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WHEATSTONE BRIDGE
Analog Lab
Experiment Board
Ver. 1.0
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WHEATSTONE BRIDGE
AB10
TABLE OF CONTENTS
1. Introduction 4
2. Theory 6
3. Experiment 1 10
To study the operation of Wheatstone bridge and
measuring the value of unknown resistance.
4. Experiment 2 12
To measure the sensitivity of Wheatstone bridge.
5. Warranty 14
6. List of service Centers 15
7. List of Accessories with AB10 16
INTRODUCTION
AB10 is a compact, ready to use Wheatstone Bridge experiment board.
This board is useful for students to understand the working and operation of
Wheatstone bridge. It can be used as stand alone unit with external DC
power supply or can be used with SCIENTECH Analog Lab ST2612
which has built in DC power supply, AC power supply, function generator,
modulation generator, continuity tester, toggle switches, and potentiometer.
Model Name
AB01 Diode characteristics (Si, Zener, LED)
AB02 Transistor characteristics (CB NPN)
AB03 Transistor characteristics (CB PNP)
AB04 Transistor characteristics (CE NPN)
AB05 Transistor characteristics (CE PNP)
AB06 Transistor characteristics (CC NPN)
AB07 Transistor characteristics (CC PNP)
AB08 FET characteristics
AB09 Rectifier Circuits
AB11 Maxwells Bridge
AB12 De Sautys Bridge
AB13 Schering Bridge
AB14 Darlington Pair
AB15 Common Emitter Amplifier
AB16 Common Collector Amplifier
AB17 Common Base Amplifier
AB18 Cascode Amplifier
AB19 RC-Coupled Amplifier
AB20 Direct Coupled Amplifier
AB21 Class A Amplifier
AB22 Class B Amplifier (push pull emitter follower)
AB23 Class C Tuned Amplifier
AB28 Multivibrator ( Mono stable / Astable)
AB29 F-V and V-F Converter
AB30 V-I and I-V Converter
AB31 Zener Voltage Regulator
AB32 Transistor Series Voltage Regulator
AB33 Transistor Shunt Voltage Regulator
AB35 DC Ammeter
AB39 Instrumentation Amplifier
AB41 Differential Amplifier (Transistorized)
THEORY
Bridges are among the most accurate types of measuring devices used in the
measurement of impedance. In addition, bridges are also used to measure
DC resistance, capacitance, and inductance. Certain types of bridges are
more suitable for measuring a specific characteristic, such as capacitance or
inductance.
Wheatstone bridge : A very important device used in the measurement of
medium resistances is the Wheatstone bridge. Wheatstone bridge has-been
in use longer than almost any electrical measuring instrument. It is still an
accurate and reliable instrument and is extensively used in industry. The
Wheatstone bridge is an instrument for making comparison instruments and
operates upon a null indication principle. This means the indication is
independent of the calibration of the null indicating instrument or any of its
characteristics. For this reason, very high degrees of accuracy can be
achieved using Wheatstone bridge. Accuracy of 0.1% is quite common with
a Wheatstone bridge as opposed to accuracies of 3% to 5% with ordinary
ohmmeter for measurement of medium resistances. The Wheatstone bridge
is well suited also for the measurement of small changes of a resistance and,
therefore, is also suitable to measure the resistance change in a strain gauge.
It is commonly known that the strain gauge transforms strain applied to it
into a proportional change of resistance. It is widely used across industry
even today.
The basic circuit of a Wheatstone bridge is shown below. It has four
resistive arms, consisting of resistances R1, R2, R3 and R4 together with a
source of emf (a battery) and a null detector, usually a galvanometer G or
other sensitive current meter.
Since there is a current in each of the arms abc and adc of the circuit, there
is a potential drop (IR) in the direction of the current. That is, the point a is
at a higher potential than the point b and likewise b is at a higher potential
than the point c. Note therefore, that both the points b and d are at potentials
lower than that of a and higher than that of c. But the potentials of these two
points b and d are not necessarily equal.
Consider the arm bd containing the galvanometer G. The current in this arm
would be from b to d if b is at a higher potential than d. It would be from d
to b if d is at a higher potential than b.
In the event that the potential of the point b is exactly equal to that of the
point d, there will be no current in the arm bd and the galvanometer would
indicate this lack of current. In this particular case, the Wheatstone bridge is
said to be balanced.
This condition is obtained only if the ratio of the resistances R1 and R2,
happens to be equal to the ratio of the resistances R3 and R4.
Thus whenever a circuit is connected as in the figure above, one of the four
resistances R1, R2, R3 or R4 being unknown, and at least one of the other
three resistances being a variable resistance, the required condition of
R1 / R2 = R3 / R4 .Eq. 1
can be attained by altering the value of the variable resistor. Once the
galvanometer indicates a zero deflection, if the values of the other
resistances are known then the value of one unknown resistance can be
calculated from the above condition.
Fig. 1
From Kirchhoff's first law applied to the point b we have,
I1 = IG + I2.............................................. Eq. 2
Similarly, for the point d, we have,
I4 = IG + I3.............................................. Eq. 3
Applying Kirchhoff's second law to the network abd,
I1R1 + IGRG - I3R3 = 0........................................... Eq. 4
Likewise, for the network bcd, we have,
I4R4 + IGRG - I2R2 = 0........................................... Eq. 5
EXPERIMENT 1
Objective :
To study the operation of Wheatstone bridge and measuring the value
of unknown resistance.
Apparatus required :
1. Analog board, AB10.
2. DC power supply +5V from external source or ST2612 Analog
Lab.
3. Galvanometer.
4. Multimeter.
5. 2mm patch chords.
Circuit diagram :
Circuit used to study the operation of Wheatstone Bridge is shown below :
Fig. 2
Procedure :
1. Connect +5V variable dc power supplies at their indicated position
from external source or ST2612 Analog Lab.
2. Connect either socket a or b to c socket with 2mm patch cord.
3. Connect either socket g or h to f socket. with 2mm patch cord.
4. Connect patch cord between socket d and e.
5. Connect positive terminal of galvanometer to i socket and negative
terminal of galvanometer to j socket.
6. Set R2 at some fixed value of resistance.
7. Vary R unknown till the galvanometer gives the null deflection for
accurate null deflection fine tuning pot is given on the board.
8. Measure the value of resistance R1, R2 and R3 with the help of
multimeter.
9. Calculate the value of R UNKNOWN as shown in Eq1.
10. Measure the value of R UNKNOWN with help of multimeter and verify
that the value of R UNKNOWN as calculated by the Eq.1 and measured
by multimeter are same.
11. Repeat the process for different values of resistance R1, R2 and R3.
Result :
The value of R UNKNOWN resistance is = ..
EXPERIMENT 2
Objective :
To measure the sensitivity of Wheatstone bridge.
Apparatus required :
1. Analog board AB10.
2. DC power supply +5V from external source or ST2612 Analog Lab.
3. Galvanometer.
4. Multimeter.
5. 2mm patch chords.
Circuit diagram :
Circuit used to study the sensitivity of Wheatstone Bridge is shown below:
Fig. 3
Procedure :
1. Connect +5V variable dc power supplies at their indicated position
from external source or ST2612 Analog Lab.
2. Connect either socket a or b to c socket with 2mm patch cord.
3. Connect either socket g or h to f socket with 2mm patch cord.
4. Connect patch cord between socket d and e.
5. Connect positive terminal of galvanometer to i socket and negative
terminal of galvanometer to j socket.
6. Set R2 at some fixed value of resistance.
7. Vary RUNKNOWN till the galvanometer gives the null deflection for
accurate null deflection fine tuning pot is given on the board.
8. Measure the value of resistance R1, R2 and R3 with the help of
multimeter.
9. Calculate the value of R unknown as shown in eq1.
10. Now slightly vary R2 and measure R2 with help of multimeter,
calculate the change in resistance R2 .
11. Measure the voltage between socket i and j with multimeter.
12. Calculate the sensitivity of bridge by substituting the value in Eq.13
Result :
Sensitivity of Wheatstone bridge (SB ) =
WARRANTY
1) We guarantee the instrument against all manufacturing defects during
24 months from the date of sale by us or through our dealers.
2) The guarantee covers manufacturing defects in respect of indigenous
components and material limited to the warranty extended to us by the
original manufacturer, and defect will be rectified as far as lies within
our control.
3) The guarantee will become INVALID.
a) If the instrument is not operated as per instruction given in the
instruction manual.
b) If the agreed payment terms and other conditions of sale are not
followed.
c) If the customer resells the instrument to another party.
d) Provided no attempt have been made to service and modify the
instrument.
4) The non-working of the instrument is to be communicated to us
immediately giving full details of the complaints and defects noticed
specifically mentioning the type and sr. no. of the instrument, date of
purchase etc.
5) The repair work will be carried out, provided the instrument is
dispatched securely packed and insured with the railways. To and fro
charges will be to the account of the customer.
DISPATCH PROCEDURE FOR SERVICE
Should it become necessary to send back the instrument to factory please
observe the following procedure:
1) Before dispatching the instrument please write to us giving full details
of the fault noticed.
2) After receipt of your letter our repairs dept. will advise you whether it
is necessary to send the instrument back to us for repairs or the
adjustment is possible in your premises.
Dispatch the instrument (only on the receipt of our advice) securely packed
in original packing duly insured and freight paid along with accessories and
a copy of the details noticed to us at our factory address.
LIST OF ACCESSORIES
1. 2mm patch cord (red)................................................................. 1 No.
2. 2mm patch cord (blue)............................................................. 3 Nos.
3. 2mm patch cord (black).......................................................... 1 No.