Mastering HW 1

10/13/2017 Mastering HW 1
Mastering HW 1
Due: 11:59pm on Friday, September 29, 2017
To understand how points are awarded, read the Grading Policy for this assignment.
Cosine Wave
The graph shows the position x of an oscillating object as a function of time t. The equation of the
graph is
x(t) = A cos (t + ),
where A is the amplitude, is the angular frequency, and is a phase constant. The quantities M ,
N , and T are measurements to be used in your answers.
Part A
What is A in the equation?
Hint 1. Maximum of x(t)

What is the maximum value of x on the graph and what is the maximum of x(t) as described by the equation? The equation is just a constant
multiplied by a cosine function. Cosine can only range from 1 to 1.
ANSWER:
2M
M /T
T /2
Correct
Part B
What is in the equation?
Hint 1. Period
Think of the simpler equation x = cos (t) . The period T is the same as before. What does x equal when t = T ? Use the result to solve for .
ANSWER:
https://session.masteringphysics.com/myct/assignmentPrintView?assignmentID=5701588 1/29
2T
2/T
2/T
1/T
Correct
Part C
What is in the equation?
Hint 1. Using the graph and trigonometry

What is x equal to when t = N ? Use your result for to solve for in terms of T , M , and N .
Hint 2. Using the graph and Part B

You might be able to find in terms of and then use your result from Part B.
ANSWER:
T N
2N /T
2N /T
arccos(2N /T )
Correct
Good Vibes: Introduction to Oscillations
Learning Goal:
To learn the basic terminology and relationships among the main characteristics of simple harmonic motion.
Motion that repeats itself over and over is called periodic motion. There are many examples of periodic motion: the earth revolving around the sun, an elastic
ball bouncing up and down, or a block attached to a spring oscillating back and forth.
The last example differs from the first two, in that it represents a special kind of periodic motion called simple harmonic motion. The conditions that lead to
simple harmonic motion are as follows:
There must be a position of stable equilibrium.

There must be a restoring force acting on the oscillating object. The direction of this force must always point toward the equilibrium, and its
magnitude must be directly proportional to the magnitude of the object's displacement from its equilibrium position. Mathematically, the restoring
force F is given by F = kx, where xis the displacement from equilibrium and k is a constant that depends on the properties of the oscillating
system.
The resistive forces in the system must be reasonably small.
In this problem, we will introduce some of the basic quantities that describe oscillations and the relationships among them.
Consider a block of mass m attached to a spring with force constant k, as shown in the figure. The spring can be either stretched or compressed. The block
slides on a frictionless horizontal surface, as shown. When the spring is relaxed, the block is located at x = 0. If the block is pulled to the right a distance A
and then released, A will be the amplitude of the resulting oscillations.
Assume that the mechanical energy of the block-spring system remains unchanged in the subsequent motion of the block.
Part A
After the block is released from x = A , it will
ANSWER:
remain at rest.
move to the left until it reaches equilibrium and stop there.
move to the left until it reaches x = A and stop there.
move to the left until it reaches x = A and then begin to move to the right.
Correct
As the block begins its motion to the left, it accelerates. Although the restoring force decreases as the block approaches equilibrium, it still pulls the
block to the left, so by the time the equilibrium position is reached, the block has gained some speed. It will, therefore, pass the equilibrium position
and keep moving, compressing the spring. The spring will now be pushing the block to the right, and the block will slow down, temporarily coming to
rest at x = A.
After x = A is reached, the block will begin its motion to the right, pushed by the spring. The block will pass the equilibrium position and continue
until it reaches x = A, completing one cycle of motion. The motion will then repeat; if, as we've assumed, there is no friction, the motion will repeat
indefinitely.
The time it takes the block to complete one cycle is called the period. Usually, the period is denoted T and is measured in seconds.
The frequency, denoted f , is the number of cycles that are completed per unit of time: f = 1/T . In SI units, f is measured in inverse seconds, or hertz (Hz).
Part B
If the period is doubled, the frequency is
ANSWER:
unchanged.
doubled.
halved.
Correct
Part C
An oscillating object takes 0.10 s to complete one cycle; that is, its period is 0.10 s. What is its frequency f ?
Express your answer in hertz.

ANSWER:
f = 10 Hz
Correct
Part D
If the frequency is 40 Hz, what is the period T ?
Express your answer in seconds.
ANSWER:
T = 0.025 s
Correct
The following questions refer to the figure that graphically depicts the oscillations of the block on the
spring.
Note that the vertical axis represents the x coordinate of the oscillating object, and the horizontal axis
represents time.
Part E
Which points on the x axis are located a distance A from the equilibrium position?
ANSWER:
R only
Q only
both R and Q
Correct
Part F
Suppose that the period is T . Which of the following points on the t axis are separated by the time interval T ?
ANSWER:
K and L
K and M
K and P
L and N
M and P
Correct
Now assume for the remaining Parts G - J, that the x coordinate of point R is 0.12 m and the t coordinate of point K is 0.0050 s.
Part G
What is the period T ?
Hint 1. How to approach the problem

In moving from the point t = 0 to the point K, what fraction of a full wavelength is covered? Call that fraction a. Then you can set aT = 0.005 s .
Dividing by the fraction a will give the period T .
ANSWER:
T = 0.02 s
Correct
Part H
How much time t does the block take to travel from the point of maximum displacement to the opposite point of maximum displacement?

ANSWER:
t = 0.01 s
Correct
Part I
What distance d does the object cover during one period of oscillation?
Express your answer in meters.
ANSWER:
d = 0.48 m
Correct
Part J
What distance d does the object cover between the moments labeled K and N on the graph?
Express your answer in meters.
ANSWER:
d = 0.36 m
Correct
Harmonic Oscillator Kinematics

Learning Goal:
To understand the application of the general harmonic equation to the kinematics of a spring oscillator.
One end of a spring with spring constant k is attached to the wall. The other end is attached to a block of mass m. The block rests on a frictionless horizontal
surface. The equilibrium position of the left side of the block is defined to be x = 0. The length of the relaxed spring is L.
The block is slowly pulled from its equilibrium position to some position xinit > 0 along the x axis. At
time t = 0 , the block is released with zero initial velocity.
The goal is to determine the position of the block x(t) as a function of time in terms of and xinit .
It is known that a general solution for the displacement from equilibrium of a harmonic oscillator is
x(t) = C cos (t) + S sin (t) ,
where C , S, and are constants.
Your task, therefore, is to determine the

values of C and S in terms of and xinit .
Part A
Using the general equation for x(t) given in the problem introduction, express the initial position of the block xinit in terms of C , S, and (Greek letter
omega).
Hint 1. Consider t = 0
Evaluate the general expression for x(t) when t = 0 .
Hint 2. Some useful trigonometry

Recall that cos 0 = 1 and sin 0 = 0 .
ANSWER:
xinit = C
Correct
This result is a good first step. The constant C in this case is simply xinit , the initial position of the block. What about S? To find the relationship
between S and other variables, let us consider another initial condition that we know: At t = 0, the velocity of the block is zero.
Part B
Find the value of S using the given condition that the initial velocity of the block is zero: v(0) = 0 .

Using the general equation x(t), obtain the expression for the block's velocity v(t) in terms of C , S, , and t. Then evaluate the general
expression for v(t) when t = 0.
Hint 2. Differentiating harmonic functions

Recall that
d cos t
= sin t
dt
and
d sin t
= cos t .
dt
Note the negative sign in the first formula.
ANSWER:
xinit tan(t)
xinit
xinit
Correct
Part C
What is the equation x(t) for the block?
Express your answer in terms of t, , and xinit .
Hint 1. Start with the general solution

Use the general solution and the values for C and S obtained in the previous parts.
ANSWER:
x(t) = xinit cos(t)
Correct
In this problem the initial velocity is zero, so the quantity |xinit | is the maximum displacement of the block from the equilibrium position. The
magnitude of the maximum displacement is called the amplitude, often denoted A. Using this notation, the formula for x(t) can be rewritten as
x(t) = A cos t .
Now, imagine that we have exactly the same physical situation but that the x axis is translated, so that the position of the wall is now defined to be x = 0 .
The initial position of the block is the same as before, but in the new coordinate system, the block's
starting position is given by xnew (t = 0) = L + xinit .
Part D
Find the equation for the block's position xnew (t) in the new coordinate system.
Express your answer in terms of L, xinit , (Greek letter omega), and t.
Hint 1. Equilibrium position

Changing the origin of the coordinate system has no effect on the physical parameters of the problem (e.g., the frequency or the amplitude of the
block's oscillations). The initial velocity is still zero. The only difference is that now the block is oscillating around x = L whereas before it was
oscillating around x = 0. What is the difference, at any moment, between xnew (t) in the new coordinate system and x(t) in the old coordinate
system?
ANSWER:
xnew (t) x(t) = L
ANSWER:
xnew (t) = L + xinit cos(t)
Correct
Period of a Mass-Spring System Ranking Task
Different mass crates are placed on top of springs of uncompressed length L0 and stiffness k. The
crates are released and the springs compress to a length L before bringing the crates back up to
their original positions.
Part A
Rank the time required for the crates to return to their initial positions from largest to smallest.
Rank from largest to smallest. To rank items as equivalent, overlap them.
Hint 1. Formula for the period

The period is defined as the time it takes for an oscillator to go through one complete cycle of its motion. Therefore, the time for each crate to return
to its initial position is one period. The period of a mass-spring system is given by

m
T = 2
k
.
Therefore, if m can be determined from the provided information, a ranking can be determined. If m cannot be determined, the ranking cannot be
determined based on the information provided.
Hint 2. Determining the mass

At equilibrium, the force of the spring upward is equal to the force of gravity downward:
ksequilibrium = mg.
Solving for the mass we get
ksequilibrium
m =
g
.
Since the crate oscillates with equal amplitude above and below the equilibrium position, the compression of the spring at equilibrium is one-half the
total distance the crate falls before beginning to move back upward; that is,
1
sequilibrium =
2
smaximum .
Combining these two ideas results in
ksmaximum
m =
2g
.
Expressing smaxim in terms of known quantities, and substituting mass into the period formula, will allow you to determine the correct ranking.
Hint 3. Determining smaxim

As defined in the problem, L0 is the uncompressed length of the spring and L is the maximum compression of the spring. The total distance the
crate falls before beginning to move back upward is given by
smaximum = L0 L .
ANSWER:
Reset Help
largest smallest
The correct ranking cannot be determined.
Correct
Position, Velocity, and Acceleration of an Oscillator
Learning Goal:
To learn to find kinematic variables from a graph of position vs. time.
The graph of the position of an oscillating object as a function of time is shown.
Some of the questions ask you to determine ranges on the graph over which a statement is true.
When answering these questions, choose the most complete answer. For example, if the answer "B
to D" were correct, then "B to C" would technically also be correct--but you will only recieve credit for
choosing the most complete answer.
Part A
Where on the graph is x > 0?
ANSWER:
A to B
A to C
C to D
C to E
B to D
A to B and D to E
Correct
Part B
Where on the graph is x < 0?
ANSWER:
A to B
A to C
C to D
C to E
B to D
A to B and D to E
Correct
Part C
Where on the graph is x = 0?
ANSWER:
A only
C only
E only
A and C
A and C and E
B and D
Correct
Part D
Where on the graph is the velocity v > 0 ?
Hint 1. Finding instantaneous velocity

Instantaneous velocity is the derivative of the position function with respect to time,
dx(t)
v(t) = .
dt
Thus, you can find the velocity at any time by calculating the slope of the x vs. t graph. When is the slope greater than 0 on this graph?
ANSWER:
A to B
A to C
C to D
C to E
B to D
A to B and D to E
Correct
Part E
Where on the graph is the velocity v < 0 ?
ANSWER:
A to B
A to C
C to D
C to E
B to D
A to B and D to E
Correct
Part F
Where on the graph is the velocity v = 0 ?
Hint 1. How to tell if v = 0

dx(t)
The velocity is zero when the slope of the x vs. t curve is zero: = 0.
dt
ANSWER:
A only
B only
C only
D only
E only
A and C
A and C and E
B and D
Correct
Part G
Where on the graph is the acceleration a > 0 ?
Hint 1. Finding acceleration

Acceleration is the second derivative of the position function with respect to time:
2
d x(t)
a=
2
.
dt
This means that the sign of the acceleration is the same as the sign of the curvature of the x vs. t graph. The acceleration of a curve is negative for
downward curvature and positive for upward curvature. Where is the curvature greater than 0?
ANSWER:
A to B
A to C
C to D
C to E
B to D
A to B and D to E
Correct
Part H
Where on the graph is the acceleration a < 0 ?
ANSWER:
A to B
A to C
C to D
C to E
B to D
A to B and D to E
Correct
Part I
Where on the graph is the acceleration a = 0 ?
Hint 1. How to tell if a = 0

The acceleration is zero at the inflection points of the x vs. t graph. Inflection points are where the curvature of the graph changes sign.
ANSWER:
A only
B only
C only
D only
E only
A and C
A and C and E
B and D
Correct
Problem 14.5
Part A
What is the amplitude of the oscillation shown in the figure?
Express your answer to two significant figures and include the appropriate units.
ANSWER:
A = 10 cm
Correct
Part B
What is the frequency of the oscillation shown in the figure?
ANSWER:
f = 0.50 Hz
Correct
Part C
What is the phase constant of the oscillation shown in the figure?
ANSWER:

0
= 120
Correct
Energy of Harmonic Oscillators
Learning Goal:
To learn to apply the law of conservation of energy to the analysis of harmonic oscillators.
Systems in simple harmonic motion, or harmonic oscillators, obey the law of conservation of energy just like all other systems do. Using energy considerations,
one can analyze many aspects of motion of the oscillator. Such an analysis can be simplified if one assumes that mechanical energy is not dissipated. In other
words,
E = K + U = constant,
where E is the total mechanical energy of the system, K is the kinetic energy, and U is the potential energy.
As you know, a common example of a harmonic oscillator is a mass attached to a spring. In this problem, we will consider a horizontally moving block attached
to a spring. Note that, since the gravitational potential energy is not changing in this case, it can be excluded from the calculations.
For such a system, the potential energy is stored in the spring and is given by
1
U = kx
2
,
2
where k is the force constant of the spring and x is the distance from the equilibrium position.
The kinetic energy of the system is, as always,
1
K= mv
2
,
2
where m is the mass of the block and v is the speed of the block.
We will also assume that there are no resistive forces; that is, E = constant .
Consider a harmonic oscillator at four different moments, labeled A, B, C, and D, as shown in the figure . Assume that the force constant k, the mass of the
block, m, and the amplitude of vibrations, A, are given. Answer the following questions.
Part A
Which moment corresponds to the maximum potential energy of the system?
Hint 1. Consider the position of the block
Recall that U =
1
2
kx
2
, where x is the distance from equilibrium. Thus, the farther the block is from equilibrium, the greater the potential energy.
When is the block farthest from equilibrium?
ANSWER:
Correct
Part B
Which moment corresponds to the minimum kinetic energy of the system?
Hint 1. How does the velocity change?

2
Recall that K = , where v is the speed of the block. When is the speed at a minimum? Keep in mind that speed is the magnitude of the
1
mv
2
velocity, so the lowest value that it can take is zero.
ANSWER:
Correct
When the block is displaced a distance A from equilibrium, the spring is stretched (or compressed) the most, and the block is momentarily at rest.
2
Therefore, the maximum potential energy is U max . At that moment, of course, K . Recall that E . Therefore,
1
= kA = Kmin = 0 = K +U
2
1 2
E= kA .
2
In general, the mechanical energy of a harmonic oscillator equals its potential energy at the maximum or minimum displacement.
Part C
Consider the block in the process of oscillating.
ANSWER:
at the equilibrium position.
at the amplitude displacement.
moving to the right.

If the kinetic energy of the block is increasing, the block must be
moving to the left.
moving away from equilibrium.
moving toward equilibrium.
Correct
Part D
Which moment corresponds to the maximum kinetic energy of the system?
Hint 1. Consider the velocity of the block

As the block begins to move away from the amplitude position, it gains speed. As the block approaches equilibrium, the force applied by the spring
and, therefore, the acceleration of the blockdecrease. The speed of the block is at a maximum when the acceleration becomes zero. At what
position does the object begin to slow down?
ANSWER:
Correct
Part E
Which moment corresponds to the minimum potential energy of the system?
Hint 1. Consider the distance from equilibrium

The smallest potential energy corresponds to the smallest distance from equilibrium.
ANSWER:
Correct
When the block is at the equilibrium position, the spring is not stretched (or compressed) at all. At that moment, of course, U = Umin = 0 .
Meanwhile, the block is at its maximum speed (vmax ). The maximum kinetic energy can then be written as Kmax = mv2 max . Recall that
1
E = K +U and that U = 0 at the equilibrium position. Therefore,
1 2
E= mvmax .
2
Recalling what we found out before,
1 2
E= kA ,
2
we can now conclude that
1 2 1 2
kA = mvmax ,
2 2
or

k
vmax = A = A.
m
Part F
At which moment is K = U ?
Hint 1. Consider the potential energy
At this moment, U U max . Use the formula for Umax to obtain the corresponding distance from equilibrium.
1
=
2
ANSWER:
Correct
Part G
Find the kinetic energy K of the block at the moment labeled B.
Express your answer in terms of k and A.

Find the potential energy first; then use conservation of energy.
Hint 2. Find the potential energy

Find the potential energy U of the block at the moment labeled B.
Express your answer in terms of kand A.
ANSWER:
2
U = 1
kA
8
ANSWER:
2
K = 3
kA
8
Correct
Harmonic Oscillator Acceleration
Learning Goal:
To understand the application of the general harmonic equation to finding the acceleration of a spring oscillator as a function of time.
One end of a spring with spring constant k is attached to the wall. The other end is attached to a block of mass m. The block rests on a frictionless horizontal
surface. The equilibrium position of the left side of the block is defined to be x = 0. The length of the relaxed spring is L.
The block is slowly pulled from its equilibrium position to some position xinit > 0 along the x axis. At
time t = 0 , the block is released with zero initial velocity.
The goal of this problem is to determine the acceleration of the block a(t) as a function of time in
terms of k, m, and xinit .
It is known that a general solution for the position of a harmonic oscillator is
x(t) = C cos (t) + S sin (t) ,
where C , S, and are constants.
Your task, therefore, is to determine the

values of C , S, and in terms of k,
m,and xinit and then use the connection
between x(t) and a(t) to find the

acceleration.
Part A
Combine Newton's 2nd law and Hooke's law for a spring to find the acceleration of the block a(t) as a function of time.
Express your answer in terms of k, m, and the coordinate of the block x(t).
Hint 1. Physical laws

Combine the expressions for Hooke's law F = kx and Newton's 2nd law F = ma . Note that, since the initial coordinate is zero, the deformation
of the spring at any time equals the coordinate of the block x(t).
ANSWER:
k
a(t) =
m
x(t)
Correct
The negative sign in the answer is important: It indicates that the restoring force (the tension of the spring) is always directed opposite to the block's
displacement. When the block is pulled to the right from the equilibrium position, the restoring force is pulling back, that is, to the left--and vice versa.
Part B
Using the fact that acceleration is the second derivative of position, find the acceleration of the block a(t) as a function of time.
Express your answer in terms of , t, and x(t).
ANSWER:
a(t) = 2
x(t)
Correct
Part C
Find the angular frequency .
Express your answer in terms of k and m.
Hint 1. Using the previous results

In the previous parts, you obtained two expressions for a(t):
k k
a(t) = x(t) = (C cos(t) + S sin(t))
m m
and
k 2
a(t) = x(t) = (C cos(t) + S sin(t)).
m
Compare these expressions to determine .
ANSWER:

=
k
m
Correct
Note that the angular frequency and, therefore, the period of oscillations T depend only on the intrinsic physical characteristics of the system ( k
and m). Frequency and period do not depend on the initial conditions or the amplitude of the motion.
Introduction to Simple Harmonic Motion
Consider the system shown in the figure. It consists of a block of mass m attached to a spring of
negligible mass and force constant k. The block is free to move on a frictionless horizontal surface,
while the left end of the spring is held fixed. When the spring is neither compressed nor stretched, the
block is in equilibrium. If the spring is stretched, the block is displaced to the right and when it is
released, a force acts on it to pull it back toward equilibrium. By the time the block has returned to the
equilibrium position, it has picked up some kinetic energy, so it overshoots, stopping somewhere on
the other side, where it is again pulled back toward equilibrium. As a result, the block moves back
and forth from one side of the equilibrium position to the other, undergoing oscillations. Since we are
ignoring friction (a good approximation to many cases), the mechanical energy of the system is
conserved and the oscillations repeat themselves over and over.
The motion that we have just described is typical of most systems when they are displaced from
equilibrium and experience a restoring force that tends to bring them back to their equilibrium
position. The resulting oscillations take the name of periodic motion. An important example of periodic
motion is simple harmonic motion (SHM) and we will use the mass-spring system described here to
introduce some of its properties.
Part A
Which of the following statements best describes the characteristic of the restoring force in the spring-mass system described in the introduction?
Hint 1. Find which force is the restoring force

Which of the following forces plays the role of the restoring force?
ANSWER:
gravity
friction
the force exerted by the spring
the normal force
Hint 2. Hooke's law

The expression known as Hooke's law says that a spring stretched or compressed by a distance x exerts a force given by F = kx, where k is a
constant characteristic of the spring called the spring constant. The negative sign expresses the fact that the force exerted by the spring acts in the
direction opposite the direction in which the displacement has occurred. Also note that the spring exerts a varying force that is proportional to
displacement.
ANSWER:
The restoring force is constant.
The restoring force is directly proportional to the displacement of the block.
The restoring force is proportional to the mass of the block.
The restoring force is maximum when the block is in the equilibrium position.
Correct
Whenever the oscillations are caused by a restoring force that is directly proportional to displacement, the resulting periodic motion is referred to as
simple harmonic motion.
Part B
As shown in the figure, a coordinate system with the origin at the equilibrium position is chosen
so that the x coordinate represents the displacement from the equilibrium position. (The positive
direction is to the right.) What is the initial acceleration of the block, a0 , when the block is
released at a distance A from its equilibrium position?
Express your answer in terms of some or all of the variables A, m, and k.
Hint 1. Find the restoring force

Find Fx , the x component of the net force acting on the block, when the block is at a distance A from its equilibrium position. Note that if the block
is displaced a certain distance from its equilibrium position, the spring is stretched by the same distance.
Hint 1. Forces exerted on the block in the x direction
The x component of the net force acting on the block is due exclusively to the force exerted by the spring, since all the other forces (gravity
and the normal force) act in the vertical direction.
ANSWER:
Fx = kA
ANSWER:
k
a0 =
m
A
Correct
Part C
What is the acceleration a1 of the block when it passes through its equilibrium position?
Hint 1. A characteristic of equilibrium

By definition, an object in equilibrium does not accelerate.
ANSWER:
a1 = 0
Correct
Your results from Parts B and C show that the acceleration of the block is negative when the block has undergone a positive displacement. Then, the
acceleration's magnitude decreases to zero as the block goes through its equilibrium position. What do you expect the block's acceleration will be
when the block is to the left of its equilibrium position and has undergone a negative displacement?
Part D
Select the correct expression that gives the block's acceleration at a distance x from the equilibrium position. Note that x can be either positive or negative;
that is, the block can be either to the right or left of its equilibrium position.

Hooke's law gives you an expression for the force F exerted on the mass at a given displacement. Newton's 2nd law tells you that a = F /m,
where a is the acceleration and m is the mass. Using this equation, you can find a formula for the acceleration of the mass attached to the spring.
ANSWER:
a = kx
a = kx
k
a= x
m
k
a= x
m
Correct
Whether the block undergoes a positive or negative displacement, its acceleration is always opposite in sign with respect to displacement. Moreover,
the block's acceleration is not constant; instead, it is directly proportional to displacement. This is a fundamental property of simple harmonic motion.
Using the information found so far, select the correct phrases to complete the following statements.
Part E

In Part D, you found that a = (k/m)x . Since the acceleration is directly proportional to displacement, it must reach its maximum value when
displacement is maximum.
ANSWER:
The magnitude of the block's acceleration reaches its maximum value when the block is
in the equilibrium position.
at either its rightmost or leftmost position.
between its rightmost position and the equilibrium position.
between its leftmost position and the equilibrium position.
Correct
Part F

When the block is in motion, its speed can be zero only when its velocity changes sign, that is, when the direction of motion changes.
ANSWER:

The speed of the block is zero when it is
between its rightmost position and the equilibrium position.
between its leftmost position and the equilibrium position.
Correct
Part G

As the block moves from its rightmost position to its leftmost position, its speed increases from zero to a certain value and then decreases back to
zero. This means that as the block moves away from its rightmost position toward its leftmost position, its acceleration decreases from positive
values to negative values. In particular, the location where the block's acceleration changes sign must also be the location where its speed reaches
its maximum value, where it stops increasing and starts to decrease.
ANSWER:

The speed of the block reaches its maximum value when the block is
between the rightmost position and the equilibrium position.
between the leftmost position and the equilibrium position.
Correct
Part H
Because of the periodic properties of SHM, the mathematical equations that describe this motion involve sine and cosine functions. For example, if the
block is released at a distance A from its equilibrium position, its displacement x varies with time t according to the equation
x = A cos t,
where is a constant characteristic of the system. If time is measured is seconds, must be expressed in radians per second so that the quantity t is
expressed in radians.
Use this equation and the information you now have on the acceleration and speed of the block as it moves back and forth from one side of its equilibrium
position to the other to determine the correct set of equations for the block's x components of velocity and acceleration, vx and ax , respectively. In the
expressions below, B and C are nonzero positive constants.
Hint 1. How to find the equation for acceleration

To determine the correct equation for the acceleration, simply substitute the equation x = A cos t into the expression for a found in Part D and
group all positive constants together. You can verify then whether your result is correct by calculating the acceleration at t = 0 and comparing it
with your result in Part B.
Hint 2. How to find the equation for velocity

To determine the correct equation for the velocity, recall that when x = A the speed of the block is zero. Mathematically, you can calculate when
x = A from the given equation for displacement. When you do that, you will not find a unique value for t ; rather, you will have a set of values of t at
which x = A. At this point you simply need to determine which function among B sin t and B cos t is zero at those calculated values of t.
ANSWER:
,
v x = B sin t ax = C cos t
,
v x = B cos t ax = C sin t
,
v x = B cos t ax = C cos t
,
v x = B sin t ax = C cos t
Correct
Further calculations would show that the constants B and C can be expressed in terms of A and .
Vertical Mass-and-Spring Oscillator
A block of mass m is attached to the end of an ideal spring. Due to the weight of the block, the block remains at rest when the spring is stretched a distance h
from its equilibrium length. The spring has an unknown spring constant k.
Part A
What is the spring constant k?
Express the spring constant in terms of given quantities and g , the magnitude of the acceleration due to gravity.
Hint 1. Sum of forces acting on the block

Since the block is not accelerating, the net force acting on the block must be zero. Taking the positive y direction to be upward, write an expression
for the net vertical force Fy acting on the block.
Express the sum of the vertical forces in terms of m, h, k, and g , the magnitude of the acceleration due to gravity.
Hint 1. Force due to spring

What is Fs , the force that the spring exerts on the block?
ANSWER:
Fs = hk
Hint 2. Force due to gravity

What is Fg , the gravitational force on the block?
ANSWER:
Fg = mg
ANSWER:
Fy = 0 = hk mg
ANSWER:
g
k = m( )
h
Correct
Part B
Suppose that the block gets bumped and undergoes a small vertical displacement. Find the resulting angular frequency of the block's oscillation about its
equilibrium position.
Express the frequency in terms of given quantities and g , the magnitude of the acceleration due to gravity.
Hint 1. Formula for angular frequency

The angular frequency of simple harmonic motion for a body of mass m acted on by a restoring force with force constant k is given by = k/m
ANSWER:

g
=
h
Correct
It may seem that this result for the frequency does not depend on either the mass of the block or the spring constant, which might make little sense.
However, these parameters are what would determine the extension h of the spring when the block is hanging: h = mg/k.
One way of thinking about this problem is to consider both k and g as unknowns. By measuring h and (both fairly simple measurements), and
knowing the mass, you can determine the value of the spring constant and the acceleration due to gravity experimentally.
The Fish Scale
A vertical scale on a spring balance reads from 0 to 180 N . The scale has a length of 15.0 cm from the 0 to 180 N reading. A fish hanging from the bottom of
the spring oscillates vertically at a frequency of 2.00 Hz .
Part A
Ignoring the mass of the spring, what is the mass m of the fish?
Express your answer in kilograms.

Calculate the spring constant for the fish scale, then use this with the angular frequency of the bouncing fish to calculate its mass.
Hint 2. Calculate the spring constant

Calculate the spring constant k for the spring in the fish scale.
Express your answer in newtons per meter.
Hint 1. Using the reading

At rest, the weight of the object will be counteracted by the restoring force in the spring, which can be seen by drawing a force diagram of the
fish on the spring. Hence F = w = kx. Because we know both the maximum weight the scale can show and the length the spring is
stretched at that weight, the spring constant can be calculated from this equation.
ANSWER:
k = 1200 N/m
Correct
Hint 3. Calculate the angular frequency

Calculate the angular frequency for the fish oscillating on the spring.
Express your answer numerically in radians per second.
Hint 1. Relating frequency and angular frequency

Recall that, for a given oscillation, = 2f , where is the angular frequency and f = 2.00 Hz is the frequency.
ANSWER:
= 12.6 radians/s
Correct
Hint 4. Formula for the angular frequency of a mass on a spring

An object of mass m on the end of a spring with spring constant k will oscillate with frequency = k/m .
ANSWER:
m = 7.60 kg
Correct
Changing the Period of a Pendulum
A simple pendulum consisting of a bob of mass m attached to a string of length L swings with a period T .
Part A
If the bob's mass is doubled, approximately what will the pendulum's new period be?
Hint 1. Period of a simple pendulum

The period T of a simple pendulum of length L is given by

L
T = 2
g
,
where g is the acceleration due to gravity.
ANSWER:
T /2
2T
2T
Correct
Part B
If the pendulum is brought on the moon where the gravitational acceleration is about g/6, approximately what will its period now be?

Recall the formula of the period of a simple pendulum. Since the gravitational acceleration appears in the denominator, the period must increase
when the gravitational acceleration decreases.
ANSWER:
T /6
T /6
6T
6T
Correct
Part C
If the pendulum is taken into the orbiting space station what will happen to the bob?

Recall that the oscillations of a simple pendulum occur when a pendulum bob is raised above its equilibrium position and let go, causing the
pendulum bob to fall. The gravitational force acts to bring the bob back to its equilibrium position. In the space station, the earth's gravity acts on
both the station and everything inside it, giving them the same acceleration. These objects are said to be in free fall.
ANSWER:
It will continue to oscillate in a vertical plane with the same period.
It will no longer oscillate because there is no gravity in space.
It will no longer oscillate because both the pendulum and the point to which it is attached are in free fall.
It will oscillate much faster with a period that approaches zero.
Correct
In the space station, where all objects undergo the same acceleration due to the earth's gravity, the tension in the string is zero and the bob does not
fall relative to the point to which the string is attached.
Period of a Pendulum Ranking Task
Part A
Six pendulums of mass m and length L as shown are released from rest at the same angle from vertical. Rank the pendulums according to the number
of complete cycles of motion each pendulum goes through per minute.
Rank from most to least complete cycles of motion per minute. To rank items as equivalent, overlap them.
Hint 1. Frequency
For a simple pendulum,

L
T = 2
g
,
where T is the period (the time for one complete cycle), L is the length of the pendulum, and g is the acceleration due to gravity. The frequency f is
the inverse of the period. The frequency of an oscillator is the number of complete cycles it goes through in a given time interval.
Hint 2. The roles of mass and length

The force of gravity is the only force with a component along the direction of motion of the pendulum bob. Because this force provides the same
acceleration to objects regardless of mass, all of the masses will accelerate at the same rate when released. Pendulums with larger lengths require
that the bob attached to the pendulum must travel a larger distance before completing a cycle.
ANSWER:
Reset Help
most least
The correct ranking cannot be determined.
Correct
Gravity on Another Planet
After landing on an unfamiliar planet, a space explorer constructs a simple pendulum of length 52.0 cm . The explorer finds that the pendulum completes 94.0
full swing cycles in a time of 133 s .
Part A
What is the magnitude of the gravitational acceleration on this planet?
Express your answer in meters per second per second.

Calculate the period of the pendulum, and use this to calculate the magnitude of the gravitational acceleration on the planet.
Hint 2. Calculate the period

Calculate the period T of the pendulum.
ANSWER:
T = 1.41 s
Incorrect; Try Again; 4 attempts remaining
Hint 3. Equation for the period

The period of a simple pendulum is given by the equation T = 2L/g
planet
, where L is the length of the pendulum and g planet is the magnitude
of the gravitational acceleration on the planet.
ANSWER:
g planet = 10.3 m/s

2
Correct
Score Summary:
Your score on this assignment is 91.6%.
You received 48.56 out of a possible total of 53 points.

Mastering HW 1

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10/13/2017 Mastering HW 1

Hint 1. Maximum of x(t)

Hint 1. Using the graph and trigonometry

Hint 2. Using the graph and Part B

Good Vibes: Introduction to Oscillations

There must be a position of stable equilibrium.

move to the left until it reaches equilibrium and stop there.

move to the left until it reaches x = A and stop there.

Express your answer in hertz.

Express your answer in seconds.

Hint 1. How to approach the problem

Express your answer in seconds.

Harmonic Oscillator Kinematics

x(t) = C cos (t) + S sin (t) ,

where C , S, and are constants.

Your task, therefore, is to determine the

Hint 2. Some useful trigonometry

Hint 1. How to approach the problem

Hint 2. Differentiating harmonic functions

Express your answer in terms of t, , and xinit .

Hint 1. Start with the general solution

x(t) = xinit cos(t)

Express your answer in terms of L, xinit , (Greek letter omega), and t.

Hint 1. Equilibrium position

xnew (t) x(t) = L

xnew (t) = L + xinit cos(t)

Period of a Mass-Spring System Ranking Task

Rank from largest to smallest. To rank items as equivalent, overlap them.

Hint 1. Formula for the period

Hint 2. Determining the mass

Solving for the mass we get

Combining these two ideas results in

Hint 3. Determining smaxim

The correct ranking cannot be determined.

Position, Velocity, and Acceleration of an Oscillator

The graph of the position of an oscillating object as a function of time is shown.

Hint 1. Finding instantaneous velocity

Hint 1. How to tell if v = 0

Hint 1. Finding acceleration

Hint 1. How to tell if a = 0

Energy of Harmonic Oscillators

The kinetic energy of the system is, as always,

Hint 1. Consider the position of the block

Hint 1. How does the velocity change?

velocity, so the lowest value that it can take is zero.

at the equilibrium position.

at the amplitude displacement.

moving to the right.

moving away from equilibrium.

moving toward equilibrium.

Hint 1. Consider the velocity of the block

Hint 1. Consider the distance from equilibrium

E = K +U and that U = 0 at the equilibrium position. Therefore,

Recalling what we found out before,

we can now conclude that

Hint 1. Consider the potential energy

Express your answer in terms of k and A.

Hint 1. How to approach the problem

Hint 2. Find the potential energy

Harmonic Oscillator Acceleration

It is known that a general solution for the position of a harmonic oscillator is

x(t) = C cos (t) + S sin (t) ,

where C , S, and are constants.

Your task, therefore, is to determine the