AL H 120 FINAL EXAMINATION REVIEW OUTLINE

Instructions: Use the following outline to guide your study for the final exam. All of the
questions on the final exam are from the material contained in this outline. The number of
questions on the final exam in each area are indicated.

I. Disease Process (6 questions)

A. Inflammation and repair
1. 4 stages of inflammatory response
2. Cell types involved in inflammatory response

B. Neoplasia
1. Comparison of benign and malignant neoplasms
2. Characteristic behavior of malignant neoplasms
3. Nomenclature of neoplasms
4. Etiologies of malignant neoplasms

C. Inherited diseases
1. Chromosome aberrations
a. Cause
b. Three examples

2. Genetic diseases
a. Autosomal inheritance
(1) How it occurs
(2) Three examples
b. Sex linked
(1) How it occurs
(2) One example

D. Immune response

1. Antigenantibody reaction
2. Three types of allergic reactions
3. AIDS

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II. Heart Diseases (12 questions)

A. Coronary artery disease

1. Risk factors
2. Pathological changes

B. Myocardial infarction
1. Definition
2. Three zones of damage
3. Pathological changes and repair
4. Manifestations
5. Treatment

C. Arrhythmias recognize:

1. Premature ventricular contractions

2. Ventricular Tachycardia
3. Ventricular fibrillation

D. Congestive heart failure

1. Definition
2. Pathology of fluid retention
3. Manifestations and treatment

E. Cardiogenic shock
1. Definition
2. Etiologies

F. Congenital defects description of abnormalities,

direction of blood flow and whether cyanosis exists

for:
1. Atrial septal defect
2. Ventricular septal defect
3. Patent ductus arteriosus
4. Tetralogy of Fallot
5. Coarctation of the aorta

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 G. Rheumatic heart disease
1. Etiology
2. Pathology

H. Infectious endocarditis
1. Pathology
2. Difference between subacute and acute

III. Blood and Lymph Diseases (6 questions)

A. Anemias
1. Pernicious anemia
a. Cause
b. Appearance of RBCs
c. Treatment

2. Irondeficiency anemia
a. Cause
b. Appearance of RBCs
c. Treatment

3. Hemolytic anemias
a. Hereditary
(1) Pathology and manifestations
(2) Three types
b. Acquired examples

B. Polycythemia
1. Definition
2. Polycythemia Vera
3. Secondary polycythemia cause

4. Manifestations and treatment

C. Thrombocytopenia purpura
1. Causes
2. Manifestations
3. Treatment

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 D. Hemophilia
1. Cause
2. Manifestations
3. Treatment
E. Leukemias
1. Classification
a. Cell series
b. Character of proliferating cells
2. Etiologic factors
3. General pathology and manifestations
4. Treatment

F. Lymphomas
1. Definition and Differentiation from leukemia
2. Pathology
3. Most common type (note definitive diagnosis)
4. Treatment

IV. Kidney Diseases (5 questions)

A. Hypertension
1. Normal mechanism for compensation for reduced
blood volume
2. Ways mechanism backfires

B. Pyelonephritis
1. Etiology
2. Pathology
3. Manifestations

C. Glomerulonephritis
1. Etiology
2. Pathology
3. Manifestations

D. Acute and chronic renal failure

1. Etiologies
2. Pathology
3. Manifestations
4. Treatment

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V.Lung Diseases (10 questions)
A. Infectious diseases
1. Areas of respiratory tract affected by each disease
2. Which diseases are caused by bacteria, virus, fungi

B. Pulmonary edema
1. Three alterations causing pulmonary edema and one example of each
2. Manifestations of interstitial and alveolar edema
3. Treatment

C. Restrictive Lung Disease

1. Diagnosis by pulmonary function test
2. Pneumoconiosis
a. Etiologies
b. General pathology

E. Obstructive lung diseases

1. Diagnosis by pulmonary function test
2. Asthma
a. Pathology
b. Manifestations
c. Treatment

3. COPD
a. Definitions of chronic bronchitis and emphysema
b. Clinical features of pink puffer
c. Clinical features of blue bloater
d. Complications of COPD

F. Bronchogenic carcinoma
1. Pathology of two representative types
2. Manifestations

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VI. Endocrine Diseases (4 questions)
A. Match endocrine glands with hormones secreted,.
B. Recognize diseases of each gland causing hyper-function, hypo- function and no
effect on hormone production (where applicable)
C. Definition and major manifestations of each disease

VII. Reproductive System Diseases (5 questions)

A. Prostatitis
1. Types
2. Pathology
3. Manifestations

B. Cancer of the prostate and BPH

1. Growing characteristic and metastatic spread
2. Pathology and manifestations of both
3. Treatment

C. Carcinoma of the cervix

1. Predisposing factors
2. Detection
3. Spread

D. Carcinoma of the endometrium

1. Predisposing factors
2. Detection
3. Spread

E. Endometriosis
1. Definition
2. Pathology
3. Commonly affected organs

F. Ovarian cyst/Ovarian cancer

1. Types pathology and cause

2. Manifestations

G. Fibrocystic disease of the breast

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 1. Etiology
2. Pathology

H. Cancer of the breast

1. Predisposing factors
2. Pathology
3. Manifestations
4. Treatment

VIII. Nervous System Diseases (5 questions)

A. CVA
1. Two types define

2. Etiologies
3. Pathologies
4. Manifestations
5. Treatment
6. Prevention

B. Meningitis
1. Pathology
2. Manifestations
3. Invading bacterial species

C. Encephalitis
1. Etiology
2. Manifestations

D. Multiple sclerosis
1. Pathology
2. Manifestations

E. Parkinsons disease
1. Pathology
2. Manifestations
3. Treatment

F. Neoplasms

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 1. Three types definitions and tissue of origin

2. Two types of symptoms

C. Epilepsy
1. Definition
2. Pathology
3. Types of seizures
4. Treatment

IX. Musculoskeletal Diseases (5 questions)

A. Fractures
1. Define the four types
2. Treatment

B. Osteomyelitis
1. Cause
2. Pathology

C. Osteoporosis
1. Definition
2. Causes

D. Arthritis
1. Rheumatoid
a. Pathology
b. Diagnosis
C. Treatment
d. Complications

2. Osteoarthritis
a. Etiology
b. Pathology

E. Diseases of the back

1. Slipped disc (Herniated Nucleus Pulposus)
a. Etiologies
b. Pathology
c. Manifestations
d. Treatment

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X. Digestive Tract Diseases (8 questions)
A. Hernias
1. Describe each type
2. Define strangulation and incarceration

B. Diverticula
1. Definition
2. Pathology and Complications

C. Inflammatory diseases
1. Gastritis
a. Definition
b. Etiologies and Pathology

2. Crohns disease
a. Pathology
b. Complications
c. Manifestations

3. Ulcerative Colitis
a. Pathology
b. Complications
c. Manifestations

D. Ulcer
1. Pathology acute, subacute, chronic

2. Complications
3. Manifestations
4. Treatment

E. Neoplasm
1. Leukoplakia
a. Definition
b. Relationship to cancer

2. Stomach
a. Predisposing factors
b. Manifestations

3. Bowel
a. Predisposing factors

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 b. Manifestations

F. Malabsorption syndrome
1. Etiologies
2. Manifestations

XI. Liver, Gallbladder and Pancreas Diseases (7 questions)

A. Viral hepatitis
1. Etiologies types

2. Pathology
3. Manifestations

B. Cirrhosis
1. Etiologies
2. Pathologies
a. Liver changes
b. Vascular changes

3. Manifestations
a. Liver damage
b. Portal hypertension

C. Cholecystitis
1. Etiology
2. Pathology

D. Cholelithiasis
1. Definition
2. Etiology
3. Pathology

E. Pancreatitis
1. Etiologies
2. Pathology
3. Manifestations

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F. Diabetes mellitus
1. Etiologies
a. Reduced or absent insulin production
b. Decreased sensitivity to insulin
2. Pathology
3. Manifestations/diagnosis
4. Complications
5. Juvenile - onset vs maturity - onset
6. Treatment

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