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Tai Lieu Ve Ky Thuat Autocad PDF
Tai Lieu Ve Ky Thuat Autocad PDF
V k thut
vi AutoCAD 2002
H ni 2003
Cng ty Hi ho
V k thut
vi autocad 2002
Dng cho o to AutoCAD 2002. Chng tr nh o c bn
14 ng y, cho cc i tng hc vin l k s, cn b, cng
nh n vin k thu t, thuc cc ng nh x y dng, ki n trc,
giao thng, thu li, i n, nc...
H ni 2003
Mc lc
1. Nhp mn 5
2. Cc lnh v c bn 33
Cc lnh lm vic vi lp
Cc lnh v k hiu mt ct
4.1. Mt ct v hnh ct 79
4.2. Trnh t v hnh ct, mt ct 80
4.3. Lnh FILL bt tt ch in y i tng 80
4.4. Lnh BHATCH v k hiu vt liu trong mt ct 80
4.5. Lnh HATCH v k hiu vt liu trong mt ct thng qua ca s lnh 85
4.6. Lnh HATCHEDIT hiu chnh mt ct 86
Cc lnh v v to hnh
Cc lnh iu khin my in
Li kt 185
CAD l ch vit tt ca cm t ting Anh Computer Aided Desingn. Hin nay thut ng
CAD ngy cng tr nn ph bin trong k thut ni chung v trong ngnh xy dng ni
ring. N to ra mt phng php thit k mi cho cc kin trc s v k s xy dng.
Trong ting Vit n c ngha l thit k trn my tnh hay cng c th gi l thit k vi
s h tr cu my tnh.
Vic thit k trn my vi tnh gip cho bn c th ln c nhiu phng n trong mt
thi gian ngn v sa i bn v mt cc nhanh chng v d dng hn rt nhiu so vi
cch lm th cng. Ngoi ra bn c th tra hi cc din tch, khong cch...trc tip trn
my.
AutoCAD l mt phn mn thit k trn my vi tnh c nhn c s dng tng i
rng ri trong cc ngnh :
Thit k kin trc - xy dng v trang tr ni tht.
Thit k h thng in, nc.
Thit k c kh, ch to my.
Thit k h thng chiu sng cho cc cng trnh vn ho nh trong cc rp chiu
phim, nh ht...
Thit lp h thng bn .
Ti Vit Nam AUTOCAD tng c bit n t trn 10 nm tr li y. Tnh tin ch
ca n ngy cng chinh phc c ng o i ng cc k s, kin trc s thuc
nhiu n v, ngnh ngh khc nhau trong c nc. Cho n nay mc d cc ng dng
ho phc v vic vic v v thit k k thut xut hin thm nhiu chng trnh mi,
c giao din hoc mt s tnh nng k thut rt ni tri, song xt v ton cc, tht kh c
chng trnh no vt hn c AUTOCAD . Ngy nay AUTOCAD tht s tr thnh
mt b phn khng th thiu c i vi rt nhiu n v thit k, thm k xy dng.
Vic v v xut bn v t AUTOCAD tr thnh iu ng nhin nu khng ni l
bt buc i vi hu ht cc h s thit k cng trnh.
hnh linh hot thay cho ch thu phng thng qua hp cng c (hoc dng
lnh)...
AutoCAD 2002 k tha cc tnh nng u vit ca AutoCAD 2000 v cung cp
thm nhiu cng c thit k; cc c tnh; cc tiu chun; h tr mnh m vic
chia s v tch hp thng tin...
Tuy nhin cng nh cc hng phn mm ln khc, vic pht trin cho ra i cc phin
bn tip sau bao gi cng l s pht trin, k tha nhng tinh hoa t phin bn trc do
vy xt trn phng din ngi dng th cng phin bn sau chng trnh cng tr nn
d s dng; tnh nng cng mnh m hn v cng gip cho vic thit k tr nn nhanh
chng, d dng v hiu qu hn.
Cc i hi v c u h nh
AutoCAD 2002 yu cu cn c mi trng h iu hnh l Windows 98; Windows ME;
Windows 2000; Windows XP... vi cu hnh my ti thiu l Pentium 233 (hoc tng
ng), 64MB Ram; b hin th Video c phn gii 800600 ch mu ti thiu l
256 mu.
Vng I
Vng IV
Vng I
Chim phn ln din tch mn hnh. Vng ny cng th hin bn v m bn s thc hin
v c gi l vng Graphic (phn mn hnh dnh cho ho). Trong sut qu trnh v trn
vng ho xut hin hai si tc (Crosshairs) giao nhau, mt si hng theo phng trc
X mt hng theo phng trc Y. Khi ta di chuyn chut si tc cungc chuyn ng theo
v dng nhc cui mn hnh (vng II) s hin th to giao im ca hai si tc (cng
chnh l to con tr chut).
Vng II
Ch dng trng thi (dng tnh trng - Status line). y xut hin mt s thng s v chc
nng ca bn v (Status Bar). Cc Status Bar ny va l cc thng bo v trng thi (chn
hoc khng chn), va l hp chn (khi bm chut vo y trng thi s c chuyn
ngc li). V d khi ch bt im (SNAP) ang l ON, nu ta bm chut vo ch
SNAP trn dng trng thi th ch bt im (SNAP) s c chuyn thnh OFF.
Vng III
Vng gm cc menu lnh v cc thanh cng c. Mi Menu hay mi nt hnh tng trn
thanh cng c tng ng vi mt lnh ca AutoCAD , s c gii thiu k hn mc 1.3.
Vng IV
Vng dng lnh (Dng nhc). Khi bn nhp lnh vo t bn phm hoc gi lnh t Menu
th cu lnh s hin th sau t Command:
Lm vic vi AutoCAD l mt qu trnh hi thoi vi my, do bn phi thng xuyn
quan st dng lnh trong AutoCAD c th kim tra xem lnh nhp hoc gi ng
cha.
(cch vit rt gn). Tuy nhin t n trnh cn c thi gian rn luyn, lm quen
vi cc lnh v dn tin ti vic nh tn, nh phm tt ca lnh .v.v...
File Menu
Menu Edit
Menu View
Menu Insert
Menu Format
Menu Tools
Menu Draw
Menu Dimension
Menu Modify
Menu Windows
L Menu c th tm thy trong hu ht cc ng
dng khc chy trong mi trng Windows. Cc
10
chc nng Menu y ch yu phc v vic xp
sp cc ti liu hin m theo mt quy lut no
nhm t hiu qu hin th tt hn.
Menu Help
L Menu gi n cc chc nng hng dn trc
tuyn ca AutoCAD . Cc hng dn t y
c trnh by t m, c th, cp n ton b
11
cc ni dung ca AutoCAD . y cng l cng
c rt quan trng v hu ch cho vic t nghin
cu v ng dng AutoCAD trong xy dng cc
bn v k thut.
Cng ty tin hc Hi Ho 13
1.3.2. Toolbar
Standard :
Draw :
Modify :
Object Properties :
Dimension :
Shift - chut phi Hin danh sch cc phng thc truy bt im.
1.4. Cc l nh thi t lp bn v
1.4.1. L nh NEW
Khi to mt bn v mi
Trn thanh cng c, chn
T File menu, chn New
Ti dng lnh, nhp New
AutoCAD hin th hp hi thoi Create New Drawing
Use a Wizard
Nu bn mun thit lp bn v bng cch dng hp hi thoi, hy chn Use a
Wizard . Bn c th chn Quick Setup hoc Advanced Setup ti Select a Wizard
Quick Setup. Chn Quick Setup thit lp vng bn v (Xem lnh Limits),
thay i cc n v di c chnh xc theo mun (Xem lnh Units)
Advanced Setup. Chn Advanced Setup thit lp vng bn v (Xem lnh
Limits), thay i n v di (Xem lnh Units), n v gc, hng ca gc v
bn cng c th thit lp nt c trng ca mt bn v c s.
Use a Template
Nu bn bt u mt bn v da trn bn v c s, chn Use a Template.
18 vk thut bng chng tr nh AutoCAD2002
1.4.2. L nh OPEN
M tp bn v hin c
m mt tp tin c sn :
Bn chn tn th mc v tn tp tin ti ca s Look in hoc nhp ng dn th
mc v tn tp tin ti ca s File name.
Bn c th tm tp tin trn a bng cch bm nt Find File
Ti ca s Files of type bn chn kiu ca phn m rng tn tp tin cn m.
Cng ty tin hc Hi Ho 19
Lnh SAVE
Lu bn v hin ti ra a
1.4.4. L nh QUIT
t h n v cho bn v
AutoCAD cho php chn la h n v o (s v gc) tu thuc vo mun ca ngi
dng. Lnh Units cho php thit lp h n v o cho bn v.
C php:
command:units
Lnh ny gi n hp thoi c dng sau :
Cng ty tin hc Hi Ho 21
H nh 1.8 - La chn n v v.
Dng th hin n v di (Length)
nh dng s hc (Type)
C 5 kiu nh dng s hc :
1. Architectural (dng kin trc) 1' - 31/2''
2. Decimal (dng thp phn) 15.50
3. Engineering ( dng k thut) 1' - 3,50"
4. Fractional (dng phn s)
5. Scientific (dng khoa hc) 1.55E + 01
Ngi s dng c th chn mt trong cc kiu th hin trn bng cch bm chn t bng
danh sch.
chnh xc thp phn (Precision)
Thng qua bng danh sch Precision ngi s dng c th nh kiu th hin cho cc bin
s c bao nhiu ch s c ngha sau du phy ( c th chn t 0 n 8 ch s sau du
phy). Nu chn nh ang th hin trn hp thoi hnh 1.8 th cc s liu dng s khi th
hin ra mn hnh s cha 04 ch s sau du phy.
Dng gc (Angle)
Kiu th hin (Type)
C 5 kiu nh dng s liu nhp gc l :
1 - Dicimal degrees (dng thp phn) 45.0000
2 - Deg/Min/ Sec (dng /pht/giy) 45d0'0"
3 - Grads (dng grad) 50.0000g
4 - Radians (dng radian) 0.7854r
5 - Surveyor's Units (n v trc a) N 45d0'0" E
22 vk thut bng chng tr nh AutoCAD2002
Hng ng chun gc
Thng thng trong AutoCAD gc c tr s 0d0'0" l gc nm ngang hng t tri qua
phi mn hnh (East). Tuy nhin trong mt s trng hp s liu nhp c th ly gc c s
khc i chng hn l gc c hng thng ng - hng Bc (North). Khi t hp thoi
Units hnh 1.8 bm chn hin hp thoi hnh 1.9 sau chn dng gc
theo yu cu c th.
1.4.6. L nh LIMITS
t v iu chnh vng bn v
Gii hn vng bn v c qui nh bi:
+ Phn din tnh v cng trnh
+ Phn trng dnh cho vic ghi ch gii
+ Phn dnh cho khung tn v khung bn v
Bn c th nh ngha ln ca mt bn v cho ton b phn din tch v th hin trn
mn hnh, bn cng c th th hin nhiu bn v trong cng mt mn hnh trn phn din
tch v c nh ngha thng qua lnh Limits. Bn c th gi lnh ny theo hai cch:
T Format menu, chn Drawing Limits
24 vk thut bng chng tr nh AutoCAD2002
ON
Dng nhc s bo li nu c yu t v vt ra ngoi gii hn
ca vng v
OFF
Khi chn OFF ngi s dng c th v ra ngoi gii hn vng
v cho n khi thit lp li trng thi ON
1.4.7. L nh GRID
t cc im to li cho bn v
Trn thanh tnh trng, kch kp GRID
Ti dng lnh, nhp grid
Tu chn
Grid spacing(X) or ON/OFF/Snap/Aspect <0.5000>:
Grid spacing(X) or ON
Nhp khong cch li hoc li c hin th (c th s dng phm
F7 thay th)
OFF
Tt s hin th ca h li (c th s dng phm F7 thay th)
Aspect
Cho php thit lp khong cch gia 2 mt li theo 2 chiu X, Y l
khc nhau
Snap
To bc nhy cho con tr, sao cho khi s dng cc lnh v con tr
ch bt c nhng im ti mt li nh dng cho con tr (xem lnh
SNAP)
Cng ty tin hc Hi Ho 25
1.4.8. L nh SNAP
Type
nh hng ch SNAP theo kiu li (Grid) hay kiu to cc
(Polar). khi chn chc nng ny s lm xut hin dng nhc :
Enter snap style [Polar/Grid]<Grid>: G P hoc G hoc
-To cac
Biu din im trong mt phng di dng (X,Y)
Biu din im trong khng gian di dng (X,Y,Z)
Thng thng trong AutoCAD im gc (0,0) nm gc di bn tri ca min
v. thay i s dng lnh UCS.
-To cc
Xc nh to im theo khong cch t im ang xt n gc to (0,0) cng
gc quay t im so vi phng ngang (trc X). To cc ch dng trong mt
phng. Cch biu din to im nh sau
Cng ty tin hc Hi Ho 27
M (C < A1)
Trong :
C - khong cch t im M ti gc to ;
A1 - gc quay trong mt phng t trc X ti im M.
-To cu
Dng xc nh v tr im trong khng gian 3 chiu. Cch biu din to im
nh sau
M (C < A1 <A2)
Trong :
C - khong cch t im M ti gc to ;
A1 - gc quay trong mt phng XY;
A2 - gc quay t mt phng XY ti im M trong khng gian.
-To tr
Dng trong khng gian ba chiu, n l s kt hp gia to cc v to cac.
Cch biu din to im nh sau
M (C < A1, Z)
Trong :
C - khong cch t im M ti gc to ;
A1 - gc quay trong mt phng XY;
Z - khong cch t im M ti mt phng XY.
Ch :
- To tuy t i l to c t nh so vi gc c nh nm trn bn v
AutoCAD .
- To t ng i l to c t nh vi gc l i m dng hi n thi (i m
cui cng c chn) s dng c n thm @ vo trc to c n nh p.
2.Nhp d liu
To tuyt i
L tr s thc c a vo t bn phm cho cc chiu, chng hn mt im c to x
= 3,5 ; y = 120,5
Ta nhp 3.5,120.5
To tng i
28 vk thut bng chng tr nh AutoCAD2002
To cc (tng i)
Trong to cc ta thng k hiu ( r ,j ) ch bn knh (khong cch) v gc. To
cc tng i c cho bng : @ r < j
V d : @ 68<35.5 c ngha l r = 68 n v v v c gc nh hng 35o30 so vi im
va c ch nh trc .
H nh 1.10 - t ch Osnap.
Cc phng thc bt im trong hp thoi trn y c m t trong bng 1.3
30 vk thut bng chng tr nh AutoCAD2002
Quick bt i tng nhanh bng cch dng ngay vic tm kim khi tm
thy mt im tha mn yu cu (c th khng phi l im gn
con tr nht).
Clear All Hu b ton b cc thuc tnh truy bt thng xuyn.
Aperture size t kch thc ca vung truy bt i tng.
Ch
-C th g trc tip cc ch hoa kch hot ch bt dnh mong mun khi s dng
-Dng Shift + phm phi chut kch hot
-Dng lnh DDOSNAP hay Tool / Object Snap Settings kch hot ch bt dnh
thng trc
32 vk thut bng chng tr nh AutoCAD2002
- thay i kch thc vng truy bt dng lnh APERTURE hay Tool / Object
Snap Settings / Aperture sizes
1.4.11. L nh ORTHO
t ch v trc giao
Khi dng lnh Line, Trace, Pline cn v cc nt thng ng v nm ngang th phi bt
ch trc giao.
T thanh trng thi, kch kp ORTHO
Ti dng lnh, nhp Ortho (hoc n phm F8)
Tu chn
Command: Ortho
ON/OFF <OFF>: Nhp ON hoc OFF, hoc
Cc lnh v c bn
Chng ny tr nh by cc l nh v c bn nh t ca AutoCAD . Cc l nh v
i m; l nh v ng; l nh vcc h nh c bn (ch nh t, trn, elip, a gic...).
y l cc l nh v c s, lm ti n cho cc h nh v phc tp sau ny.
Ngoi ra ni dung chng 2 cng c p n mt s l nh hi u ch nh thng
thng khc nhl nh c t m p; l nh k o di i tng; l nh vt m p v.v...
cng l cc l nh b trquan trng, thng c s dng hi u ch nh bn
vcho phhp v ng vi cc tiu chu n thi t k .
Khi cc l nh v
2.1. L nh LINE
Lnh v cc on thng
Trng hp i
tng trc l
ng thng
Undoing a Line
Nhp U hoc Undo khi mun hy mt on
va mi v m khng thot khi lnh Line.
im bt u ca on thng sau chnh l
im cui ca on thng ngay trc .
Closing a Polygon
Nhp C hoc Close ni
im cui ca on thng v
sau cng vi im vo u tin
(im th nht). Nh vy mt
a gic kn c to thnh.
Sau khi thc hin ty chn
ny, lnh Line s kt thc.
2.2. L nh CIRCLE
V hnh trn
3p - ng trn i qua 3 im
Specify center point for circle or [3P/2P/Ttr (tan tan radius)]: 3p
Specify first point on circle:Nhp to im (1)
Specify second point on circle: Nhp to im (2)
Specify third point on circle: Nhp to im (3)
2p - ng trn i qua 2 im
Specify center point for circle or [3P/2P/Ttr (tan tan radius)]: 2p
Specify first end point of circle's diameter:Nhp to im (1)
Specify second end point of circle's diameter:Nhp to im (2)
To im (1) v To im (2) chnh l hai u ng knh ca
ng trn.
2.3. L nh ARC
V cung trn
Ti thanh cng c, chn
T Draw menu, chn Arc - Start, Center, Angle - xut hin dng nhc
Specify start point of arc or [Center]: bm chn to im (1)
Specify center point of arc: bm chn to im (2)
Specify length of chord: Xc nh gc tm.
T Draw menu, chn Arc - Start, End, Angle - xut hin dng nhc
Specify start point of arc or [Center]: bm chn to im (1)
Specify center point of arc: bm chn to im (2)
Specify length of chord: Xc nh gc tm (gi s 80 chng hn).
T Draw menu, chn Arc - Start, End, Direction - xut hin dng nhc
Specify start point of arc or [Center]: bm chn to im (1)
Specify end point of arc: bm chn to im (2)
Specify tangent direction for the start point of arc: bm chnto im (3).
T Draw menu, chn Arc - Start, End, Radius - xut hin dng nhc
Specify start point of arc or [Center]: bm chn to im (1)
Specify end point of arc: bm chn to im (2)
Specify radius of arc: Nhp bn knh R (hoc xc nh di bng tr chut).
Cng ty tin hc Hi Ho 39
2.4. L nh ELLIPSE
To mt Ellipse hoc cung ca Ellipse
PELLIPSE = 1 PELLIPSE = 0
H nh 2.2 - V elip vi la chn PELLIPSE khc nhau.
2.4.2. To tm v cc trc
Cch v ny yu cu nhp vo to tm To trc
3
ca elip c xc nh thng qua 2 im (1) v (2). Na 1 2
trc cn li c xc nh thng qua im (3), v c
hiu l khon cch t trc elip n im 2, khong cch
ny c th nhp tr s trc tip hoc thng qua vic bm
phm chut trn mn hnh ho.
Ti dng lnh, nhp ellipse
Cng ty tin hc Hi Ho 41
Ngoi ra nu lnh Snap ang trng thi chn Isometric th lnh v ellipse s cho php ta
v cc hnh elip trong hnh chiu trc o (hnh 2.3).
2.5. L nh PLINE
Lnh v ng a tuyn
42 vk thut bng chng tr nh AutoCAD2002
Draw toolbar:
Draw menu:Polyline
Command line: Pline
V d:
Command: Pline
From point: 4,6 (im bt u v)
Current line - width is 0.00 (b rng nt v hin ti=0)
Arc/Close/Halfawidth/Length/Undo/Width/<End point of line>: w
Starting width <0.00>:0.05 (nhp b rng mi)
Ending width <0.05>:
Arc /Close/Halfwidth/Length/Undo/Width/<End point of line>: 6,5
Arc /Close/Halfwidth/Length/Undo/Width/<End point of line>: a
Cng ty tin hc Hi Ho 45
2.6. L nh POLYGON
V a gic u
Edge
V Polygon thng qua cnh.
First endpoint of edge: Tr im th nht(1)
46 vk thut bng chng tr nh AutoCAD2002
2.7. L nh RECTANG
V hnh ch nht
Elevation
Quy nh cao ca hnh ch nht. Gi tr ny s c duy tr cho n ln thay i tip
theo.
Elevation for rectangles <0.0000>: Gi tr cao ca hnh ch nht
Fillet
Cho php v trn cc gc ca hnh ch nht vi bn knh cong xc nh.
Fillet radius for rectangles <0.0000>: Gi tr bn knh ca gc hnh ch nht
Thickness
Quy nh dy ca hnh ch nht c v. Gi tr ny s c duy tr cho n ln thay
i tip theo.
Thickness for rectangles <0.0000>: dy hnh ch nht
Cng ty tin hc Hi Ho 47
Width
Quy nh rng cc cnh hnh ch nht . Gi tr ny s c duy tr cho n ln thay i
tip theo.
Width for rectangles <0.0000>: rng hnh ch nht
2.8. L nh SPLINE
Lnh v ng cong
Draw menu: Spline
Command line: Spline
ng SPline i qua tt c cc im m ta chn. Lnh ny c dng to ra cc ng
cong trn c hnh dng khng c nh (cc ng cong trong t nhin; cc ng ng
mc trong h thng thng tin a l v.v... )
Ngoi ra AutoCAD cn c th to ra cc ng cong xp x dng Spline bng cch lm
trn cc ng polyline sn c thng qua lnh PEdit.
Tuy nhin so vi ng Spline lm trn t ng Polyline sn c th ng Spline thc
(ng c v thng qua lnh SPline) c cc u im ni bt sau :
ng Spline thc c to bng phng php ni suy i qua tt c cc im m t
(CONTROL POINT), v cc im ny nm ng trn ng dn hng mong
mun ca ng cong do vy vic xp x dng ng cong mong mun s tt hn.
ng Spline thc c th d dng hiu chnh thng qua lnh Splinedit. Khi cc
im m t vn s c gi li v d dng hiu chnh, trong khi ng lm trn t
polyline th cc im m t s khng cn c bo ton.
Bn v cha cc ng Spline thc s c kch thc File nh hn l bn v cha
cc ng polyline lm trn c hnh dng tng ng.
2.9. L nh POINT
V mt im c to nh trc
2.10. L nh DDPTYPE
Chn kiu v kch thc im
T Format menu, chn Point Style
48 vk thut bng chng tr nh AutoCAD2002
Khi cc l nh hi u ch nh
2.11. L nh ERASE
Lnh xo i tng la chn ra khi bn v
2.12. L nh TRIM
Lnh xn mt phn i tng nm giu hai i tng chn
Cc loi i tng c th ct l arc, circle, elliptical arc, line, open 2D v 3D polylines, ray,
v splines. Lnh ny khc vi lnh Erase ch : lnh Erase xo ton b i tng c
nh du, cn lnh Trim s ch xo mt phn ca i tng c ch nh. Lnh ny
thng c ng dng loi b cc phn tha (bavia) trong bn v v nh khi ta dng lnh
Line v bn c tng chng hn, trc ht ta phI v mt hnh ch nht sau v cc
on thng chia ct hnh ch nht c c cc nt ca bn c nh sau khi v rt c
th s xut hin cc mu tha nm ngoi vng ch nht khi ta c th s dng lnh Trim
loi b cc nt tha
Sau khi
dng l nh
TRIM
UCS
Lnh Trim thc hin khi i tng giao vi ng bao
hoc mt phng ng bao.
View
Edge
Ch nh phn on thng cn ct.
Extend / No extend <current>: Chn E, N hoc Enter
Extend
Cng ty tin hc Hi Ho 51
2.13. L nh BREAK
Lnh Break dng xa mt phn ca mt line, Trace, Circ1el, Arc hay Polyline.
P1 P2
P2 P1
C php:
Bng 2. 5 - S d ng l nh Break
Select object: Chn i tng (1)
Enter second point (or F for first point): im th hai gii hn
phn c xa (2)
Nu chn i tng bng mt im, im c mc nh l
im th nht gii hn phn c xa .
Nu tr li F th AutoCAD s yu cu xc nh li im th
nht v im th hai gii hn phn xa.
Enter first point: Chn im th nht (1)
52 vk thut bng chng tr nh AutoCAD2002
2.14. L nh EXTEND
Lnh ko di i tng v ti mt ng bin xc nh
C php:
Trn thanh cng c, chn
T Modify menu, chn Extend
Command line: Extend
Select boundary edges: (Projmode = UCS, Edgemode = No extend)
Select objects: (chn cc i tng c dng lm ng bin)
...
Select object: (kt thc vic chn ng bin)
<Select object to extend> / Project / Edge / Undo:(chn i tng cn ko di hay
P, E, U).
UCS
i tng c ko dn ti cnh bin hoc mt
phng bin.
View
Edge
Ch nh on mun ko dn.
Extend / No extend <current>: Chn v tr hoc Enter
Extend
ng bin c quy nh c phn ko di ca
on thng. im ko di chnh l giao im ca
hai ng thng ca yu t ko di v yu t bin.
No extend
Yu t ko di c thc hin khi ng thng ko
di thc s ct on thng yu t bin.
Undo
Hy thao tc sai trc .
54 vk thut bng chng tr nh AutoCAD2002
2.15. L nh LENGTHEN
Thay i chiu di i tng (nn hoc gin) l on thng hoc cung trn
Command line: Lengthen
Select an object or [DElta/Percent/Total/DYnamic]:
+ Chn mt i tng : AutoCAD s cho hin th chiu di hin thi ca i
tng.
+ DE : cho php thay i chiu di i tng bng cch nhp vo khong tng
(delta). Nu gi tr khong tng l m th s lm gim kch thc i tng, khong
tng dng s lm tng kch thc i tng. Sau la chn ny s xut hin dng
nhc ph :
Enter delta length or [Angle] <0.0000>: nhp vo khong tng ti y
Select an object change or[Undo]: Chn i tng cn hiu chnh chiu di
Dng nhc trn s xut hin lin tc cho n khi ta bm phm
+ Percent : La chn ny cho php thay i chiu di i tng theo t l phn trm
so vi chiu di gc ban u ca i tng c chn. Khi t l phn trm >100 th
chiu di i tng tng; khi t l phn trm <100 th chiu di i tng gim. Sau
la chn ny s xut hin dng nhc ph :
Enter percentage length or [Angle] <100.0000>: nhp gi tr phn trm mi
Select an object change or[Undo]: Chn i tng cn hiu chnh chiu di
+ Total : La chn ny dng thay i tng chiu di ca mt i tng hoc gc
m cung theo gi tr mi nhp vo. Sau la chn ny s xut hin dng nhc ph :
Speciafy total length or [Angle] <1.0000>: nhp gi tr (hoc A chn gc)
Select an object change or [Undo]: Chn i tng cn hiu chnh kch thc
+ Dynamic : dng thay i ng chiu di ca i tng thng qua con tr
chut.
2.16. L nh CHAMFER
Lnh lm vt mp i tng
Lnh Chamfer (vt mp) cho php ni tip hai ng thng bng mt on thng xc nh.
Lnh ny hot ng tng t nh lnh Fillet.
Trn thanh cng c, chn
T Modify menu, chn Chamfer
Command line: Chamfer
(TRIM mode) Current chamfer Dist1 = 0.5000, Dist2 = 0.5000
Select first line or [Polyline/Distance/Angle/Trim/Method]: Chn mt phng thc
Cng ty tin hc Hi Ho 55
Loop
Chn tt c cc cnh trong mt c s
Polyline
56 vk thut bng chng tr nh AutoCAD2002
Distances
t khong cch cho cnh vt. Ty chn ny dng xc nh
di vt cho mi cnh, chng c th bng nhau, khc nhau hay bng
0. Gi tr di vt xc nh bng ty chn ny s tr thnh hin
hnh v c duy tr cho n khi thay bng gi tr khc.
Enter first chamfer distance <current>: Cho khong cnh vt cnh
th nht
Enter second chamfer distance <current>: Cho khong cnh vt
cnh th nht
Angle
t khong cch vt cho cnh th nht, khong cch vt cnh th
hai c tnh thng qua cnh th nht v gc gia chng.
Enter first chamfer distance <current>: Cho khong cnh vt cnh
th nht
Enter angle from the first line <current>: Gi tr gc
Trim
Chn ch ct / khng ct cho lnh chamfer
Trim/No Trim <current>: chn mt phng thc
Method
Chn phng thc nhp theo hai khong cch hoc theo mt khong
cch v mt gc.
Distance / Angle / <current>: Chn mt phng thc
Cng ty tin hc Hi Ho 57
3.1. L nh MOVE
3.2. L nh ROTATE
C php:
Trn thanh cng c, chn
T Modify menu, chn Rotate
Command line: Rotate
Select objects: Chn cc i tng mun xoay
Specify base point: Ch nh im chun (1)
Specify rotation angle or [Reference]: ch nh gc xoay hoc di chuyn chut cho
n khi i tng t c hng mong mun ri nhn im ch.
3.3. L nh SCALE
Scale factor
Nhp h s thu phng ca cc i tng c chn.
Nu t l ln hn 1 s lm tng kch thc ca i tng
v ngc li.
Cng ty tin hc Hi Ho 59
Reference
Tng t nh lnh Rotate, cn phi nhp vo t l tham chiu ca cc i tng v t l
mi cn t c. AutoCAD s t ng thu (hoc phng) i tng theo t l tng ng
vi gi tr tham chiu.
3.4. L nh MIRROR
3.5. L nh STRETCH
Ch :
Khi chn i tng trong lnh Stretch phi dng kiu chn bng ca s
(Crossing, Window, CPolygon, WPolygon) t nht mt ln. Nhng i tng no
giao vi khung ca s chn s c ko gin (hoc co li) nhng i tng no
nm lt hn trong khung ca s chn s c di i (Move).
Nu dng chn i tng kiu ca s nhiu ln, ca s cui cng l ca s chu
tc dng ca lnh Stretch.
C th loi (Remove) mt hay nhu i tng khi danh sch la chn hoc
thm (Add) i tng vo danh sch chn.
Cng ty tin hc Hi Ho 61
3.6. L nh COPY
3.7. L nh OFFSET
Specify point on side to offset: chn pha (phi hay tri) t i tng pht sinh
Select object to offset or <exit>: tip tc chn hoc thot
Gii thch :
Offset distance
To mt i tng song song vi i tng chn thng qua khong cch.
Specify point on side to offset: (chn pha t i tng mi bng cch nhp vo mt
im bt k v pha ).
Through
To mt i tng song song vi i tng chn thng qua to im
Select object to offset: (chn i tng v song song)
Through point: To im (1)
3.8. L nh ARRAY
Polar
Ty chn ny cho php t cc i tng c sao chp theo mt ng trn (circle) hay
cung trn (arc). Cc i tng c sao chp c th ly cng phng vi i tng gc hay
s c quay khi to dy.
H nh 3.3 - l nh Array.
Cng ty tin hc Hi Ho 65
Hp thoi hnh 3.4 cng c nhiu thnh phn tng t ca hp thoi hnh 3.2, cch s dng
Trong ty chn ny, nu mun thc hin t dng nhc theo cch nhp truyn thng
th cc bc tin hnh s l :
Command line: -Array
Rectangular or Polar array (R/P): p
Select objects: Specify opposite corner: chn i tng c s
66 vk thut bng chng tr nh AutoCAD2002
3.9. L nh FILLET
Current settings: Mode = TRIM, Radius = 15.0000 (cc tham s hin ti ca AutoCAD )
Select first object or [Polyline/Radius/Trim]:chn i tng (1) hoc mt trong cc tham s
Select second object: chn i tng th (2)
Polyline
Cc l nh lm vi c vi lp
Khi nim v lp
thun tin khi v v qun l cc bn v phc tp, AutoCAD dng cc lp
(Layer) khc nhau th hin. C th hnh dung lp nh mt tm knh trong sut
c hnh v. Bn v s gm mt hay nhiu tm knh nh vy chng ln nhau.
c tnh ca lp
- Mi lp c mt tn ring, cha kiu ng nt (Line type), mu sc (Color) mc
nh do ngi s dng qui nh. Cc hnh v t trn mt lp nu khng c ch nh
ring s c mu sc v kiu ng nt ca lp .
- C th c cc hnh v trn mt (hoc nhiu) lp tt i hoc cho chng xut hin li
trn bn v.
- C th sa cha, v d ty xa, trn nhiu lp cng mt lc nhng mi ln ch
c v trn mt lp. Lp ang hot ng gi l lp hin hnh (Current layer), khi
mt hnh c v, n s c t ln lp hin hnh. Tn lp hin hnh c th
hin trn dng trng thi (status line).
- Mt lp c th b ng c (freez), b kha (lock) hoc tt (turn off).
- S lng lp c th khai bo trong 01 bn v l khng c gii hn. Tn lp thng
c t theo ni dung ca cc i tng trn v d :
+ Lp a hnh
+ Lp ng ng mc
+ Lp c s h tng
v.v...
68 vk thut bng chng tr nh AutoCAD2002
3.10. L nh LAYER
3.11. L nh LINETYPE
To, np, t kiu ng
AutoCAD cho php bn qui nh loi ng theo tng nhm i tng hoc theo tng
lp. Nu bn qui nh loi ng cho lp th tt c cc i tng v trn lp u
c th hin bng loi ng c trng c qui nh cho lp tr phi bn thay i
Cng ty tin hc Hi Ho 73
tnh cht ca n. Trc khi qui nh loi ng cho lp hoc tng thc th, bn phi
np cc loi ng bng lnh LINETYPE
H nh 3.9 - nh ki u cho n t v.
H nh 3.10 - Np ki u ng.
3.12. L nh LTSCALE
Bng 3.4 - i u ch nh t l ng n t
Lnh Ltscale dng iu chnh t l ca cc kiu ng nt t.
Vi h s t l thch hp, c th lm co li hay ko dn cc on
gch v cc khong h xen k.
Command line: ltscale
Enter new linetype scale factor <gi tr hin hnh>: (vo h s t l)
H s t l l mt s ln hn 0. Gi tr ny s nh hng ti tt c cc
nt t ng bn v.
3.13. L nh PROPERTIES
y l mt trong nhng lnh thuc dng tng qut ca AutoCAD . Lnh ny c th s
dng thay i cc tnh cht, thuc tnh, to ... ca cc i tng v. Sau khi gi lnh
ny nu ta chn (Select) mt i tng no thuc mn hnh ho th mi thuc tnh
lin quan n i tng chn s c th hin trn cc s liu ca hp thoi Properties.
Lnh ny c th c gi thng qua mt trong cc cch sau :
Sau khi gi lnh s thy mt hp thoi c dng nh trn hnh 3.11. y l hp thoi c
bit, c lin kt ng vi i tng chn nn cc thnh phn s liu trn n s khc
nhau tu thuc vo kiu ca i tng hin chn. Trn hnh 3.11 l th hin khi ta ang
chn mt i tng l cung trn. Nu ta trn mn hnh ho ta chn mt i tng
khc (ch nht chng hn) th phn th hin trn hp thoi s thay i tng ng theo.
Cng ty tin hc Hi Ho 77
B m chut v o y thay
i m u hi n th cho i
tng hi n chn
Trn hp thoi ny cha hu nh ton b thng tin v i tng hin chn (mu sc, kiu
ng, to ...). Nu mun thay i thuc tnh no ca i tng ch vic kch chut vo
v tr s liu m t (hnh 3.11). Ngoi ra tin thm cho ngi s dng AutoCAD 2002
cn cho php chn, sa thuc tnh i tng thng qua hp thoi chn nhanh (Quick
v k hiu vt liu
Ghi v hiu chnh vn bn
Cc l nh vk hi u m t c t
4.1. M t c t v h nh c t
Thng thng trong mt bn v k thut ngoi cc th hin ng nt cn cn n cc th
hin bn trong khi hnh. V d khi ta v mt mt ct a cht th ngoi cc nt th hin lp
a cht cn cn n cc th hin bn trong phn gii hn ca mi lp t (loi t, thnh
phn ct liu....). Khi v mt bn v xy dng ngoi cc bn v hnh chiu bng, chiu
ng... rt nhiu trng hp cn cn n cc hnh v c th hin mt ct. Cc hnh ct v
mt ct khng ch mang ngha l lm p cho bn v m i khi cn cha ng thm ry
nhiu ni dung thng tin trong . V d nhn vo bn v mt ct ta c th bit l mt
ct i qua vt liu l thp, hay g hay b tng; nhn vo bn v a cht cng trnh ta c th
bit tn, mt s tnh cht c l ca lp t m t v.v...
Cc minh ho trn cho thy vic th hin bn v vi cc hnh ct, mt ct mang ngha rt
ln. Tuy nhin cc mu t mt ct trong AutoCAD 2002 ch yu c vit theo tiu chun
ANSI (America National Standards Institute) v tiu chun ISO (International Standards
Organization). Cc tiu chun ny ch c mt s mu l c th s dng c cho TCVN.
Do vy nu mun c cc bn v ng TCVN th ngi s dng phi t nh ngha ly cc
mu t cho mnh.
H nh 4.1 Mt s m u m t c t ca Autotcad.
80 vk thut bng chng tr nh AutoCAD2002
4.2. Tr nh t vh nh c t, m t c t
v mt hnh ct ta c th thc hin theo th t sau :
To hnh ng kn bng cc lnh Line, Rectangle, Arc, Pline, Ellipse, Trim....
T Draw menu chn Hatch (hoc t dng nhc g lnh : Bhatch)
4.3. L nh FILL
Bt <tt> ch in y cc i tng nh multilines, traces, solids, solid-fill
hatches, v b dy ca polylines
Ti dng lnh, nhp fill
Tu chn
ON/OFF <ON>: Nhp ON hoc OF, hoc
ON
Bt ch in y cc nt v c dy ca i tng v.
OFF
Tt ch in y.
4.4. L nh BHATCH
V k hiu vt liu trong mt ct thng qua hp hi thoi
Cng ty tin hc Hi Ho 81
Lnh Bhatch cho php gch mt ct (hatch) mt vng khp kn c bao quanh bi cc
ng (thng hay cong) bng cch im vo mt im bn trong vng hay chn ng
bao quanh vng .
Ti thanh cng c, chn
T Draw menu, chn hatch
Command line: bhatch
AutoCAD s hin th hp thoi Boundary Hatch nh sau:
ca AutoCAD bn c th nhn nt
Swatch : Th hin ca mu chn c tn chn Pattern.
Custom Pattern - Nhp tn mu t do ngi s dng to ra
Scale - Thay i t l mu t
Angle - Vo gc nghing cho ng gch.
Spacing -Xc nh khong cch gia cc ng gch.
82 vk thut bng chng tr nh AutoCAD2002
Mu t c s Associative Nonassociative
H nh 4.3 - Minh ho cc la chn Composition.
Boundary
Pick Points
Ty chn ny t ng nh ngha vng cn gch mt ct bng cch ch ra mt im
trong vng . AutoCAD s yu cu:
Select interal point: (chn mt im trong vng cn gch mt ct)
Nhc nh trn s c lp li chn nhiu vng cn gch cng vi kiu mt ct chn
cho n khi tr li bng Null ( ) kt thc.
Select Objects
Ty chn ny cho php nh ngha vng cn gch mt ct bng cch chn ng bao. Khi
nhy chut vo ny, AutoCAD s yu cu :
Select Object: chn i tng ( lm ng bao)
Cng ty tin hc Hi Ho 83
Remove Islands
Hu b i tng ng bao nm pha trong ng bao khc
View Selections
Xem tt c cc ng bao v cc nguyn th chn la.
Inherit Properties
Tha hng mu t ca i tng c chn.
Select hatch object: Chn i tng c t
Mi thng s mu t ca i tng s c cp nht trn hp hi thoi Boundary Hatch,
bn c th s dng mu t cho cc i tng khc.
Preview hatch: xem trc vic gch
Nhy chut vo ny, AutoCAD s hin th mt ct s c gch vi cc chn la
trn. Sau AutoCAD s hin th li hp thoi khi nhn phm cho php to cc sa i
cn thit.
Advanced Options s hin hp thoi hnh 4.4 di y
84 vk thut bng chng tr nh AutoCAD2002
Ignore
in y vng c gii hn bi ng bao ngoi cng l i cc i
tng bn trong.
Cng ty tin hc Hi Ho 85
4.5. L nh HATCH
V k hiu vt liu trong mt ct thng qua ca s lnh
Command line: hatch
Pattern (? or name/U, Style) <gi tr mc nh>:
Gi tr mt nh l tn ca mu mt ct c dng trc . Vo tn ca mt mu mi
(cha trong file AutoCAD.pat) hoc? lit k tn cc mu trong file ny. Sau khi vo
xong tn mu, AutoCAD yu cu nhp vo t l v gc. V d c th nh sau :
Command line: hatch
Enter a pattern name or [?/Solid/User defined] <ANGLE>: Nhp tn mu v d :
AR-B816
Specify a scale for the pattern <1.0000>: nhp t l mu
Specify an angle for the pattern <0>: nhp gc in mu
Select objects to define hatch boundary or <direct hatch>: chn i tng cn t
Select objects: Enter kt thc
4.6. L nh HATCHEDIT
Lnh hiu chnh mt ct
Lnh ny c th gi trc tip t dng nhc, t Tool box hoc t Menu nh sau :
hng trnh by khc nhau. Vic la chn hp l cho cc tham s th hin vn bn trong
Autotcad s gip cho bn v tr nn sng sa hn, giu thng tin v mang tnh thm m
cao hn.
4.7. Tr nh t nh p vn bn vo trong bn v
to mt i tng vn bn trong bn v AutoCAD thng thng ta tin hnh theo cc
bc sau:
To kiu ch cho vn bn bng lnh Style
Nhp k t hoc on vn bn bng lnh Text (hoc MText)
Hiu chnh ni dung vn bn th hin bng lnh Ddedit
on vn bn trong Autotcad cng l mt i tng (tng ng cc i tng Line, Arc,
Rectangle...) do vy cng c th c sao chp, ct dn tng t nh cc i tng khc
ca Autotcad. iu cng c ngha l vn bn trong AutoCAD u c hiu nh cc
i tng ho do nu trong bn v c cha qu nhiu vn bn th khi thc hin cc
lnh thu phng s b chm, khc phc tnh trang Autotcad cho php s dng lnh
Qtext thay th cc dng ch (on vn bn) bng mt mt khung hnh ch nht.
4.8. L nh STYLE
Lnh t kiu ch
T Format menu, chn Text Style...
Command line: Style hoc -Style
Lnh ny gi n hp thoi hnh 4.6 qua ngi s dng c th chn Font ch, c ch
cng cc tham s khc nh dng vn bn s vit ra mn hnh AutoCAD.
T hp thoi hnh 4.6 ngi s dng cng c th to ra cc kiu ch nh sn (Tieu de; Ghi
chu; Bng v.v...) bng cch :
H nh 4.7.
Font Name : chn Font ch ca kiu nh to (v d chn Font .VnTimeH)
Font Style : kiu ch th hin (bnh thng, ch m, ch nghing...)
Height : chiu cao ca ch. Nu nhp tr s chiu cao =0 (mc nh) th mi khi
nh lnh Text hoc MText s c li nhc yu cu nhp chiu cao ch s xut
hin. Nu tr s Height c nhp vo ti ay l tr s >0 th k t y mi k t
vit ra mn hnh u c cng chiu cao l Height.
Upside down : dng ch i xng theo phng ngang
Backwards : dng ch i xng theo thng ng
Width factor : h s nn ch theo phng ngang. Nu h s l <1 ch s b nn li,
ngc li ch s c gin rng ra theo phng ngang.
Oblique Angle : nghing ca dng ch so vi phng ngang.
Nu mun hiu chnh vic cn l cho dng k t th sau khi xut hin dng nhc nhp ch J
(Justify). Cc khi nim s dng trong lnh TEXT v DTEXT c m t trong bng 4.1
sau y
Command: text
Justify/Style <Start point>: J
Align/Fit/Center/Middle/right/TL/TC/TR/ML/MC/MR/BL/BC/BR:
Dng ch vit trn bn v c cc im cn l l t hp ca cc v tr
Top/Middle/Baseline/Bottom (nh/chnh gia/ ng c s/y) v left
/Center/Right (tri/gia/phi). Hnh sau minh ha v tr cc im cn l
ca mt text.
Align
A (Align): Kiu tra va. AutoCAD s yu cu vo im bt u v
im kt thc (nm trn ng c s) cho dng ch. AutoCAD s t
iu chnh ln (chiu cao v chiu rng) ca ch dng ch nhp
vo nm va vn gia hai im.
Align/Fit/Center/Middle/Right/TL/TC/TR/ML/MC/MR/BL/BC/BR:
A
First text line point: To im u dng
Second text line point: To im cui dng
Text: (Nhp mt dng ch)
Fit
F (Fit): tng t nh Align nhng AutoCAD s hi thm chiu cao ch
v dng chiu cao ny nhng s iu chnh rng ch dng ch t
vo va vn gia hai im.
Align/Fit/Center/Middle/Right/TL/TC/TR/ML/MC/MR/BL/BC/BR:
F
First text line point: To im u dng
Second text line point: To im cui dng
Height <4.5741>: cao ch
Text: (Nhp mt dng ch)
Center
C (Center) - Baseline Center: im cn l l im gia trn ng c
s.
Align/Fit/Center/Middle/Right/TL/TC/TR/ML/MC/MR/BL/BC/BR:
C
Center point: To tm dng ch
Height <5.7200>: cao ch
Rotation angle <23>: gc nghing ca dng ch
Text: Ni dung dng ch
Middle
M (Middle): im cn l l tm ca hnh ch nht tng tng bao
92 vk thut bng chng tr nh AutoCAD2002
4.10. L nh MTEXT
Lnh vit nhiu dng ch trn bn v thng qua hp hi thoi
Trn thanh cng c, chn
T Draw menu, chn Text -> Multiline Text
Command line: Mtext
Current text style: "Standard" Text height: 0.2000
Specify first corner: bm chut chn to gc th nht ca ch
Specify opposite corner or [Height/Justify/Line spacing/Rotation/Style/Width]: bm
chut chn to gc th hai ca ch
4.11. L nh QTEXT
Lnh phn r thuc tnh i tng dng ch gii
Vic th hin vn bn trn mn hnh thng chim nhiu thi gian v mi mt k t l mt i
tng v phc tp c to thnh t nhiu ng thng hoc cung trn. tit kim thi gian, trong
trng hp khng cn phi c cc ch gii th hin trn bn v bn c th dng lnh QTEXT. Do
lnh ny cho php cc ch gii th hin trn bn v c th hin nhanh di dng khung hnh ch
nht m chiu di hnh ch nht l chiu di ca dng ch v chiu rng ca n l chiu cao ca
ch, nn thi gian ti hin rt nhanh. Cch thc hin nh sau:
Command line: qtext
ON / OFF <current>: Chn ON hoc OFF
AutoCAD hin th hp thoi Modify Text (hnh 4.10) cha cc chc nng sa i dng
ch gii.
TEXTFILL = 1 (ON)
98 vk thut bng chng tr nh AutoCAD2002
Cc l nh vv to h nh
4.14. L nh RAY
Lnh v mt na ng thng.
Draw menu chn Ray
Command line: Ray
Lnh ny thc hin hon ton tng t nh lnh XLine nhng thay v v c ng thng
lnh Ray s ch v na ng thng xut pht t im nh ngha u tin.
Command: Ray
Specify start point: chn im u tin (im xut pht)
Specify through point: chn im th hai (im nh hng cho na ng
thng)
Specify through point: chn im khc (im nh hng cho na ng thng
mi i qua im (1)
Specify through point: kt thc lnh
4.15. L nh DONUT
Lnh v hnh vnh khn
Draw menu chn Donut
Command line: Donut
Specify inside diameter of donut <current>: Gi tr ng knh
trong
Specify outside diameter of donut <current>: Gi tr ng knh
ngoi
Specify center of doughnut: To tm(1)
Hnh vnh khuyn s c t mu bn trong nu gi tr ca lnh Fill
l ON v ngc li khi Fill l OFF.
V d:
Command: Donut
Inside diameter <0.5>: 12
Ouside diameter <1.0>: 16
Center of doughnut: 20.30
Dng lnh DONUT c th v hnh trn c, nu cho bn
knh vng trn trong (Inside diameter) bng 0 v Fill l On.
100 vk thut bng chng tr nh AutoCAD2002
4.16. L nh TRACE
Lnh v cc on thng c dy
Command line: Trace
Specify trace width <0.2000>:Nhp khong cch, hoc
vo gi tr, hoc
Specify start point: Tr im (1)
Specify next point: Tr im (2)
Specify next point: Tr im (3) hoc kt thc lnh
4.17. L nh SOLID
Lnh v min c t c
Mi 2D Solid c m t bi 3 hoc 4 cnh. Vi cc hnh 3 cnh th cch nhp tng i
n gin ch vic bm chn 3 im lin tip khng thng hng ta s c mt ming tam
gic t c. Ring vi hnh Solid 4 cnh khi khai bo im phi ch th t im nhp
vo. Nu im (1) - (2) l m t cnh th nht th (3) - (4) l m t cnh i din nhng
phi c cng hng vi (1) - (2) 5 6
1 2
3 4
3 4 2
1
H nh 4.12 - V h nh 2D Solid.
Command line: Solid
SOLID Specify first point: bm chn im (1)
Specify second point: bm chn im (2)
Specify third point: bm chn im (3)
Specify fourth point or <exit>: bm chn im (4) hoc kt thc
Cng ty tin hc Hi Ho 101
4.18. L nh MLINE
v on th ng song song
Lnh MLine (Multiple Line) c s dng v on thng song song, rt tin trong th
hin cc bn v quy hoch kin trc. Trong cc con ng lun cn th hin bi 2 nt
(mp phi v mp tri ng), khi cc trc ng giao nhau th cc nt th hin li khng
c php ct nhau (xem hnh 4.13). Nu ch s dng lnh Line ,Pline... th s mt rt
nhiu cng sc, trong khi nu dng lnh MLine th bi ton s tr nn kh n gin v
tin li.
2 3
1
4 5
Justification :
La chn ny s dng nh v tr ng tm ca i tng MLine l tim ng
(Zero); nh (Top) hoc chn (Bottom). Nh minh ho trn hnh 4.12 th ng
MLine c v vi nh v TOP.
Scale :
S dng xc nh khong cch gia hai ng bin phi v bin tri ca i
tng MLine.
STyle :
Ta c th nh ngha trc mt s kiu ng cho lnh MLine, sau s dng la
chn ny i kiu cho lnh v hin ti. Sau khi chn ST ta c th nhp tn kiu
ng mun th hin hoc g ? hin danh sch.
4.19. L nh MLSTYLE
L nh to ki u cho v ng th ng song song(MLine)
T Format menu, chn Multiline Style...
Command line: Mlstyle
4.20. L nh MLEDIT
L nh hi u ch nh i tng vMLine.
Sau khi cho hin hp thoi ny, hy chn mt trong cc phng n bng cch bm chn
vo phng n ri bm tip . Khi AutoCAD s cho tr li vi dng lnh yu
cu chn i tng MLine (1) v MLine (2)...
2
4.16a - i tng MLine gc 4.16b - K t qu hi u ch nh
H nh 4.18 - S d ng Mledit s a i tng MLine.
Cng ty tin hc Hi Ho 105
4.21. L nh REGION
Lnh to mt min t cc hnh ghp
Lnh ny dng chuyn i mt i tng (dng hnh kn) hoc mt nhm i tng
thnh mt i tng duy nht - gi l mt min (Region). Mi min c th c to ra t
mt s i tng n gin. Tuy nhin nu to mt Region t cc cc ng (Line, Arc...)
th cc i tng ny phi to thnh mt vng kn.
Sau lnh Region c bn hnh dng th hin ca cc i tng trn bn v l khng thay
i, tuy nhin tnh cht i tng ho thay i. V d mt hnh t gic ng kn
c to bi lnh Line s gm 04 i tng Line, sau khi c Region s tr thnh 01 i
tng duy nht. Mt vng trn v bng lnh Circle nu cha Region th c th d dng
thay i bn knh thng qua cc tay cm, nu Region th s tr thnh 01 min trn.
T thanh cng c chn
T Draw menu chn Region...
Command line: Region
Sau AutoCAD s yu cu chn i tng cn Region (Select objects:). Khi chn
xong bm Hy bm kt thc lnh.
4.22. L nh UNION
Cng cc vng Region
Lnh ny cho php hp nht cc vng Region ( nh ngha) nu cc vng c giao nhau
th phn nt nm trong vng giao nhau s c loi b.
4.23. L nh SUBTRACT
Tr cc vng Region
Lnh ny loi b phn giao nhao ca cc min Region. Min (region) c chn trc
c hiu l min c s (min s cn li mt phn sau lnh Subtract), cc min chn sau
c hiu l cc min iu kin loi b.
a) Trc khi Subtract b) Sau khi Subtract chn c) Sau khi Subtract
chn h nh ch nh t trc chn cc h nh tr n, elip trc
H nh 4.20 - S d ng l nh Subtract to h nh hoa vn t cc vng Region.
Command: subtract
Select solids and regions to subtract from ..
Select objects: chn min c s
Select objects: kt thc
Select solids and regions to subtract ..
Select objects: chn min iu kin
Select objects: kt thc
4.24. L nh INTERSECT
Ly giao ca cc vng Region
4.25. L nh BOUNDARY
Pick point
Cc lnh Ghi v
hiu chnh kch thc
5.1. Khi ni m
ng nh t m u mi tn
(Center Line) (Arrowheads)
ng k ch thc
200
(Dimension line)
ng ging
300 (Extension lines)
ch s ghi k ch thc
(Dimension text)
H nh 5.1 - Cc th nh ph n s li u ca ng k ch thc.
5.1.2. Bin kch thc (Dimension Variables) v kiu kch thc (Dimension Style)
iu khin cc thnh phn ca kch thc, AutoCAD dng cc bin kch thc. Mi
bin kch thc nhn mt gi tr nht nh v c th thay i c. Bin kch thc c th
nhn cc kiu gi tr logic (ON/OFF), khong cch, h s t l, s nguyn hay l mt dng
chui k t (String).
110 vk thut bng chng tr nh AutoCAD2002
5.2. L nh DIMLINEAR
Lnh ghi kch thc theo on thng
Horizontal Vertical
112 vk thut bng chng tr nh AutoCAD2002
Ghi kch thc theo chiu ngang Ghi kch thc theo chiu dc
Rotated
Quay ng kch thc
Dimension line angle <current>: Nhp gi tr gc quay
5.2.1. L nh DIMALIGNED
Lnh v ng kch thc thng
To ra ng kch thc t ng nh hng mt cch ph hp vi i tng
Ti thanh cng c, chn
T Dimension menu, chn Aligned
Command line: dimaligned
First extension line origin or ENTER to select: chn mt im hoc Enter
Specify first extension line origin or <select object>: chn im (1)
Specify second extension line origin: chn im (2)
Specify dimension line location or Select object to dimension: chn v tr t ng
kch thc.
Lnh Dimaligned.
Cng ty tin hc Hi Ho 113
5.3. L nh DIMRADIUS
Lnh nh cc kch thc bn knh cho ng trn v cung trn
Ti thanh cng c, chn
T Dimension menu, chn Radius
Command line: dimradius
Select arc or circle: Chn ng trn hoc cung trn
5.4. L nh DIMCENTER
Lnh to ra du tm hoc ng thng tm ca ng trn v cung trn
Ti thanh cng c, chn
T Dimension menu, chn Center Mark
Command line: dimcenter
Select arc or circle: Chn mt i tng
5.5. L nh DIMDIAMETER
Lnh nh cc kch thc ng knh cho ng trn v cung trn
Ti thanh cng c, chn
T Dimension menu, chn Diameter
Command line: dimdiameter
Select arc or circle: Chn ng trn hoc cung trn
5.6. L nh DIMANGULAR
Lnh nh cc kch thc gc
Ti thanh cng c, chn
114 vk thut bng chng tr nh AutoCAD2002
5.7. L nh DIMORDINATE
Ghi kch thc theo to im
Ghi kch thc tung (hay honh ) ca mt im c trng dc theo mt ng dn
n.
5.8. L nh DIMBASELINE
Lnh v mt lot cc ng kch thc thng qua ng ging c s ca ng kch
thc chn
Ti thanh cng c, chn
T Dimension menu, chn Baseline
Cng ty tin hc Hi Ho 115
Select
AutoCAD yu cu bn chn mt ng kch thc
lm ng ging c s (ng ging chung).
Select base dimension: Chn ng kch thc c
s
5.9. L nh DIMCONTINUE
Lnh ghi kch thc nhiu on chia k tip nhau
V d:
ghi ng kch thc tip theo bn chn ng ging ca ng kch thc trc .
116 vk thut bng chng tr nh AutoCAD2002
5.10. L nh LEADER
Ghi kch thc theo ng dn
T Dimension menu, chn Leader
Command line: Leader
Lnh ny cho php ghi ch theo ng dn. Nu tr s bin DIMASSOC=ON th im bt
u ca Leader s lin kt vi i tng c ghi ch. Khi ta hiu chnh bn v, di di hoc
dch chuyn i tng m t th im gc Leader cng c t ng di di theo (dng ghi
ch vn nguyn v tr c).
(2) C a lc D150
(1)
Trang Attachment (hnh 5.4) : nh kiu lin kt cho ng dn v dng ghi ch.
Top of top line : lin kt ng dn ti nh ca dng Text
Middle of top line : lin kt ng dn ti im gia ca dng nh Text
Middle of multi-line text : lin kt ng dn ti im gia ca c on Text
Middle of bottom line : lin kt ng dn ti im gia ca cnh y dng Text
Bottom of bottom line : lin kt ng dn ti pha trn ca dng nh on Text
Underline bottom line : c gch chn on Text.
5.11. L nh TOLERANCE
Lnh ghi dung sai
Khi th hin kch thc dung sai thng thng c cc thnh phn s liu sau nh trn hnh
5.5. di y.
K hi u dung sai Tr s dung sai Chu n
// 0.012 A
Cc kch thc dung sai c ghi thng qua hi thoi Geometric Tolerance (hnh 5.6)
5.12. L nh DIMTEDIT
Sa i v tr v gc dng ghi ch ca ng kch thc
Ti thanh cng c, chn
T Dimension menu, chn Align Text
Command line: Dimtedit
Select dimension: chn ng kch thc cn hiu chnh
Left Right
Dch chuyn dng ghi ch sang bn tri Dch chuyn dng ghi ch sang bn
phi
Home Angle
Chuyn dng ghi ch v v tr ngm nh Thay i gc ca dng ghi ch
Text angle : Gi tr gc
5.13. L nh DIMSTYLE
To v sa i kiu ng kch thc trn ca s lnh
T Dimension menu, chn Style
Command line: Dimstyle
Cng ty tin hc Hi Ho 121
Trang Alternate Units (hnh 5.12) gn cc n v lin kt, dng v chnh xc cho on
v chiu di, gc.
Display Alternate units : thm n v o lin kt vo ch s kch thc .
o Unit format : nh dng n v lin kt cho tt c cc loi kch thc
(ngoi tr kch thc gc);
o Precision : hin th s ch s thp phn sau du phy ;
o Multiplier for Altenate units : ch nh h s chuyn i gia n v kch
thc chnh v kch thc lin kt.
o Round distances to : nh ngha quy tc lm trn ;
o Prefix : khai bo tin t
o Surfix : khai bo hu t
Zero suppression : kim tra vic loi b s 0 v ngha ;
Placement : nh v tr t kch thc lin kt
o After primary units : t kch thc lin kt sau ch s kch thc chnh ;
o Below primary units : t kch thc lin kt trc ch s kch thc chnh.
Cng ty tin hc Hi Ho 129
5.14. L nh DIMEDIT
Lnh sa thuc tnh ng kch thc
Ti thanh cng c, chn
T Dimension menu, chn Oblique
Command line: Dimedit
Enter type of dimension editing [Home/New/Rotate/Oblique] <Home>: Chn mt
thuc tnh
Home
Di chuyn v tr ca dng ghi ch ng kch thc
Select objects: Chn mt ng kch thc
New
Thay i ni dung dng ghi ch ng kch thc
Rotate
Thay i gc ca dng ghi ch so vi ng kch thc
Enter text angle: Nhp gi tr gc quay
Select objects: Chn i tng ng kch thc
Oblique
To ng kch thc xin
Select objects: Chn ng kch thc
Enter obliquing angle (RETURN for none): Nhp
gi tr gc xin
Cng ty tin hc Hi Ho 131
Cc l nh hi u ch nh
6.1. L nh SELECT
Lnh la chn i tng trong bn v
Khi nhn mt lnh hiu chnh hay kho st, AutoCAD s yu cu chn i tng (Select
object) cn hiu chnh.
Command line: select
Select objects: Chn cc i tng
ng thi ti v tr con tr s xut hin chn (object selection target). Khi mt i tng
c chn, n s m i hay i mu - iu ny gip ngi v d dng nhn thy i tng
no c chn.
chn i tng, c th tr li cho mi dng nhc Select object bng mt trong cc ty
chn sau:
Mt im (mc nh): Nu cho ta mt im, AutoCAD s d ngay trn bn v xem
i tng no i qua im ny, nu c, i tng s c chn. Nu khng c i tng
no th s xut hin dng nhc Other corner yu cu ta nhp gc khc ca ca s ch nht
c th chn i tng theo kiu Window hoc Crossing. Khng nn vo mt im l
giao im ca hai hay nhiu i tng v nh th s khng xc nh chnh xc i tng
no c chn.
Add
Dng tt Remove, quay tr v Select object
ALL
Chn tt c cc i tng c trn bn v.
BOX
AutoCAD s yu cu xc nh hai gc ca ca s nh ty chn
Window hay Crossing. Nu nh th hai c chn nm bn
phi so vi nh th nht th Box tng t nh Window, trong
trng hp ngc li th Box tng t nh Crossing.
Crossing
Ging nh ty chn Window nhng ngoi ra cn chn cc i
tng b ng bao ca s ct qua.
Cpolygon
Tng t ty chn WP nhng s chn cc i tng nm hon
ton trong a gic v cc i tng b ng bao ca a gic ct
qua.
Fence
Hng ro. Ty chn ny tng t nh CP nhng s xc nh mt
ng bao khng khp kn v AutoCAD s chn cc i tng
b ng bao ny ct qua.
Group
La chn theo nhm i tng.
Select objects: group
Enter group name: Nhp tn nhm
Last
Chn i tng c v sau cng trn bn v.
Multiple
AutoCAD cho php ln lt nhiu i tng bng cch lp i
lp li dng nhc Select object. Ch sau khi tr li bng Null (
) th AutoCAD mi bt u cng tc d tm trn bn v.
Previous
Ly cc i tng c chn (nu c) ca ln chn i tng
gn ln ny nht.
Remove
i sang mode "Remove" - loi i tng khi danh sch chn
tm thi. Sau khi b loi cc i tng ny li c mu nh c.
Trong mode m AutoCAD s dng dng nhc Remove object
thay cho dng nhc select object.
Cng ty tin hc Hi Ho 133
6.2. L nh CHANGE
Lnh thay i thuc tnh ca i tng
Lnh Change cho php thay i cc tnh cht hoc cc thng s v tr ca cc i tng
c chn.
134 vk thut bng chng tr nh AutoCAD2002
C php:
Command line: Change
Change point
Thay i thng s v tr ca i tng
Nu tr li dng nhc
Specify change point or [Properties]: bng mt im (P) th AutoCAD coi l
im thay i thng s v tr i vi cc i tng c chn.
Tc dng ca lnh ty thuc vo loi i tng:
Line: u no ca line gn P s di ti v tr P. Nu chn la nhiu ng thng,
cc ng thng ny s quy t ti P.
Circle: Bn knh ng trn s thay i sao cho trn i qua P.
Text: P tr thnh im t mi ca text line. Nu tr li thay v P th AutoCAD
s cho php thay i kiu ch, chiu cao ch, gc quay, ni dung dng ch bng
cc dng nhc tng ng.
Attribute: cho php thay i cc tnh cht ca Attribute nh l vi text. Ngoi ra
cn thay i c tag, prompt v gi tr mc nh ca Attribute.
block: P tr thnh im chn mi ca Block. Nu tr li thay v P, AutoCAD cho
php thay i gc quay ca Block.
Properties
Thay i tnh cht ca i tng
Khi dng ty chn ny, AutoCAD s c dng nhc:
Enter property to change [Color/Elev/LAyer/LType/ltScale/LWeight/Thickness]:
C (Color): t mu mi cho cc i tng c chn. Dng nhc tip theo cc
AutoCAD l:
New color <mu hin thi>: Nhp vo mu mi (bng tn hoc s ch th mu) hoc nu
chp nhn mu hin thi.
E (Elev): Thit lp cao (gi tr ta Z ca i tng 2D) mi cho cc i tng
c chn. Dng nhc tip theo l:
New elev <gi tr hin thi>: vo gi tr cao mi hoc chp nhn
gi tr hin thi.
La (Layer): thay i lp cho cc i tng c chn (C th v lp xem chng
VI). AutoACD s yu cu vo tn lp mi bng dng nhc:
Cng ty tin hc Hi Ho 135
6.4. L nh BLIPMODE
Hin/n du (+) khi ch im v
Ti dng lnh, nhp blipmode
Tu chn
Command: blipmode
ON/OFF <OFF>: Nhp ON hoc OF, hoc
Cng ty tin hc Hi Ho 137
ON
Hin du + khi ch im v trn mn hnh
OFF
n du + khi ch im v trn mn hnh
6.5. L nh GROUP
t tn cho mt nhm i tng c chn la
Ti dng lnh, nhp group
AutoCAD hin th hp hi thoi Object Grouping
Description
Hin th din t ca nhm c la chn.
Find Name
Cho bit tn nhm ca i tng c chn trong bn v
Pick a member of a group : chn mt i tng
Sau khi chn i tng AutoCAD hin th hp hi thoi gm danh sch tn nhm
cha i tng c chn.
Highlight
Cho bit nhng i tng cng mt nhm trn bn v.
Include Unnamed
nh r c nhng nhm cha t tn.
Create Group
New
To mt nhm gm cc i tng c la chn. Tn nhm
c t ti Group Name, din gii nhm t ti
Description.
Selectable
Ch r ni nhm mi c la chn
Unnamed
n tn ca nhm, hoc nhm khng tn. AutoCAD t nh
ngha tn *A cho mi nhm mi.
Change Group
Remove Loi b i tng c chn ra khi nhm.
Add
Re-order
Thay i s th t ca cc i tng trong nhm, s th t trong nhm bt
u bng 0.
AutoCAD hin th hp thoi Order Group
Description
Cp nht din gii cho nhm i tng.
Explode
Ph b nhm, cc i tng tr li tnh cht ban u.
Selectable
Ti Selectable thay i gia Yes/no
+ yes : chn mt nhm bn ch vic chn mt i tng trong nhm
+ no : Ch thc hin la chn vi cc i tng c chn
S dng trn dng lnh
Nu trn dng lnh, bn nhp -group th bn nhn c li nhc nh sau:
?/Order/Add/Remove/Explode/REName/Selectable/<Create>: chn hoc
Create
To mt nhm mi.
Group name (or ?): t tn nhm mi hoc
Sau , bn la chn cc i tng cn t vo trong nhm.
? -- List Groups
Hin th danh sch tn v s din t ca cc nhm trong bn v.
Groups(s) to list <*>: Nhp danh sch tn hoc
Order
Thay i v tr ca cc i tng c trong nhm
Add
Thm i tng vo nhm hin ti.
Group name (or ?): Nhp tn hoc
Select objects: Chn i tng cn thm vo nhm
Remove
Loi b i tng ra khi nhm.
Group name (or ?): t tn nhm mi hoc
Select objects: Chn i tng loi b ra khi nhm.
Explode
Loi b tt c cc i tng ra khi nhm, ng thi nhm b xo.
Group name (or ?): Nhp tn hoc
ReName
i tn nhm.
Old group name (or ?): Cho tn nhm cn i tn
New group name (or ?) : Nhp tn mi cho nhm
Cng ty tin hc Hi Ho 141
Selectable
Group name (or ?): Cho tn nhm
This group is selectable. Do you wish to change it? <Y> chn N hoc
Chuyn i gia ch chn theo nhm v chn theo i tng.
6.6. L nh ISOPLANE
S dng li v ng c
:Ti dng lnh, nhp isoplane
Enter isometric plane setting [Left/Top/Right] <Top>: Nhp chn la hoc
Left
Chn mt tri, c nh ngha nghing t 90 150 .
Top
Chn thao tc lm vic ti mt trn. nh ngha t 30 150 .
Right
Chn thao tc lm vic ti mt bn phi. nh ngha t 90 30 .
6.7. L nh DSETTINGS
To li cho bn v thng qua ca s hi thoi
T Tools menu, chn Drafting Settings...
Shortcut menu: Right-click Snap, Grid, Polar, Osnap, or Otrack on the status bar
and choose Settings.
Ti dng lnh, nhp dsettings
(c th gi lnh ny thng qua vic bm phm chut phi ln nt Snap, Grid, Polar,
Osnap, hoc Otrack gi Menu ng ri chn Settings...)
6.8. L nh PEDIT
Lnh sa i cc ng a tuyn Polyline
Cng ty tin hc Hi Ho 143
Tu thuc vo i tng l Polyline 2D, Polyline 3D, 3D Mesh. AutoCAD hin th dng
nhc tng ng
C php:
Lu :1
- Polyline gc ( ghp cc i tng khc vo) phi l ang
m (open).
- i tng thm vo phi ni nh vi polyline gc.
Width
Cho php xc nh b rng ng nt mi v ng b cho tt c
cc phn on ca polyline c chn. Dng nhc tip theo ca
AutoCAD s l:
Enter new width for all segment: (vo b rng mi cho tt c
cc phn on).
Edit vertex
Khi dng ty chn ny, AutoCAD li th hin mt lot cc ty
chn con v cho php hiu chnh cc nh (vertex) ca polyline
v cc phn on k bn chng (nh no c nh du bng
du X th hiu chnh c nh ). Thot u AutoCAD nh
du nh u tin ca polyline v hin dng nhc:
Next/Previous/Break/Insert/Move/Regen/Straighten/Tangent/Wi
dth/eXit<N>:
Next
Di chuyn im nh du n nh k .
Previous
Di chuyn im nh du v li nh trc .
Break
Tch polyline lm hai hoc xa mt s phn on ca
polyline. Dng nhc tip theo l:
Next/Previous/Go/eXit<N>:
im gy th nht l nh c nh du khi dng ty chn
Break. Dng Next/Previous di chuyn n im gy th
Cng ty tin hc Hi Ho 145
Move
Di nh ang c nh du X n mt v tr mi. Bn
cng phi nhp v tr ca nh mi trn dng nhc:
Enter new location: Nhp to nh mi(1)
Regen
Thit lp li polyline v cp nht cc thay i. Thng dng
vi ty chn Width.
Straighten
Xa cc phn on nm gia hai nh c chn, thay th
bng mt phn on thng.
Dng nhc ca AutoCAD ging nh trong Break:
Next/Previous/Go/eXit<N>:
Tangent
Cho php t hng tip tuyn ti cc nh c nh du
dng khi lm cong polyline bng Fit. Dng nhc ca
AutoCAD l:
146 vk thut bng chng tr nh AutoCAD2002
Width
Cho php thay i b rng nt v ca phn on ngay sau
nh c nh du. AutoCAD nhc nh:
Enter starting width <gi tr hin hnh>: b rng bt u
Enter ending width <gi tr hin hnh>: b rng kt thc
Exit
Thot khi Edit vertex tr li lnh Pedit.
Fit
To mt ng cong trn u qua cc nh ca polyline. Nu c
t cc hng tip xc ti cc nh ny, ng cong c to
thnh s s dng cc hng tip xc .
Spline
To mt ng cong iu khin c. ng cong ny s dng
cc nh ca polyline lm cc im iu khin. ng cong to
thnh s i qua cc im iu khin u v cui (tr khi
polyline ng) v b ko v hng cc im khc nhng khng
nht thit phi i qua cc im ny.
Ltype gen
Lm cho loi ng nt nh hng chung trn ton b cc phn
on ca polyline (nu l ON) hay ch nh hng ring trn
tng phn on (nu l OFF). Hnh sau minh ha cho s khc
nhau ca mt polyline v trong hai trng hp.
Cng ty tin hc Hi Ho 147
Insert
Chn mt nh ti mt im xc nh theo sau nh hin
thi c nh du. AutoCAD s c dng nhc:
Enter new location of new vertex: vo v tr cho nh mi
Move
Di nh ang c nh du X n mt v tr mi. Bn
cng phi nhp v tr ca nh mi trn dng nhc:
Enter new location: Nhp to nh mi(1)
Regen
Thit lp li polyline v cp nht cc thay i. Thng dng
vi ty chn Width.
Straighten
Xa cc phn on nm gia hai nh c chn, thay th
bng mt phn on thng.
Exit
Thot khi Edit vertex tr li lnh Pedit.
Spline curve
S dng cc nh ca a tuyn nh l cc im nh v ca
ng cong m s ng hay m nh l a tuyn gc. ng
cong i t im u n im cui v "" ti nh d
khng cn phi qua chng. Bn ch ra cng nhiu im nh
v trn phn ca khung, chng cng lm nn ng cong
hn. ng cong loi ny gi l B-spline, chng c th to
thnh ng cong bc hai hay ng cong bc ba.
Decurve
B cc nh b sung khi "Fit curve" v tt c cc on a
Cng ty tin hc Hi Ho 149
Next
Di chuyn nh nh du X ti nh tip theo.
Previous
Di chuyn nh nh du X ti nh trc .
Left
Dch chuyn du X li theo hng N.
Right
Dch chuyn du X tin theo hng N.
Up
Dch chuyn du X tin theo hng M.
Down
Dch chuyn du X li theo hng M.
Move
Di chuyn nh hin ti ti v tr mi.
150 vk thut bng chng tr nh AutoCAD2002
Smooth surface
Kim sot kiu ca mt c vin, nu SURFTYPE bng 5
l kiu mt B-spline bc hai, bng 6 l mt B-spline bc ba,
bng 8 l mt vm.
Desmooth
B mt trn mi vin v khi phc cc im nh v ca li
a gic gc.
Mclose
ng polyline nu li ang m theo hng M.
Mopen
M polyline nu li ang ng theo hng M.
Nclose
ng polyline nu li ang m theo hng N.
Mopen
M polyline nu li ang ng theo hng N.
6.9. L nh FIND
Lnh tm kim v thay th Text.
T Edit menu, chn Find...
Command line: Find
S thy xut hin hp thoi hnh 6.6.
Cng ty tin hc Hi Ho 151
Cc l nh lm vi c vi khi
6.10. L nh BLOCK
nh ngha mt khi
Cho php nhm cc i tng hin din trn bn v thnh mt khi mi.
Command line: -Block
Block name (or ?): (nhp tn khi hoc ?)
insertion base point: (nhp im c s chn)
Select object: (chn cc i tng cn nhm vo khi)
Block name
Tn ca khi c th di ti 31 k t v c th dng cc k t c bit ht nh ($), (-), (_).
Nu nhp vo mt tn khi trng vi mt tn khi no ang tn ti, AutoCAD s nhc:
Block <tn> already exists: (khi <tn>ang tn ti).
Sau khi xc nh tn khi:
Nu tn khi tn ti th AutoCAD hin dng nhc
Redifine it? <N>: (nh ngha li khi khng? Nu Y (yes)) c nh ngha li, cn N (No)
l khng nh ngha li v thot khi lnh Block.
Nu tn khi cha tn ti th AutoCAD s yu cu xc nh im c s chn, y l
im c dng chn khi vo bn v. Tuy im ny c th ly bt k nhng thun
tin cho qu trnh qun l v s dng khi cn chn im ny l im c trng ca khi.
Insertion base point: To im c s (1)
Tip theo AutoCAD yu cu xc nh cc i tng thnh phn ca khi cng bng dng
nhc
select object: Chn cc i tng nhm thnh mt khi
Cng ty tin hc Hi Ho 153
Sau khi nh ngha khi xong, cc nguyn th c nhm thnh khi s bin mt. Nu
mun phc hi phi dng lnh OOps.
? -- Listing Previously Defined Blocks
Nu tr li dng nhc ban u bng ?, AutoCAD s cho php lit k mt hoc nhiu khi
c. Khi s c dng nhc
Block (s) name to list <*>: (nhp tn mt hoc nhiu khi, hoc Enter yu cu lit k tt
c cc khi c nh ngha trong bn v hin hnh).
Cc tham s ca lnh Block trn y cng c th c khai bo thng qua hp thoi (hnh
6.8) nu ta nhp lnh bng mt trong cc cch sau :
Bm kt thc.
6.11. L nh ATTDEF
Lnh nh ngha thuc tnh cho khi c to
T Draw menu, chn Block -> Define Attributes...
Command line: attdef
Xut hin hp thoi hnh 6.9 di y
6.12. L nh INSERT
Lnh chn khi thng qua hp hi thoi
Cho php chn mt khi c nh ngha (hay mt bn v ang tn ti) vo bn v hin
hnh thng qua hp thoi (hnh 6.10).
Ti thanh cng c, chn
T Insert menu, chn Block
156 vk thut bng chng tr nh AutoCAD2002
Ngo i ra ta cng c th chn khi v n bn v m khng c n thng qua hp thoi bng cch
t d ng l nh g km thm d u tr (-) trc l nh Insert
Cng ty tin hc Hi Ho 157
Chn mt file vo bn v
Thay i mt bn v c chn
6.13. L nh MINSERT
H nh 6.11 - S d ng l nh Minsert.
6.14. L nh DIVIDE
H nh 6.12 - S d ng l nh Divide.
Cng ty tin hc Hi Ho 161
6.15. L nh MEASURE
H nh 6.13 - S d ng l nh Measure.
Length of segment
6.16. L nh WBLOCK
Ghi block ra a
Cho php ghi ton b hay mt phn bn v hay mt khi nh ngha thnh mt file
bn v mi khi cn c th chn vo bn v nh mt khi.
Command line: Wblock
AutoCAD hin th hp hi thoi hnh 6.14. Qua NSD c th t tn v ghi File File
cho khi v nh ngha.
Cng ty tin hc Hi Ho 163
H nh 6.14 - S d ng l nh Measure.
Block : ghi khi ra File, chc nng ny s cho php ta s xut mt trong cc khi
(Block) nh ngha ra File.
Entire drawing : La chn ny cho php ghi ton b cc ni dung trn bn v
hin ti ra File.
Objects : Ch ghi mt s i tng theo ch nh ca NSD. Vi la chn ny th
.
File name : nhp vo tn File s ghi ca khi.
6.17. L nh EXPLODE
Lnh explode tan khi (k c khi n danh nh kch thc, mu mt ct v.v... do AutoCAD
nh ngha) v thay th bng cc nguyn th to ra khi .
Lnh ny c tc dng khi cn hiu chnh cc nguyn th thnh phn ca khi.
Ti thanh cng c, chn
T Modify menu, chn Explode
Command line: Explode
Select object: (chn khi cn lm tan)
Lu : khng th lm tan (explode) cc i tng sau:
Cc khi c chn bng lnh minsert.
Cc khi c t l X, Y, Z khng bng nhau.
Cng ty tin hc Hi Ho 165
Trnh by v in bn v
trong Autocad
Khi l nh tra cu
7.1. L nh LIST
Lit k thng tin c s d liu ca mt hay mt nhm i tng c la chn
Lnh List cho php lit k cc d liu (lp, mu sc, im t...) ca mt hay nhiu i
tng.
Trn thanh cng c, chn
T Tools menu, chn Inquiry>List
Command line: list
Select object: (chn i tng cn kho st)
s thy xt hin cc thng tin m t i tng . V d sau khi chn i tng l BLock
Gh bnh s thy xut hin cc thng tin.
Select objects:
BLOCK REFERENCE Layer: "0"
Space: Model space
Handle = 1B3
"Gh bnh"
at point, X= 38.1225 Y= 34.3266 Z= 0.0000
X scale factor 1.0000
Y scale factor 1.0000
rotation angle 0
Z scale factor 1.0000
7.2. L nh DBLIST
Lit k thng tin ca tt c cc i tng trn bn v
Command line: dblist
7.3. L nh DIST
o khong cch v o gc
166 vk thut bng chng tr nh AutoCAD2002
7.4. L nh ID
Hin th to mt im trn mn hnh
Lnh id cho php lit k cc d liu (lp, mu sc, im t...) ca mt hay nhiu i
tng.
T Tools menu, chn Inquiry>ID Point
Command line: id
Point: (ch ra im cn xc nh ta )
7.5. L nh AREA
o din tch v chu vi
Lnh Area dng o din tch mt vng xc nh v chu vi ng bao vng . Cc vng
c th o c bng lnh Area bao gm: polygon, polyline, circle.
Object
o din tch vng gii hn bi i tng c chn v di ca i tng .
Add
Ty chn ny s t lnh Area trong mode cng, cho php cng din tch v chu vi tng
ng vi nhiu vng. AutoCAD cui cng s hin th tng din tch cc vng c chn.
Subtract
Ty chn ny t lnh Area trong mode tr, ngc li vi mode cng.
Khi cc l nh i u khi n mn h nh
7.6. L nh ZOOM
Thu phng hnh v trn bn v
Lnh Zoom cho php phng to hay thu nh hnh v ang hin th trn mn hnh nhng kch
thc thc ca chng vn c gi nguyn.
T View menu, chn Zoom
Command line: zoom
All / Center / Dynamic / Extents / Previous / Scale(X/XP) / Window / <Realtime>:
Realtime
Thu phng bn v trn mn hnh thng qua biu tng :
Nhn phm Esc kt thc lnh.
All
Ty chn ny cho php xem trn mn hnh ton
b hnh v (gii hn c t bi lnh Limits).
Nu hnh v vt qu gii hn hnh v, mn hnh
s hin th ton b hnh v ny.
168 vk thut bng chng tr nh AutoCAD2002
Center
Ty chn ny cho php xc nh mt
ca s c tm v chiu gim ln ca
ca s cn zoom. Mun hin th vng
c chn ln mn hnh cn phi nhn
phm Enter. Nu chn ca s hin th
bn trong khung mu s tng tc zoom.
Dynamic
Hin th mt mn hnh c bit gm mt s phn:
- Mt khung ch nht mu trng (hay en) bao ton b phn v (extents).
- Mt khung ch nht mu xanh (hay tm) ch vng mn hnh trc .
- Bn du gc vung mu ch vng mn hnh m ta c th zoom vi tc cao.
quan st c nh dng ban u bng vi
khung ch nht mu xanh m ta c th di
chuyn ny bng thit b ch im chn
vng mn hnh cn hin th. Du X ch tm
ca quan st , c th ri duX ti v tr
cn thit ri nhy chut. Khi du s c thay th bng mi tn ch vo cnh phi cho
php tng hay gim.
Extents
Hin th phn v va kht mn hnh.
Previous
Ty chn ny cho php phc hi li mn hnh trc . AutoCAD lu c 10 mn hnh
trc , do c th zoom previous li 10 ln cao quy nh.
Scale
T l tham chiu n ton cnh: l t l thu phng hnh v
so vi kch thc thc ca chng khi c nh ngha
bng lnh Limits. T l bng 1 s hin th ln mn hnh
ton b hnh v (ton cnh) c gii hn bng lnh
limits. T l ln hn 1 l phng to cn thu nh hn 1 l thu nh hnh v.
Cng ty tin hc Hi Ho 169
Window
Hin th trn mn hnh phn hnh v c xc
nh bng mt ca s ch nht.
7.7. L nh PAN
X dch bn v trn mn hnh
Lnh Pan cho php x dch hnh v trn mn hnh c th xem c tt c cc phn khc
nhau ca hnh v m khng thay i kch thc hin hnh.
Trn thanh cng c, chn
T View menu, chn Pan>Realtime
Command line: Pan
Dispiscement: (vo di hay im gc)
Second point: ( hay vo im th hai)
Nu vo di v cho nhc nh th hai th cnh trn mn hnh s trt theo di a
vo. Nu xc nh im gc v im th hai, cnh s
trt theo di t im gc ti im th hai.
7.8. L nh VIEW
Cho php t tn, lu gi, xo, gi mt cnh mn hnh
T View menu, chn Named Views
Command line: View
Nu mun nh ngha phn din tch th hin trn mn hnh th bn nhn nt New... Khi
bn s nhn tip mt hp thoi New View (hnh 7.2).
Sau bn c th nhn nt dng thit b chut tr trc tip phn din tch
th hin.
Nu mun bit thng tin v phn din tch th hin trn mn hnh, bn ch cn chn
tn ca ca s th hin ri nhn nt Details... Bn s nhn c mt khung ca s
vi cc thng tin sau:
cc L nh i u khi n my in
Cc l nh nh dng v i u khi n trang in l mt trong nhng l nh quan trng v
phc tp nh t ca AutoCAD. K t phin bn AutoCAD 2000 nhm cc l nh ny
c nhng ci ti n vt b c, gip cho ngi s dng c thm nhi u la chn mi,
tng thm ch t lng cho cc trang in. Vi c hi u r v s dng thnh tho cc l nh
nh dng v i u khi n trang in l y u t quan trng v c n thi t c c cc
bn in mt cch nhanh chng ng tiu chu n k thu t v c ch t lng cao.
7.9. L nh LAYOUT
L nh nh dng trang in
Layout c hiu l m phng phn th hin bn v trn giy. Vi mt bn v ta c th
thit lp nhiu Layouts, mi Layout tng ng vi mt phng n in c th (c c giy,
cu hnh my in c th). Trong mi Layout cng c th to v nh v tr cho Viewport; c
th thm BLock khung tn hoc cc i tng v khc. Nh vy ti mi trang Layout
khng ch lu tr cc thng tin thuc i tng v m cn c nhiu thng tin khc l :
172 vk thut bng chng tr nh AutoCAD2002
my in, kh giy, hng in v.v.. cho Layout ny c thc hin thng qua hp thoi (hnh
7.5).
Nhy chut vo ny, AutoCAD s xut hin hp thoi pen assignments cho php
iu khin s phn nh v mu sc (color), bt, loi ng nt (linetype), tc
(Speed) v b rng (width) bt cho my v hin thi.
7.10. L nh PLOT
Xut bn v ra giy
Lnh plot cho php xut bn v ra cc thit b ci t hay xut bn v thnh cc file hnh
v khc nhau c nh hnh.
180 vk thut bng chng tr nh AutoCAD2002
Lnh ny gi n hp thoi tng t nh th hin trn hnh 7.5 (hoc 7.10) ri thng qua
NSD c th chn la cc tham s trang in, kh giy, hng in v.v...
Khi in cc bn v trong AutoCAD nu bit s dng Layout kt hp vi la chn v khai
bo Viewport s c th to ra cc cng c in rt tin li. Sau khi chn cc tham s trang
in bm chn phm OK xut bn v ra giy. Trong trng hp khng c my in kt ni
trc tip (hoc qua mng) ta cn c th chn chc nng in ra File (hnh 7.11). Kiu in ra
File ny khng phi l ghi li cc ni dung v *.DWG m lc ny AutoCAD tnh ton cc
phn t v (tng ng vi cc tham s trang in, my in chn) ri ghi chng thnh mt
dng File c bit ri sau NSD c th mang n bt k ni no c my tnh kt ni
vi loi my in m mnh nh ngha ri thc hin lnh xut bn v (m khng cn c
File bn v, thm ch khng cn n mi trng ho AutoCAD, thm ch khng cn n
c mi trng WINDOWS)
V d: t h iu hnh DOS, c th dng lnh:
COPY/b <tn file kt xut>PRN
H nh 7.11 - In bn v ra File.
Cc l nh to v hi u ch nh khung nh n ng
Khung nhn ng (Floatting Viewports) l mt i tng c bit ca AutoCAD. Ti mi
Viewport NSD c th di hnh (Move), xoay hnh, thay i kch thc v.v... sau cc
Viewports c th c t trn cc Layout ( chun b in). V cc Viewport l cc i
tng ca AutotCAD nn ta khng th trc tip hiu chnh chng trn cc Layout, mi vic
hiu chnh phi c tin hnh t Model tab. Cc hiu chnh t Model tab khng ch c
hiu lc trn Model tab m sau khi hiu chnh chng s c t ng cp nht n tt c
cc Viewport v Layout c lin quan.
Mt li th ca Floating Viewport l trn tng Viewport ta c th lm ng cc lp theo
nhng ring bit. iu c ngha l ta c th xut ra giy cc bn v c phn th
Cng ty tin hc Hi Ho 181
7.12. L nh VPORTS
To mt Floating Viewport
Ti thanh cng c, chn
T View menu, chn Viewport -> New Viewport
182 vk thut bng chng tr nh AutoCAD2002
H nh 7.13 - To v hi u ch nh Viewport.
7.13. L nh MVIEW
To v sp xp cc khung nhn ng.
Command line: Mview (hoc -Vport)
Specify corner of viewport or [ON/OFF/Fit/Hideplot/Lock/Object/ Polygonal/
Restore/ 2/ 3/ 4] <Fit>: chn mt im
Specify opposite corner: chn im gc th 2
Cng ty tin hc Hi Ho 183
Regenerating model.
ON/OFF : lm hin (n) cc i tng trong Layout hin ti (bng cch bm chn
i tng trn mn hnh).
Hideplot : che nt khut cho cc i tng trn Layout hin ti;
Fit : to Viewport va kht vng ho
Lock : kho Viewport c chn
Object : ch nh mt ng bao kn chuyn chng thnh ng bao ca
Viewport.
Polygonal : to mt Viewport c hnh dng bt k bng cch ch nh cc nh ca
a gic. Cc tham s yu cu nhp vo tng t nh khi thc hin lnh Pline.
2 / 3 / 4 : cho php to Viewport c 2 hoc 3 hoc 4 ca s.
khng c ng kch thc chng hn. Nu dng lnh Layer tt lp DIM (lp ghi ng
kch thc) th trn c 2 Viewport ng kch thc s cng b tt. Vy t c mc
ch ny ta phi s dng lnh VPLayer nh sau
Li Kt
Cc l nh v ph m t t ca AutoCAD 2002
S
Tn l nh Ph m t t Tc d ng ca l nh
TT
2 3DFACE 3f To mt b m t 3 chi u.
4 ALIGN al S p x p i tng.
6 ARC a V cung tr n.
To 1 mi n ho c 1 ng a tuy n t mt vng
13 BOUNDARY bo
ng k n.
17 CIRCLE c V mt v ng tr ng.
S
Tn l nh Ph m t t Tc d ng ca l nh
TT
d, dst,
32 DIMSTYLE To v ch nh sa ki u ghi k ch thc t d ng l nh.
ddim,dimsty
V v i n y mt v ng tr n ho c mt v nh
36 DONUT do
khuyn.
188 vk thut bng chng tr nh AutoCAD2002
S
Tn l nh Ph m t t Tc d ng ca l nh
TT
38 DSVIEWER av M ca s trgip.
47 FILLET f l m tr n gc ca 2 ng th ng.
48 FILTER fi Lc i tng.
51 HATCHEDIT he Sa m u t .
S
Tn l nh Ph m t t Tc d ng ca l nh
TT
60 INTERSECT in T m ph n giao ca 2 mi n ng k n.
64 LINE l V 1 ng th ng.
lt, ltype,
65 LINETYPE nh ki u ng v.
ddltype
67 LTSCALE lts t h s t l n t v.
70 MIRROR mi L nh l y i x ng g ng.
S
Tn l nh Ph m t t Tc d ng ca l nh
TT
75 MVIEW mv To i m nh n ng.
82 PLINE pl L nh v ng a tuy n.
83 PLOT print Xu t bn v ra gi y.
84 POINT po V mt i m c to nh trc.
Xo cc tn v bi n khng dng n ( lm gn
89 PURGE pu
k ch thc bn v).
Cng ty tin hc Hi Ho 191
S
Tn l nh Ph m t t Tc d ng ca l nh
TT
91 RECTANG rec V h nh ch nh t.
S
Tn l nh Ph m t t Tc d ng ca l nh
TT
117 THICKNESS th d y ng v.
S
Tn l nh Ph m t t Tc d ng ca l nh
TT