Circuit Analysis I

Lecture 2
Date: Feb/03/2015
 Topics
Current
Voltage
Resistance
Resistors
ColorCodingofresistors
OhmsLaw
 Resistance
Theopposi;ontotheowofchargethroughanelectrical
circuitiscalledresistance.
TheunitisOhms.
Symbol().
Thegraphicsymbol

Theopposi;onconvertsthesuppliedelectrical
energyintoheatthatraisesthetemperatureofthe
electricalcomponent.
 Resistance:Circularwires
Theresistanceofanymaterialprimarilydependson
fourfactors:
1. Material
2. Length
3. Crosssec;onalarea
4. Temperatureofthematerial

=CM/OatT=20oC
(roomtemperature=20oCor68oF)
I=feet
A=areaincircularmils(CM)
 CircularMils(CM)
Themilisaunitofmeasurementforlength

Awirewithadiameterof1milhasanareaof1CM.
FindingareainCM.
Convertthediametertomils.
Thentheareaisdeterminedby:
 CircularMils(CM)
Example:
FindtheareainCMofawirewhosediameteris0.125in.
0.125in.=125mils
Area=(125mils)2=15,625CM

Example3.1
 CircularMils(CM)
Whendealingwithconductorswhicharenotcircular:
Convertsquaremilstocircularmils,andviceversa.
Example
 WireTable
AmericanWireGage(AWG),usuallyincludes:
Crosssec;onalareainCM,
diameterinmils,
ohmsper1000feetat20oC
 Resistance:MetricUnits
Thedesignofvariousresis;veelementsusesmetricunits.
Recalltheunitofresis;vityofvariousmaterialsintable3.1.
(CM/O)@20oC
InSIunits,theresis;vitywouldbemeasuredinohmmeters,
theareainsquaremeters,andthelengthinmeters.
Meterisgenerallytoolarge,socen;meterisusually
employed.

Theunitsforcanbederivedfrom:

RA cm 2
= = = cm
l cm
Examples
 Examples
Findtheresistanceof650Oof#8copperwire(T=20oC)
Solu;on:
For#8copperwire,/1000Oat20oC=0.6282and

Whatisthediameter,ininchesofa#12copperwire?
 Temperatureeects
Conductors
Posi;vetemperaturecoecient
R

+Temperaturecoecient

0 Temperature

Semiconductorsandinsulators
Nega;vetemperaturecoecient
R

Temperaturecoecient

0 Temperature
 InferredAbsoluteTemperature
Theresistanceforcopper(andmostmetallicconductors)
increasesalmostlinearly(inastraightlinerela;onship).

Usingpropertyofsimilartrianglesorsincetheyhavesimilar
slope:
InferredAbsoluteTemperature

Where|T1|istheinferredabsolute
temperatureofthematerialinvolved.
Examples
 Typesofresistors
FixedResistors:
Filmresistors
Fixedcomposi;on(carbon)resistors.
Resis;vityofcarbon()=21000CM/O
 Typesofresistors
Thesizeofaresistorincreaseswiththepoweror
wahagera;ng
Theconceptofpowerwillbediscussedinmoredetaillater.
Higherpowerra;ngisassociatedwiththeabilitytohandle
highercurrentandtemperaturelevels.

Theresistancedoesntdependonthesize.
 TypesofResistors
VariableResistors
Theresistancecanbevariedbyturningaknob,screwetc.
Twoorthreeterminals,butmosthavethreeterminals.
AlsoreferredasRheostatandPoten2ometer.
 Poten;ometer

Thesumoftheresistancesbetweenthewiperarmandeach
outsideterminalequalsthefullratedresistanceofthe
poten;ometer.
 Colorcoding
Manyresistorsaretoosmalltohavevaluesprinted
onthem.
Colorcodingsystemisused.
 Colorcoding
Forthefourbandscheme:
Thersttwobandrepresenttherstandseconddigitsrespec;vely.
Thethirdbanddeterminesthepoweroftenmul;plier.
Thefourthbandismanufacturerstolerance.

Brown=1,Red=2andMul;plier=Orange=3
Thereforetheresistance=12x103
Tolerance(gold)=5%
5%of12x103=600
Maximum=12000+600=12.6k
Minimum=12000600=11.4k
Range=11.4kto12.6k
 Examples(colorcoding)
Findthevalueoftheresistorinthegivengure.
 Colorcoding

Forthevebandscheme:
Therstthreebandrepresentthe
rst,secondandthirddigitsrespec;vely.
Thefourthbanddeterminesthe
poweroftenmul;plier.
TheOhbandismanufacturerstolerance.
Some;mes,asixthbandisalsoincluded.
Itgivestemperaturecoecientinforma;on.

Forfour,ve,orsixbands,ifthetoleranceislessthan5%,the
followingcolorsareusedtoreectthe%tolerance:
Brown=1%,red=2%,green=0.5%,blue=0.25%,andviolet=0.1%
 Colorcoding
Forresistorsunder10Ohms:
Thersttwobandrepresenttherstandseconddigitsrespec;vely.
Thethirdbanddeterminesthepoweroftenmul;plier.
Gold=mul;plyby0.1
Silver=mul;plyby0.01
Thefourthbandismanufacturerstolerance.

Example:
Firstband=Blue
Secondband=Gray Findtheresistanceforthe
followingcolorcode:
Thirdband=Gold
Firstband=Green
Fourthband=Gold Secondband=Blue
68x0.1=6.8 Thirdband=Silver
6.80.34 Fourthband=Silver
Standardvaluesofcommerciallyavailable
resistors.
 Conductance
Conductanceisthereciprocalofresistance.

ThesymbolisGandismeasuredinsiemens(S).
Aresistanceof1Misequivalentto106S.

Theconductanceisdeterminedby:
A
G=
l
 Ohmmeters
Ohmmetersperformsthefollowingtasksandseveral
otherusefulfunc;ons:
Measuretheresistanceofindividualorcombinedelements.
Detectopencircuit(highresistance)andshortcircuit(low
resistance)situa;ons.
Checkthecon;nuityofnetworkconnec;onsandiden;fywires
ofamul;leadcable.
Testsomesemiconductor(electronic)devices.

Iftheresistanceiszero,theconnec;onissecure.
Ifitisotherthanzero,theconnec;oncouldbe
weak;ifitisinnite,thereisnoconnec;onatall.
 Useofohmmeter!
Neverhookupanohmmetertoalivecircuit!
Theohmmetersec;onofanymeterisdesignedtopassasmall
sensingcurrentthroughtheresistancetobemeasured.Alarge
externalcurrentcoulddamagethetheequipment.

NeverstoreaDMMintheresistancemode!
Ifthetwoleadsofthemetertouch,thesmallsensingcurrentcould
draintheinternalbahery.TheselectorswitchofDMMsshouldbe
intheoposi;on.
 ReadingAssignment
Memristor
Superconductor
Thermistors
Varistors
 OhmsLaw
Ohmslawstatesthatthevoltageacrossaresistorisdirectly
propor;onaltothecurrentowingthroughtheresistor.

(volts,V)

(amperes,A)

(ohms,)

SymbolEisappliedtoallsourcesofvoltageandthesymbolV
isappliedtoallvoltagedropsacrosscomponentsofthe
network.
 Ohmslaw

Foranyresistor,inanynetwork,thedirec;onofcurrent
througharesistorwilldenethepolarityofthevoltagedrop
acrosstheresistor.
Examples
 PlorngOhmsLaw
IVcurve:
CurrentisrepresentedbyVer;calaxis
Voltageisrepresentedbyhorizontalaxis
 PlorngOhmsLaw
Linearrela;onshipbetweencurrentandvoltage.
IfwewriteOhmslawrela;ngittothebasicstraightline
equa;on:
Notethatthelesstheresistance,thesteeper
theslope(closertothever;calaxis)ofthe
curve.
PlorngOhmsLaw
Example