Substation Automation and REL 670 Line Distance

Protection Training Protection IED

Distance protection ZM, PHS,

ZDIR
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2007-10-03 Substation Automation and Protection Training

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Distance Protection in REL 670

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Distance Protection in REL 670
ZD01 (directionality):
It detects the direction for all the
six loops. Memory voltage is here!

PHS (phase selection):

It detects the faulty loops by using
impedance-based algorithm
(STCNDZ), or by using current-
based algorithm (STCNDI).

It detects presence in the Load

area (load encroachment) by using
impedance-based algorithm.

ZM01, ZM02 ZM05 (zone measurements):

They calculate the 6 impedance loops with non directional characteristic.
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Combination of ZD and ZM

Directionality Non Directional

Characteristic

d
ar
rw
Fo
AND is
n g nal
e tti r e c tio
S n - di
No
g is
ettin
S

rse
Reve
ng is
Setti
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Combination of directional characteristic and Load Area
Directional Characteristic Load Area (in Phase Selector)

AND
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Impedance protection characteristic - examples

PE or PP loops
Depending on settings of ZM, PHS and ZD, there can be different shapes of characteristics:
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ZM function blocks

ZM function blocks
(ZM01, ZM02, , ZM05)
are responsible for measuring the
distance to the fault.

In order to do this they

measure different electrical
impedances (loops)
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Phase to phase faults and settings

Reach (settings X1, R1)

L1 Z1

Reach (settings X1, R1) Rf

L2 Z1

L3 Z1

arc resistance
(Setting RFPP)
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ZM PP loops (2-phase faults)

ZM measures the ohm/phase impedance of the fault.

R1+j X1
L1

RFPP
2

RFPP
2

L2

R1+j X1

Test equipment must be set in ohm/phase!

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ZM PP loops (3-phase faults)

ZM measures the ohm/phase impedance of the fault.

R1+j X1
L1

RFPP
2

L2
RFPP RFPP
R1+j X1
2 2

L3
R1+j X1

Test equipment must be set in ohm/phase!

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Phase to earth faults and settings

Reach (settings X1, R1)

L1 Z1

L2 Z1
Rf

L3 Z1

N ZN

Neutral Impedance reach

Fault resistance
(settings X1, R1, X0, R0)
(Setting RFPE)
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ZM PE loops (phase-earth faults)

ZM measures the ohm/loop impedance of the fault.

R1+j X1 2 (R1+j X1) + (R0+j X0)
Zloopset =
L1 3

RFPE

(R0+j X0) - (R1+j X1)

ZNset =
3

Test equipment must be set in ohm/loop!

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Example of ZM settings
Set ZM zones as indicated: ZM01 = 85% of line (fw) 0 ms
ZM02 = 125% of line (fw) 400 ms
ZM03 = 150% of line (rv) 800 ms
ZM04 = 200% of line (fw) 1000 ms
ZM05 = OFF
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Settings for ZM01, 85% of line (fw) 0 ms

Settings are in primary, so there is no need to convert primary settings into
secondary.
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Settings for ZM01, 85% of line (fw) 0 ms
Set RFPE = 15 ohms and RFPP = 10 ohms
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Settings for ZM01, 85% of line (fw) 0 ms

Set primary nominal rated references (base values)
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Settings for ZM01, 85% of line (fw) 0 ms
All settings for ZM1:
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Settings for ZM02, 125% of line (fw) 400 ms

Settings for ZM02:
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Settings for ZM03, 150% of line (rv) 800 ms
Settings for ZM03:
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Settings for ZM04, 200% of line (fw) 1000 ms

Settings for ZM04:
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Settings for ZM05, OFF
Settings for ZM05:

Operation = Off
is the important setting.

Other settings have been

modified in order to avoid
misunderstandings.
Note how they have been set to
the MAX allowed value.
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Settings for ZD01, directional function

Directional lines function block (ZD01) must also be set.

Keep default unless network

calculations suggest different
settings

Keep default
(10%)
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Settings for ZD01 series compensated lines
Settings for series compensated lines must be changed!

Change default settings for

series compensated networks
(from 115 to 130)
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! The hidden link..

There is a hidden characteristic AND between PHS and ZM,
through the STCNDZ signal.
PHS settings should be calculated in such a way to COVER the zones connected to
STCNDZ (usually ZM01 and ZM02), otherwise the characteristic can be different from the
expected one!
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Phase Selector - PHS
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Basic PHS settings

Keep these settings as default

Unless system studies
suggest different values
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Settings of PHS
PHS settings should be calculated in such a way to COVER the zones connected to
STCNDZ (usually ZM01 and ZM02).

In a more simple way:

Ground Faults (L1N, L2N, L3N PE loops): LN characteristic of PHS must cover LN
characteristic of ZM02

2-Phase faults (L1L2, L2L3, L3L1 PP loops): LL characteristic of PHS must cover LL
characteristic of ZM02

3-phase faults (L1L2L3 PP loops): L1L2L3 characteristic of PHS selector must cover
L1L2L3 characteristic of ZM02.
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PHS LN Characteristic ohm/loop domain

The easiest way is to use the non-
directional characteristic of PHS
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PHS LL and LLL Characteristic ohm/phase domain
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PHS LL and LLL Characteristic ohm/phase domain

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Conclusion on PHS settings
PHS settings should be done according to users guide formulae. They can be
graphically verified by using the informal EXCEL tool given to the course participants
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PHS settings to cover ZM01 and ZM02

PHS settings to cover the calculated ZM02 zone are the followings:
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PHS settings for the Load Area
PHS settings defining the load cutting area are the followings:
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PHS settings for the Load Area

From Power data to PHS load data:
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PHS settings for the Load Area
Load Area of PHS (example in forward direction).

jX

R
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PHS Load Area for PE loops: LNfaults

LN faults:

Ohm/loop domain
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PHS Load Area for PP loops: LL and L1L2L3 faults
LL faults: L1L2L3 faults:

Ohm/phase domain Ohm/phase domain

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Real PHS characteristic: PE Loops

LN faults:
Ohm/loop domain
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Real PHS characteristic: PP Loops
LL faults: L1L2L3 faults:
Ohm/phase domain Ohm/phase domain
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Consequences on ZM shape (PP Loops)

ArgLd < 30 degrees:
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Consequences on ZM shape (PP Loops)
ArgLd > 30 degrees:
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PHS can trip

PHS can be seen as a non directional zone, with 3 different characteristics:

PE characteristic, LN faults
PP Characteristic, LL faults
PP characteristic, L1L2L3 faults

In some application, typical remote back-up

applications, PHS can be set to trip if the fault is
measured within the characteristics (not A32
application).
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A32 - Impedance Protection Set-up
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Measured characteristic for calculated settings

PE loops, LN faults ohm/loop domain (KL factor in test equipment = 0).
Primary ohms.
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Measured characteristic for calculated settings
PP loops, LL faults ohm/phase domain. Primary ohms.
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Measured characteristic for calculated settings

PP loops, L1L2L3 faults ohm/phase domain. Primary ohms.
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A32 - Connections to TRIP function
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This logic works BEFORE the trip and not

DURING the trip to avoid unwanted three-phase
trip command from A/R or Binary Input.

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