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The resistance-capacitance analogue method is one of the best known techniques for the
solution of the heat conduction equation. Usually undergraduate courses only have time to
deal with electrical analogues in a theoretical manner. This is unfortunate in that the
importance of the method lies in the possibility of its application to complicated diffusion type
problems. The commonest such problem is that of heat transfer.
The purpose of this paper is to demonstrate that it is possible to construct a simple analogue
network which can solve quite complicated heat transfer problems. Such a network would be a
valuable aid in the introduction of analogue methods to the undergraduate.
O objetivo deste artigo demonstrar que possvel construir uma rede analgica simples que
pode resolver os problemas de transferncia de calor bastante complicadas. Essa rede seria
uma valiosa ajuda na introduo de mtodos analgos para a graduao.
The analogue described here concerns two dimensional transient heat flow in a rightangled
corner. It is felt that this problem can demonstrate in a practical and theoretical way the most
important points concerning the technique.
O anlogo descrito aqui diz respeito bidimensional fluxo de calor transiente em um lado do
retangulo. Considera-se que este problema pode demonstrar de forma prtica e terica dos
pontos mais importantes relativos tcnica.
The basic theory is described in many references (Karplus 1958, Jakob 1958), however the
main points are given here for completeness.
A teoria bsica descrita em muitas referncias (Karplus 1958, Jakob 1958), no entanto os
pontos principais so dadas aqui para ser completo.
The following development illustrates the analogy between heat conduction in two dimensions
and a two dimensional resistance-capacitance electrical network. Consider rectangular axes 0x
and 0y as in Figure l(a).
The thermal conductivity is k; the density is and the specific heat capacity is S. Figure l(a)
shows points 0, 1, 2, 3,4 in the xy plane together with the appropriate temperatures.
Consider now the electrical network of figure l(b). Voltages V0, V1, V2, V3, and V4, are at the
points indicated. By Ohm's Law, the total current flowing into point 0 and thereby charging up
the capacitor C F is
Considere-se agora a rede elctrica da figura l (b). As tenses V0, V1, V2, V3, e V4, so nos
pontos indicados. Pela Lei de Ohm, a corrente total que flui para ponto 0 e carregando assim,
o capacitor C F
From simple electrical theory
Thus
assim
A comparison of equations (5) and (6) shows that there is an exact thermal-electrical analogy.
The voltage V, is analogous to the temperature To.
Uma comparao das equaes (5) e (6) mostra que existe uma analogia trmica elctrica-
exata. A tenso V, anloga temperatura To.
Se escolhermos x = y, ento R1 = R2 = R, e
where is a constant. The quantity RC is the well known time constant for charge or discharge
of a capacitor in an electrical circuit. Using equations (2) and (7)
onde uma constante. A quantidade RC a constante de tempo bem conhecido para a carga
ou descarga de um capacitor em um circuito eltrico. Usando as equaes (2) e (7)
The expression (x/k) is the thermal resistance of length x of material with thermal
conductivity k, and of unit cross sectional area. Also (Sx) is the thermal capacity of the
element shown in figure l(a) with y = x and thickness d so that dx x = 1.
Thus,
Assim,
(Electrical resistance x Electrical capacity) = (Thermal resistance x Thermal capacity).
Alternatively,
Alternativamente,
If = 1, 1s in the electrical circuit is analogous to 1s in the thermal problem. For > 1, 1s
(electrical) represents less than 1s (thermal). This fact can be used, for example, when the
thermal problem is a rapid phenomenon and we want to examine the electrical problem in
rather more detail.
For <1, 1s (electrical) represents more than 1s (thermal). This fact is often used when the
thermal problem concerns heat transfer over a substantial time. For example, the transient
thermal behaviour of a thick concrete wall is often a phenomenon with a time constant of
hours. Clearly it is necessary to design the analogous electrical circuit so that hours are
condensed into minutes or seconds.
Para < 1 , 1s (eltrica) representa mais de 1s (trmica). Este fato muitas vezes usado
quando o problema trmico diz respeito a transferncia de calor durante um tempo
substancial. Por exemplo, o comportamento trmico transient de uma parede de espessura de
beto frequentemente um fenmeno com uma constante de tempo de horas. claro que
necessrio desenhar o circuito eltrico anlogo de modo a que horas so condensados em
minutos ou segundos.
Calculation of components
Figure 2 illustrates the problem to be solved. At time <0 the rightangle is all at zero
temperature. Then at time zero the internal boundary is held at a fixed temperature. We need
to determine all subsequent temperatures within the rightangle.
A Figura 2 ilustra o problema a ser resolvido. No tempo de <0 todo o retangulo esta
temperatura zero. Ento, no tempo zero a fronteira interna realizada a uma temperatura
fixa. Precisamos determinar todas temperaturas subseqentes dentro do retangulo.
Emmons (1943) has solved the problem numerically by the relaxation method. The electrical
analogue will be used to solve the same problem because (a) the results can be compared
directly (b) the question provides a good illustration of the use of time constants as described
in the second part of this paper.
Emmons (1943) resolveu o problema numericamente pelo mtodo de relaxamento. A anlogia
eltrica vai ser utilizado para resolver o mesmo problema porque os resultados (a) podem ser
comparados directamente (b) a questo fornece uma boa ilustrao da utilizao de
constantes de tempo, como descrito na segunda parte do presente documento.
Suppose the rightangle to have an arm width of 25.4 cm. Let the wall material have thermal
diffusivity 0.00258 cm2 S-l. The internal boundary is suddenly raised to 222C and it is required
to determine all subsequent temperatures.
Suponha que o retangulo tenha uma largura de um brao de 25,4 cm. Onde o material da
parede tem difusividade trmica 0,00258 cm2s-1. O limite interno subitamente aumentada
para 222 C e que necessria para determinar todas as temperaturas subsequentes.
The wall is very thick and composed of insulating material. Under these circumstances the
progress towards any kind of thermal equilibrium is slow. In fact it would take about one day
for such equilibrium to be established. Any electrical analogue for investigating this process
must be designed so that the temperature changes are greatly accelerated. In this manner it is
possible to condense many hours of thermal time into a few seconds electrical time.
A parede muito grosso e composto por material isolante. Sob estas circunstncias, o
progresso em relao a qualquer tipo de equilbrio trmico lento. Na verdade, seria
necessrio cerca de um dia para tal equilbrio a ser estabelecida. Qualquer anlogia eltrica
para a instruo do processo deve ser projetado de modo que as mudanas das temperaturas
so muito acelerado. Desta maneira possvel condensar muitas horas de tempo trmica em
alguns segundos tempo elctrica.
The analogue is designed as follows: firstly the rightangle is divided up into a network of nodes
as indicated in figure 3. Because the arms of the rightangle are equal in width it is only
necessary to make an analogue of one side of the symmetry line. Capacitors on this line will be
half the value of the capacitors in the main body of the analogue. The physical distance
between adjacent nodes is 2.54 cm, This means that x in equation (7) is 2.54 cm. Thus
A anlogia foi concebido da seguinte forma: em primeiro lugar o retangulo dividido em uma
rede de ns, conforme indicado na figura 3. Uma vez que os braos do RightAngle so iguais
em largura apenas necessrio para fazer um anlogo de um dos lados da linha de simetria.
Condensadores nesta linha ser a metade do valor dos condensadores no corpo principal do
anlogo. A distncia fsica entre ns adjacentes 2,54 centmetros, Isto significa que x na
equao (7) 2,54 centmetros. assim
If we now choose C to be a convenient standard value for example 2.2 F. This leads to R =
1137 M, and if we choose = 1 /1137, R = 1 MR. This means that our design has yielded
convenient component values and a suitable time constant. One second electrical time is now
equivalent to 1137 S thermal time.
Se agora escolher C como um valor padro conveniente, por exemplo, 2,2 F. Isto leva a R =
1,137 M, e se ns escolhermos = 1 / 1137, R = 1 M. Isso significa que nosso projeto
rendeu valores convenientes dos componentes e uma constante de tempo adequado. Um
segundo eltrica agora equivalente a 1137 s do tempo trmico.
Construction of the analogue
Construo da anlogia
The electrical components must be mounted on a well insulated board. Perspex is particularly
suitable as it can be drilled quite easily. The capacitors used must have high insulation
resistance (say 104M) and the resistors should be of high stability. The tolerances involved
clearly depend on the problem on the analogue. In the present application the capacitor
tolerance was 10 % and the resistor tolerance 5 2 %. If closer tolerance is required on the
capacitors then the cost will increase substantially.
Os componentes elctricos devem ser montados sobre uma placa bem isolado. Perspex
particularmente adequado, uma vez que pode ser muito facilmente perfurado. Os
condensadores usados devem ter alta resistncia de isolamento (digamos 104M) e as
resistncias deve ser de alta estabilidade. As tolerncias envolvidas claramente
dependem do problema no anlogo. Na presente aplicao, a tolerncia do capacitor foi
10% e a tolerncia do resistor 5 2%. Se a tolerncia requerida for menor o custo do
vai aumentar substancialmente.
The components used in the rightangle problem were moulded metallized film capacitorst and
high stability carbon film resistorsf. Besides tolerance, stability and insulation resistance, the
other important consideration is component size. If the analogue is to have several hundred
components then clearly large capacitors would not be used. The perspex board used was 60
cm by 120 cm and the components were arranged in the manner indicated in figure 4. All
resistors were placed at the top end of the board and individual leads connected each node
point to earth via a capacitor. A special screw, turret and coilpin system was used to
interconnect resistor and capacitor leads. There is however no absolute necessity to use this
particular construction system and each problem should be considered separately. Much
practical design information is available in Karplus (1958). About 300 resistors and 150
capacitors were required to obtain the number of nodes indicated in figure 3. The total
material cost in constructing such an analogue is very approximately 575.
O procedimento utilizado no problema retangular para ligar o limite exterior terra para
simular temperatura zero e ligar-se a fronteira interior a uma fonte de bateria de 12V para
simular a 222 C. As tenses que aparecem nos pontos do n correspondem s temperaturas.
essencial que o sistema de medio deve apresentar uma alta impedncia tenso entre o
n e terra, isto pode ser melhor alcanado atravs da utilizao de um amplificador
operacional de alta impedncia e um gravador de XY. Amplificadores Burr-Brown foram
utilizados nesta presente aplicao.
Experimental results
Resultados Experimentais
As mentioned above, Emmons has previously considered the problem by a numerical method.
Because of the amount of hand calculation involved he only used a very coarse node network.
However it is possible to compare temperatures at different nodes obtained by the two
methods. Table I shows several sets of results, the node numbers refer to figure 3.
Nos tempos mais tarde o acordo bom, mas para os primeiros intervalos a grosseria do
sistema de n utilizado no mtodo numrico no permitia uma soluo precisa. possvel, por
meio dos resultados analgos traar o movimento de linhas isotrmicas dentro do retangulo
com o tempo. A Figura 5 mostra a isotrmica a 28 C em dois momentos diferentes aps a
fronteira interna ter sido levantada a temperatura. claro que uma vez que a anlogia
construda, em seguida, diversos problemas diferentes envolvendo diferentes condies pode
ser resolvido para o retangulo. No assim evidente que a mesma anlogia pode ser utilizado
para resolver os problemas que envolvem retangulos de diferentes tamanhos e materiais
diferentes.
In the following section it is shown that the same analogue can solve problems for a 1 cm wide
glass rightangle as well as the 25.4 cm wide brick or concrete rightangle already described.
Na seo seguinte, mostrado que a mesmo anlogia pode resolver problemas de uma
retangulo de 1 centmetro de copo largo, bem como os 25,4 centmetros de largura da parede
de tijolo ou concreto do retangulo j descrito.
Glass rightangle
Retangulo de vidro
Calculation of components
Consider figure 2 as representing a glass rightangle of thickness 1 cm, and figure 3 to represent
the node spacing for this rightangle. The distance between adjacent nodes will be 1 mm, that
is x = 0.1. Typical