LORD MAHAVIRA

ACADMEY
10+2 English Medium
(Affiliated to CBSE, New Delhi)
Chilkana Road, Saharanpur-247001

Report on Project
STEP DOWN TRANSFORMER
SESSION: 2017-18
 Acknowledgements

I would like to express my sincere gratitude to my physics mentor

MR. PANKAJ SIR for his vital support, guidance and encouragement,
without which this project would not have come forth. I would also
like to express my gratitude to the OTHER staff of the Department of
Physics for their support during the making of this project.

(TEJASH BANSAL)
 CERTIFICATE
This is to certi fy that TEJASH BANSAL, student of Class XII,

LORD MAHAVIRA ACADEMY, SAHARANPUR has completed

the project titled Transformer during the academic year 2017-2018
towards partial fulfillment of credit for the Physics practical
evaluation of CBSE 2017, and submitted satisfactory report, as
compiled in the following pages, under my supervision.

Principal Physics lecturer

Mrs Priya Jain PANKAJ SIR

 CONTENTS

1. INTRODUCTION
2. OBJECTIVES
3. PRINCIPLE
4. CONSTRUCTION
5. THEORY
6. EFFICIENCY
7. CIRCUIT DAIGRAM
8. ENERGY LOSSES IN TRANSFORMER
9. USES
10. APPLICATIONS
11. PRECAUTIONS
12. BIBLIOGRAPHY

INTRODUCTION
The transformer is a device used for converting a low alternating

voltage to a high alternating voltage or a high alternating voltage into

a low alternating voltage.

A transformer which increases the a.c. voltage is called a step up

transformer
A STEP DOWN TRANSFORMER

A step-down transformer is one whose secondary voltage is less than

its primary voltage. It is designed to reduce the voltage from the
primary winding to the secondary winding. This kind of transformer
step down the voltage applied to it

As a step-down unit, the transformer convert high-voltage, low-

current power into low-voltage, high-current power.
OBJECTIVE
Prepare a project on STEP DOWN TRANSFORMER

PRINCIPLE
A Transformer based on the Principle of mutual induction according
to this principle, the amount of magnetic flux linked with a coil
changing, an e.m.f is induced in the neighbouring coil.

CONSTRUCTION
A transformer consists of a rectangular shaft iron core made of
laminated sheets, well insulated from one another. Two coils p 1 & p2
and s1 & s2 are wound on the same core, but are well insulated with
each other. Note that the both the coils are insulated from the core,
the source of alternating e.m.f is connected to p 1p2, the primary coil
and a load resistance R is connected to s 1 s2, the secondary coil
through an open switch S. thus there can be no current through the
sec. coil so long as the switch is open.

For an ideal transformer, we assume that the resistance of the

primary & secondary winding is negligible. Further, the energy loses
due to magnetic the iron core is also negligible.
THEORY
When an altering e.m.f. is supplied to the primary coil p 1p2, an
alternating current starts falling in it. The altering current in the
primary produces a changing magnetic flux, which induces altering
voltage in the primary as well as in the secondary. In a good-
transformer, whole of the magnetic flux linked with primary is also
linked with the secondary, then the induced e.m.f. induced in each
turn of the secondary is equal to that induced in each turn of the
primary. Thus if Ep and Es be the instantaneous values of the e.m.f.s
induced in the primary and the secondary and N p and Ns are the no.
of turns of the primary secondary coils of the transformer and

D / dt = rate of change of flux in each turnoff

the coil at this instant, we have

Ep = -Np d/dt ---------------- - (1)

Es = -Ns d/dt ----------------- (2)

Since the above relations are true at every instant, so by dividing 2 by

1, we get
 Es / Ep = - Ns / Np ----------------(3)

As Ep is the instantaneous value of back e.m.f induced in the primary

coil p1, so the instantaneous current in primary coil is due to the

difference (E Ep ) in the instantaneous values of the applied and

back e.m.f. further if Rp is the resistance o, p1p2 coil, then the

instantaneous current Ip in the primary coil is given by

Ip = E E p / Rp

E E p = I p Rp

When the resistance of the primary is small, R p Ip can be neglected so

therefore

E Ep = 0 or Ep = E

Thus back e.m.f = input e.m.f

Hence equation 3 can be written as

Es / Ep = Es / E = output e.m.f / input e.m.f = Ns / Np = K

Where K is constant, called turn or transformation ratio.

In a step down transformer

Es < E so K < 1, hence Ns < Np

If Ip = value of primary current at the same instant t

And Is = value of sec. current at this instant, then

Input power at the instant t = Ep Ip and

Output power at the same instant = Es Is

If there are no losses of power in the transformer, then

Input power = output power Or

Ep Ip = Es Is Or

Es / Ep = Ip / Is = k
Efficiency:-

Efficiency of a transformer is defined as the ratio of output power to

the input power. i.e.

= output power / input power = Es Is / Ep Ip

Thus in an ideal transformer, where there is no power losses, = 1.

But in actual practice, there are many power losses, therefore the
efficiency of transformer is less than one.

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

ENERGY LOSSES:-
Following are the major sources of energy loss in a transformer:

1. Copper loss is the energy loss in the form of heat in the copper
coils of a transformer. This is due to joule heating of conducting
wires.

2. Iron loss is the energy loss in the form of heat in the iron core of
the transformer. This is due to formation of eddy currents in iron
core. It is minimized by taking laminated cores.

3. Leakage of magnetic flux occurs inspite of best insulations.

Therefore, rate of change of magnetic flux linked with each turn of
S1S2 is less than the rate of change of magnetic flux linked with each
turn of P1P2.

4. Hysteretic loss is the loss of energy due to repeated

magnetization and demagnetization of the iron core when A.C. is fed
to it.

5. Magneto striation i.e. humming noise of a transformer.

USES OF TRANSFORMER
 A transformer is used in almost all a.c. operations

1 In voltage regulator for T.V., refrigerator, computer, air

conditioner etc.

2. In the induction furnaces.

3. A step down transformer is used for welding purposes.

4. A step down transformer is used for obtaining large current.

5. In transmission of a.c. over long distance.

APPLICATIONS
A major application of transformer is to increases voltage before
transmitting electrical energy over long distance through wires. Wires
have resistance and so dissipate electrical energy at a rate
proportional to the square of the current through the wire. By
transforming electrical power to a high-voltage (and there for low-
current) form for transmission and back again afterward,
transformers enable economical transmission of power over long
distance. Consequently, transformers have shaped the electrical
supply industry, permitting generation to be located remotely from
points of demand. All but a tiny fraction of the worlds electrical
power has passed through a series of transforms by the time it
reaches the consumer.

Transformer are also used extensively in electronic products to step

down the supply voltage to a level suitable for the low voltage
circuits they contain.

The transformer also used electrically isolates the end user from
contact with the supply voltage.

Transformer range in size from a thumbnail-sized coupling

transformer hidden inside a stage microphone to huge unit weighing
hundreds of tons used in power stations, or to interconnect portions
of power grids. All operate on the same basic principles, although the
range of designs is wide. While new technologies have eliminated the
need for transformers in some electronic circuits, transformers are
still found in nearly all electronic devices designed for household
(mains) voltage. Transformer are essential for high-voltage
electrical power transmission, which makes long-distance
transmission economically practical.

Single and audio transformer are used to couple stages of amplifier

and to match devices such as microphones and record players to the
input of the amplifiers. Audio transformer allowed telephone circuit
to carry on a two-way conservation over a single pair of wires. A
balun transformer converts a single that is referenced to ground to a
signal that has balanced voltage to ground, such as between external
cables and internal circuits.

PRECAUTIONS
1. The loss of power in the transmission lines is I 2 R, where I is
strength of current and R is the resistance of wires. To reduce
the power loss, a.c. is transmitted over long distance at
extremely high voltages. This reduces I in the same ratio.
Therefore, I2R becomes negligibly low.
2. Permeability of magnetic material of transformer core must be
high.

3. Oiling in transformer provides insulation as well as cooling.

4. The transformer core must be laminated to minimize loss of

energy due to eddy currents.

5. Safety from high voltage is maintained.

BIBLIOGRAPHY
1. Physics textbook for class XII ,1st Edition NCERT (2007).

2. Concepts of Physics, H.C.VERMA, 1ST Edition, Bharti

bhawan(1993).

3. Fundamentals of Physics , David Halliday, Robert resnick and

Jearl walker, 7th Edition, Wiley-India(2004)

4. Practical physics for class XII,

J.S.Jaiswaland Dr.Rajendra singh ,3rd Edition ,Laxmi

Publications(2009).