2 0 0 1 ) ; c i i e d h e r e a f i e r as i n c o n v e i ' s i o n , the r e s u l l w-ill " p r e s e n t t h e pasl as worse t h a n i t really was"
Coelho, HfM ( i b i d . ) . F o r e x a m p l e s t h a i i n d i c a t e w h a i L o n e r g a n w o u l d m e a n by e v a l u a t i v e
42 Paul Ricoeur, Oneself as Anoiher {Ch\a\^{y. Univcrsicy o f Chicago Press, 1992). h i s t o i y t h a t "is b e i t e r i b a n i t r e a l l y was." see B e r n a r d L o n e r g a n , T/ie Way
9 /V/7, 2 3 3 .
l I b i d . , 24b.
i 1 See c h a p t e r S.
1 2 MT, 245.
i 3 L o n e r g a n even c l a i m s l h a i "specialized r e s e a r c h " w i l l also be a l f e c t e d by t b c
c o n v e r s i o n s o r i h e lack t h e r e o f . See i b i d . , 24,6-7.
14 See i b i d . , 257-2.
1 L o n e r g a n idemies a n d describes ihese p r o c e d u r e s : Assembly, Complelion,
Comparison, Reducon, Classificaon, a n d Seleciion. See i b i d . , 2 4 9 - 5 0 ,
16 I b i d . , 2 4 9 .
i 7 F o r f u r t h e r i l l u s t r a i i o n s , see /V/7', 2 5 3 - 6 6 , a n d nsighl, 4 1 3 - 1 4 .
Index
a n a l o g o u s . 148, 152, 154, 347, 3 7 7 , 404 a u t h e n t i c i t y , 2 0 . 37, .56. 65. 73, 100. 1 b i o l o g i c a l . (3(3-70. 151, 153, 1 7 7 , 2 6 1 , 3 4 8 - 9 . 3 5 6 . 3(30-3, 365. 3 7 0 - 2 . HU.
analog)', 6 1 . 2 1 5 , 217, 373. 37.5-7, 4 0 0 . 2 1 1 , 2 1 9 , 2 9 3 - 4 , 29(3, 314, 3 1 9 . 3 2 1 , 2 7 1 , 319, 3.54, 3 6 8 , 3 7 1 , 3 7 8 - 9 . 3 8 1 , 417, 419, 441
404, 4 0 6 - 7 , 409 339, 3 4 3 , 3.53, 3 7 1 , 423. 4 3 2 . 4 4 0 , 390-6, 400-3 chooser, 2 9 7 - 3 0 2 . 3 0 1 - 4 , 3 4 2 . 344, 3(33.
analysis, 35. 4 1 - 2 , 46, 5 2 - 4 , 6 3 . 9 7 , 443, 4 4 5 bodily 42-3, 45, 110-11, 122-3,125, 42.3, 443
! i : ^ l 6 , 118, 132, 1.39, 142, 1 5 1 , a u t o n o m o u s , 380, 3 9 0 - 2 , 4 0 0 - 1 1 2 9 - 3 1 , 13.3-4, 148, 154. 176, 295, c h o o s i n g , 16, 2 1 , 24, 2 6 , 29, .32-3,
159-60, 167, 1 7 0 - 1 , 194, 2 0 9 - 1 0 , 2 1 7 , - a u t o n o m y 102, 2 9 3 - 4 3 2 3 , 3 4 6 . 3 5 5 , 3 5 9 , 3 8 0 - 1 , 402 9 7 . 1 0 9 - 1 4 , 116, 196, 1 9 8 . 2 1 1 - 1 3 .
234, 237, 2.39, 242, 252, 278, 2 8 7 , aversin, 119, 1 3 2 - 5 , 154, .364 b o d y 45, .53, 1 10, 120, 122-7, 1 3 0 - 2 , 227, 2 3 1 , 2 3 5 , 2 3 9 , 2 4 2 - 3 , 2 4 5 ,
318, 369, 414, 416, 4 2 1 . 4 3 4 , 4 3 6 aware, 2 1 , 23, 3 1 , 49, 5 9 - 6 0 , 79, 8 7 . 12:'', 1.34. 151, 156, 1 8 3 , 3 2 4 , 2 3 7 , 245, 248, 2(35 , 2 7 0 - 1 , 2 77 , 2 8 1 , 2 8 8 - 9 ,
a M i i c i p a l i o i i , 25, 102, 286 137, 144. 148, 151, 156, 1 7 2 - 4 , 179. 292, 3 4 7 . 3 5 5 , 3 5 9 , 3 8 0 - 1 , 395 295, 2 9 7 - 3 0 2 , 3 1 0 , 3 1 3 , 315, 3 2 0 ,
A p p i a h , A n t h o n y , 425 182, 2 1 0 , 2 1 3 , 328, 360, 3 6 2 - 3 , .397-8. lioyle, G r e g o r y , 2(3(3-7 3 2 6 , 3 4 3 , 3 4 6 . .353, 3.59-63. 3(35-6,
a p p r e h e n s i o n , 13. 143, 152, 1 7 4 , 2 2 0 , 407, 418, 437 Biaman. lirian, 474 3 7 0 - 1 , 3 7 3 , 3 7 5 , 3 7 7 , 380, 3 9 8 . 4 0 5 ,
318, 3 4 0 , .351,442 B r u e g g e m a n n , V\alici-, 482 408,419
awareness, 16, 2 2 , 3 2 - 3 , 3 5 , 4 8 , 5 0 , H,
.Aquinas, T h o m a s . 3 0 - 1 , 33. 76, 1 3 9 - 4 1 , B u c k l e y .Vlichael, 4 2 6 . C l n i s t i a n , 14, 2 0 - 3 , 3 4 , 219, 2 2 1 , 2 2 6 ,
6 1 , 7 3 , 8 1 , 8 . 3 , 8 7 , 108, 1 2 3 . 1 2 7 - 8 .
416-17 Byrne, P a i r i c k , 4 0 6 - 7 2.53, 3 7 4 , 4 0 0 , 4 0 9 , 4 4 5
133-4, 137. 142-3, 146, 157, 170, 182.
A r i s i o t l e , 5, 1.V14, 1 7 - 2 4 , 3 3 - 5 , 133, c i r c u m s t a n c e s , 24, 37, 40. 44, 101,
189, 2 0 2 , 2 1 4 , 2 6 7 - 8 , 283, 2 9 8 , 3 0 1 ,
143, 194, 2 8 7 - 8 . 33-4. 306, 4 0 3 . 441 c a p a c i t y 2 1 - 3 , 2 9 , 4 6 , 5 8 , 60, 6 2 . 6 4 , 10.3-4, 166, 170, 172, 175, 1 8 2 - 3 . 190,
31 1, 359, 397, 417, 424
.\rrhcnius, Svante. 101 75, 101, 120, 126, 141, 146, 1.50, 1(36, 195, 200, 245, 2.50-1, 2(30, 2(35, 2 7 3 - 4 .
Aagiisne, 2 3 4 , 236 liecker. C a i l , 4 3 4 - 5 2 0 2 . 2 2 1 , 2 2 8 , 2 4 6 , 249, 2 6 3 - 4 , 2 7 7 , 2 7 6 - 7 , 2 9 0 , 2 9 2 . 2 9 5 , 30(3, 3 1 9 , 3 9 6 .
a n e n d , 6 5 , 8 1 , 146, 148, 166, 1 7 8 , 2 1 0 , lieer, Peter, 8 7 283, 299, 3 i 7, 3 4 4 - 5 . 348. 355, .384, 4 0 1 - 3 , 4(J8, 419
214. 2 4 4 , 2 4 6 - 7 . 2 7 0 - 1 , 2 7 6 . 3 7 5 iiefimUichkeil, 1.34. 237 39(3,406,439 cla.ssical. 3 7 4 . 3 9 0 , 392
attending, 15.80-2, 182,216,221,243, b e i n g : n o t i o n of, 2 1 1 , 2 1 5 - 1 8 , 2 2 2 . C a r o , R)bei"t, 4 6 5 C o e l h o , Ivo, 4 2 8
2 4 7 - 8 , 2 5 7 , 2 7 1 , 282, 300, 338, 4 4 3 374, 3 7 7 , 4 1 6 - 1 7 : p i o p o i l i o n a t e , c a t e g o r i c a l , 2 9 0 . 420 c o g n i t i o n . 3, .5-6, 13, 3 4 - 5 , 3 8 - 4 1 .
a i t c n i i o n . 4 - 5 , 1 4 - 1 7 , 23, 29, 32, 4 1 - 3 , 333-41, 355,357-8, 361-72, 418-20; cause, 2 7 - 8 , 3 0 , 5 1 , 64, 78, 1 1 0 - 1 1 , 4 6 - 7 , 49, 5 4 - 6 1 , 64. 6 8 - 9 , 7 1 - 2 , 7 4 ,
45, 4 7 , 5 0 , 5 3 , 57, 69, 73, 75, 7 9 - 8 2 . transcendent, 370-4 121-2, 138, 2 2 5 . 247, 372, 374, 431 7 6 - 7 , 7 9 - 8 4 , 8(3-9, 9 0 - 1 , 9 5 - 8 , 100,
8 4 - 8 , 9 0 , 112, 127-8, 130, 145, 160, b e i n g - i n - l o v e , 8, 32, 34, 1(33, 216, chai-acicr, 7, 2 4 , 6 3 , 125, 139. 1(30, 162, 102-3, 105, 1 1 1 , 117, 144. 1 6 1 , 199.
163-6, 174, 178, 1 8 1 - 2 , 185, 187, 192, 2 1 8 - 2 7 , 2 2 9 , 232, 236, 2.38-9, 2 4 1 , 164, 172-4, 186,217,224,2.34,238, 21 1, 225, 229, 256, 273, 285, 295,
202, 2 1 0 , 2 1 6 , 2 2 1 , 2 4 2 - 4 , 247, 253, 2.54, 2 6 4 - 9 , 283, 29.5-6, .302-3, 3 0 5 - 6 , 2 4 9 - 5 1 . 2(32. 2 8 7 , 329. 363, 439 297, 2 9 9 - 3 0 0 , 309, 33.3-9, 3 4 1 , 3 5 5 ,
2.o5, 2.58, 26(3-7, 269, 2 7 1 , 278, 2 8 2 - 3 , 31.3-14, 3 2 1 , .343-4. 375. 3 7 7 , 3 8 3 - 7 , c h e m i c a l . 129, 2 2 3 . .390-4. 396, 4 0 0 , 363, 369, 4 1 4 - 1 5 , 4 18, 4 3 6 - 7 , 44 1,
.303, .30.5-6, 315, 360, 369. 383, 3 8 6 - 7 , 399, 427, 430. 439, 447 402 443-4, 446
409, 4 2 7 , 4 4 7 belief, 29, 1 1 4 - 1 6 , 177, 294, .345, 423 c h o i c e , 9. 13, 19-21.25,34,9.5-7. c o g n i t i o n a l s t r u c t u r e , 38, 4 1 , 5 6 - 9 , 6 1 ,
a n e n i i v e , 1 5 , 6 5 . 7 3 , 8 1 , U O , 127, 157, believe, 38, 5 7 , (34, 9(3-7, 106, 1 1 4 - 1 6 , 107. 1 1 0 - 1 4 , 1 16, 120. 1(33. 192. 64, 6 8 - 9 , 7 1 - 2 , 7 4 , 7 6 - 7 . 80, 8 2 - 3 ,
187, 2 1 6 . 2 4 6 , 445 171-4, 188, 202, 244, 2 8 1 - 2 , 2 8 4 , 294, 1 9 4 - 5 , 2 1 1 - 1 3 . 2 1 8 . 220, 2 2 5 , 2 2 9 , 8 6 - 7 . 8 9 , 9 1 . 9 5 , 9 7 - 8 , 100, 1 0 2 - 3 ,
A u g u s t i n e , 4 4 . 133, 175, 2.34-6, 2 5 3 418, 4 2 2 , 4 4 5 231, 245, 258, 264, 2 6 8 - 9 , 297, 299, 105, 1 1 1 , 117. 22.5,285, 297, 2 9 9 - 3 0 0 ,
A n s i e n , j a n e , 172-6. lS'1-7, 2 3 6 . 2 8 0 b e l i e v i n g , 6, 82, 106, I 1.5-16, 294, 317, 3 0 1 . 304. 3 1 0 - 1 2 , 314-16, 319, 332, 3 3 3 - 4 , 3 3 7 - 9 , .341, 3.55. .369, 415, 418,
a u t h e n t i c , 6 - 7 . 1(3-17, 37, 5 6 , Q'i-o, 67, 430 3 4 0 - 2 . 3 4 9 - 5 0 , 355, .359-63, 3 6 5 . 436-7, 443-4
7 2 - 3 , 77, 1 0 2 - 4 , 1 12, 1 3 0 - 1 , 155, 177, l i e l l a h , R o b e r t . 178 3 6 9 - 7 0 , 3 7 2 , 3 7 7 , 400, 402, 4 1 9 . c o i n c i d e n t a l , 42, l l l , 3 9 1 - 2
202, 207, 2 2 1 - 2 , 224, 2 2 7 - 8 , 230, b e l o v e d , 26, 154. 160, 219, 265, 2 6 7 - 8 , 4 2 1 , 4 4 0 , 44 7 c o l l a b o r a t i o n , 115, 2 3 7 , 3 1 0 - 1 1 , 3 8 4 .
2.33-4, 2 6 3 , 2 6 5 - 6 , 2 6 8 - 9 . 2 7 4 , 2 8 1 , 301 choose, 1 9 - 2 0 , 2 4 , 9 ( 3 , 112, 19.3-4, 198. 409,425
2 8 8 - 9 , 2 9 3 - 4 , 298, 304, 310, 3 1 2 , B e r g s o n , H e n r i , 44 2 0 1 , 2 1 1 , 2 1 5 , 2 2 8 - 9 , 2.3.3, 2 4 1 - 2 , c o m m o n sense, 38, 4 8 , 6 9 - 7 0 . 1 0 0 - 2 .
3 1 4 - 1 5 , 3 1 8 , 320, .344. 346, 352, 35(3, Beiinisslseinsiiihalle, 57-8, 67 2 4 4 - 5 , 248, 260, 2(34, 270, 2 7 3 - 4 , 104, 107, 130, 148, 171. 184, 2 8 2 - 3 ,
365, .368, 384, 396, .399, 4 2 4 . 4 3 1 , bias, 35. 6 4 - 6 , 101-2, 108. 1 3 1 - 2 , 2 3 3 , 2 8 2 . 289, 2 9 7 , 2 9 9 - 3 0 0 , .302-3, 3 0 6 , 283, 2 8 9 , 2 9 1 - 2 , 316. 319, .320. 4 1 6 .
4.34, 4 3 6 , 4 4 5 , 447 275, 2 8 1 , 2 9 2 , 306, 320, 353, 4 2 3 - 4 3 1 0 - 1 1 , 3 1 3 - 1 5 , 3 2 1 , 340, 3 4 2 - 4 , 422-4. 433-4, 436
492 Index Index 493
c o m m u n i i y , 2 0 - 2 , 30, 33, 04, 6S, 8 7 - 8 , I l O - l I , 120, 125, 127, 129, 138-9, 1 12, I 14, 12.3-4, 126. 14fJ-l, 177, consciOLisness, 4. 72, 84, 8 6 - 8 ; of
J 7 S - 9 , 2 2 6 , 245, 2 4 8 - 9 . 2 5 1 , 2 6 1 - 2 , 143, 157, 1 6 1 , 1 6 4 - 6 , 188, 2 1 7 , 2 1 9 . 2 0 0 - 1 , 2 0 8 - 9 , 21.5-16, 223. 2 2 5 . 2 3 6 , sense, 72, 8 4 . 106, 404
266, 2 7 5 , 2 9 2 , 306, 3 4 9 - 5 0 , 3 5 3 . 2 2 1 , 2 3 7 , 2 3 9 , 247, 253, 2(54-6, 252, 2.58, 2 6 3 , 2 9 9 , .3.3(5-7, 376, -382, d e c i d e , 22, 3 1 , 9 2 , 9(5, 113, 193-4,
402-3, 406, 423. 432-4, 447 2 9 9 - 3 0 0 , 4 0 4 - 5 . 413, 4 1 8 , 4 2 0 , 4 2 8 390, .39(5, 4 0 6 - 7 , 4 1 0 , 4 2 1 , 4 3 7 , 4 4 6 - 7 197-8, 2 1 2 , 2 2 8 - 3 0 , 2 3 2 - 3 , 2 4 3 , 2 4 5 ,
c o m p a r a t i v e valu, udgment o f . 8, 157,' consciousnesses, 29, 32, 8 3 , 112. 143, c o r r e c i i n g , 4, 5 4 , 6 3 - 5 , 90, 9 2 , 100. ! 4 0 , 247, 2 7 3 - 4 , 2 7 6 , 2 9 4 , 297, 300. 3 6 2 ,
180, 194, 2 4 1 - 3 , 245, 2 4 7 - 5 1 , 2 5 3 , 167, 252, 2 5 5 , 276. 414 183, 223, 2 7 4 - 5 , .346, 3 7 6 , 4 1 4 , 4 3 2 - 3 380,382, 403,413,444
255, 2 5 7 , 2.59, 2 6 1 , 263, 265, 2 6 7 , c o n s o l a d o n , 2 6 - 3 0 , 154, 383 c o r r e l a t e d , 1 2 2 - 3 , 134, 137, 1 4 9 , 1 9 3 , d e c i d i n g , 8, 3 2 - 5 , 76, 8 2 , 9 2 , 9 7 - 9 , 106,
269, 2 7 1 , 2 7 3 , 27.-7, 279, 2 8 ! , 2 8 3 , coiKstimic, 4, 4 6 , 55, 82, 98, 109, I 14. 343,429 109-1 I , I 13-16, 135, 17-3, 19.3-4,
290. 2 9 5 . 3 2 5 , 3 8 7 - 8 1U3, 146, 1 5 7 - 8 . 163, 165, 1 9 4 , 2 0 1 , c o r r e i a t i o n s . 4. 130, 135, 3 9 0 - 2 , 401 197-8, 2 1 6 , 2 1 9 - 2 0 , 2 2 8 - 9 , 2 3 3 . 2 3 9 ,
c o m p a s s i o n , 136, 160, 162, 166. 2 6 7 , 237, 262, 266, 273, 289, 292, 3 1 1 . cosmic, 358, -367, 3 7 9 . 399 2 4 8 , 2(54 , 2 7 1 , 282 , 2 8 5 - 7 , 2 8 9 - 9 0 ,
329 3 1 4 , 3 1 7 - 1 9 , 3 2 1 , 327, 3 3 5 - 6 , 3 4 4 . 296, 2 9 9 , 3 0 4 . 3 1 5 , 3 4 1 , 3 4 3 - 5 , 3 8 0 .
cosmopolis, 397
complexies. I 19, 158, ! 6 5 , 169, 3 2 2 , 3 4 8 - 5 0 , 3 5 6 . 365, 380, 398, 4 0 1 , 4 1 9 . 398.422, 429-30
coumer-posion, 1 10, 125. 139, 207,
4 18,430 429, 4 3 8
382 decisin, 2 3 - 5 , 6 2 - 3 , 6 7 , 9 2 , 9 8 - 9 , 1 1 1 ,
c o m p l e x i i y , 5 1 , 77, 118-19, 1.36. 1 5 1 , c o n s i i i u i i v e , 8 0 , 1 7 7 , 2 1 3 , 325 114-16, 130, 1 7 3 - 5 , 186, 188, 190.
creaviiy 15, 4 3 - 4 , 4 8 , 5 1 , 63, 1 0 3 - 4 ,
15.3-4, 158-9, 1 75, 280, 282, 3 0 9 c o n s i r u c i e d , 2 4 , 142, 147. 149, 196, 109, 116, 156, 163, 2(57, 270, 2 9 3 , 192-4, 198, 2 0 0 , 2 1 1 , 2 1 7 . 2 2 5 - 3 7 ,
c o n c r e i e , 9, 2 2 , 2 4 , 52, 5 4 , 78, l O O - l , 315. 323, 4 0 2 313, 3 1 8 - 2 0 , 3 5 1 , 4 0 3 245-51, 260, 265, 268-9. 272-4, 282,
111, 127, 1.3(5-7, 144, 1.50-1, 1,56, conten, 27, 4 3 , 46, 4 8 - 5 7 , 60, 7 1 - 2 , 297, 3 0 2 - 3 , .30.5-6, 312, 314, 3 1 6 ,
c r i t e r i o n , 3, 5 4 - 5 , 70, 73, 102, 106, 109,
1 5 8 - 6 2 , 16.5-7, 1 7 1 , 175, 184, 1 9 0 , 7 9 - 8 1 , 8 . 3 , 8 6 , 1 0 1 , 10(5-7. 1 1 0 - 1 1 . 322, 3 2 4 - 5 , 3 2 7 , 3 2 9 , 3 4 3 - 5 . 3 4 7 ,
114, 133, 175, 199, 2 0 8 , 2 1 4 . 2 2 5 - 7 ,
193, 195, 2 0 8 , 214, 222. 224, 2.34, 121, 12.3-4, 126, 140-2, 147, 155, 170, 349, .3.58, 3 8 0 - 1 , 3 8 3 , 397, 4 0 0 , 4 0 3 ,
232. 254, 2 5 7 , 39-3-4, .399, 40(5, 4 1 5
2 4 2 - 3 , 2 4 5 - 7 , 252, 260. 2 6 4 - 5 , 2(59, 2 13, 2 16, 2 9 0 , 3 3 5 - ( i , 4 2 1 , 4 2 8 - 9 , 434 423-4,447
c r i u c a l 3 3 , 4 4 , 6 3 , 8 8 , 146, 179, 24(5,
2 7 1 , 2 7 3 - 4 , 27(}, 2 8 0 - 2 , 2 8 9 - 9 2 . 2 9 5 . c o n t i n g e n c y 113. 344, 363, 3 7 0 - 1 , 44(1 d e c l i n e . 2 8 - 9 , 3 5 , 2 3 3 . 2(53, 305, 314,
263, 2 8 3 , 29-3-5, 3 0 6 , 328, 364, 4 1 4 ,
306, 31.5-18. 3 2 0 , .322, 325, 3 2 8 - 9 , c o n i i n g e n i , 5 0 , I 13. 3 7 0 - 2 , 374 318, .342, 346, 363. 3 7 1 , 396, 408,
4 2 0 , 4 2 5 . 4 2 8 , 4,33-8, 442
347, .350-2. 3 6 0 - 2 , 364, 376, 3 9 1 , conversin, 7, 2 1 - 2 , 3 2 , 6 7 , 6 9 - 7 0 , 9 2 . 419-20, 434,439
cricism, 3, 18, (53-4, 8 6 , 8 8 , 9 7 , 9 9 ,
39.5-6, 4 0 1 , 4 0 3 , 4 2 0 - 3 1(58, 175, 199 , 2 0 7, 209 , 21 I , 21.3-15. d e e d , 133, 164, 2 2 5 , 235
146, 207, 2.33, 238. 2(i3, 396. 4 ! 5 ,
c o n c r e i e n e s s , 159, Hi, 190, 3 1 6 . 3 2 3 , 217.219, 2 2 1 , 223. 225-39, 241-2. 421,424 d e f m i o n , 4 6 , 5 6 , 6 2 , 140, 142, 147,
3 6 0 - 1 , 421 244, 265, 2(58-9, 275, 2 7 7 - 8 0 , 2 8 5 , C r o n i n , B r i a n , 8 7 , 102, 199. 2 6 4 1 74, 237, 286, 3 1 1 , 3-34, 337, 340,
c o n d i i i o n . 20, 3 9 , 42, 73, 109, 122, 126, 293, 303, 305, 309, 314, 317, 3 2 7 . Crowe, Krederick, 468 354, 373, 3 7 5 , 3 7 7 , 38(5, 4 0 1 , 4 1 3
129-30, 157, 1 7 1 , 1 8 9 - 9 1 , 2 1 1 , 2 2 0 , 329, 3 4 1 , 3 4 4 , 3 5 2 - 3 , 379, 3 9 7 - 8 , Crysdale, C y n i h i a , 2 9 , 229, 363, 4 3 2 delibrale, 16, 6 5 , (57, 147, 182, 1 9 1 ,
222, 2 3 W , 2 6 7 - 8 , 31(3, 333. 3 4 8 . .361, 417, 4 3 1 , 4 3 7 , 4 4 0 - 7 ; i n i e l l e c i u a l , (i7, c u l t u r a l , 7, 2 4 , 3 3 , 4 5 . 7 7 , 131, 176, 220, 2 4 3 - 4 , 2(56, 27.3-4, 2 8 1 , 3 4 1 - 2 ,
363, 3 6 5 , 3 7 0 - 2 , 374, 39.3-6. 4 0 0 , 6 9 - 7 0 , 9 2 . 2 2 5 - 6 . 344. 437; m o r a ! . I 7 9 - 8 0 , i 82. 2 3 2 , 2 3 5 , 2 3 9 - 4 0 , 2 5 4 - 6 , 344, 362, 3 7 1 . 397, 414
4 0 5 - 6 , 4 0 8 - 9 , 4 1 8 - 1 9 , 422 92. 214, 2 2 5 , 2 2 7 - 3 7 , 239, 24 1-2, 258-64, 269-70, 2 7 7 - 8 , 2 8 2 - 3 , 292, deliberang. 7(5, 9(5-7, 212, 242, 2 4 4 .
c o n d i i i o n e d , .39, 5 0 - 2 , .58, 76, 78, 105, 2(58-9, 2 7 5 , 2 7 7 - 8 0 . .303, 309, 3 2 7 . 29-5-6, 3 0 1 , 3 1 7 - 1 9 . 323,32(5-7. 3 2 9 , 247, 2 7 1 . 2 8 1 , 2 8 6 , 295, 300, 3 7 1 ,
108, 199, 2 0 8 , 219. 289, 315, 324, 329. 344, 3 7 9 , .397-8, 4 3 ! , 437, 4 4 4 ; 3 3 ! , 333, 3 5 1 - 3 , .357, 380, 388, 394, 424, 4 4 2 - 3
.343, 3 5 9 - 6 3 , 3 6 5 , 3 7 0 - 2 , 376, 3 7 9 , psychic, 2 2 5 , 2 3 6 - 8 , 253, 4 3 ! , 4 3 6 ; 396-400, 402-3, 405-10,414, 422-4, delilseraon, 4 , 9 7 - 8 , 119, 147. 1 8 7 - 8 .
39.3-4, .397, 4 1 9 r e l i g i o u s , 2 2 6 - 7 , 2 3 5 - 7 , 265, 2 6 8 - 9 , 427, 4 3 7 - 8 191-2, 2 0 2 , 21 1-213, 21.5-18, 2 4 3 - 4 ,
Coiifessioiis, Angusimc's, 234, 236 .3.53, 398, 4 3 1 c u l t u r e , 24, 107, 182. 190, 2 3 0 , 2 3 9 - 4 0 , 249, 27(5, 296, 3 1 0 , 326, 344, 4 0 3 ,
c o n l l i c i , (i6, 1 13, 164, 167, 198, 2 2 4 , cooperaon, 1 15, 132, 194, 2 3 9 , 2 6 0 . 253, 2 6 2 - 3 , 3 1 7 , 3 2 6 , 3 5 0 - 3 . 3 5 6 , 3 8 3 , 423, 429
2 4 1 , 2 4 3 , 2 6 0 , 4 2 4 - 8 , 4.36-7 262, 2 9 1 - 3 , -301, 3 1 6 - 1 7 , 320, 3 2 4 - 5 , 3 9 6 - 9 , 4 0 7 - 8 , 4 2 3 , 42(5-7, 434 democracy, 345
conjgale, 3.38, .390-1, 419 327. 330, 3 4 0 , 3 4 7 - 5 1 , 3 5 3 , 35(5-7, d e n y i n g , 42, 4 9 - 5 1 , 5 6 , 5 9 , 6 8 . 105,
c o n s c i e n c e , 16, .30, 2 3 5 , 262 380, 383, 39.5-6, 402, 419, 4 3 2 daia, 4. 17, 29, 5 1 - 4 . (59, 72, 79, 8 4 - 8 , 1 0 9 - 1 0 , 195, 2 0 8 , 245, 253, 379, 382
conscious, 6, .30, 34, .39-41, 4 3 - 6 , 4 8 , c o r r e c t , 19, 2 1 - 2 , 30. .54. 5 6 , .59-60. 6 4 . 9 0 , 10.5-f5, 114, 122, 124-6, 130, 1 4 1 , De Rudempiione. ( L o n e r g a n ) . 40(5-10, 4 1 7
55, 75, 7 7 - 8 , 8 0 - 3 , 8 5 , 8 7 , 8 9 - 9 1 , 69, 7 1 , 7 5 - 7 , 8 3 , 8 6 . 9 1 , l ( r 2 , 10(i-7, 2 3 1 , 245, 3 3 8 , 3 8 9 - 9 0 , 404, 433; o f Descartes, R e n e . I 10
494 Index Index 495
desit-t, 24, 26, 32, 3 9 - 4 0 , 5 7 - 6 5 , 6S-70, d i s i o r i , 35, 102, 131,254,305,424 e x i s t e n c e , 8, 2 2 , 146, 164, 2 3 7 , 2 4 3 , 2 4 9 .
3 9 2 - 3 9 4 , 4 0 0 - 1 , 4 0 3 , 40.5-6, 4 I S-2 I ,
72,88-90, 113, 132-5, 151-3, 155-6, di.svaliie, 143-4, 146, 1 5 4 - 5 , 1 6 1 - 2 , 164. 2 6 ! , 267. 346, 354, 3 7 1 - 3 7 2 , 382,
439, 444. 447; p r o b a b i l i t y 323, 339,
163, 2 1 0 - 1 8 , 2 2 2 , 2 3 3 , 2 3 7 , 2 3 9 , 2 4 7 , 1 6 6 , 1 7 6 - 7 , 1 7 9 , 1 9 7 , 212, 247, 291, .391, 4 2 6
3 6 1 - 3 , 3 ( 5 5 - 7 , 3 7 0 - 2 , 3 7 9 , .384, 4 0 1 ,
250, 253, 3 1 0 - 1 3 , 328, 333, 340, 3 6 1 , 314, .342, .345, 378, 3 8 2 , 3 8 5 e x i s i e u i i a l , S, 1 1 0 , I 1 4 , 1(50, 1 9 5 , 2 1 9 ,
4 18-20, 439,444
3 6 3 - 3 6 4 , 3 6 9 , 3 7 3 - 7 , 3 8 5 - 6 , 3 9 9 , 4 I 6. d i v i n e , 2 1 , 2 7 , 3 4 , 1 3 3 , 2 2 0 , 2(55, 3 0 5 , 227-9, 232, 242, 246-7, 252, 254, 260,
e m e r g i n g , 2 1 , 3 2 3 , 3 2 5 , 3 2 8 , 3.38, 3 6 3 .
4 3 4 ; LO k n o w , m i r e s t i - i c L c d , 3 2 , 5 8 - 6 1 , 398, 409, 431 2 ( 5 8 - 9 , 2 7 1 , 2 74 - 5 , 2 7 7 , 2 8 0 - 2 , 2 9 5 ,
3(56, 3 8 4 , 418-19
6 3 - 5 , 6 8 - 7 0 , 72, 88, 90, 132, 2 1 0 , 2 1 8 , docu-ines, 64, 237, 426, 4 2 8 - 9 , 442 297-9, 342-3, 387, 397, 446
e m o o n , 1 19, 1 4 8 , 2 5 4
237, 340, 3 7 3 , 37,5-7 Ooodey Mark, 46! e m p r i c a ! , 17, 3 4 , 5 3 , 6 9 - 7 0 , 7 2 , 4 3 4 , existentialist, 228
d e s o l a i i o n , 26-8, 30, 154 D o n m , R o b e n , 2 9 , 134, 2 2 5 , 2 2 7 , 2 3 7 , 444.446 e x p e n e n c e . 7, 2 6 - S , 3 2 . 3 9 - 4 0 , 4 5 ,
d e v e l o p , 3, 2 3 , 2 5 . 4 3 , 4 6 , 5 1, 6 6 , 73, 403-6, 409-10, 4 2 8 e n v i r o n m e n t , 3 1 5 , .3.59-(50, 3 6 8 , 401-2 5 1 - 2, 6 ! , 7 9 - 9 0 , 9 2 , 100, 1 0 2 - 3 , 1 14,
8 1 - 2 , 8 8 , 1 0 ! , I 13, 1 2 3 . 1 3 1 , 1 8 4 , 186, i;)osLoevsky Kyodor, 235 I 1 9 - 2 0 , I 2 S - . 3 2 , 1 4 0 , i 4 9 , 1 5 1 , 167,
episieinological, 3, 5 7 , 5 9 , 9 5 . I 15
223, 233, 248, 2 5 1 , 262-3, 276. 282-3, d r a m a c , I 7, 4 0 , 4 8 - 9 , (55, l l l . 1 5 2 , 1 7 4 , 2 1 9 - 2 3 , 2 3 6 - 7 , 2 4 1, 2 4 5 , 2 5 3 ,
e p i s t e m o l o g ) ' , 5, 309
285, 287. 3 1 3 - 1 4 , 318, 3 2 ! , 328, 338, 1 6 0 , 2.30, 2 4 3 , 2 4 9 , 2 7 5 , 3 1 9 , 3 8 2 , 267, 273, 3 3 3 - 6 , 340, 344, 375, 3 8 1 - 2 ,
essence, 272
340, 34(5-7, 3 5 3 , 355, 364, 3 9 5 - 6 , 40!. 416. 423 .398, 4 0 3 , 4 3 3
e s s e n u a i , 7, 2 2 - 3 , 3 3 , 4 1, 7 6 , 9 9 , 11 3 .
403, 405, 4 2 1 , 4 2 5 , 434, 43(5-8, 442 Di.imas, Alexandei', 202 experiencing, 14, 2 8 , 4 0 . 4 2 - 3 , 4 . 5 - 7 , 4 9 ,
1 2 9 - 3 0 , 177, 2 1 8 , 2 2 9 - 3 0 , 2 7 2 , 3 4 7 - 8 ,
developnieni, 15, 2 0 , 2 4 , 2 8 , .35, 146, D u n n e , Tad 267. 414. 428 51,-55, 57, 62, 69, 7 9 - 8 2 , 8 4 - 5 , 100,
374, 396, 4 2 1 , 4 3 5
186-7, 22.3-4, 227. 2 6 1 - 3 , 2 7 8 - 9 , 284, d y n a n c , 2 2 , 4 1-2, 4 7 , 5 5 - 5 8 , 77, 8 5 , I 16, 1 2 6 - 7 , 1 2 9 - . 3 0 , 1 4 9 , 1 5 1 , 1.55,
e c a l l y 5, 1 4 , 1 7 . 2 2 , . 3 2 - 3 , 3 6 , 9 6 , 1 0 1 ,
2 8 6 , 3 1 7 , 3 2 9 , 3 3 3 , .343, 3 4 5 - 7 , 3 5 6 , 95, 97-100, 103, l l l , 117, 138, 163, 1 5 8 . 1 6 ! , 2 1 6 , 2 2 1 , 2(54, 2 7 3 , 2 8 5 - 6 ,
112, I S S , 2 0 ! , 2 7 4 , 2 7 6 , 2 8 1 , 2 8 7 - 9 ,
363, 403, 418-19,434 165, 2 1 0 - 1 1 , 2 1 3 , 2 1 8 - 1 9 , 229, 237, 33.5-8, 363, 3 8 2 , 397, 4 0 4 - 5 , 429
2 9 1 , 2 9 3 , 3 0 1, 3 0 9 - 1 0 , 3 15, 3 2 8 , 3 5 4 .
dialecc, 1 7 - 2 1 , 3 3 , 3 5 , 1 19, 2 2 4 . 3 0 4 , 2 5 3 , 2 7 7 , 3 I O, 3 1 2 - i 3, 3 1 6 , 3 1 8 - 2 1 , experiena!, 46, 52, 7 8 - 9 , 81-3, 89,
3(53, 3 6 5 , 3 7 1 - 2 , 3 7 6 , 4 2 . 3 - 4
338, 342. 347, 384, 4 2 1 , 4 2 8 - 3 3 , 3 2 7 , 3 3 6 , 3 3 9 - 4 0 , ,3.58, 3 6 ! , 365, 368, 144,336
euljiniia.. 19-20, 22, 3 3 - 5 , 304, 4 4 !
4.3.5-7, 4 3 9 - 4 5 . 447 3 7 0 , 3 8 9 , 414. 4 1 8 - 2 ! , 423, 430, 433 experiment, 4, 5 3 - 4 , 249
e v a l a l e , , 1 5 4 , 2 0 9 , 2 1 . 3 - 1 4 , 2 7 1 , 2 7 3 ,
discern. 13, 1 5 - 1 7 , 1 9 - 2 1 . 2 5 , 3 2 , 3 4 , d y n a m i s m , 3 , 4 2 , 5 ( > - 8 , 64, 9 6 , 1 16, 169. e x p l a n a o n , 3 . I 3 8 , 3 3 3 , 4 0 4 , 4 1 5 - 1 6 , 4 18
2 7 9 , 2 9 3 , 32(5, .359, 4 1 5 , 4 2 2 - 3 , 4 2 7 ,
.39, 4 4 , 4 8 , 7 3 , 7 5 , 1 0 7 , I 15, 124-5, 2 8 5 , 3 1 0 , 3.39, 3 5 2 , .3(52, 3 6 7 , 4 1 8 - 1 9 , explanatory 101-2, 104, 148,312.
430, 433, 444, 448
159, 186, 2 0 0 , 2 2 1 , 2 2 3 , 2 4 2 , 2 4 7 , 429 3 3 0 - 1 , 33.3, 3.3.5-9, 3 4 1, 3 4 3 , 3 4 5 , 3 4 7 .
e v a l u a d o n , 8 4 , 1.30, 1 3 4 . 155, 166,
2 4 9 , 2 7 4 , 2 7 8 , .302, 3 0 4 - 5 , 3 2 8 - 9 , 3 3 3 , 3 4 9 , 3 5 ! , 3.53, 3 5 5 , 3 5 7 , 3 6 4 , 3 7 1 - 2 ,
17.3-4, 192, 194, 2 0 0 , 2 ! 1-13,
3 9 7 , 4 0 0 . 4 0 4 , 4 2 7 . 4 4 1, 4 4 4 , 4 4 ( 5 - 7 econonnc, 15,(55, 163, 172, 178, 2 5 6 , 374-5, 387-97, 399-403, 405-7, 409,
2 1 ( 5 - 1 8 , 2 9 4 , 3 0 4 , 3 1 0 , .353. 4 2 3 ,
d i s c e r n m e n l , , .5-(5, 9 , 1 3 - 2 3 , 2 . 5 - 3 6 , 3 8 , 262, 277, 319, 333, 3 5 ! , 357, 406, 416, 446
426-S, 435-7, 442
4 4 - ( 5 , 4 8 - 9 , 5 3 , .55, 6 1 , 6 5 , 6 7 , 7 . 3 - 5 , 409-10, 445 expres.sion, 2 ! , 3 0 , 4 0 , 103, 147-8,
e v e n t . 4 4 , 137, 156, 1(55,265,378,393
8 1 , 8 8 , 9 9 . 1 0 7 , I 13, 135, 137-8, ecosyslems, 323, 3 6 0 - 1 , 370, 379 188, 2 2 5 , 2 5 0 , 2 8 0 - 1 , 2 8 6 , 3 9 7 , 4 2 7 ,
e v i d e n c e , 4 ! , 5 0 - 1 , 5 3 , 73, 97, 188-91,
156, 174, 182, 186. 197, 2 0 1 , 2 0 9 , e l T e c v e , 18. 2 2 , 2 9 , 6 4 - 5 , I 1 3 - 1 4 , 433-4, 438
2 7 2 , 3 2 3 , 3 7 5 . .392, 4 0 4 , 4 I 7 - 1 8 , 434
214, 216, 2 2 1 , 223, 229, 2 3 3 - 4 , 244, 1 3 2 , 1 8 8 , 2 1 4 , 2 3 7 , 2 4 9 , 277, 282-3, e x t r o v e i ' s i o u , 6 ( 5 - 7 , 7 0 , 1 10
e v i l , 9 , 1 3 , 2 0 , 2 7 , .34, 7 7 , 1 1 4 , 1 9 8 . 2 3 4 ,
24S-.50, 2 5 2 - 3 , 2 5 5 , 2 7 4 - 5 , 2 8 3 , 2 8 5 . 285, 293, 306, 3 4 2 - 3 , 346, 3 5 1 , 406, 243, 276, 2 9 ! , 305, 313, 315, 318,
3 0 3 - 6 , 3 1 2 , 3 3 3 , .344, 3 5 5 , 3 5 8 , .363, 421,445 . 3 2 1 , .328, 3 3 3 , 3 4 3 , 3 5 3 , 3 6 3 - 4 , 3 6 7 , fac, 4, 18, 2 7 , 2 9 , 3 ! , 3 3 - 4 , 4 0 . 4 6 , 4 8 ,
384-5, 387, 397, 399-400, 415, 424-5, l i g a n , l-lar\'e\', 3 0 377_,S4^ 4 1 7 , 4 3 1 , 4 3 4 - 5 , 4.39, 4 4 1-2 5 2 - 4 , 6 0 , (5.3-6, ( 5 8 - 7 3 , 75-9, 8 2 , 8 4 - 9 ,
4 3 1 , 4 3 9 , 44 1-3. 44(5-7 Elioi, George ( M a r y A n n E\'Hns), e v o l u o n , 9 5 , 199, 3 1 9 , 3 6 1 - 2 , 371 98, 103-9. 1 1 ! , 114-15. 121, 124-5,
d i s c o v e r y , 24, 2 9 - 3 0 , 47, 5 i , 9 5 - 6 , 100, 248-52, 280 1 3 1 , 136. 1 3 8 - 9 , 1 4 1 , 143, 14.5-6, 148,
exercise, 7 1 , 9 0 , 1 2 7 , 1 3 0 , 1 4 4 , 1.52-3,
1 0 2 , 1.30, 2 0 9 . 2 2 7 - 9 , 2 3 5 - 6 , 2 6 2 , e m e r g e n c e , 3 9 - 4 0 , 47, 122-3, 126-9, 150, 15(5-6!, 163, 1 6 9 - 7 2 , 17.5-7, 182,
199, 2 0 2 , 2 3 1 . 2 4 4 - 5 , 2 4 7 , 2 8 9 - 9 5 ,
2 ( 5 5 - 6, 2 7 0 , 2 8 5 , 2 9 S , 3 0 0 , 3 0 2 , 3 3 2 , 140. 1 4 2 - 3 , 1 5 1 , 157, 1 6 1 , 167, 170, 184, 1 8 8 - 9 1 , 197, 199.207-9,211,
.303, 3 1 7 - 1 8 , 3 2 7 , 3 4 0 , .344, . 3 4 8 - 9 ,
367, 3 9 6 - 7 , 426, 434 1 7 4 , 1 8 1 , 1 9 9 - 2 0 0 , 223, 2(52, 266, 213, 2 2 1 - 2 , 2 2 5 - 6 , 2 2 8 - 9 , 2 3 1 , 2.35-6,
.352, . 3 , 5 8 - 6 0 , 4 1 3 - 1 4 , 4 2 2 . 4 2 5 ,
discursive. 71-2 2 7 5 , 3 0 2 , 3 2 . 3 - 5 , .327, 3 2 9 , .339, 2 4 5 - 7 , 2 5 1 - 2 , 2 6 1 , 2(53, 2 6 7 - 7 0 , 2 7 4 - 5 ,
429, 436
d i s o r d e r , 1 7 0 , 3 1 9 - 2 0 , 3.54, 3 6 7 , 3 8 2 , 3 8 4 349, 361-3, 365-S, 370-2, 379, 384, 278,280-1, 294,297-302, 304-5,
e x i g e n c e , 3(59 , 4 1 6 , 4 2 1
496 Index Index 497
3 1 5 - 1 9 , 3 3 5 - 7 , 339, 3 4 1 - 2 , 345, 349. f r e e d o m , 1 1 3 - 1 4 , 146, 285, .302, 3 2 8 , h e i g h t e n e d , 75, 8 3 , 89, 92, 137, 190,
339, 3 4 2 . 353-^1:, 3 8 1 , 383, 3 8 8 , 39 I ,
352, 3 5 5 , 3 5 9 . 3 6 2 - 3 , 366. .368, 3 7 1 - 2 , 344, 3 8 0 , .388, 399, 415, 4 2 0 - 1 , 4 3 1 359, 447
395, 4 0 0 - 1 , 4 0 3 , 4 19, 4 2 8 - 9 , 437
389, .391, 394, .396, 399, 4 0 4 - 6 , 4 0 9 , F r e i i d , S i g m u n d , 221 h e r i t a g e , 66, 4 3 2 - 5
givenness. 7 8 - 9 , 8 4 - 9 1 , 315
413, 4 1 8 , 4 2 0 , 4 2 2 - 3 , 426, 4 2 9 - 3 0 , - f u l f i l l m e n t , 8, 5 0 - 4 , 60, 72, 7 8 - 9 , 8 2 , l i e r m e n e u t i c , 7 8 - 9 , 88, 90, 92, 297, 3 0 0 ,
C o d , 3, 2 1 - 2 , 2 4 - 3 0 , 3 4 - 5 , 132, 2 1 9 ,
434-6, 442-3 84, 8 6 - 7 , 8 9 - 9 0 , 105-7, 109, 115, 426
2 2 6 - 7 , 2 3 4 - 6 , 2 4 5 , 2 5 7 - 8 , 2 6 5 - 7 , 286.
facuial, 6 - 7 , 3 6 - 9 , 4 1 , 4 3 , 4 5 , 47. 4 9 , 5 1 , 173. 179, 1 8 1 , 1 8 9 - 9 1 , 2 0 0 , 2 0 7 , 2 1 0 , h e u r i s u c , 2 8 1 - 3 , 312, 329, .332-4,
305. 350, 3 7 2 - 6 , 3 8 4 - 5 , 3 9 8 - 9 , 403,
.53, .55-7, 5 9 , 6 1 , 63, 65, 67, 69, 7 1 , 2 1 8 - 1 9 , 2 2 2 , 227, 238, 265, 2 6 7 , 2 7 1 , 3 3 8 - 4 2 , 345, 347, 3 5 4 - 5 , .357, 359,
409,426,431,438, 444-5
7 3 , 8 7 . 9 2 , 9 5 , 102-3, 105-6, 1 0 8 , ' l 14, 286, 312, 325, .348, 3.59, 375, 3 7 7 , 364, 377. .386, 390, 4 1 4 - 1 5 , 417, 4 3 1 ,
g o o d , 4, 7-9, 13. 18-20, 22, 2 7 - 9 , 33,
117, 126, 169, 1 7 1 , 177. 200, 2 0 7 , 398, 4 0 1 434, 4 3 8 - 4 0 , 442, 448
37, 64, 7.3,87, 9 8 - 9 , 1 0 1 - 2 , 1 1 1 , 133,
2 1 1 , 226, 2 2 9 - 3 0 . 298, 3 ( t O - l , 309, fullness, 158, 164, 264, 266, 375, 398, h i e r a r c h y 8, 162, 195, 220, 233, 235,
1.5^1-7, 162, 174, l7(>-8, 18.5-6, 196-7,
313, 3 3 5 - 6 , 3 6 9 , 3 7 4 - 5 . 3 7 8 , 3 9 7 , 4 0 5 , 417,440 2 4 1 , 2 5 4 - 7 , 259, 269, 271-3, 282, 364,
208. 2 1 0 - 1 3 , 2 1 5 - 1 9 , 2 2 2 - 3 , 2 2 7 - 9 ,
416, 418, 4.34, 443 h.mctional specialties, 9, 296, 404, 3 9 1 - 4 , 400, 4 0 8 , 4 4 6
233-6, 243, 245, 253, 261-3. 277-80,
f a i t h , 2 1 , 2 6 , 2 2 8 , 270 4 1 4 - 1 5 , 4 2 1 . 425, 427-.35, 440, 4 4 2 . h i g h e r v i e w p o i n t , 3 8 9 - 9 2 , .39(5-8, 4 0 0 - 1
282, 2 8 8 - 9 2 , 295, .301, 304, 3 0 9 - 2 3 .
f a i l h f u l , 4, .56, 65, 275, 287. 2 9 1 , 2 9 6 , 44-1-5 H i l d e b r a n d , D i e t r i c h v o n , 8, 9 8 , 108,
32.5-35, 337. 3.39-51. 3 5 3 - 6 7 . 3 6 9 - 7 5 .
310. .329, 4 4 5 funciions, 31. 67, 144, 256. 2 6 2 - 3 , 2 8 1 - 2 , ! 1 8 - 2 1 , 12.5-6, 138-9, 147, 162, 167,
3 7 7 - 9 , 3 8 1 . 3 8 3 - 6 . 3 8 8 , 393, 395, 3 9 9 ,
family. 77, 1.52, 162, 172-3, 188. 1 9 ! , 316, 3 9 1 , 396, 401 - 2 , 4 1 6 - 1 7 , 444 242, 255, 2 5 7 - 9 , 267, 2S0, 282, .387,
402, 405, 4 0 7 - 1 0 , 413, 4 1 5 - 1 7 . 4 2 1 ,
197, 2.30, 2.36, 3 0 1 , 316, 323, 3 5 1 , 422 h m d a m e m a l . 7, 9, 13, 21,^23, 32, 3 7 - 8 , 4 2 8 - 3 0 , 432, 43^1-5, 4 3 7 - 9 . 4 4 1 - 2 . 404
feai-,30, 6 4 , 1 3 1 , 1 3 3 , 145, 1 6 0 - 1 , 2 2 4 , 40, 42, 46, 5 6 - 7 , 66, 73, 76, 9 2 , 104, 444,446,448 iiLsLorical, 13, 172, 179, 2(52, 2(5(5,282,
2.50. 275, 2 7 7 , 287, .326, 367, .399 l i o , 210, 213, 215, 219, 2 2 1 - 2 , 2 2 4 - 6 , 318, 320, 329, 332, 3.55, 3.58, 3 7 1 , 378,
goodness, 9, 24, 33, 35, 155, 179,
fears, 65. 9 6 , 137, 220. 249, 2 5 1 . 2 7 5 , 229, 2 3 2 - 4 , 2 3 7 - 8 , 2 4 1 , 2 5 3 - 4 , 2 5 7 . 3 9 7 - 9 , 4 0 2 , 4 2 1 . 423. 4 3 1 . 434, 4 3 8 - 9
21 1 - 1 5 , 2 1 8 - 1 9 , 2 6 6 - 7 , 2 7 8 - 9 , 3 0 4 ,
277, 2 7 9 - 8 0 , .348, 353, 418 265, 285, 309, 314, 320, 334, .338, 340, h i s i o r y 3, 2 4 - 5 , 33, 47, (53, 66, 96, 148,
3 1 1 - 1 2 , 3 1 4 - 1 5 , .321. 3 3 1 - 2 , .3.39-40,
feeling, 4, 7 - 8 , 26, 3 4 , 4 . 3 - 4 , 8 1 - 2 , 9 7 , 34.5-6. 356, 364, 379. 3 8 5 - 7 , .397-8, 155, 163, 2(56, 280, 283, 3 0 1 , 31.2,
3 4 4 - 5 , 3 5 7 - 6 0 , 3 6 2 - 5 , .367-77, 379,
IOS-9, 113, 116, 1 2 0 - 1 , 1 2 3 - 7 . 129, 41.3, 416, 4 2 0 . 430. 436, 4 4 1 , 443 3 1 6 , 3 1 8 , .320-3, 3 2 6 - 8 , 330, 3 4 0 , 3(52,
3 8 3 - 4 . 3 9 9 - 4 0 0 , 4 0 9 , 41(>-17, 4 3 7 ,
131-8, 1 4 2 - 5 4 , 156-67. 173, 17.5-7, 365, 3 7 1 - 2 , 378, 3 9 7 - 4 0 0 , 4 1 8 - 1 9 ,
4.39, 44 1
179-88. 1 9 1 , 193, 195. 1 9 7 - 2 0 2 , G e n d i i n , Eugene, 466 422, 428-.30, 43.3-42, 4 4 4 - 6
g o s p e l , 305
2 0 8 - 1 4 , 2 1 8 - 2 7 , 2 3 1 , 2 3 6 - 8 , 242, genera, 269, 2 8 2 - 3 , 338, 364, 3 8 7 - 9 5 , h o p e , 9 , 13, 17, 2 1 , 2 6 , 63, 75, 137, 17.5,
grace, 24, 27, . 3 0 - 1 . 3 4 - 5 , 133. 2 6 1 , .395,
2 4 6 - 8 . 2 5 2 - 2 5 4 , 256, 260, 2 6 5 , 2 7 0 - 3 , 397, 3 9 9 - 4 0 1 , 403, 405, 4 0 7 , 4 0 9 , 4 4 6 185, 249, 29(>-7, 314, 398, 4 1 5 , 4 2 1 ,
399, 4 3 1 , 445
275, 277, 2 8 0 - 1 , 283, 2 8 7 - 8 , 292, .300, g e n u i n e l y 1 9 - 2 0 , 29, 49-.50, 72, 75, 424-5,441,444-5,448
GriFiths, P a u l , 4 3 8 - 9
3 0 2 - 3 , 3 0 6 , 3 1 5 , 346. 350, 355, 3 6 4 - 7 , 9 1 , 106, 126, 1.30, 164, 200, 202, 2 1 0 . h o n z o n , 7 - 8 , 1 4 - 1 5 , 1 0 1 - 2 , 113. I l 6 ,
375, 3 8 1 , 385, 397, 404, 4 2 2 - 3 , 4 2 7 218, 2 3 1 , 2 3 3 , 2 5 0 , 260. 268, 279, 1.54, 1 6 0 - 1 , 163-7, 169, 172-3, 175,
H a h c r m a s , Jrgen, 84, 88, 425
Fmality 263, 4 1 8 - 2 0 , 422 2 8 7 - 8 , 2 9 5 - 6 , 3 13, 336, 372, 385, 4 19. 179-86, 190, 19.5-6, 198-203, 2 0 9 - 1 1,
h a b i t , 73, 174, 198, 2 4 9 , 287, 3 0 4
Flanagan, j o s e p h , 8 7 , 9(>-7, 262, 4 2 2 - 3 431, 445 213-14, 216, 2 2 0 - 1 . 224-7, 229,
h a b i t u a l , 20, 114, 170-5, 179, 182, 195,
f o r m a u o n , 6 1 , 69, 85, 146, 189, 2 8 2 - 3 , g e n n i n e n e s s , 344, 4 18-19 2 3 1 - 3 , 23(5-8. 24 i - 2 , 249, 252, 2 5 4 - 5 ,
197, 200, 2 3 7 - 8 , 2 8 7 - 8 , 3 4 2 - 3 , 422
347,422-3,426 genus, 95, 2 6 0 , 2 8 2 , 3 9 1 - 7 . 4 0 0 - 2 , 4 0 9 2(55 . 2(59 , 2 7 ) , 2 74 - 5 , 283 , 286 , 289,
H a n s o n , N o r w o o d Ru.ssell. 458
Foticault, M i c h e l , 84 gift, 2 1 - 3 , 26, 226, 265, 283, 305, .326, 2 9 1 , 2 9 3 - 6 , 3 0 2 - 3 , 30(5, 310, 3 1 3 - 1 4 ,
H a u g l u o n , R o s e m a r y 2 3 5 - 6 , 432
f o u n d a i i o n , 16, 4 2 , 2 2 0 - h 226, 2 3 S - 9 , 399, 403 318, 322, .329, 3 4 2 - 3 , 347, .382, 385,
healing, 2 1 , 30, 314. 319, 325, 384
260, 272, 312, .353, 368, 384, 427 given, 3, 5 - 6 , 17, 2 1 - 2 , 25, 27, 38, 4 1 - 2 , 3 8 7 - 8 . 422, 4.35
h e a n , 38, 4 1, 44, 62, 207, 237, 2 5 0 - 1 ,
fundalionai, 84. 238, 257, 330, 41 7, 443 .54, 7 8 - 9 , 8 2 , 8 4 - 6 , 8 9 - 9 0 , 105-6, IOS, h u m a n g o o d , s t i i i c t m e of, 4. 2 7 8 - 9 ,
263, 266, 274, 345, 368, .380, 396, 447
l-ouiidalinns, 4, 16, 87. 115. 210, 3 1 2 . 1 2 1 , 123-7, 136, 144, 151, 163, 166, 290, 312, 317, 320, 3 2 8 - 9 , 3 3 1 - 4 ,
Heclo, H u g h , 4 7 6
3 3 1 . .333, 335, .337. 339, 34 1, 343, 172, 177, 1 8 1 , 183, 186, 190, 192, 3 3 9 - 4 2 , 3 4 4 - 5 , 3 4 7 - 8 , 3 5 4 - 8 , 360.
H c g c l , G.VV.F, 2 4 3 , 378
345, 347, 3 4 9 , 3 5 1 , 353, 355, 3 5 7 , 194, 196, 2 1 0 , 2 2 1 , 232, 236, 245, 4 0 7 - 8 , 410, 437, 444
H e i d e g g e r , . M a r u n , 68, 127, 134, 237,
4.03, 4 2 8 - 3 3 , 435, 437, 439, 4 4 1 - 7 2 5 1 , 266, 2 7 1 - 2 , 2 7 6 - 7 , 3 2 8 - 9 , 3 3 1 , H u m e . D a v i d , 38. 3(i9
378
498 Index liuU'x 499
i d e n t i U c a i i o n , M, 210, 279, 285, 364, 139-40, 2 1 1 , 245, 263, 300, 309. 3 1 1 , 1 9 3 - 4 . 197, 199, 2 0 1 , 210, 214, 218, j u s u c e , 17, 175, 188. 190, 1 9 3 , 2 3 0 , 2 5 2 ,
3 6 6 - 7 , 37(1, 373, 378, 388, 393, 408, 323, 337, 339. 342, 3,58, 3fi5, .368-70. 2 2 1 . 226. 2 2 8 - 9 , 239, 242, 2(54, 2 7 3 - 4 , 262,354
410,417 3 7 2 - 4 . 376, 378, 3 8 8 , 390, 39.3-^1. 2 8 5 - 3 0 0 . 3 0 2 - 6 , .309-10, 313, 315. j u s u F i c a d o n , 133, 159, 2(53, 3 1 2 , 328.
i d e n i i i y , 54, 7 7 - 8 , 80, 1 9 7 . 2 1 3 , 2 6 2 , ' -41.5-21,42 3 1 7 - 2 1 , 323. 3 2 7 - 8 , 330, 33.3-4, 3 3 9 - 3 3 1 , 333, 355, 387, 3 9 4 , 4 2 5
264, 267, 288, 3 0 0 - 1 , 3 2 1 , 34 1, 348, nsighl, 4, 23, 25, 27, 3 0 - 1 , 37, 40, 4 2 , 3 4 4 - 9 , 352, 3.54-9, 3 6 1 , 3 6 8 - 7 0 ,
3.50, 373, .396 4(1-60, 65, 69, 7 1, 73, 76, 7 9 - 8 3 . 3 7 3 , 37.5-6, .384-6, .388, 4 1 3 - 1 6 , 422, K a n t , I m m a n u e l . 33, 57, (56, 119. 272,
I g n a i i a n , 23, 26, 2 9 - 3 4 , 305 8 7 - 9 1 , 9 7 , 100-1(5, 123, 129, 139-19, 424-5, 427-31, 433-4, 436, 438-40, 2 8 6 , 290, 314, 344, 36(5-8, 4 2 0 - 1
I g n a i i u s o r L o y o l a , 5, 1.3-14, 20, 2.3-32. 155, 157-8, 1 6 1 , 164, 1(56-7, 169, 443-4, 447-8 Kekul, A u g u s i , 4 7
3 4 - 5 , 2 2 1 , 223, 283, .303-6 171-3, 175, 178, 180, 183-4, 190. 192, i n i e r c s i s , 14 , 45 , 65, (59 . 8 2 . 100-2, 126, K i n g , jr., .Mariin l . u t h e r , 3 5 9 - 6 0
i m a g e . 126, 140-2, 149, 152, 158, 185, 197, 199-200, 202, 2 0 8 , 218, 220, 181,278,362 Kinser, lU, 4(54
237, 2r>0, .300, 389 223. 229. 2.39, 2 4 6 - 7 , 2 7 4 - 6 , 282, 28fi. i n t e r p e r s o n a l . 103, i 15, 2 3 7 . 2(54, 315, K l e i n m a n , .\'eil, 464
i n i a g i n a i i o n , 25, 4 3 - 5 , 5 2 - 3 , 67, 85, 291 - 3 , 2 9 9 - 3 0 1 . 3 0 6 , 3 0 9 - 1 0 , 313. 3 1 7 , 349, .3.52, 408, 4 1 6 k n o w e r , (5. 3 2 - 3 , 56, 74, 7(5-8, 8 2 - 3 ,
144-5, 149, 183, 280, 408 31.5-17, 319, 3 2 1 , 323, .325, 3 3 6 - 8 . i n i e r p r e t a t i o n , 96, 148, 1 9 9 , 2 2 2 , 404, 8 9 - 9 2 , 225, 297, 304, 4 1 6 . 423
i m a g i n i n g , 4 1 - 8 , 55, 7 7 - 8 , 9 0 - 1 , 97. 121 34.5-50, 3 5 3 - 4 , 362, 367, 373, 37(i. 4 0 9 , 4 19, 42(5-30, 4 3 3 - 6 . 439, 44 1-2, k n o w i n g , 3 - 7 , 9, 16, 2 8 - 9 , 3 1 - 9 , 4 1 - 3 ,
i m m a n e n c c , 57, 276 378, 3 8 1 - 2 , .389-92, 4 0 8 , 414, 419. 45, 4 7 - 5 3 . 5.5-7. .59-63, 6 5 - 9 , 7 1 - 9 ,
445
i m m a n e n t , 5 7 - 8 , 7 1 , 8 0 , 209, 254, 264, 4 2 2 - 3 , 426, 429, 4 3 3 , 4 3 6 , 447 S 3 - 4 . 8 7 , 9 0 - 2 , 9 5 - 7 , 9 9 - 1 0 3 , 105,
i n t r i n s i c , 36, 42, 9 7 , I 13, 1 17, 193, 219.
276, 296, .336, 4 1 4 , 4 2 1 , 4.36 i n s t i t u t i o n , 179, 194, 2 7 9 - 8 0 , 293, 310. 222, .304, 31 I . 3 1 9 - 2 0 , 3 2 3 , 3.54, .3(55, 1 1 4 - 1 6 , 123, 130, 1 3 9 - 4 0 , 1 8 2 , 184,
i m m e d i a c y 78-9, 85-6, 2 I 7 31(5-17, 3 1 9 - 2 0 , 327, 329, ,347, .3.50-1. 3(59- 7 1 , 37 7, 3 8 8, 4 1 6 , 42 9 , 4 36, 4 4 5 190, 207, 2 1 1 - 1 3 , 217, 219, 2 2 6 - 7 ,
i n n n e c l i a i e . 25, 6 f i - 7 , 70, 72, 79, 84, 3 6 1 , .381, 398 invai'iance, 333, 337, 3545 2 3 7 - 8 , 260, 2(58, 2 7 3 - 4 , 285, 2 9 0 - 1 ,
8 6 - 7 . 1 0 0 - 1 . 1 0 3 - 4 , 1 19, 123, 139, i n t e g r a l , 3 3 3 - 4 , .338-9, 415 i n v a r i a n t , 4. 8. 260, 273, 2 9 5 . 312, .329, 2 9 4 - 7 . 2 9 9 - 3 0 0 , 3 0 2 - 4 , 306, 310,
184, 212, 217, 230, 280. 315, 32.3, i n t e g r a t i o n , 310. 339, 384 3 3 1 , 3 3 3 - 4 , 3 3 7 - 9 . 343, 35.5-7, 40(5-7, .333-7, 339, 369, 380, 3 8 6 , 4 1 5 - 1 6 ,
.381,4 17, 433 i n i e l l e c t u a l , 24, 35, 40, 42, 45, 55, 67, 4 1 8 - 2 1 , 4 3 4 - 5 , 437, 444
409-10
i n a u i h e n i i c , 56, 1 12, 202, 228, 3 1 4 - 1 5 , (59-70,92, 134, 142, 147, 152-3, 1.58, i . s o m o r p h i s m , 3 3 4 - 6 , 355, 4 0 3 - 4 , 407 k n o w l e d g e , .5-7. 13, 1(5-17, 1 9 , 2 1 - 2 ,
32 L .398 181, 188, 193. 19(5, 2 0 2 , 2 1 1 , 22ri-7, 2 ^ 6 , 2 8 - 9 , 3 3 - 4 0 , 48, 5 6 - 8 , 6 0 - 2 ,
i n a u i h e n i i c i t y 65, 2 2 8 , 2 8 2 , 314, 321 2 3 1 , 2 3 4 , 236, 2 5 7 - 9 , 332, 339, 3 4 4 . J a c o b s , j a n e , 9 9 - 1 0 0 , 1 5 7 - 9 , 178, 180 65, 69, 7 1 - 3 , 75, 7 7 - 8 , 8 4 , 87, 9 5 - 6 ,
i n c l i n a i i o n , 1 19, 1 73 3 5 1 . 3.58, 368, 379, 4 3 1 , 4 3 6 - 7 J e s u i i . 13, 3 0 - 1 , 266 9 9 - 1 0 3 , 10(5, 108-9, 112-1.5,117, I32-.3,
i n d i v i d u a l , 8, 22, 24, 63, 6.5-6, 101, 157, i n t e l l i g e n c e , 2 ! , 4 6 - 9 , 55. 58-(52, 64, jess. 2 1 , 3 1 141-2, 149-50, 155-6, 162, 170-2,
160, 16.5-6, 1 8 1 - 2 , 199, 217, 233, 2.52, (5(5, 72, 83, 98, 100, 1 0 3 - 4 , 1 16, 1.30, udgmeni ( j u d g i n g ) . 13,28,33.41, 175, 177. 179, 182-3, 19-1-5, 198, 203,
2 5 4 - 6 , 2 6 1 , 277, 2 7 9 - 8 0 , 283, 300, 145-7, 155, 1 7 1 - 2 , 2 1 1 - 1 2 , 2 1 7 , 4 9 _ 5 8 , m, 7 1 , 73, 7 7 - 8 2 . 88. 9 7 - 8 , 2 0 7 - 8 , 211 - 1 2 , 2 1 5 - 1 6 , 2 1 9 - 2 0 , 225,
3 1 1 - 1 8 , 320, 3 4 1 . 3 4 3 , 346, 3 4 8 - 9 , 2 6 3 - 4 . 267, 273, 278, 313, 319, 3.34. 100, 105, 109, 1 1 3 - 1 4 , 1 16, 126, 149. 2 2 7 - 8 , 2 3 3 - 5 . 2 5 1 , 266, 272, 274, 276,
3 5 1 , 3 5 4 - 6 , 358, 3 7 8 - 9 , .381-2, 387, 33(5-7, 37.3-6, 378, 404, 429, 445 156, 169, 188-9. 196, 2 0 8 - 9 , 212, 216, 278, 2 8 9 - 9 0 , 2 9 4 - 6 , 2 9 8 - 3 0 4 , 309,
397, 4 0 1 , 405. 4 2 1 , 438, 440 i n i e l l i g i b l e , 29, 4 8 - 5 6 , 60, (59 , 7 1 - 2 , 219, 2 2 1 , 2 3 1 , 239, 2 4 2 - 3 . 248, 2 7 0 - 1 . 3 1 3 , 323, 334 , 339 , 34 1, 366 , 3(59-70,
inc]uii-y 4, 32, 35, 3 8 - 4 2 . 4 6 - 7 , 49, 5^1-5, 78, 86, 103-5, 1 0 7 - 1 1 , 1 4 0 - 2 , 145, 2 7 3 , 276, 285, 289, 2 9 1 , 3 0 0 - 1 , 3 1 1 . 3 8 0 M 0 4 , 413, 4 1 5 - 1 8 . 442, 444, 4 4 7 - 8
5 7 - 6 1 , 6 4 - 8 , 73, 7 7 - 8 3 , 8 6 - 9 1 , 9 6 - 7 , 149, 157, 169,192-3, 211,220, 22.3.
3 1 7 , 3 3 5 - 8 , 343, 346, 3 4 9 , 3 5 5 - 6 , 363,
9 8 - 9 , 100, 102-3. 109, I I 1-12, 114, 239, 245, 2(52, 267, 279, 289, 2 9 1 - 4 . 377, 382, 400, 403. 4 2 2 , 429, 442; o." law, 188, 2 3 1 , 288, 2 9 0 - 3 . 320, 3(5.5-6,
1 1 6 - 1 7 , 126, 142, 147, 1.55, 177, 161, 3 1 6 - 1 7 , 320, 3 2 4 - 5 , 333, 33.5-6, 338. c o m p a r a t i v e valu, 180, 276, 325; o' 3(58, 420
196. 2 0 1 - 2 , 2 1 3 - 1 4 , 217, 225, 273, 345-6, 348-9, 3 5 1 , 356, 361-4, 360-7. Iact, 7(5, 106, 1 14, 1 4 5 - 6 , 1 7 0 - 1 , 17(5, L a w r e n c e , F r e d . x\
28.5-6, 294, 300. 3 4 0 , 3 5 5 , 368, 385, 3 6 9 - 7 4 , 3 7 6 - 8 4 , 3 8 9 , 3 9 1 , 393, 39.5-6. 190. 228. 2 3 1 , 3 0 1 , 3 3 6 , 345; o f valu. l e a r n i n g , 16, 30, .34, 4 5 , 9 0 , 1 0 0 , 107,
408, 429, 443 4 0 1 - 2 , 4 1 8 - 2 0 , 4.39 7, 37, 107-8. 111, I 1 5 - 1 6 . 146, 174, 154, 158, 1 6 L 182, 214, 216, 274,
his/glil ( L o n e r g a n ) , 3, 9, 29, 3 1, 33, i n i e n u o n a l i i y 4, 6 - 9 , 1 5 - 1 7 . 79-80, 177-S. 186, 188, 190, 193, 199-200, .332, 346, 432
34, 37, 3 8 - 9 . 4 7 - 8 , 5 2 , 74, 76, 79, 8 7 , 9 . 5 - 1 0 3 , 105, 107, 109-18, 12.5. 225, 2 3 1 , 238, 276, 2 8 9 - 9 0 , 3 0 1 , 319, level, 3.3-4, 39, 4 5 - 6 , 9 5 , 108, 126-7,
8 7 , 89, 9 1 , 9 5 - 6 , 103, 106, 108, 118, 1 3 0 - 2 , 1 3 6 - 9 , 142, 147, 151, 169-70. 345,364, 366-7, 371,377 1 3 0 - 1 , 145, 229, 2 3 6 , 2 5 6 - 8 , 2 6 0 - 1 ,
500 Index hide.\!
370, ,372, 3S2, 3S5, 3 S 7 - 9 , 3 9 1 , 3 9 3 - 7 , orieniaon, 18, 26, 28, 35, 5 1 , 88, I 13, p o s s i b i l i t y 7, 40, 42, 5 0 . 56, 6)4, 73, 78,
320, 327, 329, 343, 3 4 9 - 5 4 , 356, 360,
3 9 9 - 4 0 1 , 403, 405, 407. 409. 418. 129, 161, 166, 183, 193, 2 2 1 , 248, 104, 106, 108, 1 2 1 , 142, 147, 1.50,
380, 388, 394, 3 9 7 - 4 0 0 , 4 0 2 - 3 , 4 0 6 - 9 ,
4 2 0 , 4 2 4 - 9 . 4 3 1 , 4 3 3 , 4 3 5 - 6 , 439, 442, 253, 278, 283, .304. 3 1 3 - 1 4 , 317, 329. 162. 1 8 ! , 2 0 2 - 3 , 207. 2 ! I , 220, 2(38,
422, 424. 42r>-7, 4 3 3 - 4 , 437, 4 3 9 - 4 0 ,
444, 44(3-7 3 4 1 - 4 , . 3 4 ( w , .356 3 1 1 , 314, 327, 3 3 7 - 9 , 3.53, 355, 365,
-L-12-3, 446
objecuvely, 7, 28, 8 5 , 9 1 , 109, 116, 150, o r i g i n a i i n g , 22. 5 1 , 196, 229, 302. 380, 384, 389, ,391. 3 9 3 , 4 0 0 , 405,
p e r s o n h o o d , 230, 2(35 , 2 6 7 - 8 , 270, 325,
153. 169, 177. 207. 209, 21 1-12, 2.30, 3 4 1 - 4 , .352, 369, .381, .398, 4 0 8 - 9 , 440 420, 435, 446
3 4 1 - 2 , ,351-2, .390
239, 2 6 4 - 5 , 273. 276, 2 8 9 - 9 0 , 293, p o i e n c y 18, 20, 245, 3 2 8 , 3 3 3 - 8 , 363,
p e i - l i n e n c e . 107, 175, 177, 180, 184,
296, 310, 313, 3 3 2 , 3 3 7 , 3 4 1 , 344 passion. 64. 1 19, 1 5 9 - 6 0 , 249 406-7,409
2 0 1 , 233, 238, 2 4 4 , 2 7 5 , 289
objecviiy (3-8. 3(3-9, 4 1 , 43, 45, 47, 49, pa.ssionai.c, 1 28, 159 pr'acucal, 2 1 - 2 , .30, 9 7 - 8 , 100, 102-(3,
p e i - l i n e n t , 7, 5 4 - 6 , 5 8 - 6 0 , 65, 67. 73,
5 1 , 53, 5 5 - 7 , 5 9 - 6 1 , 63. 6 5 - 9 , 7 1 , 73, P a u l , Saint, 5, 1 3 - 1 4 , 2 0 - 3 , 35, 86. 197, l l l , 116, 128, 1(39, 1 7 1 , 1 9 7 , 2 1 8 ,
78,90,100,10(3-9, 1 1 3 , 1 4 0 - 1 , 1.50,
7 6 , 9 1 - 2 , 102, 1 2 5 - 6 , 139, 1 4 1 , 148-9, 2 2 1 , 30.3-6, 426, 4 3 8 2 2 9 , 239, 250, 267, 2 7 3 , 283, 300,
1 7 0 - 1 . 17-1-5, 177, 1 7 9 - 8 3 , 186,
159-60, 167-8, 1 7 0 - 1 , 1.82, 198-200, peace, 26, 44, 1.34, 14.5-6, 2 1 8 - 1 9 , 227 305, .309-10, 3 1 5 - 1 6. 3 19, 323, 325,
1 8 8 - 9 2 . 194-6, 1 9 9 - 2 0 2 , 208, 2 1 1 ,
2 0 7 - 1 1 . 2 1 3 - 1 5 , 2 1 7 , 219, 2 2 1 - 3 . p e r c e p i i o n , 14, 2 7 , 3 5 , (36, 143-4, 149, 34.5-9, 3.54, 362, 3(36-7, 376, 422
2 1 4 , 21 7, 2.38, 2 4 0 , 2 4 6 - 7 , 2(34, 27.5-7,
2 2 5 - 7 , 229, 2 3 1 , 2 3 3 - 5 , 2 3 7 - 4 1 , 274, 417 pr-acce, 1 8 , 6 2 , 188, 1 9 0 , 2 0 8 - 9 , 2 1 6 ,
2 8 1 , 2 9 1 - 2 , 2 9 4 - 5 , 2 9 9 , 304, 313, .322,
2 8 0 - 1 , 295, .304, .309, 387, 4 16, 4 3 5 - 7 , p e r f e c t i b i l i i y 317, 3 4 5 . 347 232, 2 4 8 - 9 , 2 5 1 , 2 8 9 , 304, 329, .397,
.329, 376, 383. 38.5-6. 402, 4 2 2 - 3
439,443,446 p e r f o r m . 25, 3 2 - 3 . 4 I.. 55. (38, 7 7 - 8 0 , 414, 436, -145, 447
p b a n i a s m , 140-1
o b l i g a t i o n , 22, 104, 19-1-5, 2 9 0 , 4 1 5 83, 85, 8 9 - 9 1 , 97, 112, 117, 122, 162, p h e r r o n i e n a , 5, 14, 4 1, 180, 200, pi'ayer-, 128, 283
o b l i g a t o r y 10.5-6, 1 0 9 - 1 0 , 113, 147, 197, 225, 2(33, 267, 2 7 0 - 1 , 286, 2 8 8 - 9 . 2 1 0 , 234, 242, 2 5 3 , 2 5 6 . 3 0 3 , 309, p r e c e p i s . .38, 9 7 , 4 2 0 - 1 , 4 3 6 ;
169, (83, 273, 27(3, 3 0 1 , 419 297, 3 0 0 - 2 , 316, 320. 34 1. 350, .384. t r a n s c e n d e n t a l . 9 5 , 9 7 , 21 1-18, 222,
353.375
occm-, 4 , 27, .30, 34, 4 1, 4 4 - 5 , 47, (33, 65, .389, .396, 428 225, 227, 2 7 4 - 5 , 3 4 3 , 3 6 4 , 375, 413,
p h c r - i o r n e n o l o g i c a l . 3-1, 48, 121, 12,5-6,
73, 80. 90, 97, 1 0 2 - 3 , l0.5-(3, 108, 1 12, p e r f o r m a n c e , 15, 3 3 , 5 6 - 7 . 59, 7 1 - 2 , 444
140, 150, 160, 193, 2 4 5
124, 126-7, 1 2 9 - 3 0 , 134, 138, 144-5, 77. 80, 83, 87, 100. 1 17, 128. 1 3 0 - 1 , pr-eference, 8 - 9 . 42, 1(32-3, 186, 197,
p h i l o s o p h i c a l , -1-5, 9, 1 8 - 1 9 . 26, 3 0 - 1 ,
148, 150, 152, 160, 176, 181-2, 186, 133, 1.53, 195, 2 1 1 , 2 8 6 - 8 , 303, 310, 222, 2 3 1 - 4 . 238, 24 1-8. 2 5 2 - 5 , 257,
.59-60, (36, 7 8 - 9 , 9 1 - 2 , I 10, 1.39, 2(34,
210, 229, 244, 2,52. 263, 272, 27,5-6, 31.5-16, 319, 4 1 4 . 4 1 8 . 427, 436 2 5 9 - 6 ! , 263, 2 6 8 - 7 5 . 2 7 7 - 8 , 2 8 0 - 3 .
280-1,321,407,41.5-16,438
314, 3 1 9 - 2 0 , 324, 336, .351-2, 3.55, per-son, 4, 7-8, 15, 18, 2 0 - 8 , 32, 3 4 - 5 , 285, 2 9 1 - 2 , 296, .303, 3 0 5 - 6 , 3 1 2 - 1 3 ,
p h i l o s o p h y 3 - 5 , 17, 20. 25, 30, .34, .38,
379, 3 9 0 - 1 , .394-5, 419, 422, 443 49, 5 1, 5,3-54. 6.5-7, 73, 75, 83, 85, 3 2 5 , 329, 332, 343, 3 5 8 , 3 8 5 - 9 , 3 9 3 - 4 ,
47, 50, (32, 7 1 - 2 . 84 , 8 6 - 7 , 9 1 , 2 0 7 ,
oneself, 16, 18, 22, 3 1 , 33, .5.5-6. 75, 9 1 , 1 0 0 - 1 , 107, 1 10, 114-15, 120, 2 4 4 , 256, 283, 286, 3 7 8 , 416 4 0 0 . 403, '105, 4 0 7 - 1 0 . 42(3. 4.39,
77, 83, 8 9 - 9 2 , l l l , 113, 130, 134, 125, 12S, 132-4, 139, 144-6, 149-.50, plrr'onesis, 288 444,446
14(3, 152-3, 155. 169, 195, 225, 227, 152, 15-1-5, 160-9, 175, 180, 187, physicaL 24, 45, 1 1 1 - 1 2 , 12,3-4. 132, p r e j u d i c e . (34-5, 67. 172, 175-6, 23.5-6,
2 2 9 - 3 1 , 235. 239, 2.56, 2(33, 2 8 1 , 288, 191, 193-4. 196, 2 0 2 - 3 , 2 0 9 - 1 1 , 222, 152, 154, 173, 1 8 8 - 9 , 194, 1 9 6 , 2 3 0 - 1 , 280,320
2 9 1 , 294, 2 9 7 - 3 0 0 , .302-4, 306, 314, 2 2 7 - 8 , 2.30-3. 2.35, 238, 240, 2 5 4 - 5 , 241, 2(37-8, 295, 3 2 2 - 5 , 3 2 7 - 8 , 347, presence, 8, 2 2 - 3 , 34, 40, 45, 73, 152.
353, 365, 380, .397, 4 3 0 , 4 4 0 - 1 , 447 2 5 7 , 260, 262, 2 6 4 - 7 0 , 274, 2 7 8 - 9 . 3 6 3 , 380, 388, 3 9 2 - 4 , 4 0 0 , 402 2 2 1 , 2 4 2 , 4 3 6 , 446
o n t o l o g i c a l , 66, 1.39, 2 5 7 - 8 , 337, 3.58. 283. 28(3-91, 295, 2 9 7 , 3 0 1 - 2 , .305-(, physics, 131, 379, .381, 390, 392 p r i m o r d i a l , 4 0 - 1 , 63, 70, 8 0 - 1 , 112,
446 .309, 3 1 2 - 1 5 , 3 2 1 - 2 , 325, 3 4 2 - 3 , p h y s i o l o g i c a l , 119, 122, 1 3 0 , 4 0 1 143, 217, 222, 242, 2 5 4 , 271
o i u o l o g ) ' , 290, 3 5 8 - 9 , 3 6 1 , 363, 365, 3 4 6 - 5 3 , 380, 385, 3 8 7 - 8 , 393, 3 9 7 - 8 . p r i n c i p i e s , 224, 2 3 5 - 6 , 347, 390, 394,
physiolog)', 128, 177, 381
367. 369, 3 7 1 , 373, 375. 377, 379, 403, 405, 413, 423, 426, 4 3 1 - 3 , 4 3 6 - 7 . 4 0 1 , 4 2 1 , 430
P i a g e t , J e a n , 346
3 8 1 , .383, .385 440, -143, 445 p r o b a b i l i t y , 323, 3 3 9 , 3 6 1 - 3 , 3 6 5 - 7 ,
plasdcit)', 82, 317, 3 4 5 , 347
o p r a l e , 169, 200, 2 4 5 , 248, 269, .302-4, p e r s o n a l , 6 - 7 , 15. 2 0 , 2 9 . 5 4 , 89, 1-14. 3 7 0 - 2 , 379, 384, 4 0 1 , 4 1 8 - 2 0 , 4 3 9 - 4 0 .
P l a t o , 17, 33, 7 ! , 386
318, 352, 386. .39.1, 404, 406, 414, 1(32, 165, 174, 178, 1 9 4 - 5 , 219, 227, 444
pleasirre, 6 1 , 173, 185, 192, 230-1,2(38
429,434 2 2 9 - 3 2 , 235, 242, 2 4 7 - 8 , 255, 2 5 8 - 6 0 . p r o b l e m , 6, 9, 13, 20, 2 2 , 2 5 . 37-.39. 54.
p o s i l i o n , 15, 4 8 , 5 7 , 6 8 , 9 6 , 1 0 6 . 1 1 0 ,
o p e r a d o n , 317, 345, 3 4 7 - 8 , 389. 418 2 6 2 - 4 , 2 6 6 - 7 1 , 2 7 7 - 9 , 2 8 1 , 289. 292, 57, 63, 7 1 , 7 8 - 9 , 88, 100, I 10. 1 12-14.
125, 139, 199,207-8,215,286,375,
o r d o , 220, 253 295, .300, 302, 304, 3 1 2 - 1 3 . 3 1 7 - 1 8 , 142, 159, 1 7 0 - 1 , 181. 199, 2 0 1 , 209,
382, 387, 41 7, 422, 428, 43(3-7
004 Index Index .505
s c i e n i i l i c , 19, 5 3 - 4 . 6 4 , 6 8 - 7 0 , 72, 8 7 - 8 , socieiy, 187-8, 228, 2 3 0 . 240, 2 5 1 - 2 , 276, 286, 2 8 8 - 9 1 , 306, 31 1, .324. 326.
subjeclivity, 3, 7. 9 , 5 6 , 6 4 - 5 , 73, 79, 8 4 ,
101-2, 130, 170, 2 0 7 - 8 , 2 3 1 , 2 4 8 - 9 , 2 6 1 , 263, 288, 2 9 4 , .301, 3 1 6 - 3 1 7 , 328, 336, 344. 346. 3 7 6 , 380, 386.
8 6 , 105, 125. 2 0 3 , 2 0 7 , 234, 2.38, 4 3 5 ,
2 5 1 - 2 , 260, 3 0 1 , 318, 332, 338, 388, 3 2 1 , 333. 3 5 1 , 3 5 5 - 4 , 406, 426. 4 3 4 .39.3,401,427.439
437, 440
390,414,416 d h n k i n g , 5, 8, 1.3-14, 17, 26, 3 2 - 3 ,
Solomon, Roben, 462 s u f f i c i e n t , 16, 33. . 5 0 - 1 , 78, 89. 9 1 , 1 0 1 ,
sclf-illlrmaiion, 74, 7(-')-9, 8 1 - 4 , 8 6 - 9 2 , somatic, IOS. 1 2 1 - 3 5 , 1 5 1 - 3 , 1.55, 1.82, .3.5-6, .38, 52. .59, 6 5 - 7 , 79, 9 2 , 95. 97,
1 0 4 - 5 , 109, 123, 126, 129, 177, 194,
l l l . 225. 297, 2 9 9 - 3 0 0 , 302, 369, 194, 215, 217, 2 3 1 , 4 0 5 104, 108, l l l . 1 3 1 . 1.35, 139, 141,
268, 273, 3.36. 339, 342, 369, 381
415, 418 s p e c i a l t y 404, 4 2 8 - 9 , 4 3 4 - 5 , 444 144, 167, 173. 182, 193, 199, 2 3 1 ,
s n ] i e r n a t u r a l , 3'1~5
s e l f - H p p r o p r i a i i o i i . 4 - 6 , 8, 13-15, 17, species. 6 6 - 7 , 140. 3 1 9 , 338, 364. 379. 242, 257, 2 7 7 - 8 , 288, 296, 303, 310,
s u r d , 1 14, 314. 3.53, 3 8 1 , 38.3-4
1 9 - 2 1 , 23, 25, 27, 2 9 - 3 6 , 70, 7 4 - 7 , 388, 4 0 0 - 3 , 409 3 1 8 , 3 2 1 , .326, 3 4 6 , 3 5 5 . 3 6 3 , 368,
sysiem, 8 1 - 2 , 122, 134. 160, 2.55, 347,
79, 8 1 - 3 , 8 5 , 8 7 - 9 . 9 1 - 2 , 96, 116, 137, s p i r i i . 2 1 - 2 , 2 7 - 8 . 3 1 . .34-5. 69, 7 3 , 7 5 , 388, 390, .393-4, 4 0 1 , 4 0 3 , 4 2 1 - 3 ,
366,389-90, 420
156. 200, 285. 2 8 7 . 289, 2 9 1 , 293, 9 0 , 213, 2 2 1 , 2 9 3 - 4 , 3 0 4 - 5 436, 443
sysiemaiic, 29, 338, 3 6 3 , 3 6 6 , 3 9 1 - 2 ,
29.5-.306, 3 2 9 . .333. 3 4 4 - 5 , .352-4. 382, .spiriuial, 2 1 - 6 , 28, 3 0 - 2 , 34-,5, 2 2 1 , 223, t h o u g h l , 4 - 5 . 7. 13, 2.5-6, 30, 6 2 ^ h 7 1 .
395,420,440
416, 430. 443, 4 4 7 2.56, 259, 283, .305, 431 7 6 , 79, 8 4 , 8 8 , 9 5 - 6 . 1 0 4 - 5 , 1 1 1 - 1 2 ,
Sysiernacs. 428-.30, 442
Ldr-conecting, 6.3-5, 9 0 , 9 2 , 100. 140, S t a n e l y David .M., 2 1 , 4.50 1 18, 120, 1 3 0 - 1 , 135, 153, 188-9, 228,
183, 223, 2 7 4 - 5 , .346, 4 1 4 , 4 3 2 - 3 Stebbin.s,J. M i c l i a e l , 4 5 1 , 475, 480 237, 249-50, 255, 257, 278, 288, 294,
lask, 4. 16, 19, 25, .35, 4 7 , .50. 7 5 . 8 7 ,
self-know ledge, 5, 2 8 - 9 , 33, 75, 77, 84, s i r u c l u r e , 7. 14, 4 2 , 4 7 , 5 5 , 57, 6 8 , 3 0 2 , 316, 331-.32, 3 4 6 , 367, 369, 380,
89. 96, 100, 128, 1 4 2 - 3 , 2 2 2 - 3 , 2.55,
87, 96. 194, 228, 2 9 8 , 300, .302-3, 7 1 - 2 , 79, 8.3-4, 9 0 , 9 8 , 100, 103, 390, ,399, 40.3-4, 4 1 5 , 4 1 7 , 422, 433,
2 8 1 - 2 . 297, 3 1 7 , 3 4 7 , 4 2 7 , 4.34-5, 4 3 8 .
34 1,416 114, 116, 175, 184, 2 4 2 , 286, 289, 4 4 1 , 447
442-4
Sen, A m a r i y a , 425 3 0 5 , 310, 3 3 6 - 7 . 3 4 0 , 429, 4 3 6 . T o c q u e v i l l e , A l e x i s d e , 178, 345
Taylor. Charles. 425
sensali(jn, 48. 5 2 - 3 . 6 6 , 8 4 - 6 , 88. 106, 442-.3; o f c o g n i i i o n , 3 8 , 4 1 , 5 6 - 9 , T o n e r . Jules, 2 4 - 8 . 4 5 1 - 2
l e c h n o l o g i c a l . 333, 3 5 7 . 406, 4 0 9 - 1 0
108, 120, 1 4 4 - 5 , 2.58. 303. 405 6 1 , 64, 6 8 - 9 . 7 1 - 2 , 74, 7 6 - 7 , 80. l o i a l i i y 68, 72, 160, 213, 21.5-16, 218,
lechnolg)', 409
s e n s i n g , 4 3 - 8 , .55, 7 7 - 8 , 9 0 - 1 , 145 8 2 - 3 , 8 6 - 7 , 8 9 . 9 1 , 9 5 , 9 7 - 8 , 100, 227, 2 4 1 , 269, 3 1 1 , 3 3 4 , 340, 366.
len.sion, 7. .39-42. 4 6 - 7 . 49-.50, 59. 6 1 ,
sequence, 4 1 - 2 , 64, 8 9 - 9 0 , 223, 280, 1 0 2 - 3 , 105, 1 1 I , 117, 225, 285, 370, 378, 4 2 1 , 439
64, I 10, 122, 124. 164, 183, 185, 210,
3 1 2 - 1 5 , 318, 3 2 1 , 3 3 7 , 3 4 6 - 7 297. 299-300, 33.3-4, 337-9, 3 4 1 , u - a d i u o n , 2 1 , 178, 2 1 9 , 2 2 1 , 226, 266,
2 1 3 , 215. 222, 2 2 6 , 25.3-4, 3.52. 418
.series. 23, 29, 3 1 , 5 0 - 1 , 83, 1 1 1 , 129, 3 5 5 , 369, 4 1 5 , 4 1 8 , 4 3 6 - 7 , 4 4 3 - 4 ; .399, 414, 423, 4 2 6 , 4 3 1 , 442, 446
l e n n i n a l , 1.39-40, 142, 147, 279, 317,
178, 184, 190, 192, 194, 2 0 1 , 2 2 4 , o f e i h i c a l i n i c n i i o n a l i l y . 6-7, 9 , i r a n q u i l i i y 26. 148. 2 6 2
3 2 0 , 34 1-5, 3 4 9 - 5 4 . 3 5 6 . 358, 369,
226, 2 4 4 - 5 , 286, 3 1 2 , .323, 325, 336, 8 7 , 9 . 5 - 9 , 1 0 1 - 3 , 105, 107, 1 0 9 - 1 8 , U'anscend, 29, 138, 1.55,209,21.3-14,
393, 407, 410, 443
364, 3 9 0 - 2 , 396, 4 0 6 , 408 130, 1.32, 169, 199,201.229.274, 2 6 1 , 279, 337, 3 9 6
t h e o l o g i c a l , 34, 7 6 , 2 6 4 , 3 5 3 , 407, 4 0 9 ,
S l u i t e , .\'evil, 3 2 2 . 3 2 8 2 8 5 - 3 0 0 . 3 0 2 - 6 . 3 0 9 - 1 0 , 313, 3 1 5 , i r a n s c e n d e n c e , 7, 13, 39, 46, 5 7 - 8 , 90,
4 1 4 . 425
.simated, 25, 33. 9 9 , 115, 166-7, 1 7 9 - 8 1 , 3 1 7 - 2 1 . 323, 328, 3 3 3 - 4 , 339-42, 138, 1 4 1 , 146, 1.53, 1 7 9 , 2 1 3 , 2 2 0 ,
dieolog)-, 3, 9, 13, 1 7 . 3 0 - 1 , 3 4 , 118,
195. 2 2 1 , 230. 297, 315, 319, 322, .344-5, 3 4 8 - 9 . 3 5 5 . 3 5 7 , 3 6 1 , 3 6 8 - 9 , 2 3 0 - 1 , 233. 264, 2 8 1 , 3 2 6 - 7 , 336.
1 36, 207, 259, 2 8 3 , 31 7, 3 3 2 - 3 , 3 4 2 ,
.357-8, 418, 4 2 2 . 4 2 4 , 428, 4 3 1 , 438 3 7 3 , 376, 384. 3 8 6 , 3 8 8 , 4 1 3 - 1 6 , 343-^1. 352, 367, 3 9 7 , 4 0 3 , 4 1 7 , 4 3 2 .
378, .394, 404, 415, 42.5-6, 428, 4 3 1 - 4 .
s k i l l , 14-15, 7 5 , 9 9 , 148, 274, 317, 3 4 5 - 7 424,427-30, 433-4, 436,438-9. 441-2
4 4 2 , 444
S n e l l . R.J.,479 44.3-4, 4 4 7 - 8 ; o f l h e h u m a n g o o d . i r a i i s c n l u i r a l , 4 , 8, 3 3 3 , 3.55
i h e o r e u c a l , 30, 6 4 - 5 , 76, 101-2, 275,
.social. 24, 33, 6 3 - 4 . 77, 100. 114. 131. 4, 2 7 8 - 9 , 290, 3 1 2 . 3 1 7 , 320, 3 2 8 - 9 . i r u i h , 17-18. 2 0 , 3 5 , 146.212,221,226,
2 8 6 , .305, 4 4 3
137, 157, 172-3, 176, 1 7 8 - 8 0 , 183-8, 3 3 1 - 4 , .339-42, 3 4 4 - 5 , .347-8, . 3 5 4 - 8 , 2 2 9 - 3 0 , 256, 2 6 2 , 3 0 4 , 3 1 9 , 3 7 4 - 6 .
i h e o r y .3, 5, 8 - 9 , 34, .38. 4 1, 52, 7 1 - 2 ,
192, 202. 230. 2 3 2 , 2.35, 24.0, 2 4 7 - 9 , 3 6 0 , 4 0 7 - 8 , 410, 4 3 7 , 4 4 4 405,417,441
7 6 - 7 , 84, 86, 9 1 , 2 3 1 , 2 3 5 , 278, 3 6 4 ,
25'l-6, 258-64, 2 7 0 - 1 , 277-278. 282. s u b j e c i . 38, 46, 57, 7 8 - 8 0 , 82, 8 4 - 5 , 8 9 ,
390. 417
2 8 8 . 2 9 1 - 5 , 3 0 1 . 3 1 1 - 1 2 . 31.5-19, 3 2 1 , 9 1 , 9 6 , 9 9 - 1 0 0 , 1 0 2 - 3 , 125, 129, 1 6 1 . u h i m a i e , 20. 2 5 . 3 4 , 8 3 , 140. 180, 192.
i h i n g , 6, 8, 14, 20, 2 6 , ,33, 3 8 - 9 , 43, 5 5 ,
3 2 3 - 9 , 3 3 1 - 2 , 34 1, 348-,58, 3 6 1 , 3 8 1 , 16.5-7, 173, 195. 199, 2 0 1 , 2 1 9 , 2 2 8 - 9 . 2 3 1 , 239, .304, 3 2 1 , .350, .362, .367.
6 3 , 6 5 - 6 , 8 2 , 8 5 , 104. 110, 112, 115,
3 8 4 . 388. 39^1-400, 4 0 2 - 3 , 4 0 5 - 1 0 , 278, 282, 289, 300, .302, 313, 340,
131, 159, 164, 167, 186, 2 0 1 , 212, 3 7 0 - 2 , ,383, .390, 3 9 8 - 9 , 420. 427,
422-4,433, 437-9 344, 348, 386, 388, 4 4 3
2 1 9 , 2.3.3-4, 2 4 3 , 2 5 5 , 2 6 4 , 2 6 6 , 2 7 4 , 441,445
Index 509
508 Index
w i l l i n g n e s s , 6 2 - 3 , 196, 2 1 7 . 2 8 5 . 3 4 2 - 3
u n c o n d i i i o n a l , 24, 5 6 , 58, 67, 69, 88, u n i i v , 5 1 . 78, 199, 26(3-7, 31)0-1, 335, \4rtnally, 4. 5 0 - 2 , 5 4 - 6 , 5 8 - 6 0 , 63,
w i s d o m , 19, 2 1 , 183. 1 9 5 , 2 9 2 . 306, 3 1 9 .
107, 109-10, 114, 156, 166, 194, 198. 374, .396 6 7 - 7 2 , 7 8 - 9 , 8 L 8 3 - 4 , 89, 10(t-2.
1 0 5 - 9 . 112-17, 12(3, 128. 131. 1 4 0 - 2 , .328, 407, 4 2 3 - 4
2 0 1 - 2 , 216, 2 1 8 - 2 0 , 2 2 2 , 224, 2 2 6 - 7 . u n i v e r s e , 9. 25, 2 9 , 4 2 . 1.55. 164, 220.
145, 148, 150, 154, 167, 1(39-71, w o n d e r , 38, 4 1 , 44, 58, (30, (34, 210, 215
235, 26.5-9, 289, 2 9 1 . 305, 313, 3 3 5 , ' 2 2 9 - 3 0 , 333, 3.38-9, 342, 3 5 7 - 9 ,
177-S, 1 8 0 - 1 , 1 8 8 - 9 1 , 193. 195, 199, V \ o r d s w o r i h , VVilliam. 148
340, 3 4 3 - 4 , 3 5 2 , 3 7 2 - 4 , 37(3-7, 380, 3 6 1 - 2 , 3(35-7, 3 7 0 - 2 , 379, 38.3-4,
2 0 1 , 208, 2 1 7 - 1 8 , 2 2 2 , 2 2 5 , 229, 2.34, w o r l d . 3, 7, 9, 22, 2 9 , 4 4 - 5 , 5 2 , 5 7 . (39,
384,398-400, 430, 4 4 1 , 4 4 5 3 9 2 - 3 , 3 9 9 - 4 0 0 , 4 1 8 - 2 0 , 422, 430
2 3 8 - 4 0 , 242, 264, 2 7 4 , 2 7 6 , 2 8 5 - 6 , 76, 8 2 . 84, 100, I 14, 130, 134, 137,
u n c o n d i i i o n e d , 4, 37, 48, 5 0 - 2 , 5 4 - 6 , u n r e s t r i c i e d , 7 - 8 , 32, 34, 5 8 - 7 0 , 7 2 - 3 ,
2 8 9 . 2 9 2 - 6 , 304, 3 2 4 . 33.5-7. 347, 358, 1 4 3 - 4 , 152, 1 5 4 - 5 , 165, 172, 194-6,
5 8 - 6 0 . 63, 6 7 - 7 2 , 7 7 - 9 , 8 1 , 8 3 - 4 . 8 6 , 88, 90, 1 3 2 - 3 , 1.55, 1(33-4, 195,
3 6 1 . .3(35, 3(37-8 , 3 7 0 - 2 , 376, .380-3, 2 1 5 , 220, 2.30, 2 3 ' l - 6 , 2 8 3 , 299, 304,
8 9 - 9 1 , 100-2, ! 0 . 5 - 9 , 1 12-17, 126, 2 1 0 - 2 7 , 229, 2 3 2 , 2 3 6 - 9 , 2 4 l , 254,
3 8 5 , 4 0 2 - 3 , 4 0 5 , 4 1 6, 4 1 9 , 444 3 2 2 , 326, 345, 3 5 9 - 6 0 , 3 6 7 , 3 7 1 , 379,
131, 140-2, 145, 1 4 8 - 5 0 , 167, l ( i 9 - 7 1 , 2 6 3 - 9 . 274, 283, 2 9 3 - 6 , 2 9 9 - 3 0 0 ,
v i r t u e . 2 2 . 33, .56, 6 5 . 6 9 . 115, 229, 264, 3 8 2 - 3 , 385, 402, 4 1 9 - 2 0 , 426, 428,
177-8, l 8 ( t - 2 , 1 8 8 - 9 1 , 193, 195, 199. 3 0 2 - 6 , 3 1 0 - 1 4 , 3 2 1 , .328, 337, 340,
4 3 0 , 445
2 0 1 , 208, 2 1 7 - 1 8 , 2 2 2 , 225, 229, 234, 34.3-4, 34(3-7, 3 5 8 . 368, 3 7 3 - 7 , 3 8 3 - 7 , 2 7 2 , 287. 3 1 5 . 403
w o r i h . 1 4 - 1 5 , 17, 3 3 , 7 7 . 9 8 , 1 0 9 - 1 0 ,
2 3 8 - 4 0 , 264, 274, 2 7 6 . 2 8 5 - 6 , 2 9 2 - 6 , 3 9 7 . 399, 4 16, 4 2 6 - 7 , 429-.30, 435, v i t a l , 37. 144. 1 7 6 - 7 , 1 7 9 - 8 0 , 2.32, 247,
113, 137, 156, 1 7 4 - 5 , 1 9 5 - 6 , 236, 2 6 2 ,
304, .324, .33.5-7, .347, 3 6 1 , 3 6 4 - 5 , 4.39, 445, 447 2 5 3 . 25.5-62, 264, 2 7 0 - 1 , 2 7 7 - 8 , 282,
2 7 1 . 277, 290, .301, 3 1 0 . 3 1 9 , 325,
.367-8, 3 7 1 - 2 , 3 7 4 , 3 7 6 , .380-.3, .385, u n r e s t r i c t e d n e s s , 6 2 - 3 , 21.5-17 2 9 5 , 3 ( H , 317, 3 2 4 - 5 . 346, 3.50, .3.54,
3 2 7 - 9 . 34 1. 3 4 8 . 3 5 6 . 3 7 1 , 3 8 4 - 5 , 405
4.03, 405, 416, 4 1 9 , 4 4 4 L i p w a r d l v , 339, 361, 418, 420 3 7 8 , 388, 3 9 4 - 4 0 0 , 4 0 2 - 1 0
w o r i h w h i i e , 5, 9 2 , 9 8 , l()4-(3, 109. 113,
i i n d e m a n d , 4 - 5 , 16. 23, 28, 3 1 , 39, 6 1 , V o l t a i r e , 378
147, 1.55, 169, 183, 1 9 3 - 4 , 2 0 2 , 2 1 1 .
(39, 79, 90, 99, 1 0 1 , 104, 107, 131, v a l n e : c u l t n r a L 179, 2(34, 270, 326, 3 9 6 .
215 21 7, 243, 2 4 5 , 2 7 6 , 2 9 0 , 294,
1 4 0 - 1 , 149, 152, 155, 169, 189, 193, .398, 407; n o i i o n of, 7 - 8 , 95, 1.33, V\eber, M a x , 2 0 7 - 8 , 4 3 5
.301, 3 1 2 , 3 1 7 , 3 2 5 , 3 6 0 , 3 8 5
2 1 1 , 2 1 4 , 2 2 2 , 22(3, 2 4 2 - 3 , 246, 2.55, 21 1-19. 2 2 2 - 5 , 2 2 7 , 2 2 9 , 232, 236, W i l k i n s . Jei'em)', 4 7 1
273, 279, 2 8 1 - 2 , 3 0 2 - 3 , 3 1 1 , 3 1 7 , 339. 238, 24 1, 254, 2(3.3-5, 2 7 4 - 5 , 279, 28(i,
346. 348, 352, 354, 374, 37(3-7, 390, 296, .300. 3 0 2 - 6 , 3 1 0 - 1 4 , 3 2 1 , .328,
392, .397-8, 4 2 2 , 4.32-3. 4 4 3 . 446, 448 3 3 9 - 4 0 , 34.3-4. 3 5 8 . 364, 374, 377,
u n d e r s i a n d i i i g , 3, 5, 16, 22, 27, 2 9 - 3 0 , 383, .386-7, .397, 416, 4 2 6 - 7 , 4 2 9 - 3 0 ,
3 2 - 5 , 4 1, 44, 4 6 - 7 , 4 9 - 5 1 , 5 4 - 6 0 , 4 3 9 . 444, 447; o r i g i n a i i n g . 196, 229.
62, 6 7 - 7 3 , 7 5 - 8 , 8 0 , 8 2 - 3 , 86, 8 8 - 9 2 . .302, .341-4. 352, 398, 409; p e r s o n a l ,
9 7 - 8 , 1 0 0 - 1 , 1 0 3 - 8 , 11.5-16, 118, 126, 1 9 ' l - 5 , 227, 2 2 9 - 3 ! , 235, 258, 260,
1.30, 133, 135. 137, 1 3 9 - 4 3 . 145, 152, 2(33-4, 2 6 7 - 8 . 2 7 1 , 2 8 9 , .300, 302,
155, 157, 171, 176, 1 7 9 - 8 0 , 182, 194, .351-3, 3 9 7 - 4 0 0 , 408, 437; religion.s,
1 9 9 - 2 0 0 , 2 0 8 - 9 , 2 1 1 , 216, 219, 2 2 1 , 179, 232, 236, 2 4 8 , 2 5 5 , 2 5 7 - 9 , 26.5-6.
224, 2 2 6 - 7 , 229, 2 3 1 , 237, 2 4 2 - 3 , 2 5 8 . 2 7 0 - 1 , 2 7 7 - 8 , 283, 295, .3.50, 388.
2 4 9 . 2.55, 2.58, 263, 2 6 9 , 2 7 3 - 4 . 2 7 6 - 7 , 394, 394, 3 9 8 - 4 0 0 , 4 0 2 - 3 , 406, 409;
28.5-6. 290, 2 9 2 , 2 9 9 - . 3 0 1 , 30.3-6, 3 1 1 , social, 1 78, 247, 2 6 2 - 3 , 2 7 0 - 1 , 282.
31(3, 333, 33.5-8, 343, 348, 3 5 4 - 5 , 3 6 1 , 3 2 5 - 6 , 349, 402, 408; t e r m i n a l , 317,
363, 3 7 2 - 7 , 382, 384, 386, 394, 3 9 6 - 7 . 3 4 1 - 2 , 3 4 4 - 5 , 3.52, 358, 407; v i i a l ,
40.3-4, 41.3-14, 4 1 6 , 4 19-20, 423, 427, 144, 176-7, 180, 247, 2 5 8 - 9 , 2 7 1 , 37M
4 2 9 - 3 0 , 4 3 2 - 4 , 438, 4 4 0 - 1 , 4 4 5 - 7 Vntiim ( L o n e r g a n ) , 1 3 9 - 4 0 , 145
u n e i h i c a l , 113, 131, 198, 2 9 0 - 2 . 3 6 8 V e r d n . Michael, 199-200
u n i n i e l l i g i b i l i t y , 1 14, .328, 342, 378, vice, 28, 104, 270, 279
380-5,421 v i e w p o i n t , 89, 214, 2 5 4 , 378, 384;
u n i n t e l l i g i b l e , 279, 3 2 0 , 3 8 0 - 2 , 384 higher, 389-2, 3 9 6 - 8 , 400-1
"The Ethics of Discernment makes a c o m p e l l i n g case f o r w h y
t h e f o u n d a t i o n s o f e t h i c s s h o u l d be b a s e d o n a p h i l o s o p h y o f
self-appropriation."
l o h n 1. L i p t a y , D e p a r t m e n t o f P h i l o s o p h y , St T h o m a s More
College, U n i v e r s i t y o f S a s k a t c h e w a n
M a r k T. M i l l e r , D e p a r t m e n t o f T h e o l o g y a n d Religious S t u d i e s ,
University oSan Francisco