Académique Documents
Professionnel Documents
Culture Documents
Aim: Introduction to file system of linux and basic troubleshooting and maintenance in Linux
Problem statement: Basic commands used in file system, troubleshooting and
maintenance in linux environment.
Theory:
Basic of linux Operating system
Process Management
Memory Management
Data Management
I/O Management
1.2LINUX ARCHITECTURE:
1.2.1 KERNEL:
1.2.2 SHELL:
The kernel after processing the commands gives back to the shell.
/boot :- This Directory contains the Kernel, the core of the operating system. This also contains
the files related to booting the system such as the boot loader and the initial ramdisk.
/bin :-This Directory contains command used by the superuser and the normal users.
/usr :-It contains the programs and applications which are available for users (similar to
/var :-It contains variable information , such as logs and print queues.
/dev :-This Directory contains devices nodes through which the operating system can access
/proc :-This Directory is a mount point for virtual information about currently running system
processes. This Directory is empty until the proc file system is mounted.
/opt :-It contains the third party applications . ex:- Corel Word Perfect Sun Star Office
/media -It contains default mount points of removable media such as cdrom,floppydisk, pendrive.
/lib :-It contains libraries need by no. of different applications as well as linux kernel.
2) LS COMMANDS:
Listing of files and directories along with the inode numbers :-[root@localhost ~]# ls -il
cat command
touch command
vi editor
To remove directory recursively and forcefully :-[root@localhost ~]# rm -rf <directory name>
9) COPYING A FILE OR DIRECTORY:
To copy a file :-[root@localhost ~]# cp <source file path> <destination file path>
EDITORS:
Editors are used for inserting or deleting text.
Various editors on different platforms:
Windows : Notepad
Linux/Unix :-CLI based : EX , ED , VI and GUI based : Emacs, Gedit, nedit, nano, pico
VI EDITORS MODES:
There are three modes of operations in VI Editor :
Insert Mode.
Command Mode .
Execute Mode.
w save
6) Command Who am i :- This command gives the current user who invoked the command.
7) command ping :- The ping command sends echo requests to the host you specify on the command
line, and lists the responses received their round trip time.
8) Command traceroute :-
It will show the route of a packet. It attempts to list the series of hosts through which your packets travel
on their way to a given destination.
Command syntax: traceroute machine_name_or_ip
9) command ifconfig :-
This command is used to configure network interfaces, or to display their current configuration. I
Use ifconfig as either: ifconfig
ssh hostname :-Connect to a remote system with your current username, you will obviously need the
password of the user on the other machine.
ssh username@hostname :-Connect to a remote system with your a different username, you will
obviously need the password of the user on the other machine.
11) Command hostname :-Hostname command is used to view the hostname of the machine
12) Command ss and netstat : - ss command is a replacement for netstat. You can still use netstat
command on all systems. Using ss command, you can get more information than netstat command. ss
command is fast because it gets all the information from the kernel userspace.
The ss command will list all the TCP, UDP and Unix socket connections on your machine.
13) Command route :- This command gives detail of the root table of machine.
14) Command finger :- this command is used to view the user information.