Problem 3, Page 100

Show that if A is closed in X and B is closed in Y , then A B is closed in X Y .

Proof: Since A, B are closed in X, Y respectively, X A, Y B are open in

X, Y respectively. Then (X A) Y , X (Y B) are open in X Y . We have
X Y A B = (X A) Y X (Y B) are open. Thus A B is closed in
X Y.

Problem 6, Page 101

Let A, B and A denote subsets of a space X. Prove following:
(a) If A B, then A B.
(b) A B = A B
S S
(c) A A .

Proof: (a) Since A B and B B, we have A B. Since B is closed and

A is the smallest closed set containing A, we have A B.
(b)Since A A and B B, we have A B A B. Thus A B A B. Since
A A B, A S A B. Similarly,
S B A B. Therefore,
S AB A S B. S
(c)Since A A and A is closed, we have S A S A . Thus
S AS S A .
Example: let Ai = {1/i}, then Ai = Ai and Ai = Ai . But Ai = Ai {0}.
The equality fails in this case.

Problem 10, Page 101

Show that every order topology is Hausdorff.

Proof: Suppose X is a space with order topology. Let a 6= b X. Without

loss of generality, we assume a < b.

1 If there is no c, such that a < c < b. Take A = {x X | x < b} and

B = {y X | y > a}. By the definition of order topology, A, B are open
in X. It is easy to see A B = .
2 If there is c such that a < c < b. Take A = {x X | x < c} and
B = {y X | y > c}. By the definition of order topology, A, B are open in
X. It is easy to see A B = .
Above all, X is a Hausdorff space.

Problem 11, Page 101

Show that the product of two Hausdorff space is a Hausdorff space.

Proof: Let X, Y be two Haudorff topological space and X Y be the product

space. Suppose (x1 , y1 ), (x2 , y2 ) are two different points in X Y . Then x1 6= x2
or y1 6= y2 . Without loss of generality, assume x1 6= x2 . Then since X is a Haus-
dorff space, we can choose two open sets V1 , V2 X, such that x1 V1 , x2 V2
1
2

and V1 V2 = . Choose any two open sets U1 , U2 Y , such that y1 U1 and

y2 U2 . Then we have (x1 , y1 ) V1 U1 and (x2 , y2 ) V2 U2 . Moreover,
V1 U1 V2 U2 = (V1 V2 ) (U1 U2 ) = . Thus for any two distinct points in
X Y , we can find two disjoint open sets containing two points respectively. Thus
X Y is Hausdorff.

Problem 17, Page 101

Consider the lower limit topology on R and the topology given by the basis C
of Ex-
ercise 8 of 13. Determine the closures of the intervals A = (0, 2) and B = ( 2, 3)
in this two topologies.

Proof:
Case 1: Lower limit topology.
For any open set U containing 0, there is a such that [0,
) U by thedefinition
of Lower limit topology. Then we have 6= [0, ) (0, 2) U (0, 2). Thus
S
0 A. We have that
[0, 2) A. Since (, 0) = [n, 0), n N and [ 2, )
are open, R [0, 2) = (, 0) [ 2, ) is open. Thus [0, 2) is closed. Above
all,we have [0, 2) = A.
Use the exactly same discussion as above, we have B = [ 2, 3).

Case 2: Cbasis topology.

For any open set U containing 0, there is a Q such that[0, ) U bythe
definition of Cbasis topology. Then we have 6= [0, ) (0, 2) U (0, 2).
Thus 0 A. For any open set U containing 2, there is an interval [a, b) U
containing 2 where a, b Q by the definition of Cbasis topology. Then we
have 6 = [a, b) (0, 2) U (0, 2). Thus 2 A. Above all, we have
S S
[0, 2] B. Since (, 0)= (n, 0), n N and ( 2, ) = [an , ) are open
where {an } Q and an 2, wehave [0, 2] is closed. Thus A = [0, 2].
For
any open set U containing 2, there is an interval [a, b) U containing
2 where a, b Q bythe definition of Cbasis topology. Then we have 6=
[a, b) ( 2, 3) U ( 2, 3). Thus 2 A. Therefore, [ 2, 3) B.
Since [3, )
S
and
(, 2) = (, na ) are open, where {a n } Q and a n 2, we have
[ 2, 3) is closed. Thus [ 2, 3) = B.

Problem 18, Page 101

Determine the closures of the following subsets of the ordered square:
A = {(1/n) 0 | n Z+ }
B = {(1 1/n) (1/2) | n Z+ }
C = {x 0 | 0 < x < 1}
D = {x (1/2) | 0 < x < 1}
E = {(1/2) y | 0 < y < 1}
Proof:
A = A {0 1}
B = B {1 0}
 3

C = C [0, 1) 1
D = D (0, 1] 0 [0, 1) 1
E = E {1/2 0, 1/2 1}

Problem 1, Page 111

Prove that for functions f : R R, the definition of the continuity implies
the open set definition.

Proof: We need to show that if f is continuous in sense of definition, then it

is continuous in sense of the open set definition.
If f is continuous in sense of definition, then we have for any point x R and
> 0, there is an > 0 such that for any y (x, x+) f (y) (f (x), f (x)+),
i.e. (x , x + ) f 1 ((f (x) , f (x) + )). Now we need to show that for any
open set U R, f 1 (U ) is open in R. Since U is open, for any f (x) U we have
an x such that (f (x) x , f (x) + x ) U . Since f is continuous in sense of
definition, we have that there is an x such that (x x , x + x ) f 1 (U ). There-
fore, by exercise 1 in homework 1, we have f 1 (U ) is open. Thus f is continuous
in sense of the open set definition.

Problem 2, Page 111

Suppose that f : X Y is continuous. If x is a limit point of the subset A of X,
is it necessarily true that f (x) is a limit point of f (A).

Proof: No.
Let X = (0, 1] R with usual topology. And Y = {0, 1} discrete topology. Let
f (x) = 0 for all x. Then f (0) = 0 but f (0) is not the limit point of f ((0, 1]).

Problem 8, Page 111

Let Y be an ordered set in the order topology. Let f, g : X Y be continuous.
(a)Show that the set {x | f (x) g(x)} is closed in X.
(b)Let h : X Y be the function
h(x) = min{f (x), g(x)}.
Show that h is continuous.

Proof:
a) We prove that {x : f (x) > g(x)} = X {x : f (x) g(x)} is open in X.
Given x0 {x : f (x) > g(x)}
1) If {y : f (x0 ) > y > g(x0 )} is not empty, then choose
y0 {y : f (x0 ) > y > g(x0 )}. Thus, the set U1 = f 1 ((y0 , ))
g 1 ((, y0 )) contains x0 . Since f and g are both continuous. U1 is
opn in X. For x U , we have f (x) > y0 > g(x).
So U1 {x : f (x) > g(x)}
2) If {y : f (x0 > y > g(x0 ))} is empty.
4

Set U2 = f 1 ((g(x0 ), )) g 1 ((, f (x0 ))). So U2 is an open set in

X, containing x0 . For x U2 , f (x) > g(x0 ) and g(x) < f (x0 ). Since
{y : f (x0 ) > y > g(x0 )} is empty, we have f (x) f (x0 ). It follows
f (x) > g(x). So x {x : f (x) > g(x)}. Therefore, {x | f (x) > g(x)}
is open in X. So x | f (x) g(x) is closed in X.
b) Set X1 = {x | f (x) g(x)}, X2 = {x | f (x) g(x)}. So X = X1 X2 . By
the conclusion of Part a, we have both X1 and X2 are closed. Moreover,
h|X1 = g(x) and h|X2 = f (x), both of which are continuous. Additionally,
X1 X2 = {x | f (x) = g(x)}, so h|X1 X2 = g|X1 X2 . By pasting Lemma,
h is continuous.

Problem 10, Page 111

Let f : A B and g : C D be continuous functions. Let us define a map
f g : A B C D by equation:
(f g)(a c) = f (a) g(c)
Show that f g is continuous.

Proof:Given U V B D, where U is open in B and V is open in D.

Then (f g)1 (U V ) = {(a, c) A C | f (a) U and g(c) V }. That is,
(f g)1 (U V ) = {(a, c) A C | a f 1 (U ) and c g 1 (V )}.
So (f g)1 (U V ) = f 1 (U ) g 1 (V ). Since both f and g are continuous, we
have f 1 (U ) and g 1 (V ) are both open. So f 1 (U ) g 1 (V ) are open in A C.
So f g is continuous.

Problem 12, Page 111

Let F : R R R be defined by the equation

(
xy/(x2 + y 2 ), x y =
6 0 0,
F (x y) =
0, x y = 0 0.
(a)Show that F is continuous in each variable separately.
(b)Compute the function g : R R defined by g(x) = F (x y).
(c) Show that F is not continuous.

Proof:
a) Fix y0 R. Prove that F (x, y0 ) as a map from R R is continuous.
If y0 = 0 then F (x, y0 ) = 0 for x R. So F (x, y0 ) is continuous.
If y0 6= 0, then F (x, y0 ) = x2xy 0
+y02
for x R. Since xy0 and x2 + y02
are both continuous in R, we have F (x, y0 ) = x2xy 0
+y02
is continuous.
Similarly, if fix x0 R. F (x0 , y) as a map from R to R is continuous
as well.
Therefore, F is continuous in each variable separately.
 5

b) As y = x (
1
2 x 6= 0
g(x) = F (x, y) =
0 x = 0.
c) By the part b, we have along line x = y, F (x, y) is not continuous at (0, 0).
So F (x, y) is not continuous at (0, 0).