Laplace Transformation Umer Asghar Method PDF

B.Sc.
Mathematics (Mathematical Methods) Chapter # 11: Laplace Transformation
Laplace Transformation:
Laplace transform is essentially a mathematical tool which can be used to solve
several problems in science and engineering. This transform was first introduced by
Laplace in the year 1970
MOTIVATIONS:
The Laplace transform is an efficient technique for solving linear differential
equations with constant co-efficient. In this chapter, we shall discuss its basic
properties and will apply them to solve initial value problem.
Laplace Transform is an operator which transforms a function f of the variable t into
a function F of the variable s
EXERCISE 11.1
Formulae of Laplace Transformation:-
The Laplace gave the following formulae for his transformation
(i) * +
(ii) * +
(iii) * +
(iv) * +
(v) * +
(vi) * +
Linearity property:-
If and are any two constants and ( ) and ( ) are the Laplace Transform,
respectively, of the ( ) and ( ) then
, ( ) ( )- * ( )+ * ( )+
, ( ) ( )- ( ) ( )
1
Umer Asghar (umermth2016@gmail.com) For Online Skype Tuition (Skype ID): sp15mmth06678
B.Sc. Mathematics (Mathematical Methods) Chapter # 11: Laplace Transformation
Shifting property:-
If a function is multiplied by then transform of the resultant is obtained by
replacing s by in the transform of the original function. That is, if
(vii) * +
( )
(viii) * +
( )
(ix) * +
( )
(x) * +
( )
(xi) * +
( )
NUMERICAL PROBLEM (FROM EXERCISE+EXAMPLES)

Compute the Laplace transformation of each of the following
Question 1:
Solution:-
Let ( )
Taking on both sides, we have
* ( )+ * +
* ( )+ * + * + * +
* ( )+ * + * + * +
* ( )+
* ( )+
Question 2:
Solution:-
Let ( )
2

* ( )+ * +
* ( )+ * +
* ( )+ * +
* ( )+ * +
Question 3: ( )
Solution:-
Let ( ) ( )
( )
* ( )+ * + * +
* ( )+ * + * +
* ( )+
Question 4: ( )
Solution:-
Let ( ) ( )
( )
* ( )+ * + * +
* ( )+ * + * +
* ( )+
Question 5: ( )
Solution:-
Let ( ) ( )
3
( )
* ( )+ * + * +
* ( )+ * + * +
* ( )+
Therefore,
* ( )+
Question 6: ( )
Solution:-
Let ( ) ( )
( )
* ( )+ * + * +
Since * +
( )
* +
* ( )+
( ( )) ( )
*( ) +
( )
Question: Compute the Laplace Transform of
( )( )
Solution:-
Let ( ) ( )
( )
4
* ( )+ * + * +
* ( )+
( ) ( )
Question: Compute the Laplace Transform

( )
Solution:-
* + 8 9
* + , * + * +-
* + [ ]
* + [ ]
( )( )
* + [ ]
* +
* + 8 9
* + , * + * +-
* + [ ]
* + [ ]
( )( )
5
* + [ ]
* +
Question 7:
Solution:-
Let ( )
* ( )+ * +
* +
( )
* ( )+
( ( ))
* +
( )
Question 8:
Solution:-
Let ( )
* ( )+ * +
* +
( )
* ( )+
( )
* ( )+
( )
Question 9:
6
Solution:-
Since by the formula ( ) ( ), we have
, ( ) ( )-
, ( )-
, - ( )
* + , ( ) ( )-
* + 0 1
* +
Question 10:
Solution:-
Since by the formula , we have
* + [ ]
* + * + * +
* +
* +
( ) ( )
7
Question 11:
Solution:-
Let ( )
Since we know that * ( )+ ( ) , * ( )+-. Then, we have
Here ( ) . Therefore,
* + ( ) , * +-
* + { }
( ( ))
* + { }
( )
* + ( ) *(( ) ) +
( )
* + ( )( )[ ]
(( ) )
( )
* +
(( ) )
Question 12:
Solution:-
Since by the formula , we have
* + [ ]
* + * + * +
* +
8
* +
( )
* +
( )
* +
( )
Question: Compute the Laplace Transform
( )
Let ( )
Since
( )
( ) , -
* ( )+ , * + * +-
* ( )+ [ ]
* ( )+ 6 7
( )
* ( )+ 6 7
( )
* ( )+
( )
Question 13:
Solution:-
Let ( )
9
Since
( )
( ) , -
* ( )+ , * + * +-
* ( )+ [ ]
( ) ( )
* ( )+ [ ]
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
* ( )+ 6 7
(( ) )(( ) )
( ) ( )
* ( )+ 6 7
( ) ( ) *( ) ( ) +
( )
* ( )+ 6 7
( )( ) * ( )+
* ( )+ 6 7
( ) ( )
* ( )+ 6 7
* ( )+ 6 7
( )
* ( )+
Question 14:
Solution:-
Let ( )
10
( )
( ) , -
* ( )+ , * + * +-
* ( )+ [ ]
( ) ( )
*( ) + ( )*( ) +
* ( )+ 6 7
(( ) )(( ) )
* ( )+
( )( ) ( ) ( )( ) ( )
6 7
( ) ( ) *( ) ( ) +
( )( )( ) ( )
* ( )+ 6 7
( )( ) * ( )+
( ) ( )
* ( )+ 6 7
( ) ( )
( )
* ( )+ 6 7
( )
* ( )+ 6 7
( )
* ( )+
Question 15:
Solution:-
Let ( )
11
( )
( ) , -
* ( )+ , * + * +-
* ( )+ [ ]
( ) ( )
( )*( ) + ( )*( ) +
* ( )+ 6 7
(( ) )(( ) )
* ( )+
( )( ) ( ) ( )( ) ( ) ( )
6 7
( ) ( ) *( ) ( ) +
( )( )( ) ( )
* ( )+ 6 7
( )( ) * ( )+
( ) ( )
* ( )+ 6 7
( ) ( )
( )
* ( )+ 6 7
( )
* ( )+ 6 7
( )
* ( )+
( )
LAPLACE BY DEFINITION:-
Let f be a real-valued piecewise continuous function defined on , ,. The LAPLACE
TRANSFORMATION of f, denoted as * +, is the function F is defined by
( ) ( )
12
Provided the improper integral converges.

NOTE:-
The operation transforms the given function f of the variable t into a new function F
of the variable s and is written symbolically ( ) * ( )+ or simply * +.
VALUE OF BRACKET FUNCTION IN A INTEGRAL:-
If there is any bracket function in the form , - is in definite integral, then the value of
that bracket is 1 less than the upper limit. That is,
, -
Question: Compute the Laplace Transform of ( ) (EXAMPLE 1)

SOLUTION:-
Let ( )
* ( )+ * +
* ( )+ ( )
* ( )+
* ( )+ | |
* ( )+ ( )
* ( )+
Question: Compute the Laplace Transform of (EXAMPLE 2)

Solution:-
Let ( )
13
* ( )+ * +
* ( )+ ( )
* ( )+ | |
* ( )+ ( )
* ( )+
* + * + ()
From ( ) we have
* + * +
* + * +
* + * +
* + * +
* + * +
( )( )( )
* +
( )
* +
( )
* + ( )
Using ( ) in ( ) we have
( )
* +
* +
14
Question: Compute the Laplace Transform of (EXAMPLE 3)

Solution:-
Let ( )
* ( )+ * +
* ( )+ ( )
* ( )+
* ( )+ ( )

( )
* ( )+ | |
* ( )+ ( )
| |
* ( )+ ( )
* ( )+
* ( )+
Question: Compute the Laplace Transform of ( ) ( ) (EXAMPLE 4)

Solution:-
()
Let ( )
* ( )+ * +
15
* ( )+ ( ) ( )
Suppose
| |
[ ( )] 6| | 7
6( ) 7
0 1
4 5
4 5
Thus equation ( ) becomes
* ( )+
( )
Let ( )
* ( )+ * +
16
* ( )+ ( ) ( )
Suppose
| |
, - 6| | 7
6( ) 7
[ ]
4 5
* ( )+
Question 16: Compute the Laplace Transform of , -

Solution:-
Let ( ) , -
17
* ( )+ *, -+
* ( )+ , - ( )
* ( )+ , - , - , - , -
* ( )+ ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
* ( )+
* ( )+ | | | | | |
* ( )+ | | | | | |
* ( )+ ( ) ( ) ( )
* ( )+ ( )
* ( )+ ( )
* ( )+ ( )
* ( )+
* ( )+
( )
Question 17:
Solution:-
Let ( )
* ( )+ * +
18
* ( )+
* ( )+ . /
* ( )+
* ( )+
From calculus,
Therefore,
* ( )+
Question 27:
Solution:-
Let ( )
* ( )+ * +
* ( )+
19
* ( )+ . /
* ( )+ * ( ) ( )+
* ( )+ * ( ) ( )+
* ( )+ ( ) ( )
* ( )+ ( ) ( )
* ( )+ ( ) ( )| |
* ( )+ ( ) ( )( )
* ( )+ ( ) ( ) ( )
From calculus,
Differentiating with respect to we have
( )
When . Therefore,
( )
* ( )+ ( )
20
FORMULA:-
Let ( ) be any function, then the Laplace transformation of ( ) multiplied by
can be found by using the formula is given below:
* ( )+ ( ) * ( )+
Question 18:
Solution:-
Let ( )
By the formula, we have
* + ( ) * +
* + 2 3
* + [ 2 3]
* + [ ]
( )
* + [ ]
( )
( ) ( )
* + 6 7
( )
( ) ( )
* + 6 7
( )
( )( )
* + 6 7
( )
( )
* + 6 7
( )
( )
* +
( )
21
Question 19:
Solution:-
Let ( )
By the formula, we have
* + ( ) * +
* + 2 3
* + [ 2 3]
( )
* + 6 7
( )
* + 6 7
( )
* + 6 7
( )
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
* + 6 7
( )
( )( )
* + 6 7
( )
( )
* +
( )
Question 20:
Solution:-
Let ( )
( )
( ) , -

22
* ( )+ , * + * +-
* ( )+ [ ( ) . /]
( )
* ( )+ 6 7
( )
* ( )+ 6 7
( )
* ( )+ 6 7
( )
( ) ( )
* ( )+ 6 7
( )
* ( )+ 6 7
( )
* ( )+ 6 7
( )
( )
* ( )+ 6 7
( )
( )
* ( )+
( )
Question 21:
Solution:-
Let ( )
( )
( ) , -
* ( )+ , * + * +-
23
* ( )+ 0 ( ) . /1 By the formula
( )
* ( )+ 6 4 57
( )
* ( )+ 6 4 57
( )
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
* ( )+ 6 4 57
( )
( )(
* ( )+ 6 7
( )
( )
* ( )+ 6 7
( )
( )
* ( )+
( )
( )
* ( )+
( ) ( )
* ( )+
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
* ( )+
( )
FORMULA
If * ( )+ ( ) then
( ) ( )
8 9 ( )
Question # 22:-
SOLUTION:-
Let ( ) ()
* ( )+ * +
24
* ( )+
( )
By the formula 2 3 ( ) , we have
{ }
{ }
{ }
{ } | . /|
{ } 0 ( ) . /1
{ } . /
{ } . /
Question # 23:-
SOLUTION:-
Let ( ) ()
* ( )+ * +
* ( )+ * + * +
* ( )+
( )
{ } ( )
{ }
25
{ } | | | ( )|
{ } | |
{ } | |
{ } [ ]
{ } 6 7
{ }
{ }
Question # 26:-
SOLUTION:-
Let ( ) ()
* ( )+ * +
* ( )+
( )
{ }
{ }
26
{ } | . /|
{ } | : ;|
{ } < : ;=
{ } 0 . /1
{ } . /
{ } ( )
Question : Compute the laplace transform of (Example 12)
SOLUTION:-
Let ( ) ()
* ( )+ * +
* ( )+
( )
{ }
{ } | . /|
{ } , ( ) ( )-
{ } ( )
27
FORMULA
If g is piecewise continuous and is of exponential order a, then
8 ( ) 9 * ( )+
Question # 24:-
SOLUTION:-
Let ( )
Therefore, by the formula 2 ( ) 3 * ( )+, we have
8 9 { } ( )
Let ( ) ()
* ( )+ * +
* ( )+
( )
{ }
{ }
{ }
{ } | . /|
28
{ } 0 ( ) . /1
{ } . /
{ } . /
Therefore equation (A) becomes
8 9 . /
Question # 25:-
Let ( )
8 9 { } ( )
Let ( ) ()
* ( )+ * +
* ( )+ * + * +
* ( )+
( )
{ } ( )
{ }
{ } | | | ( )|
{ } | |
29
{ } | |
{ } [ ]
{ } 6 7
{ }
{ }
8 9
Question: - Compute the Laplace Transform of (Example 13)
Solution:
Let ( )
8 9 { } ( )
Let ( ) ()
* ( )+ * +
* ( )+ * + * +
* ( )+
( )
30
{ } ( )
{ }
{ } | | | ( )|
{ } | |
{ } | |
{ } [ ]
{ } 6 7
{ }
{ }
8 9
UNIT STEP FUNCTION

Definition:-
Let . The function defined on - , by
( ) *
is called the unit step function.

Theorem:- Let be the unit step function. Then,
31
* ( )+
Theorem: - Let f be a function of exponential order a and * ( )+ ( ) For the

function
( ) ( ) *
( )
We have,
* ( ) ( )+ * ( )+
Question # 28:- Compute the Laplace transform of
( ) *
( )
Solution:-
Given function is
( ) *
( )
Then we have,
( ) ( ) ( )
* ( )+ * ( ) ( )+
* ( )+ * +
* ( )+
* ( )+
Question:- Compute the Laplace transform of (Example 14)
( ) *
Solution:-
32
Given function is
( ) *
Firstly, we have to express in terms of so as to apply the formula.
As, ( ), let
( ) *
( )
Then ( ) ( ) ( )
* ( )+ { ( ) ( )}
* ( )+ * +
* ( )+
Question # 29: If * ( )+ ( ) show that
* ( )+ . /
SOLUTION: -
Given that * ( )+ ( )
Then by definition
* ( )+ ( )
33
* ( )+ ( )
* ( )+ ( )
* ( )+ { ( )}
* ( )+ . /
This completes the proof.

F0RMULA:
MOTIVATION:-
If there is a function such that it is a derivative of any other function.to finds the
Laplace transformation of such kind of function we use the following formula which is
stated below.
STATEMENT:-
Let ( ) is any function, then the Laplace transformation of ( ) can be found by the
following formula.
* ( )+ ( ) ( )
The application of this formula is stated in the following question.

Question # 32:- Compute { } Deduce 2 3.

SOLUTION:-
Let ( )
The power series expansion of is given by
Replacing by we have
34
{ } < =
{ } { } { } { } { }
{ }
Here the sign denote the Gamma function.
{ }
Since Therefore,

{ }

{ } < =

{ } [ ]

{ } [ ]

{ } [ ]

{ } 6 ( ) ( ) ( ) 7
35

{ }

Now, we have to deduce 2 3.

Since ( ) this implies that ( ) and

( )

Using the formula * ( )+ ( ) ( ) we have

8 9

8 9

8 9

36

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B.Sc.

Mathematics (Mathematical Methods) Chapter # 11: Laplace Transformation

NUMERICAL PROBLEM (FROM EXERCISE+EXAMPLES)

Taking on both sides, we have

Question: Compute the Laplace Transform

Taking on both sides, we have

Taking on both sides, we have

Taking on both sides, we have

Taking on both sides, we have

Since we know that * ( )+ ( ) , * ( )+-. Then, we have

Taking on both sides, we have

Taking on both sides, we have

Taking on both sides, we have

Taking on both sides, we have

Taking on both sides, we have

Provided the improper integral converges.

Question: Compute the Laplace Transform of ( ) (EXAMPLE 1)

Question: Compute the Laplace Transform of (EXAMPLE 2)

Question: Compute the Laplace Transform of (EXAMPLE 3)

Question: Compute the Laplace Transform of ( ) ( ) (EXAMPLE 4)

Thus equation ( ) becomes

Thus equation ( ) becomes

Question 16: Compute the Laplace Transform of , -

Differentiating with respect to we have

Thus equation ( ) becomes

Taking on both sides, we have

Taking on both sides, we have

Question : Compute the laplace transform of (Example 12)

Therefore, by the formula 2 ( ) 3 * ( )+, we have

Therefore equation (A) becomes

Therefore, by the formula 2 ( ) 3 * ( )+, we have

Therefore equation (A) becomes

Question: - Compute the Laplace Transform of (Example 13)

Therefore, by the formula 2 ( ) 3 * ( )+, we have

Therefore equation (A) becomes

UNIT STEP FUNCTION

is called the unit step function.

Theorem: - Let f be a function of exponential order a and * ( )+ ( ) For the

Question:- Compute the Laplace transform of (Example 14)

Firstly, we have to express in terms of so as to apply the formula.

Taking on both sides, we have

Question # 29: If * ( )+ ( ) show that

This completes the proof.

Taking on both sides, we have

Here the sign denote the Gamma function.

Since ( ) this implies that ( ) and

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