Académique Documents
Professionnel Documents
Culture Documents
Covalent bonds
- The sharing of electrons to create a full outer shell.
- Covalent bonds are directional
- The shape of a molecule is determined by the mutual repulsion of the atoms.
Electronegativity
- The power of an atom to attract electrons to itself
Ionic bonds
- The two atoms have very different electronegativities.
- Bonding electrons are not shared between two atoms.
- The electrons are transferred from one atom to the other.
- Ionic bonds (collectively)in crystal lattice are strong (~120 kcal/mol).
Electrostatic interactions
There are three types of electrostatic interactions
- charge to charge
- dipole to charge
- dipole to dipole
Hydrogen bonds
- Form when two atoms interact with a hydrogen atom.
- The hydrogen is covalently bonded to one of them the Donor.
- The hydrogen is attracted to the other the Acceptor.
- Both Donor and Acceptor groups need to have polar covalent bonds.
- The + of the hydrogen is attracted to the - of the Acceptor.
- Nitrogen and oxygen can act as Donors and Acceptors.
- Donors include -N-H and -O-H (when they are covalently bound to H)
- Acceptors when they are covalently bonded to something else which is more
electronegative. They will be attracted to the + H.
- C-H = a nonpolar covalent bond and so do not form H-bonds.
Water
- Water is a polar molecule
- Electronegativity of oxygen is 3.5.
- Electronegativity of hydrogen is 2.1
- Has a permanent polar bond
- Water is highly cohesive
- Every water molecule has a H-bond donor and acceptor
- O-H groups are H-bond donors
- O atoms are H-bond acceptors
Hydrophobic interactions
- NONPOLAR molecules (or parts of them) are HYDROPHOBIC.
- They cannot participate in H-bonding and so tend to associate with each other when in water.
= This is the Hydrophobic effect
- Nonpolar groups tend to be hidden away from water and therefore found on the inside of macromolecules.
- C-C and C-H bonds (hydrocarbons) are nonpolar and therefore hydrophobic.
- Attractions and repulsions are equally important in determining structure.