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Introduction
The purpose of this tutorial is to provide guidelines and recommendations for the basic
setup and solution procedure for a typical aeroacoustic application using computational
aeroacoustic (CAA) method.
In this tutorial you will learn how to:
Model a Helmholtz resonator.
Use the transient k-epsilon model and the large eddy simulation (LES) model for
aeroacoustic application.
Set up, run, and perform postprocessing in FLUENT.
Prerequisites
This tutorial assumes that you are familiar with the user interface, basic setup and solution
procedures in FLUENT. This tutorial does not cover mechanics of using acoustics model, but
focuses on setting up the problem for Helmholtz-Resonator and solving it. It also assumes
that you have basic understanding of aeroacoustic physics.
If you have not used FLUENT before, it would be helpful to first review FLUENT 6.2 Users
Guide and FLUENT 6.2 Tutorial Guide.
Problem Description
A Helmholtz resonator consists of a cavity in a rigid structure that communicates through a
narrow neck or slit to the outside air. The frequency of resonance is determined by the mass
of air in the neck resonating in conjunction with the compliance of the air in the cavity.
The physics behind the Helmholtz resonator is similar to wind noise applications like sun
roof buffeting.
The Helmholtz-Resonator considered is shown in Figure 1. We assume that out of the two
cavities that are present, smaller one is the resonator. The motion of the fluid takes place
because of the inlet velocity of 27.78 m/s (100 km/h). The flow separates into a highly
unsteady motion from the opening to the small cavity. This unsteady motion leads to a
pressure fluctuations. Two monitor points (Point-1 and Point-2) act as microphone points
to record the generated sound. The acoustic signal is calculated within FLUENT. The flow
exits the domain through the pressure outlet.
c Fluent Inc. March 2, 2005 1
Aeroacoustic for a Helmholtz Resonator With the Direct Method (CAA)
Preparation
1. Copy the files steady.cas.gz and steady.dat.gz into your working directory.
1. Read the initial case and data files for steady-state (steady.cas.gz and steady.dat.gz).
File Read Case & Data...
Ignore the warning that is displayed in the FLUENT console while reading these files.
3. Display the grid and observe the locations of the two monitor points, Point-1 and
Point-2 (Figure 1).
4. Display and observe the contours of static pressure (Figure 2) and velocity magnitude
(Figure 3) for the initial steady-state solution.
Display Contours..
2
c Fluent Inc. March 2, 2005
Aeroacoustic for a Helmholtz Resonator With the Direct Method (CAA)
6.09e+02
5.29e+02
4.49e+02
3.69e+02
2.89e+02
2.09e+02
1.29e+02
4.87e+01
-3.14e+01
-1.11e+02
-1.91e+02
-2.72e+02
-3.52e+02
-4.32e+02
-5.12e+02
-5.92e+02
-6.72e+02
-7.52e+02
-8.32e+02
-9.12e+02
-9.92e+02
3.92e+01
3.72e+01
3.53e+01
3.33e+01
3.14e+01
2.94e+01
2.74e+01
2.55e+01
2.35e+01
2.16e+01
1.96e+01
1.76e+01
1.57e+01
1.37e+01
1.18e+01
9.80e+00
7.84e+00
5.88e+00
3.92e+00
1.96e+00
0.00e+00
c Fluent Inc. March 2, 2005 3
Aeroacoustic for a Helmholtz Resonator With the Direct Method (CAA)
Step 2: Models
Step 3: Materials
Define Materials...
Ensure that under Properties, ideal-gas is selected in the Density drop-down list for
air in the Materials panel.
Ideal gas law is good in predicting the small changes in the pressure.
Step 4: Solution
4
c Fluent Inc. March 2, 2005
Aeroacoustic for a Helmholtz Resonator With the Direct Method (CAA)
where,
c = Speed of sound
S = Area of the orifice of the resonator
V = Volume of the resonator
L = Length of the connection between the resonator and the free flow area
Dh = Hydraulic diameter of the orifice
For this geometry, the estimated frequency is about120 Hz.
(b) Increase the Number of Time Steps to 220.
(c) Specify a value of 25 for Max Iterations per Time Step.
(d) Click Iterate to start the calculations.
The iterations will take a long time to complete. You can skip this simulation af-
ter few time steps and read the files (transient.cas.gz and transient.dat.gz)
provided with this tutorial. These files contain the data for the flow time of 0.22
seconds.
As seen in Figures 4 and 5, no pressure fluctuations are present at this stage. The
oscillations of the static pressure at both monitor points has reached a constant
value.
c Fluent Inc. March 2, 2005 5
Aeroacoustic for a Helmholtz Resonator With the Direct Method (CAA)
Monitors
monitor-1
40.0000
20.0000
0.0000
-20.0000
-40.0000
Average
of -60.0000
Surface
Vertex -80.0000
Values
(pascal) -100.0000
-120.0000
-140.0000
0.000 0.025 0.050 0.075 0.100 0.125 0.150 0.175 0.200 0.225
Flow Time
Monitors
monitor-2
4.0000
3.5000
3.0000
2.5000
2.0000
Average 1.5000
of
1.0000
Surface
Vertex 0.5000
Values
(pascal) 0.0000
-0.5000
-1.0000
0.000 0.025 0.050 0.075 0.100 0.125 0.150 0.175 0.200 0.225
Flow Time
6
c Fluent Inc. March 2, 2005
Aeroacoustic for a Helmholtz Resonator With the Direct Method (CAA)
c Fluent Inc. March 2, 2005 7
Aeroacoustic for a Helmholtz Resonator With the Direct Method (CAA)
Monitors
monitor-1
200.0000
150.0000
100.0000
50.0000
Average 0.0000
of
Surface -50.0000
Vertex
Values -100.0000
(pascal)
-150.0000
-200.0000
0.220 0.240 0.260 0.280 0.300 0.320 0.340 0.360 0.380
Flow Time
Monitors
monitor-2
30.0000
20.0000
10.0000
Average 0.0000
of
Surface
Vertex -10.0000
Values
(pascal)
-20.0000
-30.0000
0.220 0.240 0.260 0.280 0.300 0.320 0.340 0.360 0.380
Flow Time
8
c Fluent Inc. March 2, 2005
Aeroacoustic for a Helmholtz Resonator With the Direct Method (CAA)
Step 6: Postprocessing
1. Display the contours of static pressure to visualize the eddies near the orifice (Fig-
ure 8).
3.10e+02
2.90e+02
2.70e+02
2.50e+02
2.30e+02
2.10e+02
1.90e+02
1.70e+02
1.50e+02
1.30e+02
1.09e+02
8.94e+01
6.93e+01
4.92e+01
2.91e+01
9.03e+00
-1.11e+01
-3.12e+01
-5.12e+01
-7.13e+01
-9.14e+01
c Fluent Inc. March 2, 2005 9
Aeroacoustic for a Helmholtz Resonator With the Direct Method (CAA)
(a) Click Load Input File... button and select monitor plot file for Point-1 (monitor-1.out).
10
c Fluent Inc. March 2, 2005
Aeroacoustic for a Helmholtz Resonator With the Direct Method (CAA)
c Fluent Inc. March 2, 2005 11
Aeroacoustic for a Helmholtz Resonator With the Direct Method (CAA)
130
120
110
100
90
Sound 80
Pressure
70
Level
(dB) 60
(pascal)
50
40
30
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500
Frequency (Hz)
Spectral Analysis of Convergence history of Static Pressure on point-1 (in SI units) (Time=3.7000e-01)
FLUENT 6.2 (2d, dp, segregated, LES, unsteady)
120
110
100
90
80
70
Sound
Pressure 60
Level 50
(dB)
(pascal) 40
30
20
10
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500
Frequency (Hz)
Spectral Analysis of Convergence history of Static Pressure on point-2 (in SI units) (Time=3.7000e-01)
FLUENT 6.2 (2d, dp, segregated, LES, unsteady)
12
c Fluent Inc. March 2, 2005
Aeroacoustic for a Helmholtz Resonator With the Direct Method (CAA)
100
80
Sound
Pressure 60
Level
(dB)
40
(pascal)
20
0
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500
Frequency (Hz)
As the distance between the receiver point and the noise source increases, the
dissipation of sound also increases. This is the reason why the peak value of SPL
at Point-1 is higher than that of Point-2. Therefore, you should use the CAA
method only for near field calculations.
The dissipation of sound also occurs due to the influence of the grid size. This
applies for high frequencies for which the wave lengths are very short. Therefore,
a very coarse mesh is not capable of resolving high frequencies accurately.
In this case, the mesh is coarse in the far-field region because of which the
discrepancy between both spectra is more evident in the high frequency range.
You can see this if you continue the simulation. There are two monitor-files
(monitor-point-1-500.out and monitor-point-2-500.out) provided with this
tutorial that contains data for 500 more time steps. When you plot the FFT and
compare these two files, you will see that for high frequencies, the monitor for
Point-1 generates much less noise than monitor for Point-2 (Figure 12).
c Fluent Inc. March 2, 2005 13
Aeroacoustic for a Helmholtz Resonator With the Direct Method (CAA)
50
40
Sound 30
Pressure
20
Level
(dB) 10
-10
-20
200 250 300 350 400 450 500
Frequency (Hz)
Figure 12: Comparison of Frequency Spectra at Point-1 and Point-2 (High Frequency Range
of 200-500 Hz)
Summary
Aeroacoustic simulation of Helmholtz resonator has been performed using k-epsilon model
and Large Eddy Simulation model. The advantage of using LES model has been demon-
strated. You also learned how the sound dissipation occurs in the domain by monitoring
sound pressure level at two different points in the domain. The importance of using CAA
method has also been explained
14
c Fluent Inc. March 2, 2005