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Geoexplor 03GeologicalMapping

Courses Outline
y Part 1: (2) INTRODUCTION
y Introduction
y Concept exploration
y Part 2: (3) GEOLOGICAL MAPPING IN EXPLORATION
y Geological Mapping
y Remote Sensing
y PART 4: (4) EXPLORATION GEOCHEMISTRY
y Stream Sediment & Heavy Minerals Sampling
y Soil Sampling
y Rocks Sampling
y Biogeochemistry, Hydrogeochemistry, Gasgeochemistry
y Assaying
GEOLOGICALMAPPINGIN y PART 4: (2) EXPLORATION GEOPHYSYC
y Airborne geophysics
y Ground geophysics
EXPLORATION y Submarine geophyscs
y PART 5: (2) EXPLORATION DRILLING
y Type drilling
dr ll ng
y Drilling method
y Logging
y PART 6: (3) EVALUATION
y Seminar (Presentation, Groups Discussion)
y Mid Test
y Final Test
y Fieldtrip
Rosana MF@FTG2011

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EXPLORATION METHODS
GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS

A. Airbone Mapping
pp g B. Ground Mapping

Topographicmapping Thenatureof
Preliminary/Regional Whymakea Smart
Geological
mapping map? Mapping
Aerogeochemical surveys Mapping
Scale1:250,000~1:50,000
Aerogeophysical surveys Theuseof
Choosingthe
Aeromagnetic Choosingthe
h h satellite
ll
Detailmapping best
Electromagnetic bestscale navigation
Radiometric technique
Scale1:20,000~1:1,000 (GPS)
Gravimetric

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WHY MAKE A MAP? WHY MAKE A MAP?

Geologicalmapisgraphical Makingageologicalmapisinvariablythe
presentationofgeological firststepinanymineralexploration
observationsandinterpretationsona
b d programs
horizontalplane

Geologicalmapisimportantcontrol
Geologicalsectionisidenticalin documentforallsubsequentstagesof
naturetoamapexceptthatdataare explorationandmining(including
recordedandinterpretedonavertical drilling,geochemistry,geophysics,
ratherthenahorizontalsurface geostatistics andmineplanning)

Mapsandsectionsareessentialtools Makingageologicalmapisafundamental
invisualizingspatial,three skillforanyexplorationorminegeologist
dimensional,geologicalrelationships

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THE NATURE OF GEOLOGICAL MAP

SMART MAPPING
Constructedaccordingtothetheoriesofgeologyandthe
intellectualabilitiesofitsauthor

Theideasaredeveloped
fromlookingatpublished
Presentsaselectionoffieldobservationsandusefultothe Geologiststartthe maps;interpretingair Themappingsequence
extentthatispermitspredictionofthingswhichcannot fieldworkwithideasabout photos,remotesensing; dependsonthepostulated
thegeologywhichhasto aeromagneticdata;aero geologydrivenfromthe
beobserved bemapped geochemicaldata;or ideas
followedanintuitive
hunch

Twodifferentkindsofgeologicalmap
largescale factorobservationaloroutcropmaps
smallscale interpolationmadebyremotesensed
imagedata:satellite,radar,airphotographs,
aeromagneticmaps
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MAPPING TECHNIQUE CHOOSING THE BEST TECHNIQUE

Dependsupontheavailabilityofsuitable
mapsbasesonwhichtorecordthefield
Mapping observation.
Airphoto with
mapping plane
table Theidealbaseisanairphotographs

Mappingg
Mapping
withtape Satelliteimageryprovidesuitablebasefor
onpegged regionalmapping
and
grid
compass

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Geologicalmappingprocedure
11
Surveyprocedure 12

y Survey y Establishingcontrolpoints
y Establishingcontrolpoints y EstablishonedifferentialGPScontrolpointfor
p p
y Compassandtapetraverse earlystagemappingworks.Tiealltraversesfrom
y GPStraverse thispoint.
y Forgridmapping establishcornerpointsof
y Factgeologydatacollection gridusingdifferentialGPSorTotalstationEDM.
y Pitandtrenchmapping
y Prospectscalesurfacemapping y Compassandtapetraverse
y Districtscalemapping y TobeconductedonlyifGPScannotbeused.
y Useoffieldmanualforstandardsymbolsand y ImportantingriddingifareahaspoorGPS
codes signal.
y Mapgenerationandarchiving y TraversesshouldbecorrectedusingCSS
g
y Mapscales y GPStraverse
y Mapfoliosystem y UseGarmin60Csxfor2dmappinginearlystage
y Mapinterpretation mappingworks
y GISmapsgeneration y UsedifferentialGPSforgriddinginopenareas.

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Mapping factgeologydata Mapping factgeologydata

collection 13

collection 14

y Pitmapping
y mapat1:500scale(100metresperA4
y Trenchmapping
mapsheet) y mapat1:100scale(10metresperA4
y projectdatafrommidbench
j td t f id b h mapsheet)
y maprocktypebycolouringthe y mapthefloorofthetrench
groundsideofthebenchlinewith y colourthemapbasedonlithology
appropriatelithologycolour(field
manual) y describefeaturesinlonghandusing
abbreviationsinfieldmanual(format:
y mapalterationbycolouringtheair
sideofthebenchline texturelithoalteration
mineralisation)
y indicatestructuralcontacts(dip/dip
direction)usingappropriatesymbol y indicatestructuralcontactsusing
y sketch(orphotograph)thebenchface
( p g p ) appropriatesymbol
asanoffsetdiagramparalleltothe
benchmap.

Organizationalhintsforefficientmapping
Faults,jointandcontactlithology measurement

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Mapping factgeologydatacollection 17
Mapping factgeologydata 18

y Trenchmapping y collection
Detailedprospectscale
y mapat1:100scale(10metresperA4map mapping
sheet)
y mapat1:1000scale(dataplottedinfield
y mapthefloorofthetrench bookorA4millimetersheetsand
y colourthemapbasedonlithology transfertomapfoliosincamp)
y describefeaturesinlonghandusing y drawoutconfigurationofoutcropas
abbreviationsinfieldmanual(format: actuallymeasured(usesolidlinefor
texturelithoalterationmineralisation) outcropanddashlinesforfloatsor
y indicatestructuralcontactsusing subcrops)
appropriatesymbol y colourthemapbasedonlithology
y sketchonewallofthetrenchasoffset y describefeaturesinlonghandusing
diagramsparalleltothetrenchfloor abbreviationsinfieldmanual(format:
map. texturelithoalterationmineralisation)
y decideonthesamplingcut(eitheralong y indicatestructuralcontactsusing
wallorfloor)andinterval appropriatesymbol
y tabulatefromtosamplingintervalon
theA4map

Mapping factgeologydata
MapGenerationandArchiving
collection 19 20

y Districtmapping
y mapat1:5,000scale(plotdataona
1:5000scaletopomap),useGPSfor
locatinginthefield
y sketchconfigurationofoutcrop(use
solidlineforoutcropanddashlines
forfloatsorsubcrops)
y colourthemapbasedonlithology
y describefeaturesinlonghandusing
abbreviationsinfieldmanual(format:
texturelithoalteration
mineralisation)
y indicatestructuralcontactsusing
appropriatesymbol
y Mapconsolidation
y Pitmapping:consolidatemapsinto1:500
p ( y )
benchplans(usemylarsheets)
y Trenchmaps:plottrenchmapsonto1:1000
factmap
y Prospectscalemapping:maintainafoliomap
system(donotdigitisefactmaps,canbe
scannedandthenregisterinGIS)
y Mapinterpretation
y Pitmapping:Useoverlaysonthebenchfact
pp g y
mapstointerpretgeology(withstructures)
andalterationinseparatemylarsheets.
y Prospectanddistrictscalemapping:Use
overlaysofthesamesizeasthemapto
interpretgeologyandalterationasabove.
y Generateinterpretivesectionsatthesame
scaleasthemaps.
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Mappingoutcrops:usemultipleoverlays
MapGenerationandArchiving 22

y Mapfiling
y Maintainanorderlyfilingsystemofhardcopy
y Colorseparationismaintainedbyplotting: p p j ( g
mapsintheprojectoffice(hangersormapp
cabinets)
y Lithologic contacts,faults,veins,andotherstructuralon y Mapinterpsaretobedigitisedandincluded
basemap intheGISfilesfortheproject
y Ensurethatfilenameofshapefilesarecorrect
y Pervasivealterationandalterationhalosonthefirst andupdatedeverymonthwiththecentral
server
overlay
y Mineralortheis oxidationproductsonsecondoverlay

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Mapping Scales Indications Advantages Disadvantages

Technique
Comparison of mapping techniques Plane table 1:50 ~ Detailed High survey Slow. Requires
1:1000 prospect mapping accuracy. No assistance.
Mapping Scales Indications Advantages Disadvantages in complex areas ground Geological
Technique preparation observation and
required map making are
Pace
P & 1:100
1 100 ~ Rough
R h prospect Quick.
Q i k No
N Poor
P survey separate steps
compass 1:1000 map. Infill between assistance and accuracy especially
survey points minimal on uneven ground Topographic 1:2500 ~ Regional mapping Accurate map Difficulty in
equipment map sheet 1:100 000 & reconnaissance base with exact location.
needed where no regional Irrelevant map
Tape & 1:100 ~ Detailed prospect Quick. Good May need photography coordinates. detail obscures
compass 1:1000 maps: Linear accuracy. No assistance. Slow available. Base Height contours geology. Not
traverse maps. preparation for large for GPS available in large
Mi mapping
Mine i needed
d d equidimensional
idi i l observations scale
areas Air 1:500 ~ Ideal geological Geological Scale distortion.
Grid 1:500 ~ Detailed maps of Fair survey Expensive. Requires photographs 1:100 000 mapping interpretation Expensive survey
1:2500 established accuracy. advance technique at all on photo. if standard
prospects Relatively preparation. scales Stereo viewing. coverage not
quick Easy location on available
features.
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CHOOSING THE BASE SCALE

Thescalechosenformappingcontrolsthetypesofdata
whichcanberecordedandtypesofobservationsinthe
field

Smallscalemapshowsbroadregionalpatternsofrock
distributionandmajorstructures

Intermediaterangescalecouldbedescribedasdetailed
regionalmapping;idealscalewhencombininggeological
mappingwithregionalprospectingorregional
geochemistry

Largescalemapisappropriateforshowingthefeatures
whichdirectlycontrolandlocalizeore

Geological map at 1 : 5000

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Geological map at : 1 : 2500 Geological map at : 1 : 1000

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THE USE OF SATELLITE NAVIGATION (GPS)

Idealforregionalgeologicalmappingontopublishedmap
bases

Idealforregionalprospectingandregionalanddetailed
geochemicalandgeophysicaldatacollection

Somelimitationsshouldbenoted:

GPSneedsanunobstructedlineofsighttothesatellitewhichprovidethe
locationsignal
l l
RelyingexclusivelyonGPSfornavigationcancreateseriousproblems
GPScannotprovideaccuratepositioningonairphotographs
Plottinglatitudeandlongitudecoordinatesinthefieldisdifficult

Geoexplor@Rosana FTG2011 29 Example of Tape and Compass map

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REMOTESENSINGAPPLICATION

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